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"Since August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair looms large when recounting the history and impact of the baby boom generation and the societal upheavals of the Sixties. Scholars study the sociological, political, musical, and artistic impact of the event and use it as a cultural touchstone when exploring alternative perspectives or seeking clarity. This interdisciplinary annotated bibliography records the details of over 400 English-language resources on the Festival, including books, chapters, articles, websites, transcriptions and videos. Divided into six main subsections―Culture & Society, History, Biography, Music, Film, Arts & Literature―for ease of consultation Woodstock Scholarship sheds light on all facets of a key happening in our collective history. Throughout the 1960s, popular music became increasingly reflective and suggestive of the rising political and social consciousness of the youth culture. Examples can be seen in the development of the protest song genre within the folk music boom of the early Sixties and the marriage of lifestyle to music first reflected by The Beatles with fashion, followed by psychedelic music with the emerging drug culture. Woodstock was where these themes coalesced, thus becoming the defining and last great moment of the 1960s. However, Woodstock also represented an abundant amount of experiences and ideas and moments. Thus, when exploring the complicated accounts and numerous facets of America during the turbulent Sixties one discovers scholarship on the key subjects, such as the Vietnam War or the Civil Rights Movement, often considering and debating the importance, relevance, and epic nature of Woodstock. Multiple narratives emerge: a radical engagement of the hippie movement, an overt commercial exploitation of youth culture, a political statement. Woodstock scholarship does not stand alone as field of study, but it is at the cross-road of a number of disciplines―music history, cultural studies, sociology, arts and literature, media studies, politics and economics. Providing full bibliographical details and concise, informative annotation for each entry, Woodstock Scholarship is an essential tool for students, scholars, teachers, and librarians in all these areas, as well as for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of both the Woodstock Music and Art Fair phenomenon and of the confluence of music, commerce and politics."

When the polygraph was developed in the early twentieth century, its creators promised a reliable security technology that would furnish mutual trust between individuals, in corporations, and between government and citizens. The history of the use of the lie detector, however, shows that it was not a reliable technology and often exacerbated distrust and conflicts due to the confrontational methodology and the unsubstantiated assumptions governing its use. This history shows that security concerns—namely, the need to uphold a posture of deterrence—and bureaucratic prerogatives of the Central Intelligence Agency made the polygraph nevertheless useful. However, a regime of security did not lead to conditions of trust. This insight is crucial for an understanding of early twenty-first truth technologies based on surveillance that appears less intrusive than lie detection via the polygraph. Security technologies such as brain scanning or biometrics rely on similarly flawed assumptions about human physiology and the possibility of its representation through technology as well as ideological assumptions about the proper social relationships between individuals and between government and citizens, none of which tend to favor mutual trust. ; When the polygraph was developed in the early twentieth century, its creators promised a reliable security technology that would furnish mutual trust between individuals, in corporations, and between government and citizens. The history of the use of the lie detector, however, shows that it was not a reliable technology and often exacerbated distrust and conflicts due to the confrontational methodology and the unsubstantiated assumptions governing its use. This history shows that security concerns—namely, the need to uphold a posture of deterrence—and bureaucratic prerogatives of the Central Intelligence Agency made the polygraph nevertheless useful. However, a regime of security did not lead to conditions of trust. This insight is crucial for an understanding of early twenty-first truth technologies based on surveillance that appears less intrusive than lie detection via the polygraph. Security technologies such as brain scanning or biometrics rely on similarly flawed assumptions about human physiology and the possibility of its representation through technology as well as ideological assumptions about the proper social relationships between individuals and between government and citizens, none of which tend to favor mutual trust.

Прецедентные ситуации как ярчайшие черты современного русского языка изучаются в статье на материале более 6200 сравнительных конструкций, отобранных методом сплошной выборки из произведений художественной литературы, средств массовой информации, устной речи и др. Сравнения с прецедентными ситуациями очень ярки и отражают отношение языковой личности к наиболее значительным, по ее мнению, событиям истории, политики и т. п. Анализ апелляций к историческим ситуациям дает представление о том, насколько знает и любит историю современный носитель русского языка. Чаще всего языковая личность апеллирует к прецедентным ситуациям из сферы истории, при этом самый значительный источник прецедентных ситуаций для сравнения Великая Отечественная война, многие эпизоды которой даже играют роль символов. Внимание же к американской истории не просто демонстрирует хорошее знание истории одной из зарубежных стран, но может свидетельствовать также об американизации современной языковой личности, усилении влияния культуры, истории, политики США на систему культурных кодов среднего российского гражданина. Кроме того, выбирая как широко известные, так и менее знакомые реципиенту факты истории, создатель сравнения способствует повышению культурного уровня адресата текста. ; The precedent situations as one of the brightest features of the modern Russian language are examined on the material obtained from more than 6200 comparative phrasiological constructions thoroughly selected from the works of fiction, mass media, oral speeches, etc. Comparisons rich with precedent situations are very bright and reflect the attitude of the language personality toward the most significant, in his or her view, events of the history, politics, etc. Analysis of the appeals to different historical situations helps to understand and assess the depth of love and knowledge commanded by native speakers. Most frequently, the language personality appeals to historical situations. The Great Patriotic War is the most significant source of precedent situations for comparison. A lot of the Great Patriotic War episodes play the role of symbols. References to the events of American history speak of good knowledge of the history of one of the foreign countries and may also indicate Americanization of the modern language personality; enhancement of the influence of the U.S culture, history, and politics on the system of cultural codes inherent to the average Russian citizen. Moreover, a creator of the comparison contributes to the increase of the addressee's cultural level.

У статті досліджено методологічний зміст ідеологічної критики філософії Мартіна Гайдеґґера в оцінці Герберта Маркузе. Виявлено моменти наближення Г. Маркузе до екзистенціальної аналітики "Буття та часу" та поступового подолання екзистенціалізму в іманентних горизонтах марксизму. Визначено критичний акцент Г. Маркузе на нейтральному та ідеологічному характері гайдеґґерівської категоріальної парадигми. ; В статье исследуется методологическое содержание идеологической критики философии Мартина Хайдеггера в оценке Герберта Маркузе. Выявлены моменты сближения Г. Маркузе с экзистенциальной аналитикой "Бытия и времени" и постепенного преодоления экзистенциализма в имманентных горизонтах марксизма. Обозначен критический акцент Г. Маркузе на нейтральном и идеологическом характере хайдеггеровской категориальной парадигмы. ; Nowadays the Ukrainian historical and philosophical science is going through a harsh crisis of methodology, caused by distortion of universal coordinates of scientific thinking allegedly providing the condition of the so-called methodological pluralism. Numerous discussions focus on the question about the very scientific nature of history of philosophy as a branch of knowledge. The tendency which appears to prevail in such disputes defines history of philosophy as philosophy in contrast to the opinion that history of philosophy should be rather seen as approximate to social history. This paper aims at revealing relevant methodological instruments of historical reconstruction of philosophical forms in the concreteness of their existence, conditioned by lives of real people with their real ends and drives. Thus we address Herbert Marcuse's critique of Martin Heidegger's philosophy, since once being a Heidegger's assistant he adopted a highly critical position towards his master's philosophy.Heidegger's Being and Time attracted Marcuse by existential analytics of Being-in-the-world of Dasein and the perspective on historicity of humane condition. In Marcuse's eye Heidegger had come close to the breakthrough towards maintaining of concrete philosophy, providing possibilities of philosophical approach to social realities. By 1932 Marcuse's attempts to reconcile categories of Heideggerian paradigm with strategies of Marxism proved to be a failure. After 1932 Marcuse finds the resources of theoretical enrichment in Marx's Economical and Political Manuscripts of 1844 and distances himself from Heidegger. Nevertheless Heideggerian moments appear to be employed further on in his thinking. Marcuse's critique provides us with an efficient assessment of Heidegger's key concepts as neutralized terms, unable of reaching out to the very reality of human existence, being ideological doubles of sociologicaly valid terminology.

The existence of characters in Joyce's dream world of Finnegans Wake rarely proves their singular presence in the text. As readers we are led to incorporate different characters into our interpretation of any one character; the temporal and historical circularity of the Wake is then personified in a whirlpool of characterization. Comprising both the motion and consistency of this whirlpool, Anna Livia is most certainly the nexus of activity for the otherwise sleepy Earwicker narrative. Yet, recognizing the textual motion of both the character and concept of ALP, (or even simply the potential for signifying motion within the text) as the imperative force of the Wake destabilizes the relationship between reader and text and redefines the way we generate meaning, the way we read, analyze and write. The experience of such recognition can often be uncomfortable; Joyce's evocation of textual nonlinearity within the Wake is intensely present for the reader in a way that it is not in many other twentieth-century novels, especially in its embodiment of both the political history of Ireland and the aesthetics of that history. In the discussion that follows, I will suggest that the discomfort of reading the Wake is a generative process that typifies not only the function of writing and why we continue to write about books like Finnegans Wake, but also the interminable continuation of the discursive archive, which manifests in the Wake as both a reproductive, memorializing motion and an impotent, often destructive representation of memory. I employ the concept of archive in this reading to signify not only the literal collection of information in the Wake, but, more importantly, the powerful aesthetic experience that the consumption of that information may engender. As Carolyn Steedman articulates, this experience is at once historical, linguistic, and political: "In a proper and expanded definition of 'archive' this system of recording (listing in particular), storage and retrieval, is an aspect of the history of written language, and the politics of that history." Joyce's text, particularly in the Anna Livia chapter, embodies simultaneity both in its story, riddled with the dreaming language of portmanteau, and in its engagement with the very system that lends order to all forms of storytelling, historical, political, or otherwise: the archive.

The review of "A 100 años de su descubrimiento, Alta Vista" (Alta Vista: 100 Years After its Discovery) by J. Humberto Medina González and Baudelina L. García Uranga analyses the contributions of this book recently published by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (National Institute of Anthropology and History, INAH) and the State Government of Zacatecas, México. Being the result of more than twenty years of research in the field, cabi net and in archives of different nature in Mexico and the United States of America, this work represents a compilation of great relevance for the archaeology of northern Mexico because it provides an overview of all the conservation and restoration activities carried out in one of the most important archaeological sites of the region. A learned iconographic study stands out among the interpretative content of the book, which describes the history and meaning of the representation of eagles devouring serpents. This representation appeared as a decoration on several ceramics encountered throughout Alta Vista's history. Finally, this volume brings together information regarding the conservation on the earthen architecture of the site, a history of interventions that goes back to the beginnings of the nineteenth century. ; La reseña del libro A 100 años de su descubrimiento, Alta Vista, de J. Humberto Medina González y Baudelina L. García Uranga, publicado recientemente por el Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) y el Gobierno del estado de Zacatecas, analiza su contenido y aportaciones: el libro compila más de 20 años de investigación en campo, en gabinete y en archivos de diversa índole de México y los Estados Unidos de América, de gran relevancia para la arqueología del norte de México, en tanto que recorre todos los trabajos de conservación y restauración que se han hecho en Alta Vista, uno de los sitios más importantes de esta región. En el análisis interpretativo destaca un erudito estudio iconográfico de la historia y el significado de la representación de águilas devorando serpientes que aparecen en diversas cerámicas halladas a lo largo de su historia. Finalmente, este volumen reúne información acerca de la conservación de la arquitectura de tierra del sitio, una historia de intervenciones que dio inicio en los albores del siglo XX.

Murals are a highly prominent aspect of Los Angeles present day. The purpose of this study is to investigate the history and cultural production of early murals in greater Los Angeles, many of which still exist within interiors of old commercial and public buildings, together with a few external political murals from the 1930's. Little of this period has been previously documented and the scope of the study includes a short general history of American mural painting preceding the main period of focus which presents a survey of mural painting in the city from origin c.1900, and develops on the patrons and artists aligned with the city's history and political unrest prevalent in the United States throughout this period. My main conclusions revealed that unlike other cities in the U.S., Los Angeles does not have a history of Beaux-Arts murals; rather the mural movement sprang from the rapid development, commercialization and capitalization of the city from c.1900 to the late 1920's. During the Great Depression, the federal government took over sponsorship of the arts, and because capitalism as an economic system appeared to have failed, many artists became politicized; furthermore Mexican artists Rivera, Siqueiros and Orozco strongly influenced many American artists during the 1920s and 30s, aesthetically and politically. Among the issues the thesis examines in some depth includes the development over these Los Angeles years of the methods by which mural art was integrated into particular locations and the identities of public and private architectural formations. This establishes the collaboration between artists and architects and the way that some architects decided to push hard for its continuation, with artists devising a wealth of contrasting images. There is the expansion of urbanism, together with huge commercialization and the examination of creative street art. With the roots of the Depression the role of the state is identified and discussed, together with its major effects on Los Angeles mural artists, the role of various artists also identified together with a deep exploration of political convictions and their problematic outcomes. This is a marker on the way this inner city and its suburbs formed, and is original in displaying the visual terms of Greater Los Angeles and its mural outcomes in the first half of the twentieth century.

Im Zuge des ?cultural turn? in der Geschichtswissenschaft erfährt Sport als kulturelles Phänomen zunehmende Aufmerksamkeit unter Historikern. Der Fußball, als weit verbreitete und beliebte Sportart, steht dabei im Zentrum der kulturwissenschaftlichen Forschung. Große Fußballvereine blicken oftmals auf eine über 100 Jahre währende Vergangenheit zurück, in der sie zu Sinnbildern und Stellvertretern kollektiver Identitäten wurden. Eines der prägnantesten und auch berühmtesten Beispiele hierfür ist zweifelsohne der Futbol Club Barcelona, dessen Extrasportivität bereits im Vereinsmotto verdeutlicht wird. Im Laufe der nunmehr 111-jährigen Geschichte wurde aus einer Gemeinschaft fußballbegeisterter Einwanderer eine 175.000 Mitglieder starke, soziokulturelle Institution, die sich zum Identitätsträger einer sich konsolidierenden katalanischen Nation entwickelte. Aus einem Verein wurde ?mehr als ein Verein?. Durch Instrumentalisierungen im ereignisreichen 20. Jahrhundert überlagerten sich die Felder Sport, Kultur und Politik, wodurch die Geschichte des Fußballclubs mit einer allgemeinen Zeitgeschichte koinzidierte. Die dargebotene historiografische Aufarbeitung des FC Barcelona und sein Widerstandskampf gegen Repressionen autoritärer Regime dienen somit zugleich dem Verständnis einer katalanischen Identität als ?unterdrückte Nation?. Wer diese historisch gewachsene Parallelität zwischen Verein und Nation versteht, erkennt das immer noch währende soziokulturelle Potential des FC Barcelona, der auch im 21. Jahrhundert eine wesentliche Rolle in der Konstruktion katalanischer Identität spielen wird. ; In the course of the ?cultural turn? in historical science, sport as a cultural phenomenon gets more and more attention from historians. Football, as a wide spread and popular sport, forms the centre of interests of cultural science research. Great football-teams often look back on a history of more than a hundred years, which made them symbols and surrogates of corporate identities. One of the most significant and most famous examples is without a doubt the Futbol Club Barcelona, whose extrasportivity already gets illustrated in the motto of the club. During its nowadays 111-years-history a community of football-affine immigrants became a socio-cultural institution with 175.000 members, that evolved into an icon of identity of a consolidating Catalan nation. A club became ?more than a club?. Because of the instrumentalisations in the eventful 20th century the fields of sport, culture and politics interfered with each other, whereby the history of the football club coincided with a general contemporary history. The presented historiographical process of the FC Barcelona and its resistance to repressions of authoritarian regimes serve for the understatement of Catalan identity as a ?repressed nation?. Who understands this parallelism of club and nation, realizes the still existing socio-cultural potential of the FC Barcelona, that will play a significant role in the construction of Catalan identity in the 21st century as well. ; vorgelegt von Christian Eberle ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2010 ; (VLID)213534

¿Cómo hacer la historia de las poblaciones? En las décadas de posguerra, la respuesta es proporcionada por Louis Henry, en el INED, quien promueve una demografía histórica esencialmente estadística, no sin el legado de Femand Braudel y de la escuela de los Anales. Pero durante los años 1980, la deconstrucción de categorías inspirada por Michel Foucault, la crítica del objetivismo, el descubrimiento por la historia de la estadística de raíces ideológicas ambiguas en la demografía (natalismo, eugenismo, voluntad de control biopolítico), desestabilizan la disciplina. Para impedir que la reflexividad sustituya a la producción de conocimientos, se introducen nuevos métodos (la micro-historia) y nuevos objetos (las instituciones). A la antigua demografía histórica le sucederá una historia social y política de las poblaciones. Su objeto es la construcción simultánea de instituciones, políticas y conocimientos relativos a las poblaciones. Condorcet, combatido por Malthus, Achule Guillard, inventor de la palabra demografía, y por supuesto Maurice Halbwachs, han formalizado la naturaleza «social» de la población. En oposición a las tentaciones sociobiológicas contemporáneas, el vínculo orgánico entre población y protección social provoca toda la cuestión de la auto-creación de la sociedad.During the first decades following World War II, population history was dominated by the model of "historical demography" designed by Louis Henry at INED, and taken over by Fernand Braudel and the Annales school. But in the 1980s, the Henry model was called into question by deconstructionist approaches derived from Michel Foucault, and by critics against objectivism. At the same time, history of statistics discovered the ambiguous ideological roots of demography (pronatalism, eugenics, biopolitical thought). To pick up again, the discipline introduced new methods (micro-history) and new issues (institutions). As a result, nowadays, historical demography is more and more replaced by a social and political population history. It focuses on how institutions, policies and knowledge devoted to populations construct each other in an interactive, simultaneous process. Condorcet, who was fought against by Malthus; Achille Guillard, who coined the word "demography", and of course the durkheimian sociologist Maurice Halbwachs have formalised the "social" dimension of population. Contrary to current sociobiological temptations, the deep, organic tie between population and social protection raises the fundamental issue of how society endlessly shapes itself.

In A Bitter Revolution, Rana Mitter offers a broad-brushed interpretive essay intended for a general reader rather than a focused academic study. Because of his target audience and the expansiveness of his topic, Mitter's prose is informal and he frequently inserts textbook-style passages. Mitter intermittently offers his own illuminating readings of primary source material and throughout the work he engages with an impressive range of recently published scholarly research findings but, in the main, this book's originality lies in its integrative and sweeping narrative reading of China's modern revolutionary history.Mitter's account is organized around a number of biographical sketches (most prominently of Zou Taofen and Du Zhongyuan) and several key historiographical contentions. Cumulatively, those contentions serve to open modern Chinese history to a range of new approaches and questions. First, Mitter argues that Chinese historians must resist the habit of centring their interpretive focus on the Communist story given the relative brevity of the Communist revolution and the fact that three very important decades have passed since its high point. This leads to the second contention – namely that in important ways contemporary Chinese politics and society share more in common with the May Fourth period than they do with the Maoist era. As Mitter sees it, the May Fourth movement, and the political and cultural pluralism of the pre-war Republican period more broadly, have remained highly relevant over the course of modern Chinese history. For this reason, he chooses to weave his narrative around that generation's passage through life during the 20th century. Thirdly, interpreters of modern Chinese history must do more to foreground the complex and multiple ways that the broader international political environment influenced China's revolutionary process over the course of the 20th century. And fourthly, it is as important to understand daily life and how it has changed over time as it is to study the large, abstract forces that shape society. In recent decades these historiographical ideas have steadily gained ground within the field of modern Chinese history, yet Mitter is among the first to build a sustained narrative statement on 20th-century China around them. In presenting this synthetic account, Mitter has performed an important and very useful service to the field.

Using the results of the poll on the eve of the 2003 parliamentary elections, the author analyzes the determinants of their ideological cleavages. The analysis shows that the most significant determinants are the attitudes concerning the role of tradition & the Catholic Church in the society, the role of women in the society, the attitude towards the minority groups & the attitude to the Croatian history, primarily regarding World War Two & the post-war period. Of all the attitudes-measuring variables the most significant ones for the ideological left-right self-identification are those concerning the role of the Church & tradition & the attitude towards the history. The most important determinants of concrete ideological orientations in Croatia are those variables that measure the attitudes to traditional values & the role of the Church in the society, the attitude to the minorities & the position of women & the attitude to the history. While the attitudes to tradition & the role of the Catholic Church, & to a somewhat smaller extent to the minorities & the position of women in the society distinguish the liberals & social-democrats from the Christian-democrats, the attitude to the history distinguishes primarily the liberals from the social-democrats. The analysis has also shown that the variables measuring the attitude to the parties undoubtedly have the biggest influence on ideological self-identification, whether this is the left-right self-identification, or the identification with a concrete ideological orientation. However, in interpreting these results one should bear in mind that the causal link among these variables can be established both ways. Nevertheless, regarding the level of political sophistication of the public it might be said that the respondents will more easily identify with a party than an ideology, which for most voters is an abstract category. Party identification (preference) may be a consequence of a variety of factors ranging from the early political socialization in the family to the ideological affinity concerning certain issues or trust in party leadership etc. Hence we can conclude that regarding their ideological self-identification the respondents use their party identification as an information shortcut in order to get their bearing in, for most voters, the abstract world of ideologies. Tables, Graphs, Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.

Untersucht wird die Geschichte des Führerkorps des nationalsozialistischen Reichsarbeitsdienstes von seinen Anfängen im Freiwilligen Arbeitsdienst der Weimarer Republik bis zu den Traditionsverbänden der ehemaligen Führer in der Gegenwart. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf der Sozial- und Institutionsgeschichte des Führerkorps, die um alltags- und mentalitätsgeschichtliche Aspekte ergänzt werden. Auf der Grundlage einer statistischen Auswertung von 1000 Personalakten werden die Zusammensetzung und die Sozialstruktur des Führerkorps, seine "Gleichschaltung" sowie seine Beziehungen zu Militär, Nationalsozialismus und Kirche analysiert. Als Folie für die Interpretation dient der Vergleich mit anderen Berufsgruppen sowie den Führerkorps anderer NS-Organisationen. Aufbauend auf dieser prosopographischen Untersuchung wird anhand von zeitgenössischen und autobiographischen Äußerungen von Arbeitsdienstführern erklärt, warum der Arbeitsdienst so positiv erlebt wurde, daß er Teil der Identität vieler Führer wurde, und welche Faktoren zur Entstehung einer Gemeinschaft unter den Führern beitrugen, die bis in die jüngste Vergangenheit hinein bestand. Das primäre Interesse gilt hierbei den Mechanismen, mit denen der totalitäre NS-Staat bei den Angehörigen seiner unteren und mittleren Führungs- und Trägerschichten Loyalität erzeugte und erhielt. Schließlich wird die Rolle der Führer im Lageralltag und in der Lagererziehung des Reichsarbeitsdienstes betrachtet. Die Strukturen der Lager und die zu konstatierende Diskrepanz zwischen Anspruch und Realität der Lagererziehung lassen dabei Schlüsse auf Charakter und Funktion des Arbeitsdienstes im "Dritten Reich" zu. ; This study focuses on the history of the Leader Corps (Führerkorps) of the German National Socialist Reich labour service (Reichsarbeitsdienst). Starting with its beginnings in the voluntary labour service (Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst) during the Weimar Republic the study follows its development up to current day veteran associations of the former leaders. It emphasises the social and the institutional history of the leadership, supplemented by aspects of everyday life history and mentality history. On the basis of a statistical evaluation of 1000 personal files, the analysis centres on the composition and social structure of the leadership, its "Gleichschaltung" and its relation to the military, national socialism and the church. These interpretations are then compared and contrasted with other occupational groups and leaderships of other "Third Reich" organizations. Based on this prosopographical study, it is explained - using contemporary and autobiographical material - why the labour service itself was experienced so positively, that it became part of its leaders identities, and which factors furthered the emergence, and ensured the continuance, of a community until very recently. The main focus here is on the mechanisms that the totalitarian NS-regime used to produce, encourage and maintain loyalty by the members of its lower and middle leaderships. Finally, the role of these leaders in everyday Camp life and Camp education of the Reichsarbeitsdienst is examined; the structures of these Camps, and manifest discrepancy between the theory and reality of Camp education, clearly point to conclusions about the character and the function of the labour service in the "Third Reich".

The history and significance of the motifs used in Yoruba gourd carving in Nigeria has thus far been of very little concern to scholarship on the art. The repertoire of the motifs is very large and includes eight categories: geometric, texts, anthropomorphic, anthropo-zoomorphic, man-made object, zoomorphic, skeumorphic and floral, the last three of which are preferred for important commissions and are of particular interest to this work. Premised on the socio-historical significance of the motifs, this art historical exercise examines their entire range, iconological significance and history. The history of the motifs is sought in contemporary practice, the functions of carved gourds, oral tradition and the art history of Old Oyo, the kingdom from where the art originated in Yoruba land. The paper classify the development of the motifs into three chronological periods of pre-1836, post 1836 to 196O, and 196O to the 198Os. It observes that the zoomorphic motifs allude to the ecological reality in Yoruba homeland. The animals are also regarded as kings in their various typological and zoogeographical contexts and are therefore, with the crown and markhamia tomentosa, symbolic of kingship. Significantly, the motifs and their development attest to the participation of Yoruba art in the general education, stratification and political mobilization of the society. ; A história e o significado dos motivos utilizados na escultura em gourd (em formato de cuia (aproximado) oca) yoruba tem por muito tempo despertado pouco interesse nos estudos sobre arte. O repertório e as notícias são muito variados e indicam oito tipos. Levado pelo significado histórico-cultural dos motivos, este pequeno exercício de história da arte quer examinar suas variedades, seu significado iconográfico e sua história. A história dos motivos é analisada desde a perspectiva contemporânea e funcional, a partir da tradição oral e da história da arte da região do antigo Oyo, o reino que originou a arte na Yorubaland. O texto classifica o desenvolvimento dos motivos em três momentos cronológicos: pré-1836, entre 1836-1960 e entre 1960 até os anos 80. É possível constatar que os motivos zoomórficos fazem referência à realidade ecológica da terra natal dos Youruba. Os animais também são representados como reis nos vários contextos tipológicos e zoo-geogr

Problem. In the book of Daniel, The Michael figure, although mentioned only three times, occupies a prominent position in history and at the eschaton as the heavenly guardian prince of Israel. The Michael problem, although complex, may be understood as basically twofold: Who is Michael? What is Michael's function? In the first question, a basic issue is whether Michael is a prominent angel, or a divine, messianic being. Another issue in this same question is the extent to which Michael is to be identified with other OT beings, within or outside the book of Daniel, such as the Son of Man, Prince of the Host, and Angel of the Lord. In the second question, Michael's function in history in relation to the princes of Persia and Greece and his activity at the eschaton are considered. For example, is his function military, judicial, or both? Method. This was an exegetical study of the Michael passages in their historical setting with a comparison also of Michael with other OT figures. Conclusions. The conclusions reached are as follows: Michael is leader of the angelic hosts and of Israel, Daniel's people. He is Israel's patron, leader and. guardian, in history and at the eschaton. Michael appears to be more than an angel. With his own distinct identity, occupying a position of focus and attention more characteristic of the divine being and functioning as heavenly warrior who intervenes to save his people Israel, Michael is another depiction of God. Michael is identified with the Prince of the Host of Yahweh, a veiled depiction of God and the messianic, divine Son of Man. The Angel of the Lord is a precursor of Michael, functioning as God's visier and Israel's guardian, as does Michael in Daniel. Michael is God in His role as divine warrior, acting in behalf of His people Israel in salvation and judgment. The heavenly being who appeared in the fiery furnace is likely the divine Angel of the Lord, and is therefore probably Michael, Israel's guardian. Michael struggles in history with the demonic prince of Persia to prevent him from influencing the Persian king(s) to stop favoring Israel. Michael's eschatological functions are both judicial and military as he destroys the anti-God persecuting power, superintends the deliverance of Israel and the resurrection, and inaugurates the glorious new age.

Book reviewed in this article:Austrian Economics ECONOMIC THOUGHT BEFORE ADAM SMITH: AN AUSTRIAN PERSPECTIVE ON THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT, Vol.I CLASSICAL ECONOMICS: AN AUSTRIAN PERSPECTIVE ON THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT, Vol.II Murray N.Rothbard AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS IN AMERICA: THE MIGRATION OF A TRADITION Karen I.Vaughn THE MARKET PROCESS; ESSAYS IN CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS Peter J. Boettke and David L. Prychitko (eds.) CLASSICS IN AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS Israel M. Kirzner (ed.) THE ELGAR COMPANION TO AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS Peter J. Boettke (ed.)Environmental Economics SMALL IS STUPID: BLOWING THE WHISTLE ON THE GREENS Wilfred Beckerman RISK John Adams SCARCITY OR ABUNDANCE? A DEBATE ON THE ENVIRONMENT Norman Myers and Julian L. SimonMoney and Banking THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF CARTELIZATION IN BRITISH BANKING Martin Davies MONEY, CREDIT AND ASSET PRICES Gordon Pepper HISTORY OF BANKING 1050–1850 Forrest H. Capie (ed.) A HISTORY OF MONEY: FROM AD 800 John F. Chown THE FUTURE OF CENTRAL BANKING: THE TERCENTENARY SYMPOSIUM OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND Forrest Capie, Charles Goodhart, Stanley Fischer and Norbert SchnadtEconomic Policy THE STATE WE'RE IN Will Hutton CAPITALISM WITH A HUMAN FACE Samuel Brittan THE AGE OF DIMINISHED EXPECTATIONS Paul Krugman PEDDLING PROSPERITY: ECONOMIC SENSE AND NONSENSE IN THE AGE OF DIMINISHED EXPECTATIONS Paul Krugman AMERICAN ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1980S Martin Feldstein (ed.) THEORIES OF THE MIXED ECONOMY David Reisman (ed.)Taxation TAX PROGRESSIVITY AND INCOME INEQUALITY Joel B. Slemrod (ed.) THE POWER TO DESTROY: A STUDY OF THE BRITISH TAX SYSTEM D.R. MyddeltonIndustry, Finance & Labour INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES (2nd Edition) Paul R. Ferguson and Glenys J. Ferguson GENETIC ALGORITHMS AND INVESTMENT STRATEGIES Richard J. Bauer Jr. TRADING ON THE EDGE: NEURAL, GENETIC, AND FUZZY SYSTEMS FOR CHAOTIC FINANCIAL MARKETS Guido J. Deboeck (ed.) THE MARKET FOR TRAINING Robert McNabb and Keith Whitfield (eds.)Medicine & Health THE DEATH OF HUMANE MEDICINE AND THE RISE OF COERCIVE HEALTHISM Petr Skrabanek PREVENTIONITIS: THE EXAGGERATED CLAIMS OF HEALTH PROMOTION James Le Fanu (ed.) THE TRANS FORMATION OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY Herbert Kitschelt SOCIAL DEMOCRACY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AND RATIONAL CHOICE: THE SCANDINAVIAN EXPERIENCE AND BEYOND Henry Milner LOST OPPORTUNITY: WHY ECONOMIC REFORMS IN RUSSIA HAVE NOT WORKED Marshall I. GoldmanEurope THE ECONOMICS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: POLICY AND ANALYSIS M.J. Artis and N. Lee (eds.)