Suchergebnisse

Seit Beginn der 90er Jahre wird die Vergabe von Entwicklungshilfe an die Beachtung der Menschenrechte gekoppelt, Entwicklungshilfe wird für Positivmaßnahmen und als Druckmittel zur Förderung der Menschenrechte genutzt. Erfahrungen mit politischer Konditionalität westlicher Geberländer am Beispiel Kenias und mit Positivmaßnahmen der Europäischen Kommission werden dargestellt. Die Positivmaßnahmen wurden in einer Evaluierung von 64 Projekten in 6 Entwicklungsländern, darunter drei afrikanischen, untersucht. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden unterteilt nach den Empfängersektoren dargestellt: Legislative, Exekutive und Judikative, Nichtregierungsorganisationen, die im Bereich der Menschenrechte und der Demokratisierung arbeiten, und unabhängiger Journalismus. Die länderübergreifenden Schlußfolgerungen basieren auf einer Unterteilung der Empfängerländer nach verschiedenen Typen politischer Systeme. Danach müssen die zu ergreifenden Maßnahmen von den politischen Strukturen und Machtverhältnissen im jeweiligen Land abhängen. (DÜI-Wgm)

Analyse der spanischen Nahostpolitik und der Entwicklung der bilateralen Beziehungen zu Marokko und den übrigen nordafrikanischen Staaten seit 1976 vor allem im Hinblick auf die Veränderungen gegenüber der Franco-Ära infolge der Demokratisierung Spaniens. Die spanischen Erfolge in der Region bei der Durchsetzung politischer, Sicherheits- und wirtschaftlicher Interessen resultieren wesentlich aus dem nationalen Konsens über die Prioritäten der Außen- und Außenwirtschaftspolitik. (DÜI-Hns)

Migratory marine species cross political borders and enter the high seas, where the lack of an effective global management framework for biodiversity leaves them vulnerable to threats. Here, we combine 10,108 tracks from 5775 individual birds at 87 sites with data on breeding population sizes to estimate the relative year-round importance of national jurisdictions and high seas areas for 39 species of albatrosses and large petrels. Populations from every country made extensive use of the high seas, indicating the stake each country has in the management of biodiversity in international waters. We quantified the links among national populations of these threatened seabirds and the regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) which regulate fishing in the high seas. This work makes explicit the relative responsibilities that each country and RFMO has for the management of shared biodiversity, providing invaluable information for the conservation and management of migratory species in the marine realm. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 766417. Research made possible with the support, permissions, and funding granted by the following organizations, institutions, and grant agreements: Marine Conservation Program of DPIPWE Tasmania; American Bird Conservancy; Bureau of Ocean Energy Management; communities of Isla Mocha and Islas Juan Fernández; Corporación Nacional Forestal and Servicio Agrícola y Ganadería (Chile); Environment Canada; the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; the National Geographic Society; ProDelphinus; and the Wallis Foundation; NSF grants DEB 9304579, DEB 9629539, DEB9806606, DEB0235818, and DEB 0842199 to D.J.A.; the National Geographic Society; the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area, Wake Forest University; Max-Planck Society and State of Baden-Wuerttemberg Innovation funding; Colorado State University International Programs; Swiss Friends of Galapagos; the International Center for Tropical Ecology at University of Missouri-St. Louis; the Instituto Antartico Chileno (INACH) and the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD); LIFE "Marine IBAs IN Spain" (LIFE04NAT/ES/000049, 2004-2009) and LIFE+ INDEMARES (2009-2014); Sea World Research and Rescue Foundation Inc.; Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment; and Winifred Violet Scott Trust; FCT-Portugal through projects (UIDB/04292/2020 and UIDP/04292/2020 and UIDP/50017/2020 and UIDB/50017/2020, granted to MARE and CESAM, respectively); the Falklands Islands Government; Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) core funding to British Antarctic Survey Ecosystems Programme and Official Development Assistance Atlantic Islands project (NE/ R000 107/1); the New Zealand Department of Conservation; Ministry for Primary Industries; Ngāti Rehua Ngāti Wai ki Aotea; Falklands Island Conservation; University of Barcelona (APIF/2015, to M.C.-F.); the French Polar Institute (program IPEV n°109 to H.W.); Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Françaises; and the Zones Atelier Antarctique (LTSER France, CNRS-INEE); European funds through the European Commission Training and Mobility of Researchers Programme (ERBFMBICT983030); Spanish funds through the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (REN2002-01164/GLO), Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (CGL2006-01315/BOS), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CGL2009-11278/BOS), and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CGL2013-42585-P); Catalan funds through the Generalitat de Catalunya (2001SGR00091); and additional funding from SEO/BirdLife (programa Migra & proyecto LIFE+ Indemares), Fundación Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BIOCON04/099) and Fundación Biodiversidad (18PCA4328, 2012-2013); NSERC Discovery Grant and Government of Canada's Program for International Polar Year to W.A.M.; and an ACAP AC Grant in 2013-14, predoctoral contract BES-2017-079874 of the Spanish Ministerio de Industria, Economía y Competitividad (to L.N.-H.); Spanish Foundation for Biodiversity and Spanish Ministry of Science grant ref. CGL2013-42203-R; the Pew Environment Group via the Pew Fellowship Award in Marine Conservation (to M.L.C.); National Research Foundation; South Africa and Oceans and Coasts; Department of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries; Malta Seabird Project (LIFE10NAT/MT/090) co-funded by the LIFE program of the European Commission and the Maltese Ministry for the Environment, Sustainable Development and Climate Change, in partnership with the Royal Society for the Protection of Bird and the Portuguese Society for the Study of Birds; predoctoral contract BES-2014-068025 of the Spanish Ministerio de Industria, Economía y Competitividad (to V.M.-P.); Scientific Expert PIM initiative (Petites Iles de Méditerranée); the PIM initiative (Petites Iles de Méditerranée); the Tunisian Coastal Protection and Planning Agency (APAL); Ministry of the Environment, Japan; Funding by Fundación Ecocentro, Argentina; Wildlife Conservation Society, USA; and Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Argentina; Centro Nacional Patagónico (CONICET), postdoctoral contracts by Beatriu de Pinós (2010-BP_A-00173), Juan de la Cierva (JCI-2009-05426), PLEAMAR (2017/2349), and Ramón y Cajal (RYC-2017-22055) programme (to R.R.); Seventh Framework Programme (Research Executive Agency of the European Commission, 618841, FP7-PEOPLE-2013-CIG); Fondation Total pour la Biodiversité (project: Trophic ecology and impacts of bycatch on the avifauna communities of Zembra archipelago); Agence de Protection et d'Aménagement du Littoral (APAL-Tunisia); Killam Postdoctoral fellowship from Dalhousie University; South African National Antarctic Programme; ACAP; Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument; NOAA; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Kakenhi grant 19651100 and 15H02857; National Parks and Conservation Service (Mauritius) (to M.L.C.); IPEV Prog 109; and NASA. The use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. government. The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views or opinions expressed herein, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NOAA or the Department of Commerce. This communication reflects only the authors' view, and the Research Executive Agency of the European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Z.Z. acknowledges funding from a predoctoral grant (APIF/2012) from the University of Barcelona. J.Ad. acknowledges funding from the U.S. Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area, U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Pacific OCS Region.

[eng] The aim of this research has been to advance the understanding of RMC units, especially springboard subsidiaries, by identifying factors that contribute to the development of an ordinary subsidiary into springboard, scrutinizing its impact on psychic distance between a corporate home country and a target region, and finding the optimal location for RMCs from the perspective of psychic distance. The objective of Chapter 2 has been to explore the drivers that boost the development of a subsidiary's strategic role from an ordinary one to an RMC type of springboard within an MNC. The results evidence that the development of a springboard subsidiary role is a confluence of the following factors: (1) simultaneous positive change in a target region of expansion and negative change in a subsidiary's home country that pushes its management to look for new opportunities; (2) location-specific advantages of a subsidiary that allow to develop unique subsidiary-specific capabilities; and (3) micro-political HQ-subsidiary negotiation processes as a result of a subsidiary's management strong initiative taking, peculiarities of a MNC structure, and strong dependency of HQ on resources available to the subsidiary. The study contributes to the IB literature, proposing that the delegation of a role of springboard is not an intended top-down strategy formulated by the HQ, but rather an emergent one, provoked by an ensemble of factors, some of which are in the reach of a subsidiary's management influence, and some out of its reach. The objective of Chapter 3 has been to explore how springboard subsidiaries affect psychic distance between the parent company and the target region affiliates. The findings suggest that the usage of springboard subsidiaries as RMCs results in a reduction of psychic distance between the parent company and target region affiliates due to (1) their intermediate psychic proximity towards both, the parent home country and the target region; and (2) their location outside the target region, which makes them uninvolved in intra-regional conflicts that often take place in neighbouring countries. The study contributes to the understanding of psychic distance as a non-continuous distance and proposes a conceptual model that posits: if a parent home country is point A, a springboard subsidiary is point B, and a target region is point C, the distance between a parent home country A and a target region C is bigger than the sum of distances AB (from parent home country to a springboard subsidiary country) and BC (from springboard subsidiary country to the target region). The objective of Chapter 3 has been to explore how springboard subsidiaries affect psychic distance between the parent company and the target region affiliates. The findings suggest that the usage of springboard subsidiaries as RMCs results in a reduction of psychic distance between the parent company and target region affiliates due to (1) their intermediate psychic proximity towards both, the parent home country and the target region; and (2) their location outside the target region, which makes them uninvolved in intra-regional conflicts that often take place in neighbouring countries. The study contributes to the understanding of psychic distance as a non-continuous distance, and proposes a conceptual model that posits: if a parent home country is point A, a springboard subsidiary is point B, and a target region is point C, the distance between a parent home country A and a target region C is bigger than the sum of distances AB (from parent home country to a springboard subsidiary country) and BC (from springboard subsidiary country to the target region). The managerial implications suggest that MNCs should revise their regional configuration, looking at the integrated network of their subsidiaries as a whole, instead of dividing it into regions based on geographic proximity, because the location for an RMC outside the geographic region can actually be more beneficial and may result in the reduction of psychic distance. The main limitation of this study is the methodological one. Although the choice of a single case study methodology is justified by the purpose of this study (a choice of a revelatory and exemplar case that allows for new theory building), there have been concerns whether this case is unique or rather exemplar. The study suggests further investigation to see whether the findings can be confirmed in other geographic settings. The objective of Chapter 4 has been to find optimal locations for RMCs that would minimize psychic distance between a corporate home country and a target region. Based on the dataset of 125 countries, with the variables taken from 12 consecutive years, the study suggests that Spain is the optimal RMC location between the European countries and the Latin American region, whereas France and Tunisia are the optimal RMC location between Europe and Maghreb region. The optimal location for RMCs between Southern and Eastern Europe would be Croatia, whereas Turkey would optimize distance between Europe and Middle East. No congruent results have been found for Asian region, which hints to the limitations of the proposed model. The research contributions of Chapter 4 are several. First, this study proposes an RMC location optimization model that includes ten psychic distance dimensions, chosen according to their relevance for RMC administrative tasks. Second, it applies evolutionary computation algorithm to compute differential weights for each of the dimensions. This endeavour has not been undertaken in the IB literature according to our best knowledge. Third, the applied weights suggest that the importance of formal institutions, such as political and economic development, as well as the presence of colonial links are more important than informal institutions, like culture, or even language and religion. Finally, it sheds critical light on the regionalization criteria based on geographic proximity and shared language, calling for more adequate regionalization clustering for the IB practitioners.

Nowadays, we notice that there is a correlation between the concepts of crisis and migration; the main problem is clearly the number of people risking or losing their lives through irregular routes because of the absence of alternatives. There is also a growing discrepancy between restrictive migration policies and the real demand for cheap migrant labor in Europe, as neither European nor African states have a much genuine interest in stopping migration because the economies of receiving and sending countries have become increasingly dependent on migrant labor and remittances, respectively (De Haas, 2008). Nevertheless, all the experts speak about the need to open new migratory channels to combat irregular migration and trafficking, in order to match the real demand for labor, and limit the effects of the large informal economies in Europe and the Maghreb. Europe's migration crisis has exposed shortcomings in the Union's asylum system. In western countries, political asylum is mainly a tool for humanitarian protection, but it also helps manage migratory flows. Accordingly, the same person could be viewed as a refugee in a country and as an economic migrant in another. The sole difference is that to refer to an individual as a migrant is to hold them in a state of transit. Some claim that the distinctions that are made between refugees and economic migrants are irrelevant since they do not take into account the stories of these individuals (Colombo, 2015). In contrast, digital culture has no consideration for boundaries and has allowed more people to acquire the information they need to access the global labor market. In our globalized and fluid society, social inclusion and migration have become indivisible. It is true that one can talk about social inclusion from several perspectives and not necessarily from the one of migration, but a fair social inclusion would enable people to move without recourse to irregular migration routes. On a broader perspective, social design could be the field of design supporting the aspirations of highly vulnerable population groups and the injustices they are subjected to: refugees and migrants are among these groups facing issues related to various segregations; work, education, healthcare,etc. During the last decade, design has increasingly been viewed as a problem-solving approach, which makes it central to innovation in general. This is also the case when dealing with wicked social problems. Terms like design thinking, human-centered design (HCD) and design for public policy are more and more used, especially when we talk about collaborative and inclusive approaches towards complex social issues. In fact, we have witnessed the emergence of several new fields of design linked to this social character with a particular enthusiasm for social innovation. Manzini (2015) insists on recognizing design as strategic in playing an essential role in triggering, supporting and scaling-up social innovation. What contribution can design make in this specific field? What is the designers' position concerning complex social problems that are often directly linked to a highly politicized issue like the one of migration? In this research Makers Unite was our primary case study. The project was initiated by "The Beach", a social design studio working principally with disadvantaged communities in Amsterdam. They promote Sustainsist Design, as the new playing field for designers. Thus, they developed an extensive knowledge on co-design based on "connectedness, localism, sharing, and proportionality" (Krabbendam and Schwarz, 2013). Through its story-sharing space, Makers Unite seeks to tackle both the social and environmental issues of the refugee crisis meeting the definition on Sustainist Design as a link between social and ecological sustainability. The project brings together both "newcomers" and local residents in co-designing enticing products and narratives, beginning with up-cycling life vests and boats accumulated on Greek island shores used as entry points to Europe and causing environmental problems. This would enable refugees to take their first steps in regaining their dignity, as it facilitates the identification of the abilities of newcomers and connects their skills with local experts in their respective fields. The Dutch context granted an idea, though a generic one, about the situation of migrants in a country of northern Europe to be compared to that of Italy as a perfect sample of the countries of southern Europe. In Parallel, a non-exhaustive outside-in research was also conducted through a series of spontaneous interviews with migrants, but also social workers in the asylum field. We attempted a kind of immersion to understand in a tangible way the issues that migrants face on a daily basis. The people we had the opportunity to meet were all different and each one had their own story. There was a wide range of profiles with different nationalities (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Morocco, Tunisia, Palestine, Senegal, Guinea etc.) backgrounds and levels of education. As explained, globalization has made mobility a necessity for both host and home countries, and now the Internet has facilitated this mobility, through platforms and applications of job matching for instance. But it remains very limited, sometimes even abstract, and the populations who need it most, alas, do not have access to it. Internet has also facilitated mobility for workers of a new kind; "digital nomads" that work remotely and do not need a fixed location. There are also storytelling platforms where "influencers" create content, stories with value that people read, like and share. Because each individual has his own story and each story deserves to be listened to and valued, how could these three types of services be linked? How can someone give value to their own story and skills? Does he/she necessarily have the skills to create content and share it? Does valuing the stories and skills of individuals prevent them from embarking on a perilous journey to provide a way out by finding work abroad?

Natives Olivenöl, ein wegen seiner allgemein als positiv betrachteten Wirkung auf die menschliche Gesundheit geschätztes, teures Öl, lässt sich nur aus Oliven hoher Qualität produzieren. Es gibt Autoren, die davon ausgehen, dass lediglich ein kleiner Teil (etwa 10 %) der geernteten Oliven geeignet ist, Spitzenqualitäten an nativen Ölen hervorzubringen. Den-noch finden sich in den Supermarktregalen fast nur Öle der höchsten Qualitätsstufe "extra nativ". Man vermutet, dass dieses offensichtliche Missverhältnis von der Verwendung illegal teilraffinierter desodorierter Öle (so z.B. Lampantöle) herrührt, um diese minderwertigen Ölsorten so zu "extra nativen" Ölen unerlaubt aufzuwerten. Darüber hinaus erscheint es als wahrscheinlich, dass Olivenöle aus Ländern, die traditionell eine niedrige Qualität produzieren (meist außerhalb der EU), unter falscher Herkunftsangabe verkauft werden. Von legislativer Seite betrachtet, regelt die EU-Verordnung VO (EWG) Nr. 2068/91 Analysenmethoden und Qualitätsklassen speziell für Olivenöle. Da diese Angaben nicht mehr den aktuellen An-forderungen genügen und somit keine zuverlässige Basis zu Authentizitätsbewertungen lie-fern, ist die Entwicklung neuer Ansätze zur Authentizitäts- und Herkunftsanalytik von Oliven-ölen unausweichlich. Eine in vielen anderen Bereichen bewährte Methode ist hierbei die der Isotopenverhältnismassenspektroskopie (IRMS). Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, anhand der IRMS eine Methode zu entwickeln, mit der die Authentizität hochwertiger nativer Olivenöle überprüft werden kann. Im Gegensatz zu den wenigen in der Literatur veröffentlichten Modelluntersuchungen sollte dies durch Scree-ning einer hohen Anzahl von Ölproben aus Groß- und Einzelhandel geschehen; so wurden von uns 165 Olivenöle untersucht, davon 50 aus Italien, 29 aus Spanien, 27 aus Frankreich, 23 aus Griechenland, 20 "Billigöle" unbekannter Herkunft, 4 aus der Türkei, jeweils 3 aus Chile und Tunesien, jeweils 2 aus Portugal und Australien sowie jeweils 1 Öl aus Israel und den USA (Kalifornien). In Anbetracht der experimentellen Unzulänglichkeiten, die sich bei Messung von Ölproben, die unter kontrollierten Wachstums- und/oder Extraktionsbedingun-gen erhalten wurden, ergeben, wurde bewusst nahezu ausschließlich Handelsware unter-sucht. Zunächst erfolgten Bestimmungen der Wasserstoff-, Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoff-Isotopenverhältnisse der Olivenöle mittels Elementaranalysator- Isotopenverhältnismassen-spektroskopie (EA-IRMS); die ermittelten Bereiche der Isotopenverhältnisse lagen für Was-serstoff zwischen δ2HVSMOW= -161 und -114 ‰, für Kohlenstoff zwischen δ13CVPDB= -31,7 und -26,1 ‰, und zwischen δ18OVSMOW= 15,8 und 31,1 ‰ für Sauerstoff. Zudem wurde das Wasserstoff- und Kohlenstoff-Isotopenverhältnis des mittels Säulenchromatographie (SC) aus den Ölen jeweils isolierten Squalens ebenfalls anhand von EA-IRMS Analysen bestimmt. Die IRMS-Werte lagen zwischen δ2HVSMOW= -174 und -144 ‰ sowie δ13CVPDB= -32,3 und -26,6 ‰. Ferner erfolgten IRMS-Messungen in der Kopplung mit der Kapillargaschromatographie (HRGC-IRMS). So wurden die Wasserstoff-Isotopenverhältnisse von Palmitinsäure- und Öl-säuremethylester (Palmitinsäuremethylester δ2HVSMOW= -156 und -95 ‰, Ölsäuremethylester δ2HVSMOW= -157 und -107 ‰) ermittelt und durch die Bestimmung deren relativer Gehalte im Öl ergänzt (Schwankungsbreite zwischen 15 und 35 % für Palmitinsäure sowie zwischen 39 und 78 % für Ölsäure). Mittels multidimensionaler Skalierung (MDS) erfolgte eine statistische Betrachtung und Auswertung der einzelnen Datensätze sowie aller erhaltenen Daten in Kombination. Dabei zeigte sich, dass mittels massenspektrometrischer Stabilisotopenuntersuchung eine Bewertung der Herkunft und Qualität von Olivenölen nicht möglich ist. Dies steht im Wider-spruch zu den Ergebnissen einiger in der Literatur publizierter Studien, bei denen unter kon-trollierten Bedingungen gewonnene Olivenöle (d.h. die wenn stets gleiche Bedingungen an Sorte, Extraktion und Wachstum herrschten) mit der Stabilisotopenanalytik im Nachhinein definiert werden konnten. Anhand der von uns durchgefühten Screening-Untersuchungen einer hohen Anzahl Proben konnte jedoch gezeigt werden, dass unter realistischen Kontrollbedingungen (mit nicht vorselektierter Probenauswahl) eine Untersuchung mittels IRMS zur Beurteilung von Herkunft und Qualität von Olivenölen nicht hilfreich ist. ; The virgin olive oil is considered to be a healthy, high-priced and appreciated oil that can only be produced from olives of high quality. Some authors estimate that only a small part (about 10%) of harvested olives are suitable to produce high quality virgin oils. Nevertheless, in the supermarkets one finds almost solely olive oils of the highest category, i.e. "extra virgin". It is supposed that this inadequacy derives from from illegal partial raffination processes (mainly desodoration) to "recycle" low-quality "lampant oils" with the objective to sell these as virgin olive oils of best geographical indication. Additionally, it is assumed that olive oils produced in countries with traditionally lower quality standards (mainly outside of the European Union) are sold under wrong description of their origin. From the legislative point of view, EU regulation provides olive oils´ analysis methods and defines its quality categories. As these legislative analytical methods are considered to be out of date, they cannot serve as a reliable tool to authenticate oil quality; hence, the development of new approaches is needed. Isotope ratio mass spectroscopy (IRMS), a powerful tool used for authenticity assessment in many other domains, could be a promising method. The aim of this study was to elaborate an IRMS based method to distinguish real high quality virgin olive oils from the not authentic ones. In contrast to the limited data presented in litera-ture, this should performed by screening a large number of commercial oil samples mainly from supermarkets and wholesale trade; therefore 165 olive oils were investigated, among them 50 from Italy; 29 from Spain; 27 from France; 23 from Greece; 20 low-quality oils (origin not declared); 4 from Turkey; 3 from Chile and Tunisia, respectively; 2 from Portugal and Australia, respectively; and one from Israel and the U.S. (California), respectively. Aware of the inadequateness in measuring oil samples derived from controlled extraction and/or growth processes, we decided to choose this more practice-oriented way of investigation by measuring commercial samples. In the first series of our studies, the hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of the oils were determined via EA-IRMS; hydrogen values ranged between δ2HVSMOW= -161 and -114 ‰, carbon values varied between δ13CVPDB= -31,7 and -26,1 ‰ and oxygen isotope ratios varied between δ18OVSMOW= 15,8 and 31,1 ‰. Additionally, the sqalen´s hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios were measured via EA-IRMS after isolation by means of column chromatog-raphy (values ranging between δ2HVSMOW= -174 and -144 ‰, δ13CVPDB= -32,3 and -26,6 ‰). Last but not least, hydrogen isotope ratios of fatty acid methyl esters of palmitic and oleic acid were determined using HRGC-IRMS (values ranging between δ2HVSMOW= -156 and -95 ‰ for palmitic acid methylester and δ2HVSMOW= -157 and -107 ‰ for oleic acid methylester); additionally, their relative concentration was measured (palmitic acid 15-35 %, oleic acid 39-78 %). By means of multidimensional scaling (MDS), statistical examinations of the single data sets and of all data together were performed. It was shown that IRMS based methods are not a satisfactory tool to detect oil falsifications or a misleading indication of origin. In contrast to the data presented in literature, it has to be concluded that isotope ratio analysis a posteriori (that means no limitations in the area of origin or controlled extraction or growth processes) can not be used to characterise oil quality. In this respect, the contribution of such controlled studies can be considered as very limited. The developement of new, non-IRMS based methods to control olive oil quality should be advanced.

'In der westlichen Öffentlichkeit gelten islamistische Parteien als Hindernis für eine Demokratisierung im arabischen Raum. Diese Sichtweise wird jedoch durch eine Analyse der Entwicklung jener arabischen Staaten relativiert, die islamistischen Parteien Gelegenheit zur politischen Teilhabe geben. Diese Studie vergleicht staatliche Strategien der Einbindung und Unterdrückung von Islamisten in Algerien, Marokko und Tunesien. Dabei stehen zwei Fragen im Vordergrund: Wie haben sich diese Strategien auf die islamistischen Akteure und deren Agenden ausgewirkt und was bedeuten sie für die von der EU im Rahmen des Barcelonaprozesses und der Europäischen Nachbarschaftspolitik verfolgte Stabilitäts- und Reformpolitik? Die Bilanz der unterschiedlichen Strategien legt nahe, dass die Unterdrückung von Islamisten, wie sie in Tunesien praktiziert wird, den Weg zu profunden politischen Reformen verbaut. Umgekehrt hat die Einbindung von Islamisten, die sich demokratischen Regeln unterwerfen, in Algerien und Marokko in der zweiten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre zu pluralistischeren, repräsentativeren und kompetitiveren Systemen geführt. Zudem sind die Islamisten durch ihre Einbindung kompromissbereiter und pragmatischer geworden. In Algerien hat diese Einbindung stabilisierend, in Marokko nicht merklich destabilisierend gewirkt. Paradoxerweise decken sich die Interessen der EU in wichtigen Politikfeldern - etwa Verfassungs-, Wahlrechts- und Wirtschaftsreformen oder Korruptionsbekämpfung - heute stärker mit denen der Islamisten als mit denen von Teilen der herrschenden Eliten. Eine breite Partizipation von Islamisten, die sich demokratischen Regeln unterwerfen, ist folglich - hinsichtlich der im Barcelonaprozess und in der europäischen Nachbarschaftspolitik verankerte Reformagenda für die Region - im europäischen Interesse.' (Autorenreferat)