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In June 2016 ; news services across the world reported that China was about to build the new headquarters of the Zimbabwean parliament for free. This incident is illustrative of an ongoing debate about the increasing influence of emerging countries – especially China – on the African continent. It also reflects ongoing changes in the field of foreign aid ; which has for a long time been dominated by an economic relationship between rich industrialized states that gave a small part of their gross domestic product to poorer ; and less industrialized states. Today ; new trends are emerging. The reaction of traditional donors to these new trends is perhaps the most neglected question of all. How do they adapt their development policies in response to this new ; perceived source of competition? This thesis is looking for answers to precisely this question. It looks at two thematic fields that are affected by emerging donors: first ; the field of conditionality – it is often argued that emerging donors do not attach political or economic conditions to their aid activities while traditional donors do ; and ; second ; that of trilateral cooperation – the cooperation between a Northern donor ; a Southern aid provider and a recipient country. This study looks therefore at the reaction of selected traditional donors to their perceived loss of the monopoly on the development paradigm in these two thematic areas. While it would be interesting to study the reactions of all traditional donors ; this endeavour is unrealistic. Therefore ; this study focusses on three relevant cases: the United States of America (USA) ; Norway and the United Kingdom. These three cases follow a most-different-case-design: even though all three countries play a leading role in the international agenda setting ; they differ highly when it comes to the institutional set-up of their development cooperation. The United Kingdom has its own department for international cooperation ; the United States on the other hand have a strongly fragmented aid system. They also differ when one looks at their main motives behind development cooperation: Norway for instance pursues more altruistic goals than the other two. There is also a high variety in their aid budgets (the biggest budget for aid is in the USA) ; the share of aid in relation to the GDP (this one is highest in Norway and lowest in the USA) ; and in their sectoral and regional focus. The selected cases illustrate three very different donor countries which will strengthen the relevance of the study. The aims of the study are threefold. By illustrating the reaction of three traditional donors to the emergence of a new group of donors it allows for wider speculation about the potential reaction of traditional forces to the emergence of new power centres – development policy being only one of many fields within international relations that are affected by this shift. This might also lead to interesting hypotheses for the future broader relations between the North and the South ; an area which is currently central to debates within international relations (IR). Moreover ; another aim of the study is a theoretical one: in the process of investigating the reaction within traditional donor policy ; the theoretical prism of discursive institutional change is used ; investigated and further developed. This theoretical approach combines institutionalism with constructivist concepts after Vivien Schmidt (2008 ; 2010 ; 2011). This work further develops her concepts and enlarges its focus with other institutional concepts ; which allow for a very graphic analysis of institutional change by dividing each countries development policies in narratives ; rules and practices (Lowndes and Roberts 2013). Finally what is currently missing from the numerous publications on the broader topic is an empirical study of the actual reactions that goes beyond pure speculation. This study fills that gap and provides revealing empirical evidence from the three traditional donors. Empirically this work has found satisfying answers to a relevant question and shows that the three selected donors react differently to the emergence of new donors. The United Kingdom and the USA seem to push for a more selective policy in their development cooperation (so an increase in their conditionality) in the layers of narratives and rules ; but are not yet able to implement these into their aid practices. Norway ; on the other hand ; has a difficult relationship towards conditionality which is illustrated by its hesitant increase in its selectivity but no increase within the rules or practices. All three donors vouch to increase their cooperation with new donors. The United States however insists on cooperating only with like-minded countries whereas Norway relies on the works of other (multilateral) institutions and the United Kingdom seems to be open to cooperate with all four emerging donors in trilateral projects. Future studies might profit from the outline of this work and build possibly on a broader sample: as such ; it could be imaginable to include further donor countries to the theoretical framework established here or to add another thematic field (for instance the work of infra-structure development). The main theoretical questions were twofold: first ; can ideas serve as an explanatory variable for institutional change? With respect to the material presented here ; this question asks whether the ideas that traditional donors had about emerging donors can explain the changes within their aid policies. The answer to that question is slightly unsatisfying: yes ; they can ; but only partly. First of all ; a distinction is necessary between the two policy fields. Within the older policy field (conditionality) ideas were particularly helpful to explaining a change within the narratives and rules of the donor institutions ; but were much less influential to explaining the change (or rather non-change) for practices. Different – and more interest-based explanations – could be helpful in explaining the inertia in the practices of conditionality. Within the newer policy field ; however ; ideas could explain most of the change (or lack thereof in the case of Norway) and proved to be a useful explanatory variable. Therefore ; future studies should continue to take the explanatory power seriously. Some of the other theoretical hypotheses can be confirmed: The theoretical hypotheses claimed that change is more likely to occur in less well-established thematic fields (such as trilateral cooperation) whereas it is less likely to occur in well-established ; traditional fields (such as conditionality) as veto players are more active in a field with a long tradition than in one with less history to look back upon. Moreover ; the claim was that change begins within the layer of narratives ; continues within the layer of rules ; but is least likely to occur in the layer of practices. Have these theoretical assumptions been confirmed by this study? These hypotheses were verified through the empirical study and give credit to theories focusing on path-dependent tendencies of long established fields. Moreover ; the division of the institution of development cooperation into the layers of narratives ; rules and practices has proven to be incredibly useful to understanding the underlying change processes that are otherwise difficult to decipher. The third and last aim of this study was to contribute to the academic debate about the (future) relationship between two distinct groups: established and rising powers. The two policy fields studied here – conditionality and trilateral cooperation – show the complexity of the issues at stake. While trilateral cooperation could be indicative of a closer cooperation (or at least closer contact) between the two groups ; the investigation of conditionality has highlighted remaining differences and strong rivalries. Hence ; the thesis has shown that the story of the relationship between these two groups of countries will never be easy to tell. Any relationship cannot be summarised under headings such as "good" or "bad". Most of the time ; relations between two countries can probably be characterised as "OK".

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Agronegocios ; El presente trabajo de investigación, se basa en el estudio de la cadena de valor del rocoto, como respuesta a la necesidad de conocer de manera detallada la situación actual y potencial de la principal zona productora de rocoto del Perú. Se empleó la metodología ValueLink, la cual es usada en programas y proyectos de desarrollo económico en agronegocios, la cual nos proporciona herramientas para discernir la información obtenida en el trabajo de campo. A partir del trabajo de campo se pudo describir y analizar la cadena de valor encontrando los siguientes resultados: la articulación a lo largo de la cadena no es la adecuada por la presencia de varios actores antes de que el producto llegue al mercado. Los productores reciben un bajo beneficio económico debido a la poca información del precio de venta del rocoto y no estar asociados por lo que tienen un bajo poder de negociación. Así mismo para la ampliación de la superficie de producción del rocoto los productores vienen deforestando el bosque para aprovechar el nuevo terreno rico en nutrientes. Los costos de producción se basan principalmente en costos de insumos y de mano de obra. El precio de chacra representa el 58 por ciento del precio final de venta en Lima. Finalmente en el análisis de la gobernanza, que hace referencia al poder y control entre los eslabones de la cadena de valor, se encontró como resultado una gobernanza del tipo Mercado debido a que las transacciones en la cadena son relativamente simples, las que se basan en el poder del comprador. En base a estos resultados encontrados se plantearon estrategias para el mejoramiento, a nivel técnico y social, para lograr un fortalecimiento o mejora conjunta de todos los componentes de la cadena de valor del rocoto fresco de la selva central. ; One of the issues that Espinar faces is the presence of conflicts due to the expanding activity of the 'Great Mining'. The objective of this study was to understand and determine the cause-effects and the relationships of the socioenvironmental struggles of the 'Great Mining' in Espinar (1980-2013). In order to accomplish this, compiling information on the history of mining was done first, which identified and characterized cycles by the methodology of analysis of political ecology and adaptive cycles. Afterwards, qualitative models of historical evolution were produced, which allowed identification of the main actors and factors at different moments. Lastly, a survey was carried out, which aided to understand the environmental perception of the civil society. Ω (omega) moments or collapse of each cycle were characterized through analyzing the six capitals (natural, economic, human, social, political and physical). The arrival of Minero Perú gave rise to subsequent explorations and exploitations by tunnel until the 1980s with a medium amount of mining, as well as open-pit mines to present day. A single stage is divided into a partial cycle and two mini-cycles. The partial cycle is in a state of maturity, and it comprises mini-cycles: exploitation by EMETINSA S.A, until their privatization in 1994, and exploitation by Magma Copper Company until 2003. The analysis indicates that at the end of stage 0, the natural capital (Kn) and the economic one (Ke) are falling. On one hand, we have the price of the copper in decadence on an international level, and on the other hand, many local miners were devoted to handmade mining, preferably of gold. As for copper, it was difficult to be exploited due to the complex geologic organization of the mine. The social capital (Ks), the political capital (Kp) and the human capital (Kh) remain steady, whereas the physical capital (Kf) tends to fall a little, prior to the opening of the pits. To begin 'open cut' mining, a number of variables enter, jointly or simultaneously, a phase of collapse, thereby indicating that the whole system is entering the omega phase (Ω) of stage I. Kn (↓) declines because of the international price of copper. Originally, the infrastructure was faulty since it lacked electric power and highways to transfer minerals on a larger scale, which were difficult to guide due to the unfavorable behavior of the price of metals, making Ke (↓) diminish. Kp (↓) fell because many political decisions regarding exploitation had not been made, and with the clearing of the floor they lost their infrastructure, which caused the deterioration of ancestral ways of life, customs, personal relationships, as well as the introduction of mental exogenous molds to the system, causing a decline in Kf (↓). Ks (↓) had the forced expropriations of cattle and agricultural lands to clear and open the pit, plus the displacement of the populations, which generated further socio-cultural issues, such as country-city migration, breakdown of families, among others. Although Kh remained steady, it showed a slight fall at the beginning of this stage. In mini-cycle 1, Ks (↓) fell due to the drastic reduction of workforce and the dissipation of the mining organization. Kn and Ke (↑) were favorable due to the evident rise of the international price of copper since 1993, as well as the polymetallic mining exploitation, and a diversification of its production. Kp (→) remains the same, due to the central government's 'closed policy'. Kh (→) remains the same too, although its first negative effects on the environment become clear; the first indications of contamination are evidenced primarily from several environmental studies. In minicycle 2, Ks (↑) showed a slight improvement because of the agreements reached between the civil society and the mining one. Kp (↑) increased due to the connectivity, participation and proposal developed by the local government and the civil society with other international entities. Over time, Kn (↓) has been declining in terms of access to natural resources and quality, focused on the adjacent populations and the rising price of copper; the per capita income and HDI for Ke (↑) has been increasing too. Initially, the most influential actors in the partial cycle and mini-cycles were the local miners and Minero Perú, the central government, a number of expropriated populations, and EMETINSA S.A.; however, the adjacent populations to the mine, as well as the central and local government, CooperAcción, the civil society, the mine and Fundación Tintaya are currently the most influential ones. The price of copper, Law N° 18880 (nationalization), Royal Legislative Decree N° 41/81/ME/Municipal Decree (expropriation), Legislative Decree N° 674 and 708 (privatization), and the demand for metals have been major influencers, too. The influence scales of the actors reach from a global standpoint to a local one. The mining has an impact on some variables in the system, such as migration, governance, escalation, and environmental impacts. The conflict was due to the degradation of the water and soil resources, which led to socio-environmental degradation of adjacent populations. Such resources have been contaminated and degraded, and so has the quality of people's health. The mining sector is not perceived as an employment generator, despite it is claimed to contribute to the development and the sustainability of the environment (NGOs). It is suggested to conduct an analysis with adaptive cycles in order to organize the data and describe the dynamics of the system. It is also recommended to institutionalize a permanent dialogue and have a goal-oriented development in order to effectively transform the conflicts and promote individual consent for better decisions that affect our natural resources. ; Tesis

RESUMEN:Al pretender investigar sobre el PEI, de una institución concreta, la Magdalena, se presentan otras inquietudes tales como: aspectos jurídicos, referente histórico, contexto social, políticas educativas, entre otras. Internamente los componentes, la aceptación o grado de apropiación, modelo pedagógico, evaluación que también expanden la intencionalidad del deseo de investigación inicial, pero es necesario ir centrando el objeto de estudio hacia los objetivos, las pretensiones que trae consigo el PEI, lo que no es sencillo, puesto que éste referente de calidad educativa que es el PEI, en vez de ser sencillo como lo propone la ley, en la práctica es complejo y más cuando el concepto de calidad no tiene una connotación clara relativa; la gestión o administración se ve directamente influenciado por teorías empresariales, los docentes al parecer se encuentran confundidos, la investigación desde el interior de la educación se tiene que seguir potenciando, las instituciones han de ser organizaciones inteligentes en la que todos los miembros de la comunidad interactúan para el logro de los fines. Mucho se ha investigado y mucho hay por hacer en concordancia con el componente en que está planteado este proyecto, el evaluativo, pero con una mirada más amplia, no solo lo académico, sino aquellos otros aspectos relevantes del entorno, de la comunidad educativa y las acciones o prácticas que deben ser enrutadas para potenciar la calidad en educación. Es necesario tener unos referentes y el mejor de todos es el PEI, que es el compendio de todos los elementos relacionados en el proceso educativo y que además ha de ser la guía de las acciones al interior de la comunidad para la cual se estructura. Se hace necesario conocer un poco sobre las normas e historia del PEI en Colombia al igual que sobre sus componentes, para poder hacer el análisis y evaluación al interior de la institución educativa la Magdalena. Hablar de gestión, evaluación y calidad en educación es sumamente relevante y es por ello que se quiere Entender de qué forma la Institución Educativa La Magdalena de San Vicente Ferrer al oriente de Antioquia en su PEI, procesos y actividades ha logrado desarrollar los fines planteados por el gobierno nacional en orientaciones de las leyes 115 de 1994, 715 del 2001 y en una serie de decretos y normas complementarias. ¿Qué se quiere investigar? El PEI y las acciones realizadas en la Institución Educativa la Magdalena del municipio de San Vicente Ferrer del 2010 al 2014. ¿Para qué? Para generar aportes significativos que puedan contribuir a establecer unas pautas de corrección y mejora en la prestación del servicio de educación entiéndase éste, más allá de solo resultados en pruebas externas, ¿Cómo? Hay que evaluar si los fines planteados desde tiempo atrás y recopilados en la ley 115 del 94 son acordes y es el PEI (Proyecto Educativo Institucional) el instrumento que las leyes enunciadas han planteado y se supone que cada Institución lo construyó e implementó con la participación de miembros de toda la comunidad educativa. Éste a su vez, da cuenta de la aplicación de las políticas nacionales y que son permeadas por exigencias de organismos internacionales, políticas y económicas que requieren que la educación sea acorde con las necesidades del mercado laboral e intereses del monopolio industrial. Se definen unas estrategias evaluativas y unas acciones para desarrollar el proyecto investigativo, que permitan mediante el análisis ofrecer unas ayudas al componente institucional para seguir sus procesos de una forma más asertiva y de igual manera para aquellas instituciones que se identifiquen en similares circunstancias. Sujeto de este estudio son los docentes que han ejercido entre 2010 y 2014, los directivos, representantes de padres y estudiantes. El objeto de investigación es el PEI de la institución Educativa la Magdalena, del municipio de San Vicente Ferrer; en el proceso se aplica el modelo evaluativo CIPPI (Contexto, Insumos, Procesos, Producto e Impacto) por sus siglas en inglés, el cual es propuesto por el Dr. Daniel Stufflebeam para evaluar programas sociales, se utilizarán instrumentos de medición tales como encuestas, escalas, Grupos focales, análisis documental, un relato autobiográfico, análisis de imágenes, entre otros. Es una evaluación interna. ; ABSTRACT: educational policies legal, historical reference, social context, include: pretending to investigate the PEI, of a particular institution, Magdalena, other concerns such as presented. Internally components, acceptance or degree of ownership, pedagogical model, evaluation also expand the intentionality of desire to initial investigation, but it is necessary to go centering the object of study towards the goals, claims that brings the PEI, which did not it is simple, since this benchmark of quality education is the PEI, instead of being simple as proposed law in practice is complex and when the concept of quality does not have a clear connotation relative; management or administration is directly influenced by business theories, teachers apparently are confused, research from within education has to continue strengthening the institutions must be learning organizations in which all members of the community they interact to achieve the goals. Much has been researched and much needs to be done in accordance with the component that is raised this project, the evaluation, but with a broader view, not only academically, but those other relevant aspects of the environment, the education community and actions or practices that must be routed to enhance quality education. You need to have some benchmarks and best of all is the PEI, which is the sum of all elements related to the educational process and also to be the guide of actions within the community for which is structured. It is necessary to know a little about the rules and history of PEI in Colombia as well as on its components, to do the analysis and evaluation within the school the Magdalena. Speaking of management, evaluation and quality in education is extremely important and that is why we want to understand how the Educational Institution La Magdalena de San Vicente Ferrer east of Antioquia in its PEI, processes and activities has developed the goals set by the national government guidelines laws 115 of 1994, 715 in 2001 and a series of decrees and supplementary regulations. What do we investigate? The PEI and actions taken in the Magdalena Educational Institution of the municipality of San Vicente Ferrer from 2010 to 2014. Why? To generate significant contributions to help establish patterns of correction and improvement in the provision of education understood it, beyond just results in external tests, how? You have to assess whether the purposes arising from long ago and collected in the law 115 of the 94 are in line and is the PEI (Institutional Education Project) the instrument that the laws enunciated raised and assume that each institution and built and implemented with the participation all members of the educational community. This in turn, accounts for the implementation of national policies and are permeated by demands of international, political and economic organizations that require that education is in line with labor market needs and interests of the industrial monopoly. some assessment strategies and some actions are defined to develop the research project, to allow through analysis provide some aid to institutional component to follow their processes more assertively and likewise for those institutions that are identified in similar circumstances. Subject of this study are teachers who have exercised between 2010 and 2014, managers, representatives of parents and students. The object of research is the PEI Educational institution Magdalena, municipality of San Vicente Ferrer; in the process the evaluation model CIPPI (Context, Input, Process, Product and Impact) applies for its acronym in English, which is proposed by Dr. Daniel Stufflebeam to evaluate social programs, measuring instruments such as surveys will be used, scales, focus groups, document analysis, an autobiographical account, image analysis, among others. It is an internal assessment.

This research aims to develop a theory about how interior spaces have been shaped by the furniture in them, focusing on domestic interiors published in the magazine Domus during Gio Ponti's second tenure as editor in chief (1948-1978). During this period, the magazine's discourse focused on the concept of arredamento: the act of building a living space using furniture. The verb "to furnish" refers both to selecting furniture and to designing the relationship between the pieces. The Italian scene is particularly fruitful in this respect due to the growth of industrial production and the media during the post-war period, along with economic, cultural and social changes which shaped the arredamento culture. The framework of this research is limited to the years of Gio Ponti's second tenure as director of the magazine, since it coincides with the most productive period in the development of industry, design and the theoretical field. Domus magazine published the domestic interiors of paradigmatic works in the history of architecture in addition to exuberant, modest, innovative, traditional or vulgar interiors which have value only in and of themselves. In a conscious way, Ponti occupied this editorial and disciplinary niche in order to use it as a unifying and central axis within the discourse on the house. Dealing with the work of a magazine director and editor who classified, selected and organized his examples allows for filtering the material through a single perspective; this outlook is highly relevant in the context of this study. Ponti selected all the domestic interiors that are included in this work, but the immediacy of the magazine's production did not provide for a comprehensive and global vision of the published material that would allow for laying out trajectories to serve as the foundation for building a discourse on the domestic interior. What are the qualities of the domestic interior published by Domus? What are the tools we need to define it? What theoretical contribution does the magazine make on the subject? And what are the mechanisms used to shape domestic interior space during the second half of the twentieth century? The material in this work is organized into five categories. They are all defined as those categories which included the largest number of examples and the most radical ones from among the published proposals; all together, when they are compiled, they create a continuous narrative sequence, without interferences from the body of the study. The first chapter, "Covers", investigates the treatment of surfaces in domestic interiors, beginning with the most superficial of surface treatments, the thinnest graphic treatment, and spanning all the way to dressed surfaces that begin to differentiate themselves, redefining the limits of the space. The chapter called "Dissonant objects" focuses on domestic interiors where objects enter into tension with the space that contains them, either through stylistic, scalar or figurative dissonance, or through how they are perceived. Objects maintain a sufficiently autonomous position in the space that contains them, enabling them to construct meaning all by themselves. The third chapter focuses on the figures who appear in Domus, artists who use domestic space as the first field for experimenting with a way of life, a philosophical position or a political stance, or a collector where the objects speak for him. The fourth chapter focuses on the "White and transparent" domestic interiors published by Domus, which were designed like advertisements or images. The image informs the architectural space and constructs a new reality: a printed reality. In the final chapter, furniture is no longer measured in contrast with the architectural space, since the latter does not define it or promote it. With the disappearance of architectural space, it is furniture that defines domestic space, becoming the medium that establishes a stable state of balance with the natural environment ; Esta investigación elabora una teoría sobre las formas que el espacio interior toma a través del mobiliario que lo construye, centrándose en los interiores domésticos difundidos por la revista Domus durante la segunda etapa de dirección (1948-1978) de Gio Ponti. Durante este período, la revista se estructura en torno al arredamento, el acto de amueblar, de disponer y construir el espacio habitable con muebles según un gusto o estilo. Amueblar se refiere tanto a disponer tos muebles como a diseñar la relación que existe entre ellos. El panorama italiano es especialmente fructífero debido al crecimiento de la producción industrial y los medios de comunicación en la posguerra, junto con los cambios económicos, culturales y sociales que dieron forma a la cultura del arredamento. El marco del trabajo se limita a los años en los que Gio Ponti fue, por segunda vez, director de la revista, pues coincide con el periodo más fructífero en el desarrollo de la industria, el diseño y el campo teórico. La revista Domus publicó tanto interiores domésticos de obras paradigmáticas de la historia de la arquitectura como interiores exuberantes, modestos, innovadores, tradicionales o vulgares que solo tienen valor por sí mismos. De un modo consciente, Ponti ocupó esta grieta editorial y disciplinar para utilizarla como aglutinador y eje principal de un discurso en tomo a la casa. Abordar la obra de un director y un editor que clasifica, selecciona y organiza los ejemplos permite filtrar el material a través de una única mirada; esta mirada tiene una gran relevancia para el marco de este estudio. Ponti seleccionó los interiores domésticos que conformarán este trabajo, pero la inmediatez de la producción de la revista no ha permitido una visión global y conjunta del material publicado para poder trazar trayectorias alrededor de las cuales construir un discurso sobre el interior doméstico. ¿Cómo es el interior doméstico que divulga Domus?, ¿cuáles son los instrumentos necesarios para definirlo?, ¿cuál es la aportación teórica de la revista sobre el tema?, y ¿cuáles son los mecanismos a través de los cuales se conforma el espacio interior doméstico en la segunda mitad del siglo XX? El material de este trabajo se organiza en cinco categorías. Todas ellas se definen por ser las que agrupan una mayor cantidad ejemplos y una mayor radicalidad de las propuestas publicadas,- y que, al agruparse y acumularse, conforman una secuencia narrativa continua y sin interferencias del cuerpo del estudio. En el primer capítulo, "Fundas", se investiga el tratamiento de la superficie en el interior doméstico, empezando por el tratamiento más superficial de la superficie, el de menor grosor, el grafismo, hasta conformarse en superficies vestidas que comienzan a separarse y redefinen los límites del espacio. En el capítulo "Objetos disonantes" se estudian aquellos interiores domésticos en los que los objetos tensionan el espacio que los contiene, bien sea por una disonancia estilística, escalar o figurativa, o bien por cómo son percibidos. Los objetos mantienen una posición lo suficientemente autónoma en el espacio que los contiene corno para construir un significado por sí mismos. El capitulo tercero se centra en los personajes que aparecen en Domus, artistas que utilizan el espacio doméstico como primer campo de experimentación de una forma de vida, un posicionamiento filosófico o una postura politica, o un coleccionista donde los objetos hablan por él. El capítulo cuarto se centra en los interiores domésticos "Blancos y transparentes", publicados en Domus que fueron diseñados como si fueran anuncios o imágenes. La imagen informa el espacio arquitectónico y construye una nueva realidad: la realidad impresa. ; Postprint (published version)

This dissertation argues that the psychic force that Freud named "the death drive" would more precisely be termed "the disability drive." Freud's concept of the death drive emerged from his efforts to account for feelings, desires, and actions that seemed not to accord with rational self-interest or the desire for pleasure. Positing that human subjectivity was intrinsically divided against itself, Freud suggested that the ego's instincts for pleasure and survival were undermined by a competing component of mental life, which he called the death drive. But the death drive does not primarily refer to biological death, and the term has consequently provoked confusion. By distancing Freud's theory from physical death and highlighting its imbrication with disability, I revise this important psychoanalytic concept and reveal its utility to disability studies. While Freud envisaged a human subject that is drawn, despite itself, toward something like death, I propose that this "something" can productively be understood as disability. In addition, I contend that our culture's repression of the disability drive, and its resultant projection of the drive onto stigmatized minorities, is a root cause of multiple forms of oppression."The Disability Drive" opens with a question: "What makes disability so sexy?" This is a counterintuitive query; after all, the dominant culture usually depicts disability as decidedly unsexy. But by performing a critical disability studies analysis of Freud's writings about sexuality and the death drive, I theorize sex as an intrinsically disabling experience and suggest that fantasies of disability may have an unrecognized sexual appeal. These possibilities lead me to introduce a new interpretive framework, "the sexual model of disability," which I posit as an alternative to disability studies' prevailing analytic paradigm, the social model of disability. While the social model defines disability as a system of oppression that isolates and excludes disabled people, the sexual model of disability goes deeper than this, locating the impetus for these exclusions in our culture's repression of the disability drive. Because disability may provoke an erotic excitement that the ego cannot bear to acknowledge, ableist culture is often torn between an urge to witness disability (e.g., by staring at disabled people) and an impulse to hide disability from view (e.g., by confining disabled people to institutions). The sexual model of disability has the potential to make interventions not only in disability studies but also in a range of other disciplines. In Chapter 1, I bring my account of the disability drive to bear on signal texts in queer theory. In doing so, I proffer an answer to a question that has long troubled disability scholars: given the many similarities between ableism and homophobia, why have queer theorists often been reluctant to engage with disability studies? Observing that founding texts in queer theory repudiate "feminist identity politics" and liken this discourse to madness and to figurative states of blindness and paralysis, I argue that these texts project the disability drive onto feminism, thus allowing queer theory to portray its own erotics as mobile, playful, and physically and mentally able. In Chapter 2, I show that the sexual model of disability can subvert a foundational concept in psychoanalysis: the disease category "hysteria." Analyzing Freud's case history Dora, which was published in 1905, in conjunction with Beyond the Pleasure Principle, which was published in 1920, I argue that Freud's notion of hysteria adumbrates his later theorization of the drive. The diagnostic category of hysteria, I contend, constitutes a projection of the disability drive onto people with what I call "undocumented disabilities," that is, nonapparent impairments for which mainstream western medicine cannot identify biological causes. One effect of this projection is that people with undocumented disabilities are figured as epistemologically disabled; that is, we are seen as distinctively lacking in the capacity to know ourselves.The social position of people with undocumented disabilities differs from that of the paradigmatic subject of disability studies: while people with undocumented impairments are often denied recognition of the disabling suffering that shapes our lives, people with disabilities that are visible and/or documented are frequently subjected to unwanted displays of pity. For this reason, "no pity" has long been a rallying cry of the disability rights movement. But is it possible to proscribe pity? In Chapter 3, I argue that instead of seeking to banish the affect of pity, disability scholars might do better to attend to the complex ways in which this affect can be incited and expressed. Toward this end, I propose a distinction between what I call "primary pity" and "secondary pity." The term "secondary pity" accords with the everyday understanding of pity, in which a person who feels pity is assumed to occupy a position of superiority in relation to a person who is pitied. Primary pity refers to a very different affective process, which is profoundly destabilizing to the ego of the person who feels pity. Derived in part from Freud's notion of "primary narcissism," my concept of primary pity occupies a liminal position between the erasure of the ego that primary narcissism entails and the buttressing of the ego involved in secondary narcissism. Because primary pity involves a complex process of identification, in which the subject and the object of pity risk becoming fantasmatically indistinguishable, this emotion threatens the ego's belief in its self-sufficiency and autonomy. I argue that primary pity's threat to the ego can be understood as a manifestation of the disability drive, and I suggest that the "no pity" position taken up by disability activists and scholars may be invested in a fantasy of overcoming the disability drive.This dissertation argues that rather than seeking to overcome the disability drive, cultural critics and activists should work to acknowledge the myriad ways in which the drive determines us. It is important to recognize and acknowledge one's determination by the disability drive because denying or repressing the ways in which this psychic force governs us will inevitably lead to the drive's being abjected onto groups of stigmatized others. In Chapter 4, I argue that in contemporary US American culture fat people constitute one such group. This chapter focuses on the drive to eat, a compulsion that I define as inseparable from the disability drive. Dependence, (on food), loss of mastery (over the intensities of the pleasures of eating), and failures of control (over what, and how much, one eats) combine to make hunger a fundamentally disabling drive. But instead of acknowledging that we are all disabled by the drive to eat, our culture abjects this drive onto fat people, whom it depicts as being driven, in ways that thin people are assumed not to be, by an out-of-control compulsion to eat. US American culture's projection of the disability drive onto fat people is intensified by racially inflected assumptions about "primitive" versus "civilized" forms of embodiment and by heteronormative constructions of "perversion." Resisting fatphobia therefore necessitates an intersectional analysis of the disability drive, an approach that takes measure of the ways in which repressing the drive reinforces multiple forms of prejudice.The central aim of this thesis is to show that the disability drive is a force that we must understand if we are to effectively challenge the many intersecting and overlapping modalities of oppression that define present-day cultural and social relations. "The Disability Drive" offers an invitation, to scholars and activists in a variety of cultural locations, to consider the ways in which our own beliefs and practices may be implicated in a hegemonic cultural endeavor whose goal is to overcome the disability drive. Because denying the drive results in the reentrenchment of oppressive social structures, I maintain that it is imperative to develop political strategies that resist the impulse to overcome the disability drive.

El golpe militar de 18 de julio de 1936 contra el legítimo gobierno del Frente Popular fracasó en una parte del territorio español. Este intento de golpe de Estado se convirtió en una guerra civil que duró 1.000 días. El conflicto terminó con la victoria de los militares rebeldes liderados por el General Franco, el 1 de abril de 1939. Franco institucionalizó una dictadura militar que suprimió las libertades públicas, las instituciones y el régimen democrático de la II República. La implantación del Nuevo Estado franquista trajo consigo la persecución de cientos de miles de españoles que, en su día, apoyaron a la II República. La provincia de Murcia formó parte de los últimos territorios ocupados por las tropas franquistas, a finales de marzo de 1939. El primero y principal objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio, análisis y evaluación de las consecuencias de la represión y la violencia política franquista, entre 1939 y 1948, para las víctimas murcianas en sus tres principales aspectos: − Penal: prisión o muerte para los disidentes políticos republicanos, dictadas por los tribunales militares, o llevadas a cabo por los rebeldes sin control judicial alguno. − Económico: Sanciones pecuniarias e incautación de propiedades mobiliarias e inmobiliarias derivadas del anterior y actual comportamiento político de los republicanos calificados como desafectos. − Político: Depuración de los funcionarios, servidores públicos y trabajadores desafectos que prestaban sus servicios en el aparato del Estado, los servicios públicos y las administraciones públicas. Esta tesis aborda también los problemas que tuvo el aparato represivo y judicial franquista para realizar la misión y los objetivos que le había sido encomendados. Y demuestra, cómo y por qué los responsables de la represión del Nuevo Estado tuvieron que regular, modificar y, al final, limitar su política y sus objetivos represivos en orden a adaptar su aparato judicial y penitenciario a su capacidad real y operativa de funcionamiento. No es que el Nuevo Estado franquista no quisiera castigar más, es que el sistema represivo que crearon no les permitió hacerlos. A partir de febrero de 1.943, la evolución de la IIGM a favor de los aliados y en especial la ocupación por las fuerzas aliadas del Norte de África, y la caída de Mussolini contribuyeron a cambiar sustancialmente la política exterior e interior del Régimen franquista. El enfoque del análisis y la metodología utilizados ha contribuido a demostrar estas hipótesis. En primer lugar, el estudio de la violencia política se ha realizado desde la primacía y la preponderancia de la jurisdicción militar, que constituía el eje fundamental del sistema represivo. Las jurisdicciones especiales: Responsabilidades Políticas; Tribunal de la masonería; Depuración del Estado y la sociedad; etc. cumplían un papel importante pero subordinado. En segundo lugar, el análisis de la violencia política se ha hecho como un todo, relacionado entre sí las múltiples variables de sus aspectos penal, económico y político. Todo ello, a partir de la construcción de una Base de Datos de la Represión Franquista de la provincia de Murcia, 1939-48, BDRF-MU/39-48, que ha permitido integrar, ordenar y correlacionar la información de distintas y numerosas fuentes y variables, correspondiente a más de 9.000 represaliados registrados, cuyos datos han sido distribuidos en 25 campos de análisis, que contienen en conjunto más de 91.000 inputs demográficos, profesionales, políticos y penales que sirven de soporte al análisis, estudio y conclusiones que se plantean a lo largo de la investigación. Esta tesis ha posibilitado que los vencidos de la guerra civil recuperen su protagonismo histórico. Así, las víctimas murcianas republicanas: 26.433 detenidos, 21.452 procesados, 18.192 condenados y 900 ejecutados por los tribunales militares. 6.628 expedientados por Responsabilidades Políticas; 4.200 exilados; y no menos de 2.500 servidores públicos depurados, etc. han entrada en la Historia de la actual Región de Murcia. Murcia, 12 de octubre de 2015 Abstract of the thesis The military coup of July 18th, 1936, against the legitimate Government of the Popular Front failed in a part of the Spanish territory. This attempted coup d'état became a civil war that lasted a thousand days. The conflict ended with the victory of the rebel military led by General Franco, on the 1st of April, 1939. Franco imposed a military dictatorship which suppressed civil rights, and the democratic system established by the Second Spanish Republic, on April, 1931. New Francoist State implemented the persecution of hundreds of thousands of Spaniards who formerly, supported the Second Spanish Republic. The province of Murcia was part of the last loyal republican territories occupied by Francoist troops, at the end of March 1939. First and foremost objective of this thesis is the study, analysis and evaluation of the consequences for Murcian victims of Francoist political violence and repression, between 1939 and 1948, in its three main aspects: − Criminal: Prison or death for republican political dissidents, sentenced by military tribunals, or murdered by rebels without any judicial control; − Economic: Pecuniary sanctions and confiscation of real estate properties because of former political behavior. − Politician: Purge of officials, public servants and workers disaffected to Francoist New State that provided its services in the apparatus of the State, public administrations and public services. This thesis also deals with the problems that the judicial and repressive system had to overcome in order to carry out the mission and goals that it had been entrusted. In this way, it shows how and why persons in charge of Francoist repression had to regulate, modify and finally limit its policy and its repressive objectives in order to adapt its judicial and penitentiary system to its available operative capacity. It is not that New Francoist State would not want to punish more, is that they materially could not. From February, 1.943, the evolution of World War II, in favour of the Allies, especially the occupation by the allied forces of North Africa, contributed to substantially change Franco´s foreign and interior policies. The focus of analysis and methodology used has contributed to prove these hypotheses. First of all, political violence's analysis has been made taking into account primacy of military jurisdiction, which was the cornerstone of the Francoist repressive system. Other special jurisdictions like: Politic Responsibilities; Court of Freemasonry; purge and social control of the society and State; etc. fulfilled an important but complementary and subordinate role. Secondly, relating the multiple variables of political violence through its economic, criminal and political aspects and analyzing them as a whole. The creation of a Data Base of the Francoist's repression at Murcia's province between 1939-48, called BDRF-MU/39-48, has allowed to integrate, sort and correlate the information from different and numerous sources and variables. These records correspond to more than 9.000 political disaffected, whose data have been distributed in 25 fields of analysis, containing altogether more than 91,000 political, professional and demographic data. This data base supports the analysis, study and conclusions that arisen during the investigation. This thesis has enabled Spanish Civil War´s defeat to recover its historical showing. So, Murcian republican victims: 26.433 persecuted; 21.452 processed; 18.192 condemned; 900 executed by military tribunals; 6.628 economically punished by responsibilities policies; 4,200 exiles; and not less than 2,500 public servants purged, etc. have now a place in the contemporary history of the current Region of Murcia. Murcia, October 12th, 2015

This research is a novel knowledge about the library contribution because it proposes to create a new branch discipline the "green library". Analysis is a proposal from the college to address before the society and academia collective experience accumulated by the Costa Rican specialized libraries in these areas throughout their years of service and information management practices using front to the country's needs.Costa Rica is a country with a broad global recognition in the ecological theme and ecotourism, for the vast territories are protected areas for the preservation of ecological diversity, among others.The objective of this research was to demonstrate the importance of information management environment in libraries, proposing a new discipline: the ecological library. In addition, the contributions of the documentation centers and libraries specializing in this subject, in Costa Rica "were identified. The environmental management concept chosen for this research considering the importance of science librarianship as expand its disciplinary areas, to study specialties linked to national development.Currently, the document management aimed at providing information services on the current reality and aimed towards priority areas such as environmental management, climate change adaptation, and housing, employment, transparency and risk reduction. The role of documentation centers and libraries and information professionals is important, because they must be instances advice in making political, economic, social decisions that guarantee safeguarding the short and long term of our environmental history, and accessibility of information on this subject. In addition, they have to be able to create ecological culture, implement procedures to ecological literacy and "dating" communities for all human beings, we protect the environment.This research considered unique in its kind and a pioneer in this field in Costa Rica; it is a study of mixed approach and three sources of information consulted:1. The library staff consists of 24 officials of 24 specialized libraries and documentation centers selected for their functions and the contents of their collections.2. The virtual visibility projecting these 24 libraries in national and international networks.3. Public opinion on the contribution of these libraries to the environment.The first population was applied descriptive research, to gather information from the survey and a questionnaire consisting of 15 variables. Qualitative research used in the second source of information about the virtual visibility of libraries and public opinion gathered using an exploratory study, another survey conducted by social networks. ; Esta investigación es un aporte novedoso al conocimiento sobre la bibliotecología porque propone crear una nueva rama disciplinar: la "bibliotecología ecológica". Constituye una propuesta de análisis desde la universidad para abordar ante la sociedad y la academia la experiencia colectiva que han acumulado las bibliotecas especializadas costarricenses en estas áreas, a lo largo de sus años de servicio y las prácticas de gestión de información que utilizan frente a las necesidades del país.Costa Rica es un país con un amplio reconocimiento mundial en el tema ecológico y el turismo ecológico, por los amplios territorios que constituyen áreas protegidas para la preservación de la diversidad ecológica, entre otros.El objetivo de esta investigación fue demostrar la importancia de la gestión de información sobre el medio ambiente en las bibliotecas, proponiendo una nueva disciplina: la bibliotecología ecológica. Además, se identificaron los aportes de los centros de documentación y bibliotecas especializadas sobre ese tema en Costa Rica. El concepto gestión ambiental se escogió para realizar esta investigación considerando la importancia de que la bibliotecología, como ciencia, amplíe sus áreas disciplinares, para estudiar especialidades vinculadas al desarrollo nacional.Actualmente, la gestión documental está dirigida a ofrecer servicios de información sobre la realidad actual y encaminada hacia temas prioritarios como, por ejemplo, la gestión ambiental, la adaptación al cambio climático, la vivienda, el empleo, la transparencia y la reducción del riesgo. El rol de los centros de documentación y bibliotecas y del profesional de la información es importante porque deben ser las instancias que asesoren en la toma de decisiones políticas, económicas, sociales, que garanticen el resguardo a corto y largo plazo de nuestra historia ambiental, así como la accesibilidad de información en esta temática. También, tienen que ser capaces de crear cultura ecológica, aplicar procedimientos para la alfabetización ecológica y "enamorar" a las comunidades para que todos los seres humanos protejamos el medio ambiente.Esta investigación se considera como única en su índole y pionera en esta temática en Costa Rica. Es un estudio de enfoque mixto y se consultaron tres fuentes de información:1. El personal bibliotecario constituido por 24 funcionarios encargados de 24 bibliotecas especializadas o centros de documentación seleccionadas por sus funciones y los contenidos de sus colecciones.2. La visibilidad virtual que proyectan estas 24 bibliotecas en las redes nacionales e internacionales.3. La opinión pública sobre el aporte de esas bibliotecas al ambiente.Con la primera población se aplicó investigación descriptiva para recopilar la información mediante la encuesta y un cuestionario constituido por 15 variables. La investigación cualitativa se usó en la segunda fuente de información referente a la visibilidad virtual de las bibliotecas y la opinión pública se recabó utilizando un estudio exploratorio, otra encuesta aplicada por medio de las redes sociales. ; Esta pesquisa é uma nova contribuição para o conhecimento sobre a biblioteconomia porque propõe a criação de um novo ramo disciplinar: a "biblioteconomia ecológica". Constitui uma proposta de análise da universidade para abordar perante a sociedade e a academia a experiência coletiva que as bibliotecas especializadas costarriquenhas acumularam nessas áreas, ao longo de seus anos de serviço e as práticas de gestão da informação que utilizam diante das necessidades do país.Costa Rica é um país com um amplo reconhecimento mundial no tema ecológico e do turismo ecológico, pelos amplos territórios que constituem áreas protegidas para a preservação da diversidade ecológica, entre outros.o objetivo desta investigação foi demonstrar a importância da gestão da informação sobre o meio ambiente nas bibliotecas, propondo uma nova disciplina: a biblioteconomia ecológica. Além disso, foram identificadas as contribuições dos centros de documentação e bibliotecas especializadas neste tema na Costa Rica. O conceito de gestão ambiental foi escolhido para a realização desta pesquisa considerando a importância de que a biblioteconomia, como ciência, amplie suas áreas disciplinares para estudar especialidades ligadas ao desenvolvimento nacional; atualmente, a gestão documental tem como objetivo oferecer serviços de informação sobre a realidade atual e direcionados a temas prioritários como gestão ambiental, adaptação às mudanças climáticas, habitação, emprego, transparência e redução de riscos. O papel dos centros de documentação e bibliotecas e do profissional da informação é importante porque devem ser os organismos que aconselham sobre a tomada de decisões políticas, económicas e sociais, que garantem a protecção a curto e longo prazo da nossa história ambiental, bem como a acessibilidade da informação sobre este tema. Além disso, devem ser capazes de criar cultura ecológica, aplicar procedimentos de alfabetização ecológica e "apaixonar-se" pelas comunidades para que todos os seres humanos protejam o meio ambiente. esta pesquisa é considerada única em sua natureza e pioneira neste tema na Costa Rica. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem mista e foram consultadas três fontes de informação: 1. A equipe de bibliotecários é formada por 24 funcionários encarregados de 24 bibliotecas especializadas ou centros de documentação selecionados para as suas funções e o conteúdo das suas coleções.2. A visibilidade virtual projetada por essas 24 bibliotecas em redes nacionais e internacionais.3 Opinião pública sobre a contribuição dessas bibliotecas para o meio ambiente. Com a primeira população, foi aplicada pesquisa descritiva para compilar as informações por meio da pesquisa e de um questionário composto por 15 variáveis. A pesquisa qualitativa foi utilizada na segunda fonte de informação sobre a visibilidade virtual das bibliotecas, e a opinião pública foi reunida por meio de um estudo exploratório, outra pesquisa aplicada através de redes sociais.

This research aims to develop a theory about how interior spaces have been shaped by the furniture in them, focusing on domestic interiors published in the magazine Domus during Gio Ponti's second tenure as editor in chief (1948-1978). During this period, the magazine's discourse focused on the concept of arredamento: the act of building a living space using furniture. The verb "to furnish" refers both to selecting furniture and to designing the relationship between the pieces. The Italian scene is particularly fruitful in this respect due to the growth of industrial production and the media during the post-war period, along with economic, cultural and social changes which shaped the arredamento culture. The framework of this research is limited to the years of Gio Ponti's second tenure as director of the magazine, since it coincides with the most productive period in the development of industry, design and the theoretical field. Domus magazine published the domestic interiors of paradigmatic works in the history of architecture in addition to exuberant, modest, innovative, traditional or vulgar interiors which have value only in and of themselves. In a conscious way, Ponti occupied this editorial and disciplinary niche in order to use it as a unifying and central axis within the discourse on the house. Dealing with the work of a magazine director and editor who classified, selected and organized his examples allows for filtering the material through a single perspective; this outlook is highly relevant in the context of this study. Ponti selected all the domestic interiors that are included in this work, but the immediacy of the magazine's production did not provide for a comprehensive and global vision of the published material that would allow for laying out trajectories to serve as the foundation for building a discourse on the domestic interior. What are the qualities of the domestic interior published by Domus? What are the tools we need to define it? What theoretical contribution does the magazine make on the subject? And what are the mechanisms used to shape domestic interior space during the second half of the twentieth century? The material in this work is organized into five categories. They are all defined as those categories which included the largest number of examples and the most radical ones from among the published proposals; all together, when they are compiled, they create a continuous narrative sequence, without interferences from the body of the study. The first chapter, "Covers", investigates the treatment of surfaces in domestic interiors, beginning with the most superficial of surface treatments, the thinnest graphic treatment, and spanning all the way to dressed surfaces that begin to differentiate themselves, redefining the limits of the space. The chapter called "Dissonant objects" focuses on domestic interiors where objects enter into tension with the space that contains them, either through stylistic, scalar or figurative dissonance, or through how they are perceived. Objects maintain a sufficiently autonomous position in the space that contains them, enabling them to construct meaning all by themselves. The third chapter focuses on the figures who appear in Domus, artists who use domestic space as the first field for experimenting with a way of life, a philosophical position or a political stance, or a collector where the objects speak for him. The fourth chapter focuses on the "White and transparent" domestic interiors published by Domus, which were designed like advertisements or images. The image informs the architectural space and constructs a new reality: a printed reality. In the final chapter, furniture is no longer measured in contrast with the architectural space, since the latter does not define it or promote it. With the disappearance of architectural space, it is furniture that defines domestic space, becoming the medium that establishes a stable state of balance with the natural environment ; Esta investigación elabora una teoría sobre las formas que el espacio interior toma a través del mobiliario que lo construye, centrándose en los interiores domésticos difundidos por la revista Domus durante la segunda etapa de dirección (1948-1978) de Gio Ponti. Durante este período, la revista se estructura en torno al arredamento, el acto de amueblar, de disponer y construir el espacio habitable con muebles según un gusto o estilo. Amueblar se refiere tanto a disponer tos muebles como a diseñar la relación que existe entre ellos. El panorama italiano es especialmente fructífero debido al crecimiento de la producción industrial y los medios de comunicación en la posguerra, junto con los cambios económicos, culturales y sociales que dieron forma a la cultura del arredamento. El marco del trabajo se limita a los años en los que Gio Ponti fue, por segunda vez, director de la revista, pues coincide con el periodo más fructífero en el desarrollo de la industria, el diseño y el campo teórico. La revista Domus publicó tanto interiores domésticos de obras paradigmáticas de la historia de la arquitectura como interiores exuberantes, modestos, innovadores, tradicionales o vulgares que solo tienen valor por sí mismos. De un modo consciente, Ponti ocupó esta grieta editorial y disciplinar para utilizarla como aglutinador y eje principal de un discurso en tomo a la casa. Abordar la obra de un director y un editor que clasifica, selecciona y organiza los ejemplos permite filtrar el material a través de una única mirada; esta mirada tiene una gran relevancia para el marco de este estudio. Ponti seleccionó los interiores domésticos que conformarán este trabajo, pero la inmediatez de la producción de la revista no ha permitido una visión global y conjunta del material publicado para poder trazar trayectorias alrededor de las cuales construir un discurso sobre el interior doméstico. ¿Cómo es el interior doméstico que divulga Domus?, ¿cuáles son los instrumentos necesarios para definirlo?, ¿cuál es la aportación teórica de la revista sobre el tema?, y ¿cuáles son los mecanismos a través de los cuales se conforma el espacio interior doméstico en la segunda mitad del siglo XX? El material de este trabajo se organiza en cinco categorías. Todas ellas se definen por ser las que agrupan una mayor cantidad ejemplos y una mayor radicalidad de las propuestas publicadas,- y que, al agruparse y acumularse, conforman una secuencia narrativa continua y sin interferencias del cuerpo del estudio. En el primer capítulo, "Fundas", se investiga el tratamiento de la superficie en el interior doméstico, empezando por el tratamiento más superficial de la superficie, el de menor grosor, el grafismo, hasta conformarse en superficies vestidas que comienzan a separarse y redefinen los límites del espacio. En el capítulo "Objetos disonantes" se estudian aquellos interiores domésticos en los que los objetos tensionan el espacio que los contiene, bien sea por una disonancia estilística, escalar o figurativa, o bien por cómo son percibidos. Los objetos mantienen una posición lo suficientemente autónoma en el espacio que los contiene corno para construir un significado por sí mismos. El capitulo tercero se centra en los personajes que aparecen en Domus, artistas que utilizan el espacio doméstico como primer campo de experimentación de una forma de vida, un posicionamiento filosófico o una postura politica, o un coleccionista donde los objetos hablan por él. El capítulo cuarto se centra en los interiores domésticos "Blancos y transparentes", publicados en Domus que fueron diseñados como si fueran anuncios o imágenes. La imagen informa el espacio arquitectónico y construye una nueva realidad: la realidad impresa. ; Postprint (published version)

The Manuscript Legacy of Miroslav Krleža, filed in the Manuscripts and Old Books Collection of the National and University Library in Zagreb under a unique shelf number R 7970, includes two letters which Ivan Supek addressed to Krleža in 1954. The first letter was sent on 1 March, accompanied by an "Open Letter to the Assembly of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (JAZU)," which the Council of the Ruđer Bošković Institute of Physics dated 26 February 1954. The second letter Supek addressed to Krleža on 13 May 1954, and as far as we know, it marked the end of their correspondence in 1954. The Legacy of Ivan Supek, in family possession, contains an official letter dated 5 May 1954, by which Miroslav Krleža, acting as vice-president of the Academy at the time, informs Ivan Supek about two decisions passed at the informal session of the Assembly of the Yugoslav Academy on 29 April 1954; in his intellectual autobiography entitled Krivovjernik na ljevici [Heretic on the Left], Supek cites but a single characteristic fragment of that letter. For the first time a full text of these four documents is published here in my transcription which most faithfully follows the original without any interventions in terms of either punctuation or devices used for emphasis. The Open Letter of the Council of the Ruđer Bošković Institute to the Assembly of the Yugoslav Academy includes a host of hitherto unknown data on the Institute's first four years of development, as it closely documents the chronology of the conflict between the Institute's Council and the Presidency of the Yugoslav Academy from 1950 till 1953, at the root of which was the decision making on the development of the Institute. As Council president, Ivan Supek made huge efforts to reconcile "two different tendencies of development," first by drawing up a Temporary Statute of the Institute in 1952, and later, in the spring of 1953, by making a proposition to the University Senate and the Presidency of the Yugoslav Academy by which "the Academy and University should collaborate at the Ruđer Bošković Institute on common goals." Since the draft of the Institute's Statute at the turn of 1953 to 1954 had stood at a standstill for three months, the Institute's Council decided to send an Open Letter to the Assembly of the Yugoslav Academy with a counter-proposition by which "the Academy Statute should be changed in accordance with scientific development in our country." From the perspective of Ivan Supek, that is, "us physicists," the Institute's successful development was to rest on its self-governance and organic connection with the University, but the Academy's administration was not willing to consider such a formally-based legal framework of the Institute's operation within its system. The Open Letter emerged during a heated debate on the organisation of scientific work in Croatia and Yugoslavia. Academic circles could not reconcile with the fact that, according to the Soviet model, the research work would be organised exclusively at the academies. From this standpoint, the topics of the Open Letter reverberate two strong voices: the addresses of the Nobel Prize winner Lavoslav Ružička during his visits to Yugoslavia in November 1949 and October 1952, and a speech that Ivan Supek delivered on 22 January 1953 at a meeting of the Department of the Mathematics and Physics at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Zagreb University, published in the March issue of Pogledi. While Ružička firmly stated that the "University ought to be a supreme place for higher education and for the fundamental research in the field of pure and applied science, and a unique place for the attainment of academic degrees," in the interest of the Institute Supek publicly advocated for "a harmonic community of University and Academy," although deep at heart he shared Ružička's views. In the letter of 1 March 1954, Ivan Supek appealed to Miroslav Krleža, vicepresident and Communist Party secretary of the Academy, to help him untangle the relations between the Institute and JAZU, and whom he wished to address in person and elaborate the motives behind the Open Letter. Judging by the events that followed, Supek's attempt proved futile. In the absence of Andrija Štampar, Academy president, Krleža, acting as vicepresident, on 5 May 1954 sent an official letter to Supek concerning the decisions of the informal session of the Academy Assembly held on 29 April 1954. From this letter alone we can learn that the Academy Assembly established 23 March 1954 as termination date of Supek's Academy membership on the basis of his letter on the renouncement of membership, but also that on 29 April 1954 an additional penalty was issued against Supek: that "he disqualified himself for any work at the Academy or collaboration with it." Nevertheless, he retained his leading position at the greatest institute within the Yugoslav Academy. In a letter dated 13 May 1954, Supek asked Krleža to send him the minutes of the Commission which the formal Academy Assembly of 16 March 1954 appointed with an aim to establish his responsibility for the Open Letter, so that he could finally learn "the reasons underlying the accusation against me. The consequences which I may suffer are not an issue here, but it is in the Academy's interest to establish the truth, along with the true motives for drawing up an Open Letter." Here he expressed his disappointment by the fact "that some places [from the Open Letter] were understood as offences, and that they actually distracted discussion away from the principal issues," but insisted on the key point from the Open Letter "that for the selfgovernance of the Institute and its organic connection with the University a change of the Academy Statute was necessary." In the spring of 1954, the Yugoslav Academy headed by Andrija Štampar definitely gave up on the concept of an inter-disciplinary research institute, although under the pressure of the 'young lions' from its largest institute, and in accordance with the Soviet model and the original ideas and decisions of Boris Kidrič (died on 11 April 1953), had an opportunity to take this path in its own development, too. Upon the Assembly's 'reply' to the Institute Council, the concept of multi- and inter-disciplinary approach to fundamental research in natural sciences in organic connection with the University as development model for the Ruđer Bošković Institute faced new risks, including those of political nature, but the research community gathered at the Institute, despite the circumstances, managed to live its 'dream' of self-governance and development in harmony with the University, as confirmed by a decision on the new organisation of the Institute passed on 7 September 1954. This step in the Institute's development was also approved by the Republic government, when on 22 November 1954, in agreement with the Yugoslav Academy, it decided that as from 1 January 1955 the Institute was no longer part of the Yugoslav Academy. Five months after the Republic's decision, another step towards the Institute's lasting 'independence' took place, when by a decision of the Federal Government of 30 April 1955 the Institute as a "self-financed institution" came under the authority of the Federal Nuclear Energy Commission headed by Aleksandar Ranković, and in this formally legal frame operated for eleven years – until Ranković's political downfall on 1 July 1966. Miroslav Krleža, to whom in the crucial days of early March 1954 Ivan Supek offered a mediating role, as a highly-positioned Academy member failed to see this historical opportunity to support the development of natural sciences in Croatia in a new direction, perhaps less exposed to political pressure. Ivan Supek and Mladen Paić, who on different legal grounds by 29 April 1954 no longer were correspondent members of JAZU, seven years later–on 16 June 1961–were elected full members, which is a unique case in the history of the Yugoslav Academy.

Text en anglès i castellà. La consulta íntegra de la tesi, inclos l'article no comunicat públicament per drets d'autor, es pot realitzar prèvia petició a l'Arxiu de la UPC ; The overall aim of the thesis is to encourage the presence of sunlight into indoor spaces. The specific objective is to show that, from the lighting point of view, a good design can harness the solar reflection on the surfaces and increase the overall light level, without provoking the excessive contrast that causes glare. A literature review shows off the value of sunlight. The testimony of professional photographers describes its contribution to the visual interest. The scientific works stress the predilection that users feel in relation to the presence of sunlight, and inform about its healthy effects. People spend more and more time indoors and, therefore, require the introduction of sunlight. Ajourney through the history discovers the works and rules that are exemplary examples of good design. Nevertheless, the current legislation shows gaps when it only faces quantitative aspects (distribution of minimum light levels). The qualitative aspects (linked to the vision of light interest) should be part of the design more often. The challenge implies to be provided with tools to assess the balance of visible light into the spaces. The purpose of the glare formulations is to warn if a light contrast is excessive. The difficulty of its purpose is notable as it intends to assess the perceptive reaction of human vision, partially subjective. The attempts to validate a formulation are numerous. The thesis analyses eight indices of glare and chooses two to be included in an assessment methodology based on the reading of HDR images. The development of a script allows a data-processing succession, using the tools of Radiance, Webhdrtools and Evalglare. The methodology includes the assessment of the impact of different calibration parameters belonging to the camera (centre of bracketing) and those of the calculation instructions (calibration factor and threshold definition of glare source) to ensure the reliability of the calculations under sunlight conditions. The measurements were made in summer, at various scenarios located in two cities. In London, the first case considered a singular office lit thanks to roof and side windows (two façades). The outcome was compared with the perception of users with different nationalities and lighting cultures. Then, two meeting rooms permitted the assessment of the perception of a significant number of visual fields. The different orientation of the rooms (north and south) allowed the comparison of the effects of the solar presence inside or outside. In both cases, two variables were included: the window size and the contribution of the artificial light. In Barcelona, two other meeting rooms were studied, having both deeper solar penetrations due to the west orientation. This feature led to the consideration of the effects of several sunlight control devices: roller shutters, roller screens and vertical slats . Finally, in Barcelona, a final case served to judge a space under new conditions, characterized by an intermediate orientation (southwest) that, according to the time of day toggled the solar presence inside and outside, and a small window ratio in relation to the total facade. The results lead to specific conclusions depending on the type of solar penetration, due to the orientation, and the position that users occupy. Their joint contribution permits to suggest that the glare indexes rarely describe a disturbing or intolerable situation that would complicate a visual task. Therefore, except for the situations where the radiation falls on working surfaces, the design can incorporate the solar presence in the interiors in order to improve the lighting and thermal conditions. ; El objetivo general de la tesis es fomentar la presencia de la luz solar en los espacios interiores. El objetivo específico es demostrar que, desde el punto de vista lumínico, un buen diseño puede aprovechar la reflexión solar en las superficies y aumentar el nivel lumínico general sin que el contraste sea excesivo y cause deslumbramiento. Una revisión bibliográfica pone en valor la luz solar. El testimonio de fotógrafos profesionales describe su contribución en el interés visual. Los trabajos científicos destacan la predilección que sienten los usuarios por la presencia de la luz solar e informa de sus efectos saludables. Los individuos pasan cada vez más horas en espacios interiores y, por tanto, requieren la introducción de la luz solar. Un recorrido por la historia descubre obras y normas que son muestras ejemplares de buen diseño. Pese a ello, la legislación actual muestra carencias cuando únicamente afronta aspectos cuantitativos (reparto de niveles lumínicos mínimos). Los aspectos cualitativos (interés vinculado a la visión de la luz) deberían formar parte del diseño más a menudo. El reto implica dotarse de herramientas de evaluación del equilibrio de la luz visible en los espacios. El propósito de las fórmulas de deslumbramiento es advertir si un contraste lumínico es excesivo. La dificultad de su propósito es notable ya que pretenden evaluar la reacción perceptiva de la visión, parcialmente subjetiva. Las tentativas para validar una formulación son numerosas. La tesis analiza ocho índices de deslumbramiento y escoge dos para introducirlos en una metodología de evaluación basada en la lectura de imágenes HDR. El desarrollo de un script permite encadenar procedimientos informáticos que aprovechan herramientas de Radiance, Webhdrtool y Evalglare. La metodología incluye la valoración de la repercusión de diferentes parámetros de calibración propios de la cámara (centro del horquillado) y de las instrucciones de cálculo (factor de calibración y umbral de definición de la fuente deslumbramiento) para garantizar la fiabilidad de los cá lculos en condiciones de luz solar. Las mediciones sucedieron en verano, en escenarios diversos ubicados en dos ciudades. En Londres, el primer caso consideró una oficina singular, con luz cenital y lateral (dos fachadas). La obtención de resultados fue comparada con la percepción de unos usuarios de nacionalidades y culturas lumínicas distintas. A continuación, dos salas de reunión permitieron evaluar la percepción de un notable número de campos visuales. La distinta orientación de las salas (norte y sur) permitió comparar los efectos de la presencia solar en el interior o en el exterior. En ambos casos, dos variables fueron incorporadas: el tamaño de ventana y la contribución de la luz artificial. En Barcelona, dos otras salas de reunión fueron estudiadas, ambas con penetraciones solares más profundas a causa de la orientación oeste. Esta particularidad dio lugar a la consideración de los efectos de diferentes dispositivos de control de la luz solar: persianas o cortinas enrollables y lamas verticales. Finalmente, en Barcelona, un último caso sirvió para juzgar un espacio con condiciones distintas a las anteriores, caracterizado por una orientación intermedia (suroeste), que según la hora del día compaginaba la presencia solar en el interior y en el exterior, y por una proporción de ventana pequeña en relación a la totalidad de la fachada pequeña. Los resultados dan lugar a conclusiones específicas en función del tipo de penetración solar según las orientaciones y de la posición que ocupan los usuarios. Su contribución conjunta permite afirmar que los índices de deslumbramiento describen situaciones molestas o perturbadoras para una tarea visual en muy pocas ocasiones. Por tanto, exceptuando las situaciones en que la radiación incide sobre las superficies de trabajo, el diseño puede incorporar la presencia solar en los interiores con el fin de contribuir lumínicamente o térmicamente. ; Postprint (published version)

Esta obra se enmarca en el estudio de la Historia Social de la Familia a través del análisis de una élite local del sur de Castilla, concretamente en la localidad murciana de Cieza durante el s. XVII, intentando dar respuesta a su configuración y a su tipología en relación a la definición de su patrimonio material, inmaterial y relacional dentro de un contexto marcado por el fenómeno de luchas de bandos, atendiéndose a la resolución de sus objetivos, su articulación y, en definitiva, a las características de los que se han definido como bandos de linajes clientelares. Finalmente, en la búsqueda de la paz se considera el papel interpretado por la propia comunidad ciezana, los prohombres de la época cercanos al marco cortesano o comarcal, así como la necesidad de conocer cuándo y en qué grado actuaron los miembros del clero, el aparato institucional monárquico y el propio rey. Así pues, este planteamiento se centra en la institución familiar, ya que en ella se desarrollan toda una serie de estrategias matrimoniales, de transmisión patrimonial y honorífica, de sistemas de parentesco y de relaciones de amistad y dependencia tendentes a la consolidación y reproducción social, es decir, la vida en sociedad a través de las familias. Familia, élites y bandos. Estos son los tres pilares de la argumentación de la presente investigación, en la que el estudio de las banderías ciezanas, su conflicto y pacificación, se plantea en los niveles institucional, en los vínculos socio-económicos, en lo privado y ritual o de manifestación simbólica, lo que a su vez genera la unión de parientes contra adversarios, escisiones en los linajes y en el propio bando y, en última instancia, la movilización de recursos y redes de alianzas. En este planteamiento se enmarca el estudio de una élite local en construcción en el antiguo Reino de Murcia, donde la aparición del fenómeno de luchas de bandos atiende a la resolución de sus objetivos, su articulación y, en definitiva, a las características de las banderías durante el siglo barroco en una triple vertiente: la perpetuación de bandos en las áreas marginales del reino castellano, su articulación en determinados linajes que a diferencia de épocas pasadas se redefinen sobre diferentes lazos clientelares caracterizados por la nueva realidad socio-económica y política de la Castilla del s. XVII basada en la limpieza de sangre y en su sanción legal a través de la ejecutoría, el control de los oficios municipales, el control de una amplia red social clientelar y el domino de los medios económicos de la localidad. En su desarrollo temporal (1613-1705) se alcanzará un alto grado de violencia que será resuelto por las propias iniciativas de los habitantes de la villa, además de la intervención de notables personajes foráneos como el obispo de Cartagena o el marqués de los Vélez, único miembro durante el s. XVII perteneciente a la nobleza titulada murciana. Y con todo, a los poderes terrenales, incluida la propia intervención real a través del perdón del rey Carlos II, también se desarrolló una notable actividad clerical de la mano de la orden franciscana, cuyo mejor ejemplo será la edificación del convento de San Joaquín, lo que contribuirá a una paulatina nupcialidad pacifista o de unión matrimonial de las familias enfrentadas, así como el intento de sustituir los enfrentamiento linajudos y banderizos por el servicio administrativo al Rey a partir del s. XVIII, si bien pocos de los hidalgos ciezanos alcanzarán puestos de mérito por su escaso potencial político-económico y, especialmente, a su reducida red de relaciones sociales que posibilitaran el acceso a los favores de la Corte real. En definitiva, se trata del estudio de varias familias de la élite local de Cieza en un período de construcción de su poder en el marco local del s. XVII, desarrollándose los enfrentamientos de bandos como respuesta a la defensa y construcción de un poder local que les facultara un mayor control de la villa y la posibilidad de alcanzar mayores honores por parte de la Corona. SUMMARY This work belongs to the study of Family Social History through the analysis of a local elite from the south of Castile, specifically in Cieza, a town in Murcia, during the XVII century, trying to give an answer to its configuration and its typology in relation to the definition of its material, inmaterial and relational patrimony inside a context marked by the phenomenon of the factions´fights, paying attention to the resolution of its objectives, its articulation and, in short, to the characteristics of those ones who have described themselves as factions of depending lineages. Finally, in the search of peace it is taken into consideration the role played by Cieza community, the outstanding men of the age closed to the court or regional frame, as well as the necessity of knowing when and at which level the members of the clergy, the monarchical institution and the King himself. So, this proposal is centered in the familiar institution, since in it a series of matrimonial strategies are developed, of patrimonial transmission and honorary, of systems of relationship and friendship and dependency tendind towards the consolidation and social reproduction, that is to say, life in society through families. Families, elites and factions. These are the three pillars of the argument of the present investigation, in which the study of the factions in Cieza, its conflict and pacification it is proposed in the institutional levels, in the socio-economic links, in the private and ritual or of a symbolic manifestation, what generates the union of relatives against adversaries, Split in the lineage and in the faction itself, and ultimately the mobilisation of resources and alliances networks. In this proposal the study of a local elite in process in the ancient kingdom of Murcia is defined, where the appareance of the phenomenon of fights among factions attends to the resolution of it objectives, its articulation, in short, to the charcteristics of the factions during the Baroque period in a triple direction: the perpetuation of factions in the marginal áreas of the Castilian kingdom, its articulation in certain lineages which different from last ages are defined for different depending ties characterized by the new socio-economic and political reality of Castile in the XVII century base don the blood cleaning and on its approval, through the final judgement, the control of a wide social depending network and the dominion of the economic means of the locality. During its temporary development (1613-1705) a high degree of violence which will be sorted out by the inhabitans´initiatives apart from the intervention of outstanding foreign personalities like the Bishop of Cartagena or the Marquis of Velez, the only member who belonged to the Murcia aristocrazy during the XVII century. Also, to the earthly powers, including the royal intervention through the King Carlos II´s forgiveness, a remarkable clerical activity was developed by the Franciscan order, whose best example will be the construction of Saint Joaquin monastery, which will contribute to a gradual pacifist marriage statistics among the confronted families, as well as the attempt to substitute the confrontation between the highborn and the factions because of the administrative service to the King since the XVII century, few of the noblemen in Cieza will reach posts of meri for the scarce political-economical potential ans, specially, to its reducednetwork of social relationships that will make posible the access to the royal court´s favours. To sum up, it is about the study of several families of the local elite in Cieza in a period of construction of its power in the local setting of the XVII century, where the confrontation among factions as a response of defence were being developed and the constrution of a local power which authorised them with a higger control of the village and the possibility of reaching higher honours from the Cown.

Japan nimmt eine besondere Stellung in der Weltgeschichte ein, indem es als einzige nicht-westliche Macht unter den Großmächten die Geschicke der Weltpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert mitbestimmte. Als solche spielte es auch eine bedeutende Rolle in der Entwicklung der modernen Völkerrechtsordnung. Innerhalb weniger Dekaden stieg Japan von der Position einer peripheren Nation im Schatten Chinas zur Hegemonialmacht in Ostasien auf und wurde – zumindest formal – gleichberechtigt in die Gemeinschaft der Nationen aufgenommen. Dieser Aufstieg zeigte überdeutlich, dass der souveräne Gebrauch von Völkerrecht nun nicht mehr nur eine Domäne der westlichen Mächte war und dass das Völkerrecht damit endgültig die Grenzen eines ius publicum europaeum hin zu einem "Weltrecht" überschritten hatte. Untersuchungen der Rezeption des westlichen Völkerrechts konzentrieren sich im Wesentlichen auf dieses frühe Kapitel der Rezeptionsgeschichte, sind jedoch bei aller Anerkenntnis der Erfolge Japans erstaunlich verhalten in der Bewertung der Rezeption selbst. So wird diese von vielen als zu passiv, eurozentrisch, "positivistisch" (ein Merkmal mit eher negativer Konnotation in Japan) und epigonal kritisiert. Ein alternativer Interpretationsentwurf sieht Japans Völkerrechtsrezeption zwischen 1905 und 1945 als Vorläufer einer revisionistischen Bewegung, die die normative Vormachtstellung des Westens in Frage stellt und eigene Ordnungsvorstellungen verfolgt. Dieser Diskurs steht in Zusammenhang mit der jüngeren Debatte um sogenannte "Asiatische Werte" und der postkolonialen Kritik an Völkerrecht in jüngster Zeit. Beide Argumentationsstränge sind jedoch, wie ihre innere Widersprüchlichkeit zeigt, irreführend hinsichtlich der Rolle, die das Völkerrecht in den Außenbeziehungen Japans spielte. Dieser Aufsatz möchte daher ein umfassenderes und zutreffenderes Verständnis dieser Rolle ermöglichen, indem es die Geschichte der Rezeption und Anwendung von Völkerrecht in Japan seit Anbeginn im Jahre 1853 bis zum Ende Japans als Imperialmacht im Jahre 1945 nachzeichnet und noch einmal die Frage nach ihrem kritischen bzw. konstruktiven Potential für die allgemeine Völkerrechtsentwicklung stellt. Zusammenfassend zeigt sich, dass das Völkerrecht in Japan anfangs eine rein funktionale Rolle innehatte, insofern seine Observanz gegenüber den westlichen Mächten einen hohen Grad an "Zivilisiertheit" signalisieren sollte und gegenüber den ostasiatischen Nachbarn als argumentative Waffe einer aggressiven Imperialpolitik diente. Japan hatte mit dieser Strategie auch Erfolg und konnte die verhassten "ungleichen Verträge" bereits 25 Jahre nach Abschluss des letzten Vertrages revidieren und sich nach 1905 als Hegemonialmacht in Ostasien etablieren. In Anbetracht dieser Funktion ist es daher kaum verwunderlich, dass japanische Völkerrechtler und Politiker eine eher passive, eurozentrische und "positivistische" Haltung gegenüber dem Recht einnahmen. Eine offene Kritik an der Völkerrechtspraxis vor 1919 hätten Japans Ziele eher gefährdet und wäre, selbst wenn ein solcher Wille dazu bestanden hätte, angesichts der Machtverhältnisse auch weitgehend wirkungslos geblieben. Aus den gleichen Gründen betrachteten japanische Politiker jedoch die liberalen Entwicklungen des Völkerrechts in der Zwischenkriegszeit eher als Bedrohung der japanischen Sonderstellung in Ostasien und schlossen sich dieser nur mit äußersten inneren Vorbehalten an. Dies gilt für den Völkerbund ebenso wie für das Verbot des Angriffskrieges durch den Briand-Kellogg-Pakt, und nur äußeres Prestige und die Furcht vor Isolation bewegten Japan, diesen beizutreten. Zudem wäre es irreführend, den "Positivismus" japanischer Völkerrechtler als Ausdruck eines Mangels an Kritik schlechthin zu verstehen. Kritik und Reserviertheit gegenüber dem westlichen Völkerrecht existierten seit Beginn seiner Rezeption und nahmen mit jeder subjektiv empfundenen Zurücksetzung Japans in der Weltpolitik noch zu. Diese Entfremdung brachte eine Tradition der "kritischen" Völkerrechtswissenschaft in Japan hervor, die insbesondere die politische, wirtschaftliche, soziale und historische Bedingtheit des angeblich "universalen" Völkerrechts in Augenschein nahm. Seine Hochzeit hatte dieser Ansatz in den Kriegsjahren von 1931 bis 1945, als Japan aktiv den status quo der internationalen Ordnung herausforderte und eine eigene normative Ordnung in Ostasien zu begründen suchte. Allerdings waren japanische Völkerrechtler wider Erwarten, auch wenn sie die kontinentale Expansion argumentativ unterstützen, nicht deren glühendsten Befürworter, sondern argumentierten aus einer defensiven Stellung heraus. Angesichts der Herausforderung, ein "Ostasiatisches Völkerrecht" erfinden zu müssen, warnten sie eher vor einer radikalen und irrationalen Abkehr vom normativen status quo und traten für eine graduelle Entwicklung neuer völkerrechtlicher Konzepte auf Grundlage des kritischen Studiums klassischen Völkerrechts ein. Sie suchten damit ihr Gebiet und ihre Profession gegen die zunehmenden Angriffe und Spott in der japanischen Öffentlichkeit zu verteidigen, allerdings mit geringem Erfolg. Die häufigen Verletzungen humanitären Rechts in den Schauplätzen des Krieges zeugen von der zersetzenden Kraft des "totalen Krieges", der ihre Argumente zunichte machte und sie selbst überrollte hätte, wenn nicht die Kapitulation im Jahre 1945 dieser Entwicklung Einhalt geboten hätte. Aus diesem Grund jedoch dient die Völkerrechtsrezeption Japans auch nicht als historisches Beispiel für eine "Herausforderung der normativen Hegemonie des Westens", sondern eher als warnendes Beispiel für die Notwendigkeit eines rationalen und konstruktiven Diskurses um normative Konzepte internationaler Ordnung heute. ; Japan takes a special place in global history as the only non-western power among the great powers which shaped the course of world politics during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Within less than half a century, Japan rose from a peripheral power in the shadow of China to the hegemonic power in Northeast Asia and was accepted as equal power (at least on the formal level) into the hitherto all-European family of nations. As such, it also played a significant role in the development of the modern international legal order as it is today. Japan's accession to the hitherto all-European concert of powers in 1905 demonstrated that the competent use of international law was not the exclusive domain of western powers anymore and that international law had shed its last vestiges of being a merely "European public law" and become a truly universally applied law. And yet, studies of the reception of international law in Japan, which largely focus on the early period between 1853 and 1905, often conclude their analysis with a mixed appraisal of the process, as they characterize it as being overly passive, Euro-centric and "positivistic" (a word of negative connotation in the Japanese context) and therefore merely derivative. An alternative interpretation, however, places Japan at the vanguard of a revisionist movement that challenged the hegemony of western international legal discourse and sought to establish an autonomous order in East Asia in the second phase of its engagement with international law between 1905 and 1945. This discourse ties in with the so-called "Asian values" debate and postmodernist criticism of international law in recent times. However, both narratives, as the inherent contradiction indicates, are misleading in their representation and analysis of the role which international law played in modern Japanese internationalist relations. This article aims to present a more coherent and consistent picture of international law in Japan by pursuing the whole trajectory of its reception and application in Japan's foreign politics, from the opening up of the country in 1854 until the final demise of Japan's imperial project in 1945. It argues that western international law during the initial phase of its reception had a purely functional role, as a signal of "civilization" and co-operation towards the western power, and as an argumentative weapon of expansion towards its East Asian neighbours. As such, it served its overall purpose well, as Japan managed to renegotiate the odious "unequal treaties" twenty-five years after the last was concluded and by 1905 had established itself as the hegemonic power in Northeast Asia. Considering this functional role, it is therefore not surprising that Japanese experts and politicians took a passive, Euro-centric and "positivistic" attitude towards the law. It did not serve Japan's interests to criticize international legal practice until 1919, nor would it be realistic to expect that Japan had the power to change it, even if it wanted to. However, it is also for the same reasons that Japan was inwardly reluctant to go along with the "Wilsonian" changes of international law in the 1920s, as multilateral institutions and the outlawry of war served Japan's purposes less than the classical law. It is merely for reasons of prestige and fear of abandonment that Japan would go along with these developments until 1933. Moreover, it would be erroneous to confuse Japan's apparent "positivism" with a lack of criticism in general. Feelings of estrangement and inner reservations co-existed with the apparent compliance right from the start and were carefully nurtured by successively felt slights and discriminations on the political side, whatever their claims to reality. This estrangement engendered a tradition of critical studies of international law in Japan which specifically addressed the political, economic, social and historical contingency and particularity of "universal" international law. This approach had its heyday during the war years between 1931 and 1945, when Japan actively challenged the political status quo of the international order and tried to carve out its own autonomous sphere in East Asia. However, contrary to expectations, international lawyers, although advising the Japanese authorities and justifying Japan's aggressive policy with their arguments, were not its most ardent supporters, but argued from a defensive and losing position. Faced with the challenge of inventing an "East Asian International Law", they warned against an irrational iconoclasm that would uncritically destroy the normative status quo and argued for a gradual evolvement of normative concepts on the basis of the existing order. Thus they tried to defend the law and their profession against a rising tide of criticism and contempt of international law in the public, with diminishing success. The frequent violations of international law in the theatres of war gave testimony to the eroding forces of "total war" that undermined their position and would have swept them away if surrender had not intervened in 1945. However, it is also for this reason that Japan's reception of international law does not serve as an historical example of "challenging the normative hegemony of the West", as more recent commentators would have it with a view to other rising powers, but rather as a warning reminder of the necessity of rational and constructive negotiation of concepts of normative order today.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, partly because of drug resistance anf the HIV epidemics. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of the tuberculosis disease, and is one of the indicators used for the BCG vaccination policy. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), which poses diagnostic and therapeutic problems, has been monitored since 1992 in France. On the opposite, rifampicin mono-resistance (RMR) tuberculosis (TB) which represents a first step toward MDR-TB is rarely studied and the impact of rifampicin mono-resistance on patient's outcome is unknown in France. Our work was focused on the epidemiology of MTB and the impact of changes in the BCG vaccination strategy. We used two systems implemented for the surveillance of TB in France: a nationwide laboratory network coordinated by the National Reference Centre (NRC) for Mycobacteria and Resistance of Mycobacteria to Anti-tuberculosis Drugs and the mandatory notification system of TB (MNS) coordinated by the National Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Institut de Veille Sanitaire, InVS). The NRC network was also used to evaluate Rifampicin mono-resistant tuberculosis in France. First, we assessed the incidence rate of culture-positive (C+) central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) in France in 2007 (the year of the changing policy on BCG vaccination) and its time trend between 1990 and 2007. In 2007, CNS TB represented less than 1% of all culture-positive TB cases and its incidence was around 0.50 per million inhabitants. The 2007 sensitivity of the NRC was 79.4%. To assess the evolution of C+ CNS TB between 1990 and 2007, we used an average sensitivity derived from the 2000 sensitivity of the NRC (75.6%) and the sensitivity for the year 2007. The average sensitivity was used to correct the number of C+ CNS TB reported in four surveys (1990, 1995, 2000, 2007). There was a major decrease of 62% in the extrapolated number of C+ CNS TB in seventeen years (from 90 to 35 cases), and in the extrapolated incidence rate (from 1.6 to 0.55 cases per million inhabitants) (P < 0.001). Then, we measured the impact of two major changes in BCG vaccination policy in 2006 (disappearance of the multipuncture device for BCG) and 2007 (end of compulsory BCG vaccination) on the epidemiology of TBM in children under 6 years in France between 2000 and 2011. Overall, 10 culture-positive and 17 possible (negative-culture or unknown microbiological result) cases of TBM were identified, with an annual incidence rate varying from 0.16 to 0.66 cases / 10 million inhabitants. In Ile-de-France, where all children are considered "at risk" and therefore should all be vaccinated, and in the other regions where only at-risk children are considered for vaccination since 2007, no statistically significant differences in the annual incidences rates for each one-year age-group cohort could be observed. These results reinforce the 2007 decision to stop universal BCG vaccination. However, a close monitoring of CNS TB in the coming years will be needed to assess the long-term impact of the new vaccination policy. Finally, we built, through the NRC national network of laboratories, a retrospective cohort of RMR TB cases diagnosed between 2005 and 2010. A total of 39 cases with RMR TB were identified (0.12% of all TB culture positive cases). Among all patients, 19 (49%) had a previous history of TB treatment, and 9 (23%) were HIV-coinfected. Data about treatment and outcome were available for 30 of 39 patients and only 20 (67%) were considered as cured. Treatments received both in terms of drugs and duration were heterogeneous. These results suggest the need to improve the management of patients with RMR TB in France. ; La tuberculose (TB) est encore aujourd'hui une cause majeure de morbidité et mortalité dans le monde. Sa maitrise a été rendue difficile par l'épidémie de VIH et la résistance au antituberculeux. La méningite tuberculose (MTB), est la forme la plus grave de TB et est un des indicateurs utilisés pour la politique vaccinale par le BCG. La multirésistance aux antituberculeux (MDR) qui pose des problèmes diagnostiques et thérapeutiques est surveillée depuis 1992 en France. En revanche, la mono-résistance à la Rifampicine (mono-RMP-R) qui représente une première étape vers la TB MDR est rarement étudiée et le devenir des malades est inconnu en France. Notre travail a été axé sur l'épidémiologie de la MTB et l'impact des modifications de stratégie vaccinale par le BCG. Nous avons pour cela utilisé deux systèmes de surveillance de la tuberculose en France : un réseau national de laboratoires coordonné par le centre national de référence des mycobactéries (CNR), et le système de la déclaration obligatoire (DO), coordonné par l'Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS). Nous avons également utilisé le réseau du CNR pour évaluer la monorésistance à la rifampicine dans la TB en France. Nous avons tout d'abord évalué le taux d'incidence de la tuberculose du système nerveux central à culture positive (TB SNC C+) en France en 2007 (année de modification de la politique vaccinale) et son évolution entre 1990 et 2007. En 2007, la TB SNC C+ représentait moins de 1% de tous les cas tuberculose à culture positive et son incidence était de 0,5/million d'habitants. La sensibilité du réseau du CNR était de 79,4%. Pour évaluer l'évolution de la TB SNC C+ entre 1990 et 2007, nous avons utilisé une sensibilité « moyenne » dérivée de la sensibilité du CNR pour l'année 2000 (75,6%) et celle pour l'année 2007 pour corriger le nombre de cas signalés dans chacune des 4 études (1990, 1995, 2000, 2007). Nous avons observé une diminution de 62% du nombre corrigé de TB SNC C+ en 17 ans (90 à 35 cas) et du taux d'incidence corrigé (de 1,6 à 0,55 cas par million d'habitants) (P < 0.001). Ensuite, nous avons mesuré l'impact des deux changements majeurs de la politique vaccinale par le BCG en 2006 (arrêt de la multipuncture) et 2007 (arrêt du BCG obligatoire), sur l'épidémiologie de la MTB chez les enfants <6 ans en France entre 2000 et 2011. Au total, 10 cas de MTB à culture positive et 17 cas de MTB possibles (culture négative ou inconnue) ont été identifiés, avec un taux d'incidence annuel variant de 0,16 à 0,66 cas/10 million habitants. En Ile de France où tous les enfants sont considérés « à risque » et donc devraient tous être vaccinés, ou dans les autres régions, où seuls les enfants à risque sont vaccinés depuis 2007, il n'existait aucune différence significative des taux d'incidence annuels pour chaque cohorte d'un an. Ces résultats renforcent la décision d'arrêter de la vaccination universelle par le BCG en 2007. Toutefois une surveillance étroite de la TB SNC dans les années à venir sera nécessaire pour évaluer l'impact long-terme de la nouvelle stratégie vaccinale. Finalement, nous avons mis en place par le biais du réseau des laboratoires du CNR une cohorte rétrospective des cas de TB mono-RMP-R diagnostiqués en France entre 2005 et 2010. Au total, 39 cas de TB mono-RMP-R (soit 0.12% des cas de TB) ont été recensés. Parmi tous ces patients, 19 cas (49%) avaient un antécédent de traitement de leur tuberculose, et 9 (23%) étaient infectés par le VIH. Les données sur le traitement et le devenir étaient disponibles pour 30 des 39 patients et seulement 20 (67%) ont été considérés guéris. Les traitements reçus tant en terme de drogues que de durée étaient hétérogènes. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'il faut améliorer la prise en charge des malades atteints de TB mono-RMP-R en France.

ROBERTAS BARTAŠEVIČIUS – PhD stu­dent of Social Sciences (Education) of the Education Department, Vilnius Univer­sity. Research interests: education policy. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: rober­tas.bartasevicius@fsf.stud.vu.ltLILIJA DUOBLIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor and the Head of the Education Department, Vilnius University. Research interests: education philosophy, education policy, multicul­tural education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: lilija.duobliene@fsf.vu.ltPLACIDA JASIŪNAITĖ – kindergarten teach­er. Research interests: preschool education, moral values, education in games. Address: 17 Liubarto Str., LT-08118 Vilnius, Lithu­ania; e-mail address: jasiunaiteplacida@yahoo.comANTANAS KAIRYS – Doctor of Social Sciences (Psychology), Lecturer at the Department of General Psychology, Vil­nius University. Research interests: time psychology, career psychology, personal­ity traits. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: antanas.kairys@fsf.vu.ltSIMONA KONTRIMIENĖ – PhD student of Social Sciences (Education) of the Educa­tion Department, Vilnius University. Re­search interests: spirituality, education of spirituality, parenting, English for specific purposes (psychology), psycholinguistics. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: simona.kontrimiene@uki.vu.ltASTA KRIKŠČIŪNAITĖ – Master in Arts Teacher Training, Assistent of the Depart­ment of Music Pedagogy of the Faculty of Arts, Šiauliai University and the Doctoral Student in Education at Šiauliai Univer­sity. Research interests: music education, assessment of progress and attainments. Address: 25 P. Višinskio Str., LT-76351 Šiauliai, Lithuania; e-mail: astakrisciun­aite@yahoo.comARŪNAS LAURINAITIS – Member of the Board of Kaunas University of Technology, Vice-President of the Lithuanian Confederation of Industrialists. Address: 8 Vienuolio Str., LT-01104 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: arunas.laurinaitis@lpk.ltAUDRONĖ LINIAUSKAITĖ – Doctor of So­cial Sciences (Psychology), Professor at the Department of Psychology, Klaipėda University. Research interests: psychologi­cal time, career psychology, psychologi­cal well-being. Address: 5 S. Nėries Str., LT-92227 Klaipėda, Lithuania; e-mail address: audrone.liniauskaite@gmail.comEUGENIJUS NAZELSKIS – Doctor of So­cial Sciences (Education), Professor at the International Business School at Vil­nius University. Research interests: pro­fessional orientation, human resource management. Address: 22 Saulėtekio Ave., LT-10225 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: e.nazelskis@gmail.comZITA NAUCKŪNAITĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Associate Professor at the Department of Lithuanian Language and Literature Didactics, Lithuanian Uni­versity of Educational Sciences. Research interests: argumentation theory, rhetoric, 31 Ševčenkos Str., LT-03111 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: zita.nauckun­aite@leu.ltBIRUTĖ POCIŪTĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Psychology), Associate Professor at the Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University. Research interests: educational psychology, psychology of career choice, learning. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: birute.pociute@fsf.vu.ltJO RITZEN – Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), honorary professor of Maastricht Univer­sity, former Dutch Minister of Education and Science, former Vice-President of the World Bank's Development Economics Department and President of Universitet Maastricht. Research interests: higher education management, economics and fi­nance. Address: Keizer Kareplein 19, 6211 TC Maastricht, the Netherlands; e-mail address: ritzen@merit.unu.eduDIANA STRAKŠIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education Science), Professor, Head of the Department of Music Pedagogy of the Faculty of Arts, Šiauliai University. Research interests: music education, reflec­tion of music, music therapy. Address: 25 P. Višinskio Str., LT-76351 Šiauliai, Lithu­ania; e-mail: dianastraksiene@gmail.comMARIA TILK – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Associate Professor at the Department of Educational Sciences, Tal­linn University. Research interests: history of education, narrative. Address: 5 Uus-Sadama Str. Tallinn 10120, Estonia; e-mail address: maria.tilk@tlu.eeIEVA URBANAVIČIŪTĖ – PhD, Lecturer at the Department of Psychology Didac­tics, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences. Research interests: career psy­chology, work psychology, learning and work motivation. Address: 39 Studentų Str., LT-08106 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: ieva.urbanaviciute@gmail.comVITA VENSLOVAITĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Lecturer at the De­partment of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: philosophy of educa­tion, musical education, phenomenology in education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: vitavensl@gmail.comRIMANTAS ŽELVYS – Habilitated Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: education policy, education management, higher education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: rimantas.zelvys@leu.ltIRENA ŽUKAUSKAITĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Psychology), Lecturer at the De­partment of Clinical and Organizational Psychology, Vilnius University. Research interests: Personnel Psychology, Psycho­logical Assessment. Address: 9/1 Univer­siteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: irena.zukauskaite@ fsf.vu.lt ; ROBERTAS BARTAŠEVIČIUS – Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros dok­torantas. Mokslinių interesų sritis: švieti­mo politika. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: robertas.bar­tasevicius@fsf.stud.vu.ltLILIJA DUOBLIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus univer­siteto Edukologijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: ugdymo filoso­fija, švietimo politika, tarpkultūrinis ugdy­mas, medijų raštingumo ugdymas. Adre­sas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: lilija.duoblienė@fsf.vu.ltPLACIDA JASIŪNAITĖ – UAB "Vaikystės sodas" auklėtoja. Mokslinių interesų sritys: ikimokyklinis ugdymas, dorinis ugdymas, žaidimo metodas. Adresas: Liubarto g. 17, LT-08118 Vilnius. El. paštas: jasiunaitepla­cida@yahoo.comANTANAS KAIRYS – socialinių mokslų (psichologijos) daktaras, Vilniaus univer­siteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros lektorius. Mokslinių interesų sritys: laiko psichologija, karjeros psichologija, asme­nybės bruožai. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: antanas.kairys@fsf.vu.ltSIMONA KONTRIMIENĖ – Vilniaus univer­siteto Edukologijos katedros doktorantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: dvasingumas, dvasingumo ugdymas, hodegetika, dalyko (psichologijos) anglų kalba, psicholingvis­tika. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: simona.kontrimiene@uki.vu.ltASTA KRIKŠČIŪNAITĖ – meno pedagogi­kos magistrė, Šiaulių universiteto Menų fakulteto Muzikos pedagogikos katedros asistentė, Šiaulių universiteto edukologijos krypties doktorantė. Mokslinių interesų sri­tys: muzikinis ugdymas, pažangos ir pasie­kimų vertinimas. Adresas: P. Višinskio g. 25LT-76351 Šiauliai. El paštas: astakrisciu­naite@yahoo.comARŪNAS LAURINAITIS – Kauno techno­logijos universiteto tarybos narys, Lietu­vos pramonininkų konfederacijos vice­prezidentas. Adresas: A. Vienuolio g. 8, LT-01104 Vilnius. El. paštas: arunas.lauri­naitis@lpk.ltAUDRONĖ LINIAUSKAITĖ – socialinių mokslų (psichologija) daktarė, Klaipėdos universiteto Psichologijos katedros profe­sorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: laiko psi­chologija, karjeros psichologija, psichologinė gerovė. Adresas: S. Nėries g. 5, LT-92227 Klaipėda. El. paštas: audrone.liniauskaite@gmail.comEUGENIJUS NAZELSKIS – socialinių moks­lų (edukologijos) daktaras, Vilniaus uni­versiteto Tarptautinio verslo mokyklos profesorius. Mokslinių interesų sritys: pro­fesinis orientavimas, žmonių išteklių vady­ba. Adresas: Saulėtekio alėja 22, LT-10225 Vilnius. El. paštas: e.nazelskis@gmail.comZITA NAUCKŪNAITĖ – socialinių moks­lų (edukologijos) daktarė; Lietuvos edu­kologijos universiteto Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros didaktikos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: argumentacijos teorija, retorika, kalbos ugdymo didaktika, vertinimas. Adresas: T. Ševčenkos g. 31, LT-03111 Vilnius. El. paštas: zita.naucku­naite@leu.ltBIRUTĖ POCIŪTĖ – socialinių mokslų (psi­chologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: edukacinė psi­chologija, karjeros psichologija, mokyma­sis. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: birute.pociute@fsf.vu.ltJO RITZEN – filosofijos daktaras (PhD), Jung­tinių Tautų universiteto Mastrichte (Nyder­landai) garbės profesorius, įvairiais savo profesinės karjeros laikotarpiais buvęs Nyderlandų švietimo, kultūros ir mokslo ministru, Pasaulio banko viceprezidentu, Mastrichto universiteto prezidentu. Moks­linių intersų sritys: aukštojo mokslo vady­ba, ekonomika ir finansai. Adresas: Keizer Kareplein 19, 6211 TC Mastrichtas, Nyder­landai, tel. (31) 043 3884439. El. paštas: ritzen@merit.unu.eduDIANA STRAKŠIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė profesorė, Šiaulių universiteto Menų fakulteto Muzikos peda­gogikos katedros vedėja. Moksliniai intere­sai: muzikinis ugdymas, muzikos refleksi­ja, muzikos terapija. Adresas: P. Višinskio g. 25, LT-76351 Šiauliai. El. paštas: dianas­traksiene@gmail.comMARIA TILK – socialinių mokslų (edukologi­jos) daktarė, Talino universiteto Edukolo­gijos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: pedagogikos istorija, naratyvas. Adresas: Uus-Sadama 5, Tallinn 10120, Estija. El. paštas: maria.tilk@tlu.eeIEVA URBANAVIČIŪTĖ – socialinių mokslų (psichologijos) daktarė, Lietuvos edukolo­gijos universiteto Psichologijos didaktikos katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: karjeros psichologija, darbo psichologija, mokymosi ir darbo motyvacija. Adresas: Studentų g. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius. El. paš­tas: ieva.urbanaviciute@gmail.comVITA VENSLOVAITĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universi­teto Edukologijos katedros lektorė. Moks­linių interesų sritys: ugdymo filosofija, mu­zikinis ugdymas, fenomenologija ugdyme. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vil­nius. El. paštas: vitavensl@gmail.comRIMANTAS ŽELVYS – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituotas daktaras, Vil­niaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorius. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo politika, švietimo vadyba, švieti­mo reformos. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. Tel. (370) 5 266 76 26. El. paštas: rimantas.zelvys@f.vu.ltIRENA ŽUKAUSKAITĖ – socialinių mokslų (psichologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universi­teto Klinikinės ir organizacinės psichologi­jos katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sri­tys: personalo psichologija, psichologinis įvertinimas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: irena.zukaus­kaite@fsf.vu.lt

The exemplum is a privileged target for the cultural study of the medieval society. If the research regarding the content of those edifying anecdotes is already well advanced, the analysis of the real audiences and concrete uses of the exempla remained yet to be undertaken. Because the expansion and characterization of this typology is directly linked with the emergence of the collections of exempla, our investigation was based on this kind of works. To succeed with this project, we used the information existing in the manuscripts copies and in medieval booklists. With these two kinds of sources, we analysed books as physical objects (cover, writing, etc.), vehicles of culture (versions, surrounding works, etc.) and historical witness (purchase, legacies, etc.). The thesis focused on the following central questions: how did books of exempla diffused in time and space? Which works achieved success? Who were the owners of these books? How did they read and use them? In the first part of our analysis, the theoretical one, historiographical and historical definitions of the exemplum and the collections of exempla have been clarified. This was indispensable because a large part of the scientific literature, especially in France, only considered the exemplum as a kind of story, which appeared in the twelfth century and was used by preachers in sermons to illustrate a salutary message. By saying so, they neglected the persuasive nature of the exemplum, confining it to a literary genre. In reality, the exemplum should be primarily considered as a rhetorical argument based on a deed or a word that happened in the past. Nevertheless, its persuasive power, which comes from its visual imagery, is especially effective when the case is told in the form of a story. This phenomenon is currently studied in the storytelling management, which uses stories to improve communication. In sum, the exemplum is an argument stemming from reality in the form of a story. The history of the exemplum does not start with the mendicant orders, but within democracy and the rhetoric schools of Athena and later in Rome. With the emergence of Christianity, church fathers use it to fight against heretics and monks to share the spiritual experience of elders to novices. A pro domo use of the exempla appears with the creation of the new religious orders, first Cluny, then the Cistercians and finally the mendicants. The latter put exempla in theirs sermons to attract the attention of their audience, though not only. They use them in conversations, lectiones and also in didactic and moral treatises. This was no novelty: previous writers such as John of Salisbury in his Polycraticus uses it abundantly. If the years 1250-1350 are the magnificent era of the exemplum, since the second half of the 14th century, we can notice a decline of the exemplum, which becomes either an illustration, an allegory, or an open, facetious, entertaining or devote story. As far as the books of exempla are concerned, for a long time scholars did not try to define them precisely. They looked at these collections only for the stories they contained. To their minds, an exempla collection was simply a book in which there were exempla. To make a necessary distinction between very differing books of exempla, we need to precise: a) the proportion of exempla; b) if the exempla are used by the authors as arguments or offered to the readers for rhetorical purposes; c) if there is an organizational system. Those questions successively allow distinguishing books of exempla from books with exempla, exempla treaties from exempla collections and exempla repositories. Nonetheless, due to the fact that exemplum is not a genre but a function, it is very hard to define a clear corpus. The first important book of exempla comes from Roman Antiquity. The Facta et dicta memorabilia of Valerius Maximus was used as a text book for students in rhetoric. With the flourishing of monasticism, exempla collections of the Vitae patrum spread all over the Christian world, diffusing the good examples of the desert Fathers. In the beginning of the second millennium, religious orders continued this practice, but with the new will of putting their respective orders forward. The first alphabetical repositories of exempla appear at the end of the 13th century due to the necessity of preaching and of tidying up growing knowledge. However, alongside the existence of these collections of exempla made for preaching purposes, there are many others books and treaties of exempla, whose function is either to instruct, or to give the rules of social morality, or simply to edify readers. The second part of the thesis puts the stress on the concrete diffusion and uses of the exempla collections. The investigation on the manuscript copies shows, inter alia, an increase in their number during the centuries (13 times more in the 15th than in the 13th century), the predominant place of the German area, especially in the 15th century, and the growing importance of the treatises of exempla, taking advantage on the repertories. With regards to the incunabula, we count 172 Latin and 74 vernacular editions of exempla collections before 1500. This mainly concerns repositories for the former when the latter contains almost exclusively treaties. The production of this edition starts in the years 1470, culminates in the years 1480 and declines at the end of the century. Geographically, we notice the same importance of the German speaking area, especially in the city of Strasbourg. At the second place we find Italy, which produces mainly antique exempla collections. For the manuscript copies as for the incunabula editions, we have to keep in mind that it exists huge differences of success between books of exempla. The last chapter focuses on the diffusion and uses of the books of exempla written by the Dominicans, the biggest producer of such collections. We also see big discrepancies of success, owners and uses. For example, the Gerard of Frachet's Vitas fratrum were mainly read in continental Europe by Dominicans and Canons regular to keep conventual order and morality, while the John Herolt's Promptuarium exemplorum was used by different orders and persons in the German world for pastoral purposes and John of Bromyard's Summa praedicantium was located in England in highly intellectual institutions, such as universities and big Benedictine monasteries. A collection of exempla can also have different readers and uses. Thomas of Cantimpre's Bonum universale de apibus, written for conventual purposes, was also used either as a repertory of exempla for preaching or as a treaty of social morality. John of Cessoles' Liber de moribus was not only read by preachers and pastors but also by lay people as spiritual lecture. Across the study of the different exempla collections, we notice many German 15th century manuscripts exclusively elaborated for pastoral uses. In these Priesterhandbücher we can find, next to exempla collections, sermons, artes predicandi, treaties on the Mass, explanation of the sacraments, the Ten Commandments and Credo. Unlike a common vision of exempla collections produced and used within the preaching, this global study shows, on the one hand, the great diversity of production environments and aims intended by exempla compilers, as well as, on the second hand, an equally important variety concerning diffusion and real uses of such works. Added to the thesis, there is an appendix of more than 300 pages presenting 68 Latin books of exempla, in which the characteristics of the work are exposed, the objectives of use pursued by the author, and the modalities of diffusion (including the list of manuscripts, medieval mentions, translations and editions). ; (DOCFILO02) -- FUNDP, 2013