Suchergebnisse

The government of India in 2004—the year of loan appraisal—set the target of installing an additional 100 gigawatts (GW) of generating capacity to provide access to electricity for all households by 2012.1 At that time, India was experiencing load shedding and quality problems because of the limited power transmission capacity. The country's power system has five interconnected regions—northern, north eastern, eastern, western, and southern—with interconnections to neighboring states. State electricity boards are under the administrative control of the respective state ministry or department of power, and account for approximately 80% of commercial electricity sales. The Electricity Act of 2003 has also enabled open transmission access and the development of a power trading market, both demanding a robust and reliable transmission grid.

India's economy has been a leader among developing nations, with gross domestic product (GDP) growing at 6.9 percent between financial year (FY) 2012 and FY 2018.4 Energy and electricity demand have grown along with the economy and India now has the third-largest electricity grid in the world, with a gross installed capacity of 344 gigawatts (GW) in March 2018 (the end of FY 2018). Nonetheless, with India's population of about 1.4 billion people, the grid supplies just under 900 kilowatt hours (kWh) of generation per capita (FY 2018), which is one-third of the world average and 14 times less than average U.S. consumption. In addition to low average consumption, approximately 32 million homes still lack an electricity connection as of April 2018.6 The Indian government has ambitious plans to connect all homes to electricity by 2019.

One of the most important known unknowns in the path to 2045 is that the world, including our two countries, Indonesia and Japan, will undergo dramatic economic, social, political, and cultural transformations. In the 1980s, few of us could have imagined the world in which we now live, where smartphones and the Internet, artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, drones, and advances in biology and medical science have changed our lives fundamentally; where Indonesia is being led by a former mayor and governor turned president elected directly in a full-fledged democracy; and where Japan is no longer an economic superpower or even the largest economy in Asia. We can assume something equally unimaginable awaits us in 2045. And although we do not know what the world will look like by then, we know it will be radically different from the one we now know and that we should prepare for it in every way we can. Technological advances will present us with major changes in the areas of business, employment, government, education, health, defence, and security. The challenges will be enormous. We therefore need to train people to meet all the challenges that will confront us, so that we can reap the benefits of technological transformation to make the world, as well as our two countries, a better place. Our countries have had their share of ups and downs in our histories. But they achieved, or are in the process of achieving, a life of plenty, freedom, and safety for our peoples thanks to the efforts, wisdom, courage, and commitments of our predecessors. Thus, we should be optimistic about our ability to meet the challenges we will face in the coming years. The most important questions we should ask are what kind of countries we want to build, what positions we want to occupy in the Indo-Pacific region and the world, and what we can do together to achieve our objectives.

Centre for Economic and Social Development Quarterly Newsletter publication providing concise analyses and perspectives on Myanmar.

This article reviews some of the more significant cases and legislation affecting Virginia property law over the past year. The Virginia Supreme Court revisited a wide range of issues, including the level of visibility to which an adverse use must rise to establish title by adverse possession. The court also revisited the steps that a mechanic's lienor must take in order to protect his or her lien. Additionally, the court also explored some new issues, such as the applicability of the rule against perpetuities to a purchase option contained in a lease.

This book is the first of two volumes that review various approaches and instruments that have been tried, tested, and utilized to scale up clean energy development in Asia and the Pacific. This volume examines clean energy investment needs and financing gaps in the region and reviews existing financing options and approaches, including examples of how these have been applied. Innovative solutions for mobilizing private finance and managing risks associated with clean energy investments are also discussed.

Waste management issues have been hounding both urban and rural communities for decades. The passing of Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 was meant to ensure the protection of public health and environment, while encouraging resource conservation and recovery, and public cooperation and responsibility. Among its critical provisions were the formal devolution of waste management to local levels, the forced closure of illegal dumpsites and investment on facilities; and the reduction and proper treatment of solid wastes. This study looked into the implementation of the law in both national and subnational levels through desk review and the conduct of case studies in selected areas, and the processing of available quantitative data. Results showed varying implementation templates across study sites, reflecting different enabling mechanisms and replicable initiatives. Documented best practices include the legal waste facility transition of the Payatas dumpsite in Quezon City and the organization of its informal economy; the clustering of waste management service of Teresa, Rizal and its province-wide incentive mechanism and partnership with construction companies; and the market linkages for revenue generation; and the strong LGU-CSO partnership in San Fernando, Pampanga. The overly simplistic transfer of responsibility to LGUs have largely resulted to two decades of mediocre policy grounding. Common avenues for improvement were also identified including the need to fast-track transition timelines; augment national and local government complementation; invest on appropriate technologies and facilities; and sustain public and private sector engagements.

1. The Pacific Renewable Energy Investment Facility is designed to finance a series of renewable energy projects in the 11 small Pacific island countries (PIC-11) and was approved in June 2017.1 The PIC-11 comprises the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. The facility finances renewable energy projects in the PIC-11 with an overall estimated cost of $750 million, comprising (i) up to $200 million in Asian Development Bank (ADB) financing, (ii) an estimated $500 million from cofinancing sources, and (iii) an estimated $50 million from government counterpart financing. ADB's financing is composed of, indicatively: (i) $80 million from its Special Funds resources (Asian Development Fund [ADF] grants), (ii) $110 million from concessional ordinary capital resources lending (COL), and (iii) $10 million from regular ordinary capital resources. The facility is innovative in that it allows ADB to process a number of small-value projects in the PIC-11 faster and with lower transaction costs. 2. Progress of facility implementation is reported annually to the ADB Board of Directors. This is the fourth annual progress report, covering January to December 2020. 3. The facility report and recommendation of the President (RRP) requires that by 31 July 2020 or when 50% of the $200 million approval limit has been utilized, whichever occurs first, ADB will conduct an interim review of the facility and report to the Board on the status and performance of the facility, including recommendations for design and scope modifications. The interim review covering the first 3 years of facility implementation from approval up to June 2020 was conducted in July 2020 and was reported to the Board in September 2020.2 In October 2020, the Office of the Auditor General (OAG) completed an audit to assess the adequacy and effectiveness of the governance, risk management, and control processes in the administration and reporting processes of the facility. This annual report incorporates approved modifications and actions following the recommendations of the interim review report and the audit report.

Placing Asian economies on a low-carbon path requires an unprecedented shift in private investment and new financing models. A growing community of investors is seeking new climate- and environment-friendly opportunities, which financial institutions can use to diversify their funding base and reduce their funding costs. But this requires commitment from all actors across the financing chain. It is simply not enough to allocate money to low-carbon causes – achieving the necessary scale requires a fundamental redesign of risk mitigants and investment enhancers. Banks should join forces with regulators and stakeholders to develop common standards and implement capacity as soon as possible. This paper identifies the current trends, analyses the constrains, and makes recommendations aimed at banks, banking regulators, and institutional investors in emerging economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and East Asia, to help them improve the level of low-carbon financing, both in individual institutions and across the wider industry.

This budget-analysis will help to identify the power sector's allocative priorities, areas for improvement in resource utilisation and possible scopes for future adjustment.

1. Established in 2007, the Clean Energy Financing Partnership Facility (CEFPF) helps developing member countries (DMCs) improve their energy security and transition to low-carbon use through cost-effective investments, particularly in technologies that result in greenhouse gas mitigation. The CEFPF is composed of the Clean Energy Fund (CEF), the Asian Clean Energy Fund (ACEF), the Carbon Capture and Storage Fund (CCSF) and the Canadian Climate Fund for the Private Sector in Asia (CFPS). The CEFPF's overview and governance structure are provided in Appendix 1. 2. The CEFPF contributes to achieving the scaled up ADB target set in September 2015 of $6 billion annual climate financing by 2020, which consists of $4 billion for climate mitigation and $2 billion for climate adaptation. The energy sector aims to contribute about $3 billion as part of climate mitigation. In addition, the new ADB Strategy 2030 sets the course for ADB's efforts in responding effectively to the region's changing needs including scaling up support for addressing climate change. In line with the new strategy, the CEFPF will support the energy sector in achieving its climate financing target, provide financing and technical support to DMCs to implement their Nationally Determined Contributions, and reduce GHG emissions through clean energy projects and programs. 3. In 2019, the CEFPF provided $5.7 million to 11 projects composed of nine technical assistance and two direct charges. To date, the CEFPF has allocated $264.0 million to 198 projects which contribute to the development and deployment of clean energy in the DMCs. A number of supported projects are highlighted in Appendix 2. 4. This report covers the period 1 January to 31 December 2019 and presents the overall implementation progress and operational results of CEFPF to date measured against the design and monitoring framework (DMF) provided in Appendix 3.

The Pacific Renewable Energy Program (Program) provides an umbrella facility of up to $100,000,000 of financing support, including loans, guarantees, and letters of credit, to overcome the constraints to private sector investment in renewable energy projects in island countries. The Program was jointly developed by ADB's Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) and the Pacific Department (PARD). PSOD oversees implementation, monitors the progress of the portfolio, and prepares periodic program progress reports to development partners as required. This is the first annual progress report covering the first 8 months from the approval of the Program on 23 April 2019 to 31 December 2019.