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Problem setting. The problem of protecting information freedom and finding its effective means is relevant for many countries. It is important for countries with a totalitarian past. Of particular importance for the protection of information freedom is the activity of non-state institutions. In this regard, it is necessary to develop the conceptual bases of the right to information. Currently, there are no unambiguous approaches to the definition of the essence of the right to information. Considerable attention is paid to the relation between the right to information and other information rights and freedoms. First of all, there is interest in the relation between the right to information and freedom of speech, since the right to information is derived from freedom of speech. The need to institutionalize the right to information actualizes the problem of determining its essence and content by correlating with other similar concepts.Recent research and publications suggest that the problem of the right to information and its relation to freedom of speech is well developed. The right to information is considered as a composite part of the freedom of speech and press. Another approach assumes the independent status of the right to information, as it provides a person with the process of adaptation in society. The right to information acts as a social copy of the traditional freedom of speech. Separately considered the right to information in the context of the right to free access to information. However, no single concept of the right to information has been formulated.Paper objective. The aim of the paper is to attempt a philosophical conceptualization of the human right to information.Paper main body. The right to information is more meaningful than freedom of speech. It is not absorbed by the freedom of speech and is not its element. It implies the right to objective information about events in society, and freedom of speech is aimed at the free circulation of thoughts and positions of particular individuals. For the realization of the right to information, free access to sources of meaningful information is important. And for the exercise of freedom of speech such access is not significant. Freedom of speech provides a free discussion of events in society, and with the help of the right to information, civil society is provided with information for public debates.Of particular note is the relation between the concepts of "right to information" and "freedom of information". Freedom of information is considered as an element of freedom of speech, which consists in the authority to disseminate messages and to receive information freely. On the other hand, the concept of information includes the concepts of "opinion", "free word", "position". It means that freedom of information includes in its content the traditional freedom of speech.In the sphere of information rights, there are active and passive aspects. The right to information can be considered as a passive form of freedom of information, and freedom of speech as active. At the same time, freedom of information in the broad sense includes absolutely all information rights and freedoms of citizens, covers the sphere of communication and information activities. Freedom of communication is the ability of each person to communicate, transmit or receive information. The protection of communication processes through its legalization acts as freedom of information.There are two forms of freedom of information: individual and institutional. Institutional freedom of information includes freedom of the press, broadcasting and freedom of other media. For it, freedom of search and getting information as a basic element in the work of the media is of particular importance. Freedom of information ensures the free and unhindered circulation of information in society and at the same time guarantees non-interference in the sphere of individual information activities of a person.Often the right to information is replaced by the right to access information. From the point of view of constitutional law, this approach is justified, since it is considered as one of the basic political rights. It can be specified as the right to access the official information, often hidden by the authorities. In this regard, it is necessary to develop and specify the obligation of state bodies to provide information to the public. Since the realization of different rights at all levels requires access to relevant information, this right becomes special for a person. Access to sources is a criterion for distinguishing the right to information and freedom of speech. The development of information technologies, which makes real the principle of equal access to information of all interested parties, is essential for this process.It is obvious that the right to information in its content is wider than the right to access information. But the right of access guarantees the realization of the right to information. At the same time, both of these rights perform the same social functions and are terminologically interrelated.Conclusions of the research Thus, the right to information holds a special place among other information rights. This is due to the specifics of its content, object and subject composition, legal properties. But no less significant is the role that the right to information plays in the socio-political practice of the country. Only the right to information actually ensures the interrelation of civil society and the state, gives the individual the status of an active subject of social life and guarantees the mechanisms of democratic responsibility within a democracy. ; Показано, что право на информацию и свобода слова являются двумя обособленными элементами более широкого понятия свободы информации. Право на информацию не поглощается свободою слова, имеет собственную сущность и функцию относительно удовлетворения определенных интересов субъектов. Доказывается, что право на доступ информации гарантирует реализацию более широкого по содержанию права на информацию. Обосновывается потребность комплексного философского изучения информационной свободы человека и ее правового регулирования. ; Показано, що право на інформацію і свобода слова є двома відособленими елементами ширшого поняття свободи інформації. Право на інформацію не поглинається свободою слова, має власну сутність та функцію щодо задоволення певних інтересів суб'єктів. Доводиться, що право на доступ до інформації гарантує реалізацію більш широкого за змістом права на інформацію. Обґрунтовується потреба комплексного філософського вивчення інформаційної свободи людини та її правового регулювання.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 정치학과,2019. 8. 김영민. ; This paper analyzes the capacity of the eighteenth-century Joseon state to penetrate local society: its ability to commit individuals of the society to the goals of the state rather than the goals of other social groupings. Existing literature on Joseon state power has argued that the eighteen-century Joseon state exercised exceptional power over local societies. The absence of institutional check on monarchical power and the vagueness of law which allowed considerable leeway for its interpreter allowing the kings, as the supreme judge of the realm, to do as they please. Also, during the late Joseon dynasty, it is claimed, the collapse of the local gentry associations has placed the state as the sole unchallenged authority of the realm. Against this backdrop, this paper reexamines various concepts of state and how the king and state officials perceived problems of governing related to the magistrates. The question of state power is important because the concept of state allows the scholars to conceptualize interests and phenomena that otherwise cannot be reduced to interests of social actors and groups. However, inadequate conceptualizations of state could mislead scholars to compound various aspects of state power that could obscure rather than illuminate insights on phenomena under consideration. To answer this question, this thesis analyzes the concepts of state employed by existing literature and the Daily Revelation Records (日得錄). First, Inadequate conceptualizations of state employed by previous studies have led scholars to mistake evidence for a possible increase in one aspect of state power for an overall increase of power. By reviewing concepts of state employed to understand and articulate Joseon state, this study illuminates the theoretical problems of these concepts that misled scholars. As an alternative, Michael Mann's framework of state power will be employed to analyze Joseon state power. The framework illuminates that the evidence forwarded by previous studies is independent of the capacity of the state to penetrate local societies. Second, This study analyzes the Daily Revelation Records (日得錄). The Daily Revelation Records, a work compiled under Jeongjo's supervision, illustrates how the king and the state officials understood and reacted to the problems of governing during an era when the state purportedly exercised extensive power to control local societies. There are two advantages to analyzing the Daily Revelation Records. First, the records deal with a period when the state is considered to have had greater control over local society. Therefore, previous studies provide clear arguments as to what political and social phenomena caused or manifest greater state power. It becomes easier to capture what these studies have meant by state and power. Second, As records of conversations and words by the king and state officials of the highest echelon, the Daily Revelation Records illuminates how state agents have perceived and reacted to the problems of governing the realm. Based on Mann's framework and the analysis of the text, the study reveals that a. the state was well aware of its infrastructural weaknesses to control local societies, b. the state had no intention of acquiring greater power to tightly administer the society, and c. the absence of independent sources of authority did not lead to the increased power of the state to dictate society. Therefore, this paper argues that the Joseon state, despite evidence provided by previous studies, the Joseon state had limited capability to control local societies. The argument implies that the causes for the observed prominent role of the government during the late Joseon dynasty were social rather than governmental. ; 본 논문은 18세기 조선 국가의 사회 침투 능력을 분석한다. 기존 연구는 18세기 조선 국가가 사회에 대하여 강력한 권력을 행사했다고 주장한다. 기존 연구에 따르면 조선에는 왕권을 견제하는 제도가 부재하였을 뿐 아니라 왕이 법의 해석에 있어서 상당한 재량을 발휘할 수 있었고, 이를 토대로 왕은 자의적으로 권력을 행사하였다. 또한 조선 후기 향청(鄕廳)이 붕괴됨에 따라 국가는 유일한 권위체가 되었다. 본 논문은 이러한 관점에 의문을 제기한다. 먼저 기존 연구가 차용하고 있는 다양한 국가의 개념을 분석함으로써 이러한 국가 개념이 어떤 이론적 문제를 야기하는지 밝힌다. 그 다음으로 「일득록(日得錄)」을 분석하여 당시 왕과 관료들이 수령과 관련된 사회 통치 문제를 어떻게 인식하고 그에 대응하였는지 분석한다. 구체적으로, 본 논문은 기존의 연구가 전제하고 있는 국가 개념이 국가 권력의 다양한 면을 구분하지 않는다는 점을 지적한다. 이로 인해 기존 연구는 국가 권력의 한 가지 측면이 강화되는 것을 마치 국가 권력 전체가 강화되는 것처럼 오해한 측면이 있다. 본 논문은 그 대안으로 마이클 만(Michael Mann)의 국가 권력 분석틀을 활용할 것을 제안하며, 이 분석틀을 바탕으로 기존 연구의 '관 주도' 주장이 제시하는 근거들이 반드시 국가의 사회 통제력을 입증하지 않는다고 주장한다. 다음으로 본 논문은 「일득록」을 분석한다. 먼저 정조의 지도 아래 편집된 「일득록」은 왕과 관료들의 언사를 기록한 사료로, 당시 국가 지도층이 통치와 관련된 여러 문제를 어떻게 인식하고 그에 대응하였는지 확인할 수 있다. 또한, 기존 연구가 국가 권력이 특별히 강한 것처럼 보이는 정조 시기를 대상으로 하여 강력한 국가 권력의 근거를 비교적 명확하게 밝히고 있다는 점을 고려할 때, 일득록의 기록을 분석하여 기존 연구의 주장을 검증함으로써 기존 연구에서 활용하고 있는 국가와 권력의 개념이 내포한 문제를 더 명확하게 밝힐 수 있다. 결론적으로, 본 연구는 만의 분석틀을 이론적 체계로 활용하여 일득록을 분석함으로써 조선 후기 국가가 사회에 매우 제한적인 통제력만을 행사했다는 점을 논증한다. ; Chapter 1. Introduction . 1 1. A Puzzle: An Absolute but Impotent State . 2 2. A Literature Review 1: Conceptualizing Joseon State . 6 i. Oriental Despotism . 7 ii. Patrimonial State . 8 iii. Militarist State . 10 iv. Historical Bureaucracy . 12 3. Concepts and a Framework . 15 i. Concepts: State and Power . 15 a. State . 15 b. Power . 20 ii. A Framework: Despotic and Infrastructural Power . 21 4. A Literature Review 2: Increasing Power of the State during Jeongjo's Reign . 24 i. Greater Power of the Joseon State . 24 ii. Previous Applications of Mann's Distinction of State Power . 26 5. Material: Daily Revelation Records (日得錄) . 29 Chapter 2. Reevaluating the Power of the State . 31 1. Limited Infrastructural Power of the State . 31 2. Limited Efforts to Solve the Institutional Problems Debilitating the Infrastructural Power of the State . 35 i. Limited Efforts to Acquire Further Commitments from the Social Actors . 36 ii. Limited Efforts to Acquire Further Commitments from the Magistrates . 39 3. Greater Despotic Power and Stagnant Infrastructural Power of the State . 40 Chapter 3. Conclusion . 43 Bibliography . 45 Abstract (Korean) . 49 ; Master

Problem setting. Successful administrative reforms require a detailed study of the experience of other countries, in particular European countries. Among the countries whose experience is of particular importance for Ukraine is the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany).Recent research and publications analysis. Germany's experience in administrative reforms has been thoroughly researched. Among many researchers, one can distinguish J. Bogumil, S. Grohs, S. Kuhlmann, W. Jann, G. Banner, H. Biermann, Ch. Scheele. Nevertheless, both experience and analysis have not yet been sufficiently reflected in Ukrainian scientific and expert literature.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose of this article is to highlight the experience of administrative reforms at the municipal level of Germany in order to take them into account when planning and carrying out further reforms in Ukraine.Paper main body. Administrative reforms (this applies not only to Germany) can be divided into two types: 1) administrative-territorial reforms, that is, changing the boundaries of territorial units (usually a change to a larger territory) and, accordingly, the structure of community management, and 2) administrative reforms as a change of the principles of the administrative apparatus functioning, a change of the attitude of administrative structures to their management tasks.To cover administrative-territorial reforms, we limit ourselves to the experience of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, one of the economic weak German Lдnder with 1,6 million inhabitants, and to describe qualitative changes we use the experience of implementing the "new governance model" (NSM).Since 1990, two administrative-territorial reforms have been implemented in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The number of districts decreased from 31 to 6, and the number of independent cities from six to two. Each district is made up of communities governed by either joint or autonomous executive bodies. Today, the land consists of 756 communities (1,118 in the early 1990s). In addition to the two free cities (Rostock, Schwerin), another 38 of these communities are capable enough to hold their own executive bodies. 716 communities have combined governance structures and created 76 executive bodies. The consolidation of districts optimized the management structure, but, in practice, did not lead to a reduction in the costs of maintaining the administrative apparatus as a whole. Because the civil servants were not dismissed during the reform and – later on – by an increase of administrative tasks (for example caused by news European laws and by the migration crises)the number of civil servantswere kept up – at least – on the same level, also the number of office-buildings.The NSM was developed in 1988 – 1991 by the Kommunale Gemeinschaftsstelle, based on NPM.The evaluation of the implementation of this model has given some controversial results. In general, the ideas of this model were positively accepted and more than 92% of the municipal government implemented some of the provisions of this model in their activities, but only 15% used this model for comprehensive reform. In no community NSM has been fully implemented. Hierarchical dependence has decreased, 77% of communities have reduced the number of managerial cores, but the number of staff providing administrative services has increased by 36%. It turns out that communities are not inclined to compete with each other, and the cost of reform sometimes exceeds the benefit. Medium-sized cities were most prone to reform, while others were more likely to wait. Professionalism of public servants, quality of administrative services increased – because of better specialization in bigger administrative units-, but at the same time budget deficits increased too.Conclusion of the research and prospects for further studies. What conclusions can be drawn from German reforms in view of Ukraine's reforms? Reforms are needed. Even welfare countries such as Germany are forced to carry out reforms to meet the demands of the times. Administrative-territorial reforms alone are insufficient concerning the costs and should be accompanied by qualitative changes in administrative processes, for example digitalization of administrative bodies or an evaluation of administrative tasks (to reduce tasks or to delegate it to the private sector). At the same time, one should not expect a conceptual change in the management model. The time-tested model of bureaucracy by M. Weber is a more reliable basis for reform than "new" fashion concepts that broaden discourse but do not take into account the functional features of governing institutions. Reforms are not a one-time act, they do not end with the adoption of a law or a change in the administrative-territorial structure, it is a constant process of improvement and work on deficiencies.Good governance is expensive. Reforms do not lead to budget savings (if there is no quantitative and qualified change). It promotes their efficient use, improves the quality of work of public servants, but does not reduce costs. As a result of the reforms, a large part of the settlements will cease to be administrative centers and therefore some communities suffer economic losses. Mechanisms to compensate for these losses need to be developed. Reforms must be legitimate. Citizens need to understand the nature of the reforms, their consequences, recognize their need and should be one part of the process. So the reforms have to communicated very well. Priority should be given to the quality of administrative service delivery, not to the "management vertical". Reforms should bring public administrations closer to people, not to increase the distance between citizens and public administration. Any reforms have drawbacks; a reform is no "miracle cure" to improve the work of public administration. The existence of some drawbacks cannot be grounds for rejection of reforms, but should lead to further improvement. ; Розглянуто досвід адміністративних реформ у Німеччині в контексті його використання в Україні. Показано, що адміністративно-територіальні реформи самі по собі є недостатньо ефективними і повинні супроводжуватися якісними змінами управлінських процесів, наприклад діджиталізацією, зміною управлінських завдань, передачею частини завдань приватному сектору. Зазначено, що не треба сподіватися на концептуальну зміну управлінської моделі. Зауважено, що перевірена часом модель бюрократії М. Вебера є надійнішою основою для проведення реформ, аніж "нові" модні концепції, які розширюють дискурс, але не враховують функціональні особливості управлінських інституцій. Зазначено, що досвід Німеччини свідчить, що проведення реформ сприяє продуктивності та підвищенню якості роботи публічних службовців, але внаслідок різних обставин не призводить до скорочення витрат.

Introduction. In French Guyana, between 2014 and 2017, the number of asylum seekers (AS) has increased by five times, amounting to 85% (n=5176) of all of the AS in all French overseas territories. Most of them were from Haiti (88.9%). Those migrants have led the French Red Cross to offer a medical consultation dedicated to the AS (CODA), in association with the FIIO and the prefecture since March 2017, systematically proposed to the AS when they arrive. The consultation includes a check-up by a nurse and a blood test and a medical consultation with screening for tuberculosis, diagnosis, vaccination, treatment proposal and the referral to other medical departments. The main aim of this study was to describe some chronic infections and non-communicable diseases and sexual related infections among the asylum seekers in French Guyana.Methods. The prevalence has been established by a transversal, retrospective, monocentric study that includes all the AS that have consulted at CODA between the beginning of July 2017 and the end of December 2018.Results. Overall, 2135 persons have been included representing 42 % (n=5088) of all the AS during the study. They mostly came from Haiti (76.7%, n=1589), Dominican Republic (10.6%, n=220) and from Syria (4.6%, n=97). The median age was 30 years old [IQR 25 – 37] and sexual ratio M/F was 1/1,1. The prevalence was 1.7 % (n=32) for the HIV, and even 2.0 % in the population from Haiti (29/1420), 5.3 % (n=99) for chlamydia, 0.8 % (n=15) for the syphilis, 0.5 % (n=9) for HBV and 0.7 % (n=13) for the gonococcus. The prevalence of chronic HBV (Ag HbS +) was 26 % (n=49), cured HBV: 24. % (n=460). Only 4.9 % of the AS was initially vaccinated against HBV (n=91). Two cases of tuberculosis has been identified. About the NCD, the prevalence of obesity was 17.6% (n=346), anemia : 16.8 % (n=309) with a significantly higher prevalence for women (OR=8.04, p=0.00). 10.6% (n=219) of the AS had a high blood pressure and 0.7% (n=9), a high glucose rate.Conclusion. This study points out the necessity of dealing with and taking care of this hardly studied group of people. The prevalence of HBV and HIV were high with a little vaccination rate against HBV.This study also highlights the importance of the tuberculosis screening among newly arrived migrants. Finally this study emphasizes the importance of NCD among AS. The access to health care seems essential not only for AS, but for every newly arrived migrants in order to ensure an early integration into the heath care system in order to avoid complications and the spread of infectious diseases. Recently, a modification of the law has made the acquisition of refugee status difficult and the reduction of AS' rights has led to a substantial decrease in the number of AS in French Guyana. It seems important, in this context to propose this consultation for screening and orientation to all of the newly arrived migrants whether they are AS or not. ; Introduction : En Guyane française, entre 2014 et 2017, le nombre de demandeurs d'asile (DA) a été multiplié par plus de cinq, représentant 85% des demandes d'asile faites en outre-mer. La plupart des DA étaient originaire d'Haïti (88.9%). Cette vague migratoire a amené la Croix-Rouge française à proposer, à partir de mars 2017, une prise en charge dédiée à la santé des DA, en lien avec la préfecture et l'OFII, proposée systématiquement aux DA dès leur enregistrement. Cette prise en charge comprenait une consultation paramédicale d'accueil avec prise de constantes et bilan biologique de dépistage, suivie d'une consultation médicale avec remise des résultats, rattrapage vaccinal, dépistage de la tuberculose, traitement ou orientation vers d'autres services pour assurer une poursuite des soins. L'objectif de cette étude était de décrire les infections chroniques, les IST et certaines pathologies non infectieuses rencontrées chez les DA en Guyane Française. Matériel et Méthode : Les prévalences ont été établies par une étude observationnelle transversale, monocentrique, incluant rétrospectivement toutes les personnes ayant consulté à la consultation dédiée aux DA, entre le 1er juillet 2017 et le 31 décembre 2018, suite à une demande d'asile. Résultats : Au total, 2135 personnes ont été incluses soit 42% (n=5088) des DA enregistrées sur la période d'étude. Ils provenaient principalement d'Haïti (76.7%, n=1589), de République Dominicaine (10.6%, n=220) et de Syrie (4.6%, n=97). La médiane d'âge était de 30 ans [IQR 25-37] pour un sexe ratio H/F de 1/1,1. Les prévalences étaient de 1.7% (n=32) pour le VIH, atteignant 2.0% dans la population originaire de Haïti (29/1420), 5.3% (n=99) pour la chlamydiase, 0.8% (n=15) pour la syphilis, 0.5% (n=9) pour l'hépatite C et 0.7% (n=13) pour le gonocoque. La prévalence d'hépatite B chronique (Ag Hbs positif) était de 2.6% (n=49), d'hépatite B guérie de 24.5% (n=460). La proportion de personnes vaccinées contre le VHB était de 4.9% (n=91). Deux cas de tuberculose-maladie ont été identifié à distance de la consultation initiale. Concernant les NCD, la prévalence de l'obésité était de 17.6% (n=346), celle de l'anémie était de 16.8 % (n=309) avec une nette prédominance féminine (OR=8.04, p=0.000). 10.6% (n=219) des demandeurs d'asile présentaient une tension artérielle élevée et 0.7 % (n=9), une glycémie élevée. Conclusion : Cette étude, qui s'intéresse à l'état de santé d'une population peu étudiée en Guyane, démontre l'importance de la consultation d'accueil pour les demandeurs d'asile. Les prévalences d'hépatite B évolutive et d'infection par le VIH étaient élevées, avec peu de protection vaccinale anti-VHB parmi les demandeurs d'asile. En outre, notre étude corrobore les recommandations de dépistage de la tuberculose. Par ailleurs, cette étude souligne la part importante des pathologies non infectieuses dans les problématiques de santé des demandeurs d'asile. L'accès au dépistage et aux soins semble essentiel pour les demandeurs d'asile, comme pour tous les primo-arrivants, afin de les intégrer précocement dans un parcours de soins en évitant les cas secondaires. Récemment, une modification des procédures est entrée en vigueur en Guyane, et semble associée à une forte diminution des demandes d'asile. Dans ce contexte, il parait encore plus justifié d'élargir cette consultation de dépistage et d'orientation à tous les primo-arrivants, qu'ils soient ou non demandeurs d'asile.

Industrial radiography has been spreading worldwide and its use as a non-destructive testing method for different equipment, goods, and objects of all sorts has proven to be an essential and indispensable technique for objects' control. Depending on the type of sources used, attention must be paid differently on the protective measures to be taken around a facility built for radiography purposes. In this regard, protection measures around an X-ray generator are different from those necessary to protect people and the environment around a radioisotope, which spontaneously emits radiation, alpha, beta, gamma, or neutron, until it decays to a stable element. As great issues of protection highlighted along with justified activities are the measures to limit the dose to an acceptable limit, the present study was projected to solve the problem of shielding design around industrial radiography facilities using gamma and neutron sources. Gamma sources of Co-60 under 100 Ci and Ir-192 under 50 Ci and a neutron source of Cf-252 with an activity of 100 Ci were considered as typical sources used in fixed industrial radiography. The PHITS Monte Carlo code was used to compute the appropriate concrete wall necessary to shield gamma radiation and the most effective material appropriate to shield neutron source. For the gamma radiation source, the shielding design took into consideration the double and single corner maze, while the neutron radiography testing room design considered only a reinforced shielded door, without maze design. The result of the calculation showed that the minimum concrete wall thicknesses necessary to shield the radiation were 70 cm, 120 cm, and 250 cm for the Ir-192, Co-60, and Cf-252 sources, respectively. All the presented values were obtained with acceptable statistic except the case of Cf-252 where the calculation involving neutron interaction was time-consuming and computing resources demanding. In addition, different materials were subjected to investigation to find out the most appropriate for neutron shielding as the Cf-252 spontaneous fission produce fast neutrons. These fast neutrons undergo moderation in hydrogenous or light material prior to their absorption in borate material where they produce gamma-rays, that are shielded using concrete of dense material (high Z material). It was found that tungsten was efficient in shielding energetic neutron, but is expensive to be used in shielding design. Paraffin, graphite, polyethylene, plastic, and iron could be used for the neutron slowing -down process and the combination of some of these materials is more effective. Water (light and heavy), the most effective neutron moderator or lithium cannot be used in radiographic test rooms as they posed a structure problem (easy leakage, difficult to use in wall form). Also, while using hydrogenous materials, attention should be paid to the safety and security of the design, construction, and operation of the facility as the fire likelihood increases. Gamma-rays shielding design showed that the most appropriate design to shield gamma from sources used in industrial radiography facilities is the double corner maze compared to the single corner maze. The maze length necessary to shield gamma radiation up to 2.5 µSv/h in single corner maze design is almost the triple of the maze length needed in double corner maze design. The length is cost-related. This conclusion highlighted the importance of cost-benefit analysis in the early planning stage prior to its design, construction, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning. Three different positions of the source were evaluated and the outcome showed that the central position of the source in radiography testing facilities should never be allowed unless there are special justifications: this position was found to be the case with the highest exposure rate to the boundary areas enclosing the facility. The choice between the left and right position of the source in the facility merely depends on the length of the maze in the case that the design is a single corner maze. For example, in the case that the source of cobalt-60 is used for neutron imaging, the left position of the source should be preferred when the maze length is less than 7 m and the right position if not. For iridium-192 source in industrial radiography facilities, the single maze design showed that at least 5 m maze length is needed to set the source position on the right side. Neutron shielding is complex in industrial radiography using fast neutrons as those emitted by the spontaneous fission source of Cf-252 investigated in this research. Maze design is not appropriate for neutron shielding and the shielded enclosure, in this case, should be made of reinforced door including materials for neutron slowing down, its absorption, and the gamma-ray shielding. From the computation based Monte Carlo methods, the following materials should be used in combination with iron for slowing the energetic neutron, boron or borate materials for neutron absorption, and concrete or lead at the end of the chain for gamma attenuation. The combination of three to five materials could be enough when well-chosen and the shielded enclosures should be designed and constructed based on a long term planning evaluation. Attention should be paid on materials used to avoid the critical problem of activation as the neutron interaction with an alloy is likely to produce new radioisotope with a high risk of contamination. To keep the effective dose rate as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) in the areas adjacent to the radiographic facilities, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has developed regulatory guidelines, safety reports series, and a various number of technical documents to help governments, institutions, and individuals involved from near or far in the use of radioactive sources in the practice of radiography. These guidelines have been used worldwide to develop a safety culture and network with less risk of radiological accidents from the industrial side. As the National Radiation Protection Agency of Cameroon is the regulatory authority in Cameroon for the practice of industrial radiography, there is a particular need for clear and precise regulations on the use of radioactive sources for non-destructive tests. The regulatory authority has the opportunity to consider the Korean regulations (or USNRC one) and the IAEA case to develop appropriate laws and rules for safe acquisition, possession, planning, siting, designing, construction, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning of a radiography testing facility. The licensees, radiographers, and any individual involved in the use of gamma or neutron sources for activities related to industrial radiography could then have a law as foundation and regulation for their practices without ambiguity.

The whole period of the Soviet Union's existence and the first years of independence of Ukraine didnot write and talked about the military conflict in the winter of 1939–1940. The reason for the strategicdefeat of the huge Soviet Union in the war with a small Finland. In the Soviet Union, they tried to createsuch a notion as the «Soviet people,» the relocation and mixing of a large number of people throughout thespace of the USSR. Therefore, no one has ever defined participants in events by nationality or territoriallocation. Ukrainians also did not stand out. It was only when Ukraine became independent that therewas a need to determine the participation of Ukrainians in the Soviet-Finnish war and their role. Duringthe Soviet-Finnish war, the North-West front was commanded by the future Marshal and Hero of theSoviet Union, Ukrainian Timoshenko Semyon Konstantinovich. Future Marshal and Hero of the SovietUnion, Ukrainian Kulik Grigory Ivanovich, as Deputy People's Commissar for Defense of the USSR,participated in the preparation of Army and Artillery Parts for the Soviet-Finnish War. The commanderof the 70th division was Ukrainian Kirponos Mikhail Petrovich. Participated in the combat operations ofthe pilot-as and Hero of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian Kravchenko Grigory Panteleevich. Future Marshaland Hero of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian, Moskalenko Kirill Semenovich, during the Soviet-FinnishWar, was the head of the artillery 51st Perekopskaya Rifle Division of the Odessa Military District. Thefuture Colonel-General of the Tank Army and Hero of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian Kravchenko AndriyGrigorievich, during the war, was Chief of Staff of the 173th Motorized Infantry Division. In the threemonth conflict, nearly 40,000 Ukrainians died. Among those who fought in this war and received thehighest award – the Order of Lenin – Vasyl Petrenko from Poltava region. On the side of the USSR twodivisions participated in the war, which were completed in Ukraine. These are the 44th and 70th InfantryDivisions. The first of them fell into the environment and almost all died, trying to break away from theFinnish ring. Those who escaped were subjected to a martial law court. Division commander, chief ofstaff, chief of the police department and commissar were shot. In general, several thousand participantsin this war suffered repressions. Instructive that the Finnish side arranged the graves of the dead Sovietsoldiers. The city of Suomussalmi has a monument to the soldiers of the 44th Division, at the time whenthe names of the heroes were for gotten in the homeland. ; Весь период существования Советского Союза и первые годы независимости Украины никтоне писал и не говорил о военном конфликте зимой 1939–1940 гг. Причина в стратегическом пора-жении огромного СССР в войне с маленькой Финляндией. В Советском Союзе пытались создатьтакое понятие, как «советский народ», происходило переселение и смешение большого количествалюдей на всем пространстве СССР. Поэтому никто никогда не определял участников событий понациональности или территориальному расположению. Не выделялись и украинцы. Только когдаУкраина стала независимой, возникла необходимость выяснить участие украинцев в советско-фин-ской войне и их роль. Во время советско-финской войны Северо-Западным фронтом командовалбудущий Маршал и Герой Советского Союза, украинец Семён Константинович Тимошенко. Бу-дущий Маршал и Герой Советского Союза, украинец Григорий Иванович Кулик, как заместительнаркома обороны СССР, участвовал в подготовке армейских и артиллерийских частей к совет-ско-финской войне. Командиром 70-й дивизии был украинец Кирпонос. Принимал участие в бое-вых действиях летчик-ас и Герой Советского Союза, украинец Григорий Пантелеевич Кравченко.Будущий Маршал и Герой Советского Союза, украинец Москаленко, во время советско-финскойвойны был начальником артиллерии 51-й Перекопской стрелковой дивизии Одесского военногоокруга. Будущий генерал-полковник танковых войск и Герой Советского Союза, украинец АндрейГригорьевич Кравченко, во время войны был начальником штаба 173-й мотострелковой дивизии.В трехмесячном конфликте погибло почти 40 000 украинских. Среди тех, кто воевал в этой войнеи получил высшую награду – орден Ленина – Василий Петренко с Полтавщины. На стороне СССРв войне участвовали две дивизии, которые комплектовались в Украине. Это 44-и 70-я стрелковыедивизии. Первая из них попала в окружение и почти вся погибла, пытаясь вырваться из финскогокольца. Те, кто вырвался, были подвергнуты военно-полевому суду. Командир дивизии, начальникштаба, начальник политотдела и комиссар были расстреляны. В общем репрессиям подверглисьнесколько тысяч участников этой войны. Поучительно, что финская сторона упорядочила могилыпогибших советских бойцов. В городе Суомуссалми установлен монумент воинам 44-й дивизии, вто время, когда на родине были забыты имена г ероев. ; Увесь період існування Радянського Союзу та перші роки незалежності України ніхто не писаві не говорив про військовий конфлікт взимку 1939–1940 рр. Причина у стратегічній поразці вели-чезного СРСР у війні з маленькою Фінляндією. У Радянському Союзі намагалися створити такепоняття, як «радянський народ», відбувалося переселення і змішання великої кількості людейна всьому просторі СРСР. Тому ніхто ніколи не визначав учасників подій за національністю аботериторіальним розташуванням. Не виділялися й українці. Лише коли Україна стала незалежною,виникла потреба з'ясувати участь українців у радянсько-фінській війні та їх роль. Під час радянсь-ко-фінської війни Північно-Західним фронтом командував майбутній Маршал і Герой РадянськогоСоюзу, українець Тимошенко Семен Костянтинович. Майбутній Маршал і Герой Радянського Со-юзу, українець Кулик Григорій Іванович, як заступник наркома оборони СРСР, брав участь у під-готовці армійських і артилерійських частин до радянсько-фінської війни. Командиром 70-ї дивізіїбув українець Кирпонос Михайло Петрович. Приймав участь у бойових діях льотчик-ас і ГеройРадянського Союзу, українець Кравченко Григорій Пантелійович. Майбутній Маршал і Герой Ра-дянського Союзу, українець Москаленко Кирило Семенович, під час радянсько-фінської війнибув начальником артилерії 51-ї Перекопської стрілецької дивізії Одеського військового округу.Майбутній генерал-полковник танкових військ і Герой Радянського Союзу, українець КравченкоАндрій Григорович, під час війни був начальником штабу 173-ї мотострілецької дивізії. У трьох-місячному конфлікті загинуло майже 40 тисяч українців. Серед тих, хто воював у цій війні та от-римав найвищу нагороду – орден Леніна – Василь Петренко з Полтавщини. На боці СРСР у війнібрали участь дві дивізії, які комплектувались в Україні. Це 44-та та 70-та стрілецькі дивізії. Першаз них потрапила в оточення і майже вся загинула, намагаючись вирватись з фінського кільця. Ті,хто вирвався, були піддані військово-польовому суду. Командир дивізії, начальник штабу, началь-ник політвідділу та комісар були розстріляні. Загалом репресій зазнали кілька тисяч учасників цієївійни. Повчально, що фінська сторона впорядкувала могили загиблих радянських бійців. У містіСуомуссалмі встановлено монумент воїнам 44-ї дивізії, в той час, коли на Батьківщині були забутіімена героїв.

For its restoration and functioning in the western regions of Ukraine, Stalin's regime used various means of ideological-propaganda «processing» of the population. In contemporary conditions of Ukraine, which suffers a military-political aggression and powerful information war from the Russian Federation, it is important to analyze the mechanisms of distribution of antinational and antistate propaganda in the historical plane within the borders of concrete regions in order to develop effective ways of its counteraction.The period of the restoration of the Soviet system in this territory embraces 1944 – 1945. The local authorities considered to restore the party's activity and state structures as their priority, in order to organize a large-scale political work and to intensify ideological pressure in all spheres of life. The information and propaganda storm should, first of all, prove the impossibility of any successful resistance to the regime, discredit liberation movement, and «to tear off the majority of the population from the influence of the Ukrainian and German nationalists».The cadres from other regions of Ukraine and the USSR were to become the system's support in «the region infected with nationalism» and to carry «the communistic ideology into the masses». Important ideological-propaganda tasks had to be carried out by the party, Komsomol, and trade-union organization which were created at all the enterprises and establishments of Drohobych region. Communists and Komsomol members, as the most conscious citizens, should carry the basic burden of social-political and public-organizational works. For preparation and retraining of cadres for ideological-propaganda work at the republican and regional levels, a system of party educational institutions started to be formed. The press and radio provided the system's information support. The theatre, cinema, and radio also had to become important ideological tools.Carrying out the educational policy of the party, state education structures created conditions of obligatory attendance of all children and teenagers, boys and girls, and could from early age absorb communist ideas. It was realized in various ways, like adopting the law on education for all, accurately outlined and sustained in the spirit of communist moral curriculums, constant expansion of the network of teaching and educational establishments, attraction of children and studying youth to the pioneer and Komsomol organizations, various actions of out-of-class influence on pupils.It is proved that for restoration of a totalitarian regime in the western regions of Ukraine, suppressing of the national-liberation movement, destruction of the Ukrainian national idea and traditions, the Soviet system applied all possible means. A great attention was drawn to propaganda-ideological methods. A whole branched system of ideological-propaganda influence in all strata and groups of the population, including universities, was created. Mass media, evident propaganda, education, culture, attributes of the Soviet way of life were the tools of the Soviet propaganda. However, considering small efficiency of ideological influences on the population of Drohobych region, forceful methods became dominating in overcoming of the resistance to the Soviet regime. ; Сталінський режим для свого відновлення та функціонування в західних областях України використовував різноманітні засоби ідеологічно-пропагандистської «обробки» населення. В умовах, коли наша держава зазнала військово-політичної агресії з боку Російськлої Федерації, потужної інформаційної війни, важливо проаналізувати механізми поширення антинаціональної і антидержавницької пропаганди в історичному розрізі у межах конкретних регіонів, щоб виробити ефективні шляхи її протидії.Метою статті є висвітлення змісту та заходів ідеологічно-пропагандистської політики радянської системи в західних областях України у процесі відновлення радянського режиму в краї на основі матеріалів Дрогобицької області.1944 – 1945 роки це період відновлення радянської системи в краї. Першочерговими завданнями влади на місцях було відновити діяльність партійних й державних органів, які мали проводити широкомасштабну політичну роботу, розгорнути ідеологічний наступ на всі сфери життя. Інформаційно-пропагандистський штурм мав насамперед довести неможливість успішного спротиву режимові, дискредитувати визвольний рух, «відірвати основну масу населення з-під впливу українських-німецьких націоналістів».Політична недовіра до місцевих була однією з причин того, що керівні органи формувалися винятково з присланих кадрів, які вводилися до номенклатури області. Приїжджі з інших регіонів України та СРСР мали стати опорою системи в «зараженому націоналізмом регіоні», нести в «маси» комуністичну ідеологію. Виконувати важливі ідеологічно-пропагандистські завданння мали партійні, комсомольські, профспілкові організації, які створювалися на всіх підприємствах і установах Дрогобицької області. Комуністи та комсомольці, як найбільш свідомі, мали нести основний тягар суспільно-політичної та громадсько-організаційної роботи на місцях, здійснювати ідеологічну обробку населення з ключових для влади питань. Для підготовки та перепідготовки кадрів для ідеологічно-пропагандистської роботи на рівні республіки і областей почала формуватися система партійних освітніх закладів. Основні функції управління агітацією і пропагандою мав відділ пропаганди та агітації при ЦК КП(б)У, а також відповідні структурні підрозділи у компартійних комітетах різних рівнів. Для масового ідеологічного впливу на населення була розроблена ціла система суспільно-політичних заходів. Найбільш поширеною їх формою були лекції. Систематично проводилися мітинги, збори, наради, семінари, бесіди. Основним завданням ідеологічно-пропагандистської політики радянської влади було охопити максимально усі групи тодішнього населення. Особливе значення для партійно-радянського керівництва мала робота серед інтелігенції. Жінок, молоді.Пропагування комуністичних ідей, забезпечення підтримки політики радянської влади в регіоні, організації ідеологічно-політичної боротьби проти ОУН і УПА здійснювали центральні та місцеві засоби масової інформації. Преса, радіо забезпечували інформаційний супровід системи. Важливими ідеологічними інструментами мали стати кіно, театр, радіо.Здійснюючи освітньо-виховну політику партії, державні органи освіти створювали умови для того, щоб усі діти, підлітки, юнаки і дівчата відвідували школу, а отже, щоб усі вони з раннього віку проймалися партійно-комуністичними ідеями. Це реалізовувалося різноманітними шляхами: впровадженням закону про всеобуч, чітко окресленими і витриманими в дусі комуністичної ідейності навчальними програмами, постійним розширенням мережі навчально-виховних закладів, залученням дітей та учнівської молоді до піонерських і комсомольських організацій, різноманітними заходами позакласного впливу на учнів.Доведено, що для відновлення тоталітарного режиму в західних областях України, подолання національно-визвольного руху, знищення української національної ідеї, національних традицій, радянська система застосовувала усі можливі чинники. Велика увага приділялася пропагандистсько-ідеологічним методам. Була створена розгалужена система ідеологічно-пропагандистського впливу у на всі верстви та групи населення. Інструментами радянської пропаганди були засоби масової інформації, наочна агітація, освіта, культура, атрибути радянського способу життя. З огляду на малу ефективність ідеологічних впливів на населення Дрогобицької області, насильницькі методи стали панівними у подоланні спротиву радянському режимові.

У статті представлена узагальнена система факторів (чинників) детер-мінації транскордонної злочинності. Проаналізовано підходи до виділення причині умов злочинності, що застосовуються в зарубіжній і вітчизняній кримінології.Встановлено криміногенні чинники, що детермінують транскордонні злочини.З огляду на різнооб'єктність даних злочинів, визначені причинні комплекси, щоє характерними для кожного з їх видів. Особливу увагу акцентовано на впливі назлочинність транскордонності в різних формах її реалізації з урахуванням її ди-наміки. Окремо проаналізовано з точки зору теорій раціонального вибору і стан-дартної діяльності роль ситуативних і віктимологічних факторів.Окрема проблема, що підлягає аналізу, є особливістю транскордонних зло-чинів. Мова про відмінності, що є в суміжних державах, щодо підходів до квалі-фікації та оцінки наслідків правопорушень. Це характерно для тих випадків, колиза відповідне правопорушення в сусідніх країнах встановлені різні види юридичноївідповідальності, наприклад, відповідно, кримінальна чи адміністративна. Абодля тих випадків, коли різними є мотиви протидії такому кримінальному право-порушенню в суміжних державах. Це найчастіше пов'язано з економічними, по-літичними (іноді культурними) передумовами.Констатовано те, що визначальним фактором транскордонної злочиннос-ті в Україні є високий рівень соціальної аномії. Дисонанс між офіційно задекла-рованими публічними цілями і прийнятними шляхами їх досягнення є ознакоюданого явища. В силу проблематичності досягнення цих цілей законним шляхом,прийнятною соціальною практикою стає вчинення транскордонних правопору-шень. Жителі прикордонних територій при цьому керуються різноспрямованимипо відношенню до транскордонної злочинності мотивами. Виходячи з цього, слідвживати заходів, спрямованих на стимулювання антикримінальної стійкостігромадян і недопущення криміналізації (в соціологічному сенсі) населення прикор-доння.Складність полягає в розробці ефективної єдиної методики оцінки факто-рів, які є передумовами різнооб'єктних транскордонних злочинів, що навряд чиможливо. Крім цього, слід враховувати, що нечасто зустрічається ідентичністьпідходу до криміналізації щодо схожих правопорушень в сусідніх державах. Більштого, законодавчі процеси криміналізації та декриміналізації, навіть у межаходнієї держави носять постійний характер.Обґрунтовано заходи, спрямовані на встановлення причин та умов в інтересахефективності механізму протидії транскордонній злочинності. Це, середіншого, необхідно для створення переліку відповідних ризиків, характерних длясусідніх держав, взаємодіючими правоохоронними органами цих держав, їх пері-одичного коригування та пріоритетного урахування в оперативно-службовій ді-яльності незалежно від політичної динаміки в кожній з даних держав. ; В статье представлена обобщенная система факторов детерминациитрансграничной преступности. Проанализированы подходы к выделению причини условий преступности, принятые в зарубежной и отечественной криминоло-гии. Установлены криминогенные факторы, детерминирующие трансграничныепреступления. Учитывая разнообъектность данных преступлений, выделеныпричинные комплексы, характерные для каждого из их видов. Особый акцентсделан на влиянии на преступность трансграничности в разных ее формахс учетом ее динамики. Отдельно с точки зрения теорий рационального выбораи стандартной деятельности проанализирована роль ситуативных и виктимо-логических факторов.Отдельная проблема, подлежащая анализу, является особенностью транс-граничных преступлений. Речь о различиях, проявляемых в смежных государствах,в отношении подходов к квалификации и оценке последствий правонарушений.Это характерно для тех случаев, когда за соразмерное правонарушение в странах-соседях установлены разные виды юридической ответственности, например,соответственно, уголовная или административная. Или для тех случаев, когдаразличны мотивы противодействия такому уголовному правонарушению в со-предельных государствах. Это чаще всего связано с экономическими или полити-ческими (иногда культурными) предпосылками.Констатировано, что определяющим фактором трансграничной преступ-ности в Украине является высокий уровень социальной аномии. Диссонанс междуофициально декларируемыми публичными целями и приемлемыми путями их до-стижения является признаком данного явления. В силу затруднительности до-стижения этих целей законным путем приемлемой социальной практикой ста-новится совершение трансграничных правонарушений. Жители приграничныхтерриторий при этом руководствуются разнонаправленными по отношениюк трансграничной преступности мотивами. Исходя из этого, должны принимать-ся меры, направленные на стимулирование антикриминальной устойчивостиграждан и недопущение криминализации (в социологическом смысле) населенияприграничья.Трудность заключается в разработке эффективной единой методики оцен-ки факторов, являющихся предпосылками разнообъектных трансграничных пре-ступлений, что вряд ли возможно. Кроме этого, подлежит учету то, что нечастовстречается идентичность подхода к криминализации в отношении схожихправонарушений в соседних государствах. Более того, законодательные процессыкриминализации и декриминализации, даже в пределах одного государства носятпостоянный характер.Обоснованы меры, направленные на установление причин и условий в инте-ресах еффективности механизма противодействия трансграничной преступно-сти. Это, среди прочего, необходимо для создания перечня соответствующихрисков, характерных для сопредельных государств, взаимодействующими право-охранительными органами этих государств, их периодического коррегированияи приоритетного учета в оперативно-служебной деятельности вне политическойдинамики в каждом из государств. ; The article presents a generalized system of factors determining cross-bordercrime. The approaches to the allocation of the causes and conditions of crime, adoptedin foreign and national criminology have been analyzed. Criminogenic factorsdetermining cross-border crimes have been established. Given the object difference ofthese crimes, the causal complexes, typical for each of their types, have been identified.The special emphasis has been made on the cross-border influence on crime in differentforms of its realization taking into account its dynamics. The role of situational andvictimological factors has been analyzed separately from the point of view of rationalchoice and standard activity theories.In addition, a separate problem specific to cross-border crimes is analyzed, namely,the differences that are often manifested in the neighboring states regarding approachesto assess their consequences. Often it takes place when one of the adjacent statesestablishes criminal responsibility for a certain act, and in another, for example, thereis an administrative one. Or, when combating an act that is formally recognized asa crime on the territory of both adjacent states with a different degree of interest. Thisis due to economic or political (less often cultural) preconditions.Conclusions have been drawn that a high level of social anomie is a significantfactor of public consciousness in Ukraine regarding the cross-border crime. Thisphenomenon characterizes the discrepancy between the formally declared public goalsand the approved means of achieving them. As a result of the impossibility of achievingthem by legal means, the accepted practice is to commit cross-border offenses. Thecommunity of the borderland population is characterized by multidirectional motivesconnected to cross-border crime. The measures aimed at stimulating the anti-criminalstability of citizens and preventing the criminalization of the part of the society relatedto the population of the borderland have been substantiated.The difficulty is that an effective methodology for assessing factors determiningof all cross-border crimes can not be elaborated. In addition, it should be taken intoaccount that the complete identity of the approach to the criminalization of the sameacts in neighboring states is quite rare. Also, within the same state, the legislativeprocesses of criminalization and decriminalization are permanent.Measures aimed at considering factors in the mechanism of combating crossbordercrime have been substantiated. This can be achieved, inter alia, through creatingof the map of relevant general risk by interacting law enforcement agencies of theadjacent states, their periodical refining and assigning these risks to the priority ofoperational and service activity regardless of the change in the political situation in anyof the neighboring countries.

Education is one of the key areas in the development of a democratic state. Educational institutions and organizations are keen on innovations, therefore, certain public administration initiatives are often primarily and successfully implemented here. This also applies to the assessment of managers' competencies and the development of leadership competencies as well. In recent decades, Lithuanian scientists have been intensively analyzing the experience gained in other countries while evaluating competencies of the heads of educational institutions and actively participating in the development of competence assessment tools. At present, the state of Lithuania has reached the stage where the assessment systems have already been tested and improved several times. Currently, applying the analytical content analysis of theoretical sources and other resources alongside, the aim is to summarize the developmental process of the manager's competence assessment in Lithuania in 1998–2018, and highlight the key factors that have influenced the changing evaluation criteria.Having acknowledged the research-based truths (the manager's competence assessment is necessary for the long-term effectiveness of the institutional activities; direct link between the results of an institution and the competencies of its leader is obvious; the content of the competency-packet necessary in order to control the continuous management is inclined to change; the LR evaluation system currently applied to the executivemanagers needs improvement; the LR system for improving managerial competencies of educational institution leaders is still being created, etc.), the necessity of regular periodical competence assessment and the need to constantly review the evaluation criteria and the models, seeking to improve them, are perceived.According to M. Fullan (1991), the most significant factor influencing the change in educational reforms is political, as educational reforms require a lot of resources. The analysis of the competence assessment of educational institution managers performed in the Republic of Lithuania confirms this statement. The need for high-level managerial competency-packet is highlighted in the following documents: programs of the main political parties seeking power over 20 years; Government programs of the Republic of Lithuania; educational strategies developed as part of the educational management structure; programs initiated, etc. The influence of EU education policy is obvious. The EU institutions provide general guidance to Member States, however, the initial training of educational institution managers and the improvement of their qualifications, the competence requirements and the recruitment procedures for the leaders/heads of educational institutions as well as their further career options are treated as an individual country's project.Having in mind the practical division of the implementation of Lithuanian educational reform into separate stages that is taken for granted in the Lithuanian educational management, we are constantly monitoring the continuous improvement of the management assessment process: 1990–1997. Reorganization of the Education System; requirements for the qualifications of the educational institution managers were regulated by the Law on Education of the Republic of Lithuania (1991). 1998–2002. The period was marked by the introduction of managerial attestation based on the three categories of a manager's competence associated with the degree of change in the supervised institution. In accordance with the procedure approved by the Order of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania "Qualification Requirements for Heads of State and Municipal Educational Institutions, their Appointment and Dismissal" (1998) that contains the main general and special requirements for applicants. The document of 1999 was supplemented with detailed descriptions of advantages and areas of the professional competency-packet of a manager and the updated managerial competence. 2003–2012. The competencies of the head of an educational institution were described and the competence assessment started to be applied to recruitment according to the description of competencies. The requirements were presented in the "List of Qualification Requirements for Heads of Schools of all Types (except higher education institutions)" (2005). Essential and obligatory managerial competencies were described in the "Competence Profile of the School Head" (2007). The document "Description of Managerial Qualification Requirements for State and Municipal Educational Institutions (except higher education institutions)" (2011) identified the leadership competence areas and the general competence areas and the managerial assessment (self-evaluation of one's performance and skills when working with people). General competencies make the assessment of school managers closer to the civil servants' assessment. The current period (2013–2022). Competence requirements for the general education school heads are as follows: Master's degree; 5 Competence Levels of management in the educational institution; mastered level B1 of one of the EU working languages; requirement for an impeccable reputation, etc. The system of competence assessment has been implemented since 2011, and it has constantly been improved until this day, 2018. In 2011, the centralized model was implemented (evaluation performed by the National School Assessment Agency). In 2015–2017, the 2-stage assessment model was introduced according to which the institution authorized by the Ministry started evaluating most of the general competencies, and the organizer of the competition rated most of the competence assessment in the management areas. In 2018, a different level was set for each compulsory competence. At present, the variety of evaluation methods and forms is increasing, requirements for the assessors are getting higher, and social partners are participating as the assessment commission members. Performed developmental analysis shows the growing requirements for the institutional management and leadership and the ability to work with local authorities as well as local and foreign partners. Improvement of the managerial assessment in the Lithuanian Republic is carried out in a consistent manner, and it is linked to the assessment of civil servants' competencies. These processes match up with the political decisions of the state. Influence of the researchers working in the field of public administration and leadership is evident in the formation of the managerial assessment system as well as in the creation of a system for the managers' development. ; Straipsnyje pristatyta Lietuvos Respublikos švietimo įstaigų vadovų kompetencijų vertinimo kaita, aptarti pagrindiniai politiniai veiksniai, turėję įtakos tiems pokyčiams 1990–2018 m.: Nepriklausomybės atgavimas, siekis tapti ES nare, LR švietimo reformos, LR viešojo valdymo reformos, vadybos ir viešojo administravimo, švietimo vadybos, lyderystės mokslų plėtra Lietuvoje, gerosios ES šalių patirtys. Švietimo įstaigos vadovo pareigybei keliami reikalavimai ir tolesnės mokyklų vadovų karjeros galimybės Europos kontekste parodo galimą vadovų kompetencijų vertinimo sistemos tobulinimo Lietuvoje kryptingumą. Metodai: mokslinės literatūros ir kitų šaltinių kokybinė turinio analizė, apibendrinimas.

The article analyses the possibilities of distributed leadership development in Lithuanian pre-school education institutions. The aim of the article is to analyse the theoretical literature and other sources (strategic documents, legal acts, statistical information) and to reveal the possibilities of distributed leadership development in Lithuanian pre-school education institutions.Therefore, the following objectives have been set up: to provide the theoretical assumptions of distributed leadership and to analyse the interface between the development of distributed leadership and the context of Lithuanian pre-school education institutions.The article summarizes the scientific approach to distributed leadership. Attention is paid to the fact that the idea of distributed leadership is becoming popular, however, researchers use different definitions and concepts to define this leadership. These differences potentially arise from the different contexts where this form of leadership is analysed. Although there is no one common definition of distributed leadership, researchers identify some active participants (leaders) and emphasize the need for favourable environment (organizational culture) of mutual interaction. Distributed leadership in the organization is often characterized by the following features: each person's professionalism and experience are appreciated and supported; community spirit and atmosphere of trust prevail; attention is paid to pupils' learning experience; community members are continuously learning; everyone is included in decisionmaking; the management structures of the organization are (re)organized; leadership is carried out through (non) formal posts and actions; responsibility and accountability of all participants are important.Researchers acknowledge that distributed leadership is contextual, therefore, they believe that it is necessary to take into consideration the uniqueness of organizations. However, different researchers identify and analyse different contexts which, in their opinion, influence leadership in organizations. Some researchers identify the external and internal contexts of the organization, other researchers identify the institutional context, community context, national-cultural context, economic context, political context, school development context, and personal-specific context.After the comparison of the particularities of pre-school education institutions and general education schools, it is evident that the duration of work of these education institutions and the duration of work of teachers are different. These differences are significant, as distributed leadership is implemented through the interaction of leaders and their followers. Therefore, the more teachers and other employees are involved into the implementation of their direct responsibilities (education and/or care of children), the more it is complicated to find time for mutual interaction. In this respect, the pre-school education institutions are in less favourable situation in order to implement distributed leadership. The differences between pre-school and general education institutions are determined by different age of learners, different nature and intensity of communication with parents and the fact that pre-school education is non-formal education. Therefore, there is a bigger possibility to involve learners' parents into the processes of distributed leadership in the institutions of pre-school education rather than in general education institutions.Differences not only between different types of education institutions (general education institutions and pre-school education institutions), but also between education institutions of the same type are partly determined by the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania (1994), as different municipalities may have different organization and funding of pre-school education institutions, different criteria and procedures of external assessment of institutions. Differences between education institutions of the same type in the same municipality are also possible, as the education system in Lithuania is decentralized and education institutions implementing different educational programs have the possibility to make decisions on the management, curriculum content, and measures. The documents regulating the assessment of activity give considerable power to the communities of institutions, i.e. teachers, employees, learners' parents. Therefore, it is possible to state that the institutional context is quite favourable for the development of distributed leadership in Lithuanian pre-school education institutions.According to the statistical data of Lithuania, there are significant disparities among the same type of education institutions in urban and rural areas, which are determined by different contexts of communities. Significant disparities are also observed among communities of different types of education institutions, which are partly determined by the different age and gender of the heads and teachers of education institutions.The studies of cultural dimensions carried out by researchers show that Lithuania is attributed to the countries with high power distance (strong social hierarchy), and this can cause difficulties to develop distributed leadership. Since the statistical sociodemographic data (age, gender, education) of Lithuanian education institutions are quite different from the general statistics of Lithuania, it is appropriate to carry out empirical studies that would assess the cultural dimensions of Lithuanian education institutions (preschool education and general education institutions) as well as power distance (i.e. social hierarchy).The context of the development of Lithuanian schools is favourable for the development of the ideas of distributed leadership both in general education and pre-school education institutions. The favourable context for the implementation of the ideas of leadership is determined by the Lithuanian strategic documents and strategic documents of education policy. Also, the project "Time for Leaders", initiated by the Ministry of Education and Science and which has been implemented for almost a decade, plays a significant role in disseminating the ideas of leadership in Lithuania.According to the theoretical research, it is possible to state that the institutional, school development and personal-specific contexts of Lithuanian pre-school education institutions are favourable for the development of distributed leadership in pre-school education institutions. Meanwhile, the national cultural context, the different contexts of communities of education institutions can pose difficulties to implement the ideas of distributed leadership. The analysis of the theoretical material and legal framework reveals the need to carry out the empirical research of distributed leadership in Lithuanian pre-school education institutions, to reveal the challenges and particularities of its implementation, as well as to reveal good practices. ; Straipsnyje analizuojamos pasidalytosios lyderystės plėtros galimybės Lietuvos ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigose. Teorinis tyrimas atskleidė, kad pasidalytosios lyderystės plėtrai yra svarbūs šie ugdymo įstaigų kontekstai: institucinis, bendruomenių, nacionalinis kultūrinis, ekonominis, politinis, mokyklų tobulinimo ir asmeninis specifinis. Remiantis teoriniu tyrimu galima teigti, kad Lietuvos ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų institucinis, mokyklų tobulinimo, asmeninis specifinis kontekstai yra palankūs pasidalytosios lyderystės plėtrai, o nacionalinis kultūrinis kontekstas, skirtingi ugdymo įstaigų bendruomenių kontekstai gali kelti sunkumų pasidalytosios lyderystės idėjų įgyvendinimui. Teorinis tyrimas atskleidė empirinių tyrimų būtinybę ir svarbą toliau tiriant pasidalytosios lyderystės plėtros galimybes Lietuvos ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų kontekste.

The thesis provides a complex analysis of the activity of NGOs of Poland in the context of its European integration. It was proven that the civil society activation was happening in conditions of transformation processes and democracy transit. The peculiarities of the work of non-governmental organizations during the change of the foreign policy vector were determined. The study systemizes the theoretical and methodological foundations of studying this field for they have an interdisciplinary foundation and are based on the theory of democracy, transitology, system approach, namely, the networks theory, and have the features of neoinstitutionalism. The political and legal basis for civil society organizations' functioning were analyzed and the system of documents which reflect the conditions and fundamental foundations of NGO functioning was determined.The paper looks at the long-term program of Polish legislation harmonization with the acquis communautaire, which includes the regulatory acts of the EU (regulations, directives, decisions, resolutions etc.), general principles of the EU law (rulings of the European Court, common strategies, actions and positions within the framework of the common foreign and security policy etc.). It was determined that Polish legislation reacted to the needs of the NGO sector and regulated their activity during 1989–2004. The political and legal component of NGO activities at the current stage depends on the governmental policy and is characterized by a number of laws, which contradict the independence of NGOs.The initial conditions of the European integration were studied. In historical retrospective, Poland had a long history of state building as well as the experience of functioning in a unity of states. These factors became the historical preconditions of accessing the European Union. Political preconditions reach to the times of activity of the "Solidarity" Independent Trade Union. The economic transformations at the end of the 1980-s led to the civil society activation and in 1990–1997 – to the change of public attitude to the EU and caused the increase of the social position of Poland.The stages of NGO formation, including the present-day stage, were generalized. The key classification types have been determined, the typology by the activity fields with the consideration of the Euro-integration vector of Poland have been actualized. The emphasis was made on the territorial and quantitative components of NGO functioning, the functioning peculiarities of the NGO development models (continental, Scandinavian, Mediterranean, corporate) and the characteristic model for Poland has been determined, the Eastern European model, for it has principal differences from the general European models.The thesis defined key pro-European organizations, which functioned in the context of European integration of Poland and facilitated the civil society formation in Poland as well as popularization of European ideas through the attraction of international funding. It was proved that the major financial support from the outside came from the following international organization: Polish-American-Ukrainian Cooperation, National Democracy Foundation, the Embassy of the United States of America and the Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherland, the Bosch Foundation, Polish-American Freedom Foundation, the European Union, UKIE, MOTTA Foundation.The paper determines the peculiarities of the NGO functioning during the period of European integration that included the cooperation of the organizations with the governmental and the business structures, which was reflected in the development of the awareness-raising programs, development of the strategy and the program of implementation of the policy aimed at the civil society development.The analysis of the development of the public sector of Poland has been carried out with the help of such indexes as the Civil Society Organizations Sustainability Index (CSO) and the Civil Society Index (CSI).It has been determined that during the period of Poland's full membership in the European Union, NGOs continue to develop within the European vector. At the current stage of their development, the NGOs in Poland are not only the receivers of resources from the EU funds, but also provide assistance in the issues of European integration. The greatest influence of Poland in the international cooperation is carried out through the Visegrad Fund, which was established in 2000 by the governments of the countries of the Visegrad group.It was found out that after Poland became a member of the European Union in 2004, its cooperation with the European funds has only strengthened and was aimed at the implementation of not only European, but also social projects in accordance with the adopted Programs of the European Union for 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, which are characterized by a considerable increase of the financial inflow into the public sector of Poland. However, the current period of NGO activity is characterized by the decrease of the level of their independence and the establishment of state control over the organizations' activities. This was caused by the decrease of the external influence after Poland gained full membership. This tendency led to the decrease of democracy indexes, where one of the indicators is the state of civil society. The evidence of the negative processes in the civil society functioning structure are reflected in the Civil Society Organizations Sustainability Indexes (CSO) in Poland in 2008–2017. ; Przeprowadzono kompleksową analizę działalności organizacji pozarządowych Polski w kontekście jej integracji europejskie. Udowodniono że aktywizacja społeczeństwa obywatelskiego się odbyła w warunkach procesów transformacyjnych oraz tranzytu demokracji pod wpływem czynników zewnętrznych. Określono specyfikę działalności organizacji pozarządowych pod czas zmiany wektora polityki zewnętrznej. Systematyzowano teoretyko-metodologiczne podstawy tego kierunku. Podsumowano okresy tworzenia organizacji pozarządowych i określono kierunki działalności ze względu na eurointegracyjny sukces Polski. Wyjaśniono osobliwości funkcjonowania modeli rozwoju organizacji pozarządowych i wskazano na osobliwości modeli dla Polski, mającej zasadnicze różnice od ogólnoeuropejskich. Zrobione wnioski o zwrotnych procesach stanu demokracji w Polsce we współczesnych warunkach. ; Здійснено комплексний аналіз діяльності громадських організацій Польщі у контексті її європейської інтеграції. Доведено, що активізація громадянського суспільства відбувалась в умовах трансформаційних процесів та транзиту демократії під впливом зовнішніх чинників. Визначено специфіку діяльності громадських організацій під час зміни вектору зовнішньої політики. Систематизовано теоретико-методологічні основи дослідження цього напрямку. Узагальнено періоди формування громадських організацій та визначено основні сфери їх діяльності з урахуванням євроінтеграційного поступу Польщі. З'ясовано особливості функціонування моделей розвитку громадських організацій та визначено характерну модель для Польщі, що має принципові відмінності від загальноєвропейських. Зроблено висновок про реверсні процеси стану демократії Польщі за сучасних умов.

The article researches the state of modern historical research on the topic of Ukrainian church and religious life during 1917-1921. It has been proved that historians came to the conclusion that the religious motivation of the Ukrainian national and cultural revival, which was formed in the second part of the XIXth century, was a significant component of the national and democratic revolution at the beginning of the XXth century, and the need to solve a problem of the «national church» caused the interest of all state institutions of that time (Ukrainian Central Rada, Ukrainian State Pavlo Skoropadskyi, Directoria of the UPR) to the process of church and religious formation.It is established that peculiarity of the historiographical discourse of the given problem is in its anthology and synthetical character, dimensions and methodology. Based on the analysis of the thematic portfolio of historians, three groups of studies have been identified, which suggest the solution of the problems of the religious and church dimension of the Ukrainian national and cultural revival of 1917–1921.The first group unites scientific studios, which synthetically consider the content of the Ukrainian church-religious history of 1917–1921. This is, first of all, the three-volume project «Church in the Ukrainian State of 1917-1920», whose authors described the way of church revival in time of Central Rada, Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi (V.Ulyanovskyi) and the Directoria of the UPR (B. Andrusyshyn).The content of religious policy of that time state institutions was also studied by V.Hanzulenko, M. Goryacha, B. Gudziak, A. Turii, A. Kolodnyi, A. Ignatush, and others. It was discovered that scientists devoted considerable attention to the nature of the national renaissance in the Church, to the illumination of the Ministry of theosophy, to the analysis of the work of All-Ukrainian Orthodox Church, to the study of the content of the «Law on Supreme Power in the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Peacemaking Church», to the characteristics of the All-Ukrainian Church Cathedral activity and the formation of the UAOC, to the establishment of the motives of the struggle between the Patriarchate (ROC) and the Ukrainian (autocephalous) churches.The second group combines scientific works devoted to highlighting the contemporary state and church relations. This is the study of such scientists as L.Babenko, V. Yelenskyi, A. Kyrydon, V. Paschenko, O. Sagan, V. Filipovych, P.Yarotskyi and others. The researchers study the different areas of interaction between church and state, in particular legal, institutional and moral value (A.Kyrydon). The third group consists of the studies in which scientists analyze the contribution of contemporary religious leaders (V. Lypkivskyi, A. Khrapovytskyi, O.Lototskyi, I. Ogienko) to the construction of the national church, the spiritual and religious revival of Ukraine. These are the works of L. Kondratyk, V. Shvedkyi, O.Dudko and others.Particular attention is drawn to the analysis of contemporary historians of the church and religious factor in the contemporary social and political processes of the national and democratic revolution. It has been proved that in the contemporary historiographical narration the idea that the representation of the church and religious issue in the Ukrainian state-building processes of 1917–1921 played a significant role in the development of the concept of «national church» and the spiritual and cultural revival of Ukrainian national identity. ; В статье рассмотрено состояние современных исторических исследований по теме украинской церковно-религиозной жизни в 1917–1921 годах. Выяснено, что ученые-историки пришли к выводу, что религиозные мотивации украинского национально-культурного возрождения, которые сформировались во второй половине ХІХ века, были важной составляющей национально-демократической революции начала ХХ века, а необходимость решения вопроса о «национальной церкви» обусловила интерес всех государственных образований того времени (Украинская Центральная Рада, Украинская Держава Павла Скоропадского, Директория УНР) к процессам институциализации церковно-религиозных организаций. Установлено, что особенность историографического дискурса поднятой темы состоит в ее антологичности и синтетичности, масштабности и методологичности. На основе анализа тематических наработок ученых-историков выделено три группы исследований, в которых предложено решение тех или иных вопросов религиозно-церковного измерения украинского национально-культурного возрождения 1917–1921 годов. Первая группа объединяет научные студии, в которых синтетически рассмотрено содержание украинской церковно-религиозной истории 1917–1921 годов. Это труды таких ученых: В.Ульяновский, Б.Андрусишин, В.Ганзуленко, М.Горяч, Б.Гудзяк, О.Турий, А.Колодный, О.Игнатуша и другие. Во второй группе объединены научные труды, которые освещают церковно-государственные отношения того времени (Л.Бабенко, В.Еленский, А.Киридон, В.Пащенко, О.Саган, Л.Филиппович, П.Яроцкий и другие). Третью группу составляют персоналистические исследования, в которых ученые проанализировали вклад религиозных деятелей того времени в создание национальной церкви, духовное и религиозное возрождение Украины. Особое внимание обращено на анализ историками влияния церковно-религиозного фактора на общественно-политические процессы национально-демократической революции того времени. Выяснено, что в современном историографическом нарративе сделан вывод о том, что наличие церковно-религиозного вопроса в повестке украинских государственно созидающих процессах 1917–1921 годов сыграло важную роль в развитии концепта «национальная церковь», а также в духовно-культурном обогащении украинской национальной идентичности. ; У статті розглянуто стан сучасних історичних досліджень із теми українського церковно-релігійного життя у 1917–1921 роках. З'ясовано, що вчені-історики дійшли висновку, що релігійні мотивації українського національно-культурного відродження, які сформувалися в другій половині ХІХ століття, були вагомим складником національно-демократичної революції початку ХХ століття, а необхідність вирішення питання «національної церкви» обумовила інтерес усіх державних утворень того часу (Українська Центральна Рада, Українська Держава Павла Скоропадського, Директорія УНР) до процесів інституціювання церковно-релігійних організацій.Встановлено, що особливість історіографічного дискурсу порушеної теми полягає в її антологічності та синтетичності, масштабності та методологічності. На основі аналізу тематичного доробку вчених-істориків, виокремлено три групи досліджень, у яких запропоновано розв'язання тих чи тих питань релігійно-церковного виміру українського національно-культурного відродження 1917–1921 років. Перша група об'єднує наукові студії, у яких синтетично розглянуто зміст української церковно-релігійної історії 1917–1921 років. Це праці таких учених, як В.Ульяновський, Б.Андрусишин, В.Ганзуленко, М.Горяч, Б.Гудзяк, О.Турій, А.Колодний, О.Ігнатуша та інші. У другій групі об'єднано наукові праці, що присвячені висвітленню тогочасних державно-церковних відносин (Л.Бабенко, В.Єленський, А.Киридон, В.Пащенко, О.Саган, Л.Филипович, П.Яроцький та інші). Третю групу становлять персоналістичні дослідження, у яких вчені проаналізували внесок тогочасних релігійних діячів у побудову національної церкви, духовне та релігійне відродження України.Особливу увагу звернено на аналіз істориками впливу церковно-релігійного чинника на тогочасні суспільно-політичні процеси національно-демократичної революції. З'ясовано, що в сучасному історіографічному наративі висновується думка про те, що представлення церковно-релігійного питання в порядку денному українських державотворчих процесів 1917–1921 років відіграло вагому роль у розвитку концепту «національна церква» та духовно-культурному збагаченні української національної ідентичності.

For its restoration and functioning in the western regions of Ukraine, Stalin's regime used various means of ideological-propaganda «processing» of the population. In contemporary conditions of Ukraine, which suffers a military-political aggression and powerful information war from the Russian Federation, it is important to analyze the mechanisms of distribution of antinational and antistate propaganda in the historical plane within the borders of concrete regions in order to develop effective ways of its counteraction.The period of the restoration of the Soviet system in this territory embraces 1944 – 1945. The local authorities considered to restore the party's activity and state structures as their priority, in order to organize a large-scale political work and to intensify ideological pressure in all spheres of life. The information and propaganda storm should, first of all, prove the impossibility of any successful resistance to the regime, discredit liberation movement, and «to tear off the majority of the population from the influence of the Ukrainian and German nationalists».The cadres from other regions of Ukraine and the USSR were to become the system's support in «the region infected with nationalism» and to carry «the communistic ideology into the masses». Important ideological-propaganda tasks had to be carried out by the party, Komsomol, and trade-union organization which were created at all the enterprises and establishments of Drohobych region. Communists and Komsomol members, as the most conscious citizens, should carry the basic burden of social-political and public-organizational works. For preparation and retraining of cadres for ideological-propaganda work at the republican and regional levels, a system of party educational institutions started to be formed. The press and radio provided the system's information support. The theatre, cinema, and radio also had to become important ideological tools.Carrying out the educational policy of the party, state education structures created conditions of obligatory attendance of all children and teenagers, boys and girls, and could from early age absorb communist ideas. It was realized in various ways, like adopting the law on education for all, accurately outlined and sustained in the spirit of communist moral curriculums, constant expansion of the network of teaching and educational establishments, attraction of children and studying youth to the pioneer and Komsomol organizations, various actions of out-of-class influence on pupils.It is proved that for restoration of a totalitarian regime in the western regions of Ukraine, suppressing of the national-liberation movement, destruction of the Ukrainian national idea and traditions, the Soviet system applied all possible means. A great attention was drawn to propaganda-ideological methods. A whole branched system of ideological-propaganda influence in all strata and groups of the population, including universities, was created. Mass media, evident propaganda, education, culture, attributes of the Soviet way of life were the tools of the Soviet propaganda. However, considering small efficiency of ideological influences on the population of Drohobych region, forceful methods became dominating in overcoming of the resistance to the Soviet regime. ; Сталінський режим для свого відновлення та функціонування в західних областях України використовував різноманітні засоби ідеологічно-пропагандистської «обробки» населення. В умовах, коли наша держава зазнала військово-політичної агресії з боку Російськлої Федерації, потужної інформаційної війни, важливо проаналізувати механізми поширення антинаціональної і антидержавницької пропаганди в історичному розрізі у межах конкретних регіонів, щоб виробити ефективні шляхи її протидії.Метою статті є висвітлення змісту та заходів ідеологічно-пропагандистської політики радянської системи в західних областях України у процесі відновлення радянського режиму в краї на основі матеріалів Дрогобицької області.1944 – 1945 роки це період відновлення радянської системи в краї. Першочерговими завданнями влади на місцях було відновити діяльність партійних й державних органів, які мали проводити широкомасштабну політичну роботу, розгорнути ідеологічний наступ на всі сфери життя. Інформаційно-пропагандистський штурм мав насамперед довести неможливість успішного спротиву режимові, дискредитувати визвольний рух, «відірвати основну масу населення з-під впливу українських-німецьких націоналістів».Політична недовіра до місцевих була однією з причин того, що керівні органи формувалися винятково з присланих кадрів, які вводилися до номенклатури області. Приїжджі з інших регіонів України та СРСР мали стати опорою системи в «зараженому націоналізмом регіоні», нести в «маси» комуністичну ідеологію. Виконувати важливі ідеологічно-пропагандистські завданння мали партійні, комсомольські, профспілкові організації, які створювалися на всіх підприємствах і установах Дрогобицької області. Комуністи та комсомольці, як найбільш свідомі, мали нести основний тягар суспільно-політичної та громадсько-організаційної роботи на місцях, здійснювати ідеологічну обробку населення з ключових для влади питань. Для підготовки та перепідготовки кадрів для ідеологічно-пропагандистської роботи на рівні республіки і областей почала формуватися система партійних освітніх закладів. Основні функції управління агітацією і пропагандою мав відділ пропаганди та агітації при ЦК КП(б)У, а також відповідні структурні підрозділи у компартійних комітетах різних рівнів. Для масового ідеологічного впливу на населення була розроблена ціла система суспільно-політичних заходів. Найбільш поширеною їх формою були лекції. Систематично проводилися мітинги, збори, наради, семінари, бесіди. Основним завданням ідеологічно-пропагандистської політики радянської влади було охопити максимально усі групи тодішнього населення. Особливе значення для партійно-радянського керівництва мала робота серед інтелігенції. Жінок, молоді.Пропагування комуністичних ідей, забезпечення підтримки політики радянської влади в регіоні, організації ідеологічно-політичної боротьби проти ОУН і УПА здійснювали центральні та місцеві засоби масової інформації. Преса, радіо забезпечували інформаційний супровід системи. Важливими ідеологічними інструментами мали стати кіно, театр, радіо.Здійснюючи освітньо-виховну політику партії, державні органи освіти створювали умови для того, щоб усі діти, підлітки, юнаки і дівчата відвідували школу, а отже, щоб усі вони з раннього віку проймалися партійно-комуністичними ідеями. Це реалізовувалося різноманітними шляхами: впровадженням закону про всеобуч, чітко окресленими і витриманими в дусі комуністичної ідейності навчальними програмами, постійним розширенням мережі навчально-виховних закладів, залученням дітей та учнівської молоді до піонерських і комсомольських організацій, різноманітними заходами позакласного впливу на учнів.Доведено, що для відновлення тоталітарного режиму в західних областях України, подолання національно-визвольного руху, знищення української національної ідеї, національних традицій, радянська система застосовувала усі можливі чинники. Велика увага приділялася пропагандистсько-ідеологічним методам. Була створена розгалужена система ідеологічно-пропагандистського впливу у на всі верстви та групи населення. Інструментами радянської пропаганди були засоби масової інформації, наочна агітація, освіта, культура, атрибути радянського способу життя. З огляду на малу ефективність ідеологічних впливів на населення Дрогобицької області, насильницькі методи стали панівними у подоланні спротиву радянському режимові.

ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about the tasks and authority of DPRD in the supervision of the implementation of regional regulation and regional revenue budget based on Law Number 23 Year 2014 on Regional Government (Study In Melawi Regency DPRD). The method used in this research is Normative - Sociological approach. The conclusion of this thesis is the Form of Supervision of the Implementation of Perda and APBD conducted by the Melawi Regency DPRD, the function of the supervision of regional regulations is very important which gives opportunity to DPRD to be more active and creative in facing various obstacles to the implementation of local. Through the supervision of the council, the executive as policy implementer will be protected from various deviations and misappropriation, from the results of the supervision of the council will be taken refinement measures to improve the implementation of the policy. To avoid administrative errors in the governance of the local government bureaucracy without their realizing it can lead to allegations of criminal acts of corruption for public officials who handle these public affairs. The existence of parliamentary oversight will provide sufficient effective protection against the executive in running the governance bureaucracy optimally. Supervision of Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget is essentially a policy instrument that is used as a tool to improve public services and welfare of the people in the regions, therefore, DPRD and local government should strive to create real and structured APBD that can reflect the real needs of society in accordance with potential of each. Form of Supervision of APBD Implementation conducted by DPRD Melawi The success of a clean and authoritative government requires the active and positive participation of all members of the community. Factors that cause the Supervision of the Implementation of Perda and APBD can not be fully implemented by the DPRD of Melawi Regency is the Integrity of DPRD Members as People's Representatives. The DPRD members have not demonstrated their supervisory capacity as the people's representatives, they prioritize their personal interests as party members. As a result DPRD members have not fully implemented the mandate of the people and should be accountable to the people. Facility factors include work facilities, research facilities and libraries that can assist the insights and knowledge of board members, a shortage of secretarial staff and professional expert staff who assist the work of the DPRD. Lack of Working Visit to the community during recess and Factors of concern when news can offend executives still strong. As a result, the mass media has not yet realized the proportional control function, as well as being the media of information connecting the council with the community. The Consequences of Laws and Legal Effects are Not Implemented Completely Duties and Powers of the DPRD In Supervising the Implementation of Regional Regulations and Budgets that arise in the implementation of DPRD supervision, no procedural procedures and violations by the Regional Government against the legislation and Good Governance of the Good Governance (AAUB), so that there are legal sanctions that may be imposed on the offender. The DPRD has the functions of legislation, budget, and supervision. The supervisory function is primarily directed towards the implementation of local regulations and other legislation, regional head regulations, regional budgets, and local government policies in implementing regional development programs, as well as international cooperation in the regions. Keywords: Supervision, Local Regulation, and Budget, Regional Income. ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang Tugas Dan Wewenang DPRD Dalam Pengawasan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah Dan Anggaran Pendapatan Daerah Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Studi Di DPRD Kabupaten Melawi). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalaha pendekatan Normatif - Sosiologis. Kesimpulan dari tesis ini adalah Bentuk Pengawasan Pelaksanaan Perda dan APBD yang dilakukan oleh DPRD Kabupaten Melawi, Fungsi pengawasan peraturan daerah sangat­lah penting yang memberikan kesempatan ke­pada DPRD untuk lebih aktif dan kreatif me­nyikapi berbagai kendala terhadap pelaksanaan perda. Melalui pengawasan dewan, eksekutif sebagai pelaksana kebijakan akan terhindar dari berbagai penyimpangan dan penyelewengan, dari hasil pengawasan dewan akan diambil tindakan penyempurnaan memperbaiki pelaksanaan kebijakan tersebut. Untuk menghindari berbagai kesalahan administratif dalam tata laksana birokrasi pemerintahan daerah tanpa mereka sadari dapat bermuara pada dugaan tindak pidana koropsi bagi pejabat publik yang me­nangani urusan publik tersebut. Adanya penga­wasan DPRD akan memberikan perlindungan yang cukup efektif terhadap eksekutif dalam menjalankan tata laksana birokrasi pemerintahan secara optimal. Pengawasan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah pada hakekatnya merupakan instrumen kebijakan yang dipakai sebagai alat untuk meningkatkan pelayanan umum dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di daerah, oleh karena itu, DPRD dan pemerintah daerah harus berupaya secara nyata dan terstruktur guna menghasilkan APBD yang dapat mencerminkan kebutuhan riil masyarakat sesuai dengan potensi daerah masing-masing. Bentuk Pengawasan Pelaksanaan APBD yang dilakukan oleh DPRD Melawi Keberhasilan mewujudkan pemerintahan yang bersih dan berwibawa membutuhkan peran serta yang aktif dan positif dari seluruh anggota masyarakat. Faktor-Faktor yang menyebabkan Pengawasan Pelaksanaan Perda dan APBD tidak dapat dilaksanakan sepenuhnya oleh DPRD Kabupaten Melawi ialah Integritas Anggota DPRD Sebagai Wakil Rakyat, Para anggota DPRD belum menunjukkan kapasitas pengawasannya sebagai wakil rakyat, mereka lebih mengedepankan kepentingan personalnya sebagai anggota partai. Akibatnya anggota DPRD belum sepenuhnya melaksanakan mandat dari rakyat dan seharusnya bertanggung jawab kepada rakyat. Faktor sarana meliputi fasilitas kerja, sarana penelitian dan perpusatakaan yang dapat membantu wawasan dan pengetahuan anggota dewan, kekurangan tenaga sekretariat dan staf ahli yang profesional yang membantu tugas kerja DPRD. Kurangnya Kunjungan Kerja ke masyarakat pada masa reses dan Faktor adanya kekhawatiran bila pemberitaan dapat menyinggung eksekutif masih kental. Akibatnya, media massa belum merealisasikan fungsi pengawasan secara proporsional, serta menjadi media informasi yang meng-hubungkan dewan dengan masyarakat.Konsekuwensi Hukum Dan Akibat Hukum Tidak Terlaksana Sepenuhnya Tugas Dan Wewenang DPRD Dalam Pengawasan Pelaksanaan Perda Dan APBD yang timbul dalam pelaksanaan pengawasan DPRD, disebabkan karena tidak dilaksanakan prosedur dan adanya pelanggaran oleh Pemerintah Daerah terhadap Peraturan perundang-undangan dan Asaz-asaz Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik (AAUB), sehingga ada sangsi-sangsi hukum yang dapat dikenakan pada pelanggarnya. DPRD memiliki fungsi legislasi, anggaran, dan pengawasan. Fungsi pengawasan terutama ditujukan terhadap pelaksanaan Perda dan peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya, peraturan kepala daerah, APBD, dan kebijakan pemerintah daerah dalam melaksanakan program pembangunan daerah, serta kerja sama internasional di daerah. Kata Kunci: Pengawasan,Peraturan Daerah, dan Anggaran, Pendapatan Daerah.

With 1200 years of history Scotland has some unique culture events and celebrations associated with many wars, religion, famous people, its relationship to England, Ireland and Wales. Food, music and dress and major parts of most holidays. Haggis is a traditional food made of the minced lungs, heart, and liver of a sheep, encased in the stomach along with beef or lamb, onions, and spices. It is often served with neeps (turnips) and tatties (potatoes). Other traditional foods include shortbread and scones. Shortbread is a cross between a cracker and cookie made from flour, sugar, and butter. Scones are similar in appearance to American biscuits, but more of a pastry, can be sweet or savory, depending on the ingredients. Non-Alcoholic Irn Bru Irn Bru is a bright orange carbonated soft drink that has higher sales than both Coke and Pepsi in Scotland. Irn Bru is regarded as Scotland's other national drink in addition to Scotch Whisky. It can be described as tasting sweet like bubble gum with a tingly feeling like popping candy. It has a hint of vanilla/citrus flavor and a slightly metallic aftertaste. Some even claim that it's a hangover cure. Bagpipes Bagpipes are the most recognizable instrument. They are on grand display in the The Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo. There you will also find performers and others dress in Scottish plaid and kilts which are traditional dress. The Highland Games held throughout the summer are also times to witness the bagpipes and traditional dress. Hogmanay Hogmanay means New Year's Eve (Dec. 31) and is more important to some Scottish people than even Christmas. As having a dirty house at midnight on Hogmanay is considered bad luck, it is common to spend the day cleaning. At midnight, people stand in a circle, cross their arms, hold hands with the people next to them and sing Auld Lang Syne, an original Scottish song. Another Hogmanay tradition is called first-footing. The first person through the door at midnight should be male, with dark hair, bearing a gift of coal, shortbread, salt, black bun or whisky. This is said to ensure that the household will be safe, warm and have enough food for the winter. Some families go first-footing until the wee hours of the morning. New Year's Day (Jan 1) and New Year's Holiday (Jan. 2) New Year's Day (Jan 1) and New Year's Holiday (Jan. 2) are Bank and public Holidays. Scotch Whiskey is consumed in large quantities during these two days and the day before. Toasting with Scotch whisky remains a popular tradition in the country. The word whisky originates from "the Gaelic 'uisge beatha', or 'usquebaugh', meaning 'water of life'" and the beverage can be traced back to a 1494 official reference, though some think it was developed way before that. Burns Supper Burns Supper is a holiday which tributes famous Scottish poet Rabbie (Robert) Burns and is held on January 25, the anniversary of his 1759 birth. One of his most famous poems, The Address to the Haggis, has become central to the celebration of Burns Supper. The ritual consists of reading Burns' work and eating a meal that includes haggis, neeps and tatties rounded off with drams of whisky. At the end of the evening, everyone joins hands and sings Burns' most popular work, "Auld Lang Syne" which is also traditionally sung on New Year's Eve. Good Friday (April -date varies but it is a Bank Holiday) According to the Bible, Jesus Christ's death and resurrection occurred around the time of the Jewish Passover, which was celebrated on the first Full Moon following the vernal equinox. This soon led to Christians celebrating Easter on different dates. Good Friday is the day when Christians commemorate Jesus Christ's crucifixion, which plays an important part in the Christian faith. Bank Holidays (May Day -First Monday in May and Spring Holiday-Last Monday in May) Bank Holidays are public holidays and regulated by law. There are 9 Bank Holidays. Scotland has harmonized most of these public days with England and Wales. Summer Holiday (First Monday in August is a Bank Holiday) Halloween Halloween is similar to Halloween in other parts of world. On October 31, children dress up in costumes and go door-to-door, trying to get candy. In Scotland, this is called 'guising' (from the word 'disguising'), whereas in the U.S. it's called trick-or-treating. Guy Fawkes Night Guy Fawkes Night, or Bonfire Night, is celebrated on November 5. Guy Fawkes was a Catholic who tried to blow up Parliament in the 1600's using gunpowder. He was caught and executed by burning. Every year, before Halloween, Scots make an effigy of Guy Fawkes using clothing stuffed with straw and a pumpkin head. After Halloween, they wheel the scarecrow around the neighborhood calling, "A penny for the Guy," attempting to collect pennies to buy fireworks. On this night the effigy is burned over a large bonfire, followed by a fireworks show. St. Andrew's Day (Nov 30 and Bank Holiday) St. Andrew's Day, the national day of Scotland is celebrated on Nov. 30. Saint Andrew was one of the 12 apostles of Christ. The flag of Scotland, the St Andrew's Cross, was chosen in honor of him. Also, the ancient town of St Andrews was named due to its claim of being the final resting place of St Andrew. Christmas Day (December 25 -Bank Holiday) Christmas was first called Yule but in the post reformation period the celebration was suppressed. Two acts 1640 and 1690 abolished Christmas recess. Laws in 1686 and 1711 partly repealed some of the early restrictions. But the day was observed very quietly as the Scottish Church a Presbyterian church for various reasons never placed much emphasis on the day. Christmas day only became a public holiday in 1958. Boxing Day (December 26- Bank Holiday) A 'Christmas Box' in Britain is a name for a Christmas present. Boxing Day was traditionally a day off for servants and the day when they received a 'Christmas Box' from the master. Traditionally, it was day when employers distributed money, food, cloth or other valuable goods to their employees. The servants would also go home on Boxing Day to give 'Christmas Boxes' to their families. It became a public holiday in Scotland in 1974.