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Despite the efforts made towards the Millennium Development Goals targets during the last decade, improved access to water supply or basic sanitation still remains unavailable for millions of people across the world. This paper proposes a set of models that use 25 key variables and country profiles from the WatSan4Dev data set involving water supply and sanitation (Dondeynaz et al., 2012). This paper suggests the use of Bayesian network modelling methods because they are more easily adapted to deal with non-normal distributions, and integrate a qualitative approach for data analysis. They also offer the advantage of integrating preliminary knowledge into the probabilistic models. The statistical performance of the proposed models ranges between 20 and 5% error rates, which are very satisfactory taking into account the strong heterogeneity of variables. Probabilistic scenarios run from the models allow an assessment of the relationships between human development, external support, governance aspects, economic activities and water supply and sanitation (WSS) access. According to models proposed in this paper, gaining a strong poverty reduction will require the WSS access to reach 75–76% through: (1) the management of ongoing urbanisation processes to avoid slums development; and (2) the improvement of health care, for instance for children. Improving governance, such as institutional efficiency, capacities to make and apply rules, or control of corruption is positively associated with WSS sustainable development. The first condition for an increment of the HDP (human development and poverty) remains of course an improvement of the economic conditions with higher household incomes. Moreover, a significant country commitment to the environment, associated with civil society freedom of expression constitutes a favourable setting for sustainable WSS services delivery. Intensive agriculture using irrigation practises also appears as a mean for sustainable WSS thanks to multi-uses and complementarities. With a WSS sector organised at national level, irrigation practices can support the structuring and efficiency of the agriculture sector. It may then induce rural development in areas where WSS access often is set back compared to urban areas 1 . External financial support, called Official Development Assistance (ODA CI), plays a role in WSS improvement but comes last in the sensitivity analyses of models. An overall 47% of the Official Development Assistance goes first to poor countries, and is associated to governance aspects: (1) political stability and (2) country commitment to the environment and civil society degree of freedom. These governance aspects constitute a good framework for aid implementation in recipient countries. Modelling is run with the five groups of countries as defined in Dondeynaz et al. (2012). Models for profile 4 (essential external support) and profile 5 (primary material consumption) are specifically detailed and analysed in this paper. For countries in profile 4, fighting against water scarcity and progressing desertification should be the priority. However, for countries in profile 5, efforts should first concentrate on consolidation of political stability while supporting diversification of the economic activities. Nevertheless, for both profiles, reduction of poverty should remain the first priority as previously indicated. 1 JMP statistics, 2004 http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ , last access: 22 July 2013.

In December 2012 ENIservizi (the Italian multi-national energy agency operating in many countries), after the Earthquake that occurred in April 2009, decided to undertake the project 'Re-start from Collemaggio' with the aim of giving new hope to the L'Aquila community, funding around 14 million Euro to restore the Basilica di Collemaggio. The Superintendence Office carried on the restoration project with the scientific support of the Università degli Studi de L'Aquila and the Università La Sapienza di Roma, under the coordination of the Politecnico di Milano. ENIservizi, aware of the BIM potential in the complex building and infrastructure domain in the world, required an advanced HBIM from the laser scanner and photogrammetric surveying to support the diagnostic analysis, the design project, the tender and the restoration itself, today still on course. Plans and vertical sections were delivered (2012) starting from the surveying campaigns (February and June 2013), together with the first HBIM advancement from the end of 2012 in support of the preliminary-definitive-executive steps of the restoration design project (2013-14-15). Five years later, this paper tries to make a synthesis of the different lessons learnt, in addition to the positive and critical aspects relating HBIM feasibility, sustainability and usefulness to the challenging restoration work. In particular, the Collemaggio BIM experience anticipated the new Italian Public Procurement Legislation (D.Lgs 50/2016, Nuovo Codice degli Appalti pubblici) aligned with to the EUPPD 24/2014: the EU Directive on Public Procurement asked all the 28 EU countries to adopt building informative modelling by February 2016 in order to support the whole LCM (Life Cycle Management), starting from the project and the intervention, through rewarding scores or mandatory regulations. Many analyses foresees to save from around 5% to 15% of the overall investment by adopting mature BIM (Level 3 to 5), particularly 4D remotely controlled BIM in support of the LCM, as in the case of maintenance and management process. The tender for Basilica restoration was published in 2015: the process was not developed enough to introduce selective criteria based on BIM adoption by the Construction Industry due to the lack of legislation at that time and the lack of BIM skills among the companies. Nevertheless ENIservizi also separately funded aside the HBIM of the Basilica to tackle an advanced BIM able to address decision-making processes in the heritage domain among the different actors: to support operators, architects, structural engineers, economic computation, construction site management and restoration, the theoretical and practical approach adopted by the HBIM, overcame the current logic based on sequential LoD (from simplex to complex, from the preliminary to the executive design) that is typical of new constructions in favour of a complex LoD approach that could guarantee management of the richness, unicity and multiplicity of each component and the maximum degree of knowledge in order to derive the decisions from the starting phases of the project. On the lesson learnt from this experience, the process of updating the current codification criteria (UNI11337-2009) was started with a draft proposal stimulating a debate for the future of HBIM adoption.

The focus on the third mission of Universities is now some decades old. Boyer's assertion that 'theory simply cannot be divorced from practice' and that any consideration of the role of faculty 'must give new dignity and new status to the scholarship of application' (Boyer, 1992) has been embodied in the almost ubiquitous linking of scholarship to real world issues and applications. There is a general acceptance that the knowledge and skills required in existing and emerging labour markets are often not well served by universities while at the same time there is a realisation that these skill requirements are rapidly changing (Muller, 2015). Collaboration between universities and industries is seen as essential to innovation sys-tems, with a number of researchers pointing to the impact of such collaboration on both the company's ability to innovate and the generation of economic value within the country and the region. In Ireland a plethora of documents and a range of agencies purport to support and incentivise various forms of engage-ment interactions (Department of Education and Skills, 2017, 2016, 2015). Despite the significant apparent importance placed on university enterprise interactions, concrete measures of impact are severely lacking. Focus at a government agency level tends to be on the (relatively few) impact measures associated with technology transfer activity (Knowledge Transfer Ireland) while the myriad of more common interactions such work-placement opportunities for students, industry-based project activity, site visits, cultural and community interactions, subject matter expert seminars and customised and practice-based learning for those in the workplace tend not to attract as much attention. This full range of possible interactions has been the focus of the work of the CIT Extended Campus – a codification of interactions and an engagement mapping exercise provide a valuable perspective on the potential of collaboration across the academic-industry divide. It is recognised that the motivation and ability to collaborate changes with company size, sector and culture. Geography impacts on collaboration with many companies in collaboration with neighbouring universities, however the quality of the university is also a factor (Laursen, Reichstein, & Salter, 2011) (Fitjar & Gjelsvik, 2018). The factors that influence the scale and scope of engagement within a university differ from those which impact from the business perspective and while 'the cultural divide between universities and industry runs deep', effective measures can make a lasting difference (Science | Business Innovation Board, 2012). According to the Central Statistics Office over 99% of enterprises in Ireland are SMEs. While Cork Institute of Technology has worked to support interactions with all sectors and sizes of industry partners over many years it is still not clear that local industry has a knowledge of the possibilities and benefits of engaging. Using the initial results of the State of University-Business Cooperation study (Science to Business Mark-ing Research Centre, 2017) as a framework and question guide, a brief review of the motivators and barriers as experienced by small and medium enterprises is conducted and the findings provide some direction for future efforts.

American colleges and universities attract nearly one million international students each year to their higher education institutions. Reasons for the high demand of American degree and certificate programs include a major boost in one's social, cultural, and economic capital. Expansive alumni connections, world-class skills training, and enhanced job prospects and opportunities, both domestically and internationally, are made accessible to graduates from American institutions of higher education (IHE). At the same time, choosing to enter a new foreign environment in the United States involves major social and cultural changes as well as financial demands. Universities are at the nexus of marketing to, accepting, welcoming, and providing education to this invaluable part of American campus communities.International students who choose to make the trek to the United States enter a new foreign landscape that includes concerns of safety, and more specifically, fears and concerns of America's prevalent "gun culture." Utilizing Dewey's theory of experiential learning and a Freirean critical approach, I will use a communication studies approach to examine the lived experiences of Indian and Chinese international students at The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).Mass media, social media, and face-to-face intercultural interactions will be examined to construct a clearer picture of international student educational experiences. While examining general perceptions of safety in America and its college campuses, special emphasis is placed on international student perspectives of the June 1st, 2016 murder-suicide that took place on UCLA's campus. As false rumors of a coordinated terrorist attack and reports of mass casualties were spread on campus, an already tragic event was amplified into a global one.In-depth interviews and focus groups are used to gain insight into the world's two largest overall global and American higher education populations. Detailed qualitative analyses reveal international students' day-to-day interactions with mass media, social media, and face-to-face intercultural interactions as well as the part these modes of communication play in international students' visceral thoughts and concerns on gun violence, a prevalent gun culture, and their experiences within American IHE.Findings show that international students at UCLA see their campus as a "protective bubble" which appears to temporarily assuage safety concerns. On the other hand, they often display contradictory actions and feelings which point to their local environments on and off campus as places that are sometimes safe and predictable and at other times filled with danger and uncertainty. A discussion of salient themes related to their perceptions of safety demonstrate a direct impact on their educational experiences and daily lives on and off campus.It is my hope that by documenting and exploring the day-to-day thoughts and feelings of these international students in regard to their perceived safety while studying at UCLA, university and governmental leaders alike can better understand and support the needs andconcerns of the United States' vital international student populations. Policy, practice, and future research recommendations are offered.

Food insecurity, poor nutrition and poverty are closely linked and entail adverse consequences for the health and well-being of children and adults. They constitute major constraints to development efforts as they can imply lifelong negative effects on human development with impairments on physical and mental capacities of a population, resulting in an overall lower productivity and economic growth potential. Urban agriculture has been advocated as a strategy to improve food security. This paper exemplifies an urban gardening project that addresses food security and economic resilience of the Syrian refugees and vulnerable Lebanese host communities executed in the suburbs of Beirut. The hypothesis underpinning this study is that urban agriculture holds the potential to contribute to increased food security and reduced urban poverty, by increasing the availability and accessibility to a variety of fresh foods that are rich in vital nutrients and by functioning as a source of livelihoods and income. The brutality of the Syrian Civil War, it's massive damage and destruction of housing and persecutions for ethnic cleansing led more than a quarter of its originally 24 million inhabitants to seek safety in neighboring countries and Europe. The war has severely hampered the stability and development throughout the region as hundreds of thousands of refugees have fled to neighboring countries where they often compete with host communities over housing, labor, water, food and land. In relative numbers the biggest burden fell on the riparian country Lebanon, currently holding the highest ratio of refugees to nationals in the world. The small Arab country has already been suffering from many pre-existing challenges as food insecurity and widespread poverty. The high dependence on food assistance, limited access to income and uncertainties on the amount of food aid provided in each upcoming year, all contribute to an unstable and low food security status of Syrian refugee households in Lebanon with spill overs to vulnerable host communities. In 2017, 91% of Syrian families residing in Lebanon remained food insecure to some degree and the share of household's falling into severe food insecurity keeps increasing with every year. These numbers provide clear evidence that current efforts of providing food assistance are not sufficient to combat the repercussions of the crisis and get the situation under control. The paper displays the impact of the urban gardening project on the food security and economic resilience of participating household's, as well as lessons learned on the project design during and after the implementation phase. The sampling frame is comprised of Syrian and Lebanese families participating in the project. Primary data were derived from a survey using a questionnaire with a sample size of 41 households. The findings aim to enable stakeholders to improve the performance of similar projects in the future and support relevant government authorities, international aid institutions, non-profits and the civic society towards creating sustainable long-term solutions to increase the self-reliance of refugees by providing insights of the suitability of UA for multiple objectives and by highlighting potential challenges and risks.

The Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is the new device from modern states looking to manage marine space within their maritime jurisdictions. MSP relies on the knowledge of some scientific disciplines and the power of geo-technologies (ex. GIS) to inform and map the existing conditions of the sea. Like numerous other normative management frameworks of geographic space, this device uses the acquisition, the treatment and the cartographic representation of the data pertaining to the human (activities) and non-human (ecosystem) world to make decisions, here offshore. A certain geographic reality is hence established by the information gained from this mapping. Yet, in these specific conditions, a "missing layer" was observed: a "social and human landscape" was shaped by fishing activities. Therefore, this research on human geography aims to inform and map this "missing layer" by using exploratory, qualitative, and comparative methods. This allow to make visible another existing and observable geographic reality into the sea. This is a matter of a complex and dynamic gathering of discrete and sensible places, linked by sociotechnical fishing practices, emerging dynamic territories. Also the information and mapping of this "missing layer" therefore permits for the questioning of the real ins and outs of MSP in action, to bring to light spatial justice issues which it does emerge and to open geographic horizons for the mobilization of this other geographic reality. In sum, the information and mapping of "missing layer" are one of the multiple democratic issues of the beginning of this 21th century. ; La Planification Spatiale Marine (PSM) est le nouveau dispositif des États modernes cherchant à aménager l'espace marin au sein de leurs juridictions maritimes nationales. Pour ce faire, la PSM repose sur les connaissances de certaines disciplines scientifiques et la puissance des géo-technologies (ex. SIG) pour informer et cartographier les conditions existantes en mer. Comme de nombreux contextes normatifs d'aménagement de l'espace géographique, ce dispositif centre son exercice décisionnel sur l'acquisition, le traitement et la représentation cartographique de données relatives aux monde humain (activités) et non-humain (écosystèmes), ici en mer. Leur information et cartographie instituent ainsi sur plan, une certaine réalité géographique. Or dans ces conditions particulières, il a été constaté une "couche manquante" d'informations : un "paysage humain et social" produit notamment par les activités de pêche en mer. Ce travail de thèse de géographie humaine vise à informer et cartographier cette "couche manquante" par une démarche exploratoire, qualitative et comparative. Celle-ci permet de rendre visible une autre réalité géographique existante et observable en mer. Il s'agit d'un assemblage complexe et dynamique de lieux discrets et sensibles, liés par des pratiques sociotechniques de pêche, faisant émerger des territorialités singulières. Aussi l'information et la cartographie de cette "couche manquante" permettent dès lors de questionner les réels tenants et aboutissants de la PSM en action, de mettre en perspective les enjeux qu'elle fait naître et d'ouvrir les horizons géographiquespour la mobilisation de cette autre réalité géographique. En somme, l'information et la cartographie de cette "couche manquante" se trouvent être un des nombreux enjeux démocratiques de ce début de XXIe siècle.

Published: December 2018 ; The enforcement of competition law in the EU is at historic heights, with numerous cases and high-profile decisions which made it, without any doubt, the "star" of EU law. Due to its perceived success, EU competition law and enforcement became a model followed by an increasing number of emerging and developing economies outside the Union itself—a "beacon" for the enforcement of competition rules across the world. Such an enviable position does not preclude but, on the contrary, warrants more scrutiny of the way the EU competition law is enforced. Is the EU system fully compliant with the requirements of due process, what is the quality of the decisions, and how prone is this system to errors—all these are valid and more meaningful questions than ever. This article aims to sketch out an analysis of the way the EU competition law is enforced, and I intend to delve into this analysis in future contributions. For the time being, this endeavour is limited to outlining certain aspects of the enforcement of the EU competition rules that have been and are raising concerns. Thus, I shall focus this preliminary analysis on cartels, as perhaps the most important part of the competition law, in terms of number of cases and effects on consumer welfare. I consider that this is the appropriate moment to discuss flaws and their possible fixes, given that the European Commission is approaching the end of the legislative process for a new directive aimed at switching the enforcement of the EU competition law into a higher gear, through the empowering of the national competition authorities with the right tools in order to achieve a fully effective enforcement of these rules ("a genuine common competition enforcement area", in the words of the Commission), a process dubbed as ECN+. Whilst I mostly agree with the contemplated changes, I am of the opinion that they do not cover the main concerns raised with regard to the EU competition enforcement. There are early claims in various forums for a reform of the enforcement structure which was established in 1962. Even if the EU competition enforcement structure proved to be mostly effective over time, due to a changing landscape of both the economy, where new challenges arose, especially in the digital economy, and of the legal background, where the fundamental rights have come to prominence in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and of the European Court of Justice, the reform thereof appears to be worth considering at this point. I argue in this article that the need for a reform of the EU competition enforcement became stringent, even if it does not necessarily entail major structural changes, which are more difficult to implement. I am pragmatic and I advocate for, at least, a more careful analysis of the factual circumstances in order to avoid the per-se trap—using the by-object box too frequently and considering too easily that such an infringement exists, based on only a slim layer of facts.

In the context of the global refugee crisis, trans-Saharan and trans-Mediterranean (irregular) migration from Africa to Europe has recently received huge public and political attention, particularly within Europe. Calls for reducing and containing irregular migrant flows and addressing the "root causes" of forced migration dominate the European policy discourse. However, migration within the African continent is much more prevalent than migration from Africa to Europe or other parts of the world. About two-thirds of African international migrants are living in another African country. The types of mobility thereby range from seasonal labour migration to forced displacement with varying geographic extensions.Against this background, the African Union has defined norms and strategic guidelines regulating migration and forced displacement and regional organisations such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in the Horn of Africa and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are involved in migration governance. Regional organisations and migration platforms are gradually becoming acknowledged political players, also reflecting a general trend of regionalisation and pluralisation in international and migration policies. Their actual involvement in global policy processes, such as the currently negotiated Global Compacts for Migration and on Refugees, as well as in EU-Africa migration initiatives remains nonetheless limited.While increasingly recognised, up to present, regional migration regimes outside Europe remain little understood regarding their main drivers, features and impact. The present paper sets the ground for enhancing this understanding by introducing a framework of analysis for regional migration governance. The framework incorporates elements of various approaches to international organisations of which regional organisations (ROs) form a subset. In this context, both institutional characteristics such as organisational identity and history and the interests of (powerful) member states and external actors are considered key explanatory factors for migration-related strategy formulation and implementation.The framework introduced is intended as a general scheme for the analysis of regional migration governance around the globe – not only specifically in Africa. However, in this study, migration governance in the two African sub-regions - Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) at the Horn of Africa - is used to illustrate the diversity of historical pathways, migration realities and challenges as well as institutional settings. Whereas the IGAD sub-region is characterised by high levels of forced displacement, the ECOWAS countries have a long tradition of circular and seasonal labour migration, not least mirrored in a relatively established and internally driven migration policy agenda.The paper shows that the framework facilitates a comprehensive understanding of regional migration governance structures and processes. Our hitherto analysis based on the framework indicates that the organisations studied, IGAD and ECOWAS, are well-placed for the management of regional migration. Institutional structures between the two differ, for instance, with regard to levels of legalisation, with ECOWAS disposing of strong formal powers to enforce regional policies and IGAD privileging informal cooperative relationships between member states. Since both regions experience challenges in the implementation of regional norms at national and sub-national levels, (further) financial and technical support in this area is necessary.

Data is a central but underestimated prerequisite for the realisation of the 2030 Agenda. Although technical innovations such as smartphones or the internet of things have led to a data explosion in recent years, there are still considerable gaps in the availability and use of data in developing countries and development cooperation (DC) in particular. So far it is not possible to report regularly on the majority of the 230 indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Already in 2014 an independent panel of experts, called for nothing less than a data revolution to support the implementation of the SDGs in their 2014 report to the UN Secretary-General, A World that Counts. Data is one of the key requirements for planning, managing and evaluating development projects and strategies. The aim of the data revolution for sustainable development is 1) to close data gaps with the aid of new technologies and additional resources, 2) to strengthen global data literacy, promote data use and enable equality of access, 3) to create a "data ecosystem" that follows global standards in order to improve data quality, enable data aggregation and prevent abuse.The data revolution for sustainable development is a challenge for all countries. There is a lot of room for improvement in both partner countries and all areas of German policy making. This paper focuses on German DC.Overall, the subject of data has to date received little attention in the organisations of German DC and their projects. The demand for evidence- and data-based work is often limited to evaluation.A results framework to support portfolio management in German DC does not exist. Monitoring at project level is often not sufficient, as data quality is frequently poor and capacity is lacking. In the partner countries the implementing organisations (IOs) often introduce parallel structures for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in order to keep track of the measures implemented, instead of using and strengthening national statistical systems as much as possible. Collected data and project progress reports are usually not published.The following recommendations can be derived from the analysis:German DC should agree on common data standards and principles for data use, such as Open Data by Default. At the same time, personal rights should also be ensured.The Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) should work with all German DC actors (other ministries, IOs, non-state actors) to develop a data strategy that takes into account the different data sources and types, builds upon common standards and principles and aims to promote a data culture in all areas of German DC.At international level the German government should take an active role in the realisation and further development of the Cape Town Global Action Plan for Sustainable Development Data.Germany should increase its financial contribution to the development of data and statistics in partner countries, stop the use of parallel M&E systems in the medium term and promote the support of national statistical systems in all DC measures.

The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) is a key multilateral organisation for development. Since 2015, DESA has had the unique mandate of facilitating the efforts of all UN member states towards achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by supporting the High-level Political Forum. It is tasked to provide intellectual leadership through research and analysis, support norm-setting by the main UN bodies on development – the General Assembly (GA), the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – and coord¬inate with the broader UN development system.However, DESA has yet to unlock its full potential in playing a politically relevant and analytically authoritative role in sustainable development beyond the conference rooms of New York. DESA's organisational structures have become increasingly outdated and inefficient. Since the founding of DESA in 1997, the department has been curiously exempt from the ongoing reforms of the world organisation. In addition, there is little transparency and analysis of actual reform needs and options.Our reform vision is that DESA should become a more prominent voice of the UN in sustainable development and help to credibly raise ambitions for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda globally. Tasked with economic and social affairs, DESA could serve as the multilateral hub for advancing universality, assisting all countries (including high-income countries) in striving for sustainable devel¬op¬ment and coordinating global policies towards advancing the global common good. This vision calls for a department that is intellectually brilliant, politically capable and impartial in bringing together the whole UN system.As a basic condition, DESA reform requires vigorous and consistent support from member states. The power of the Secretary-General (SG) and his heads of department to reorganise the structures are limited by member states' oversight, which is mainly executed in the UN's budgetary bodies. Moreover, DESA's substructures have expanded organically around mandated tasks, creating a highly decentralised entity with various overlapping activities, thereby raising the stakes of reform.The most recent reform attempts of DESA have stag¬nated in a geopolitical climate of mistrust and opposing priorities along the divisions between countries from the political North and South. DESA has been the home base of developing countries – organised as the Group of 77 and China (G77) – at the UN Secretariat, making it an advocate of developing-country interests. Since 2015, several countries from the political North (e.g. United States and EU countries) have called for DESA reform in terms of increasing effectiveness and efficiency, while the G77 has pushed back, suspecting attempts to diminish their power by cutting funding and staff. The situation has become increasingly complex, with growing speculation on the intentions of China, whose diplomats have been leading the department for the last decade.In order to prepare the ground for a comprehensive DESA reform that is beneficial to all stakeholders, we suggest three steps to the SG and his reform team that build upon each other:create greater transparency, substantive knowledge and participation on DESA reforminterlink DESA reform with ongoing UN reform processesgenerate political support from member states and long-term payoffs from DESA reform.

The main goal is to study leading biopolitical schools, their contribution to modern political science. It has been found that there are several powerful centers of biopolitical research, in particular in the USA and Germany. The American biopolitical school is represented by scientists from the University of Nebraska and the University of California. The Nebraska group focused on discovered and investigated genetic foundations of political ideologies. They believe that differences in political ideologies include a genetic component. Scientists from the University of California focused on creating a holistic set of scientific knowledge devoted to the genetic component of political behavior. They state that protossocial behavior is associated with specific genes. In 1903, the American Political Science Association was founded, which brings together over 13,000 scientists from 80 countries around the world. The main directions of their research are the nature of «political man», biological determinants of social and political behavior, the evolution of political systems, etc. The goal is to create a biologically oriented political science. A powerful biopolitical center was initiated in Germany by H. Flor and P. Mayer, who believed biopolitics to use the approaches, theories and methods of biological sciences in political science. It is stated that biopolitics is an innovative discipline of modern political discourse, and therefore the scientific community still does not produce a clear idea of the origins of biopolitics, its subject area and vocation. Accordingly, there is no clear idea of its significance for contemporary political science. A comprehensive approach is proposed that will cover most of the existing biopolitical schools and research areas and will highlight those aspects of biopolitical issues that are relevant to contemporary political theory and practice. ; Основною метою є дослідження провідних біополітичних шкіл, їх внеску у сучасну політичну науку. З'ясовано, що існує декілька потужних центрів біополітичних досліджень, зокрема, в США та Німеччині. Американська біополітична школа представлена вченими з університету Небраски та Каліфорнійського університету. Група з Небраски зосередилася на виявлені й досліджені генетичної основи політичних ідеологій. Вони вважають, що відмінності у політичних ідеологіях містять у собі генетичну складову, тобто вроджену схильність до сприйняття тих, чи інших ідей. Науковці з Каліфорнійського університету зосередились на створенні цілісного комплексу наукового знання, присвяченого генетичній складовій політичної поведінки. Вони констатують, що протосоціальна поведінка пов'язана з конкретними генами. У 1903 році була заснована Американська політологічна асоціація, яка об'єднує понад 13000 вчених з 80 країнах світу. Основними напрямками їх наукових пошуків є природа «людини політичної», біологічні детермінанти соціальної та політичної поведінки індивіда, еволюція політичних систем тощо. Мета – створити біологічно орієнтовану політичну науку. Потужний біополітичний центр був започаткований в Німеччині Х. Флором та П. Майером, які вважали покликанням біополітики застосування підходів, теорій і методів біологічних наук в політології. Констатовано, що біополітика є інноваційною дисципліною сучасного політологічного дискурсу, а тому у науковому співтоваристві й досі не вироблено чіткого уявлення про витоки біополітики, її предметну сферу та покликання. Відповідно, відсутнє й чітке уявлення про її значення для сучасної політичної науки. Запропоновано комплексний підхід, що охопить більшість наявних біополітичних шкіл та напрямків досліджень і висвітлить ті аспекти біополітичної проблематики, які є актуальними для сучасної політичної теорії та практики.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in the world. Management of risk factors is effective to prevent CVD. The international SPICES project aims to implement innovative interventions for CVD prevention in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. The project first step was the situational analysis of the CVD prevention measures in each participating country. The objective of this paper was to realize this situational analysis in France.Methodology: A questionnaire was issued by Makerere University (Uganda) to assess the situational analysis. It was translated and adapted to French context. Data collection was realized independently by two researchers via a narrative review of literature, completed by stakeholders interviewing. Data were assembled in order to answer the questionnaire items.Results: In France, CVD mortality was 28%. Various plans and health programmes have been proposed (a National Nutritional Health Plan, an Anti-Smoking Campaign, etc.). Many health workers and healthcare professionals were involved in CVD prevention. The General Practitioner was the focal point of patient management for CVD prevention. Medication compliance was difficult to evaluate but was estimated at 50%. Therapeutic education appeared central for CVD prevention.Conclusion: Various national programs for CVD prevention were found. Some limitations were identified in the current Health Care System. Main limitation seemed to be the absence of a structured and coherent national policy for cardiovascular health with a consequent lack of coordination between the different stakeholders. CVD prevention improvement focused on multi-disciplinary teamwork and therapeutic education development. ; Les Maladies Cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont la première cause de mortalité mondiale. La prévention des facteurs de risque modifiables des MCV est efficace. Le projet international SPICES propose d'implémenter des interventions novatrices concernant la prévention des MCV en Europe et Afrique Sub-Saharienne. La première étape du projet était de faire l'état des lieux de mesures de prévention des MCV existant dans chaque pays participant. L'objectif de ce travail était de réaliser cet état des lieux en France. Méthodologie : L'Université de Makerere (Ouganda) a proposé un guide en anglais pour effectuer l'état des lieux. Ce guide a été traduit et adapté au contexte français. La récolte des données a été faite indépendamment par deux chercheurs via une revue narrative de la littérature, complétée par l'obtention de données auprès de parties prenantes concernées. Ces données ont été assemblées en une version définitive permettant de proposer une réponse aux items du guide.Résultats : En France, la mortalité liée aux MCV était de 28%. Différents plans et programmes de santé ont été proposés (Plan national nutrition santé, Plan de Réduction du tabagisme, etc.). De nombreux intervenants et professionnels de santé étaient impliqués. Le médecin généraliste était le pivot de la prise en charge dans le cadre de la prévention des MCV. L'observance médicamenteuse était difficile à évaluer, mais était estimée à 50%. L'éducation thérapeutique apparaissait comme un point central de la prévention des MCV.Conclusion : De nombreuses mesures concernant la prévention des MCV en France ont été retrouvées. Des limites dans le système de soins actuel ont été relevées. La limite principale semblait être l'absence d'une politique nationale structurée et cohérente en matière de santécardiovasculaire avec une absence de coordination entre les différents intervenants. Les propositions d'amélioration reposaient sur le développement des équipes pluridisciplinaires ainsi que de l'éducation thérapeutique.

Сучасна система ведення сільського господарства у ринкових умовах залежить від ефективного використання сільськогосподарських угідь, при чому формування фінансово-економічного механізму на держаному рівні потребує пошуку удосконалення організаційно-економічного механізму ґрунтового менеджменту. При прийняті урядом європейського вектору розбудови й розвитку аграрного сектору, стає очевидним необхідність розробки і впровадження ефективних економічних регуляторів, котрі б спонукали суб'єктів землекористування ефективно використовувати сільськогосподарські угіддя. Але водночас той шлях розвитку який обрала Європа та розвинуті країни світу ( а саме, держпідтримки сільського господарства) для України на сучасному етапі розвитку державної економіки стає не прийнятним. Для України такі розміри державної підтримки, які мають місце в країнах ЄС, є не підсильними і взагалі держпідтримка для бюджету держави стає важким тягарем. Тому чи не єдиним інструментом впливу, на мою думку, має стати податковостимулююча система впливу на ведення господарської діяльності на землі з частковою державною підтримкою. Відповідно, з метою врегулювання вищеозначених проблем механізм справляння плати за землю потребує реформування, в першу чергу, в частині порядку визначення бази нарахування обов'язкових земельних платежів Стаття присвячена проблемі організації контурно-меліоративного планування, а також податкового механізму впливу на ґрунтовий менеджмент (організацію землеробства), як фактор раціональної організації сільськогосподарських угідь й боротьби з ерозією ґрунтів. Розглянуто досвід ЄС в заохочені фермерів ефективно використовувати сільськогосподарські землі і зберігати їх від розвитку ерозійних процесів. ; The modern system of farming in market conditions depends on the effective use of agricultural land. At the same time, the formation of a financial and economic mechanism at the state level requires the search for improvement of the organizational and economic mechanism of soil management. When the government adopts the European vector of development and development of the agricultural sector, the need to develop and implement effective economic regulators that would encourage land use subjects to effectively use agricultural land. becomes obvious But at the same time, the path of development chosen by Europe and the developed countries of the world (in particular, in the sphere of state support for agriculture), is becoming unacceptable for Ukraine at the present stage of development of the state economy. For Ukraine, such amounts of state support that take place in the EU countries are unbearable and in general state support for the state budget becomes a heavy burden. Therefore, in my opinion, the only instrument of influence should be a tax-incentive system of influence on the conduct of economic activity on land with partial state support. Accordingly, with a view to resolving the abovementioned problems, the mechanism for levying land fees needs to be reformed, first of all, regarding the procedure for determining the basis for calculating compulsory land payments. The article is devoted to the problem of organization of contour-meliorative planning, as well as the tax mechanism of impact on soil management (organization of agriculture), as a factor in the rational organization of agricultural lands and the struggle against soil erosion. The EU experience in encouraging farmers to effectively use agricultural land and store them from the development of erosion processes.

Визначено сутність категорії експортний потенціал та запропоновано визначення поняття «експортний потенціал харчової промисловості». Досліджено товарну і географічну структуру експорту продукції агропродовольчого комплексу і харчової промисловості України. Визначено рівень концентрації експорту харчової продукції для торгівлі з країнами Європейського Союзу. Проаналізовано динаміку внутрішньогалузевої торгівлі для торгівлі з країнами Європейського Союзу та за окремими товарними групами. Досліджено сучасний стан експортного потенціалу харчової промисловості та виявлено його загальні тенденції та внутрішні передумови. Визначено основні чинники, що стримують розвиток торгівлі аграрною та продукцією харчової промисловості на європейському ринку. Проаналізовано основні напрями державного впливу на підвищення рівня експортного потенціалу харчової промисловості України в умовах євроінтеграції, серед яких вдосконалення нормативно-правової бази з регулювання різних аспектів експортних операцій, активна діяльність держави із просування товарів вітчизняного аграрного експорту на зовнішні ринки, підвищення інституційної спроможності держави для підтримки українських експортерів, інформаційний супровід експортерів, методологічна підтримка експортної діяльності, організаційна та фінансова підтримка пріоритетних підгалузей харчової промисловості. Обґрунтовано вплив Експортного бренду України для просування українського експорту. ; The essence of the export potential category is investigated and the definition of "export potential of the food industry" is proposed. The structure of the export potential in the country is determined. The commodity structure of food industry export and the agro-food sector of Ukraine to the countries of the European Union was investigated. The geographic structure of export of the agro-food products complex and food industry of Ukraine is analyzed and the main four regions of the European Union, such as Asia, Africa and the CIS are defined. The level of food export concentration for trade with the countries of the European Union is defined using the Hirschman index, which reflects the degree of country readiness to resist the turmoil on foreign markets. The dynamics of intra-industry trade for trade with the European Union countries and by separate commodity groups is analyzed using the Grubel-Lloyd's index in order to substantiate the expediency of integration between trading partners. The present state of export potential of the food industry is investigated and its general tendencies and internal conditions are revealed. The main factors hindering the development of trade in agrarian and food products in the European market are determined. The main directions of the state influence on the increase of the export potential of the Ukrainian food industry in the conditions of European integration are analyzed, among which the improvement of the regulatory framework for the regulation of various aspects of export operations, the increasing activity of the state in promoting the goods of domestic agricultural exports to foreign markets, improving the institutional capacity of the state to support Ukrainian exporters, information support for exporters, methodological support for export activities, organizational and the financial support of the priority sub-sectors of the food industry based on the needs of the domestic market, as well as the trends in the growth of demand in the world food market. The influence of the Export brand of Ukraine to promote Ukrainian exports is substantiated.

Under conditions of a global development processes of political systems modernization acquire all the more significance, while they contribute to necessary transformations with the aim of adaptation to challenges of environment through making structural meaningful transformations. It actualized the need of research of the subject of modernization activity, which in the process of institutionalization acquires the necessary resources and procedures for its effective implementation.The processes of institutionalization of the political elite are conditioned by: the strengthening of the professionalization of the political field of activity; the social need for the formation and regulation of the rules of interaction; the need to legitimize the status and procedures of the activity; the presence of structural and functional potential, needed to influence the functioning of the political system. The evaluation of the level of institutionalization of the elite in the processes of modernization of the political system is based on the criteria of adaptability, complexity, autonomy, cohesion, congruency, exclusivity.The high level of institutionalization of the Germany's political elite in the processes of modernization allowed to restore the sovereignty of the state, to ensure the appropriate level of democracy, social orientation of socio-political and socio-economic development, consolidating the leading position in world politics. This was facilitated by: 1) the existence of transparent rules of incorporation and intra-elite interaction, their compliance with the Constitution; 3) the use of structural and functional potential and resources for raising standards of public life; 4) the development of the ideas and symbols aimed at consolidating society in order to achieve the strategic goal; 5) initiation of the strategic project of modernization; 6) the sequence of the procedure for the practical implementation and optimization of the project with the help of political technologies. The experience of institutionalization of the political elite of Germany is quiet relevant for Ukraine in the context of modern political reality. ; В умовах глобального розвитку процеси модернізації політичних систем набувають все більшого значення, оскільки сприяють здійсненню необхідних перетворень з метою адаптації до викликів навколишнього середовища через здійснення структурно-змістовних внутрішніх перетворень. Це актуалізує необхідність дослідження суб'єкта модернізаційної діяльності, який в ході інституціоналізації набуває необхідних ресурсів та процедур для її ефективного здійснення.Процеси інституціоналізації політичної еліти обумовлюються: посиленням професіоналізації політичної сфери діяльності; суспільною потребою формування та регулювання правил взаємодії; необхідністю легітимації статусу та процедури діяльності; наявністю структурнофункціонального потенціалу, необхідного для впливу на функціонування політичної системи. Оцінювання рівня інституціоналізації еліти в процесах модернізації політичної системи здійснюється на основі критеріїв адаптивності, складності, автономії, згуртованості, конгруентності, ексклюзивності.Високий рівень інституціоналізації політичної еліти Німеччини у процесах модернізації дозволив відновити суверенітет держави, забезпечити відповідний рівень демократичності, соціальної орієнтованості суспільно-політичного та соціально-економічного розвитку, закріпивши провідне становище в світовій політиці. Цьому сприяли:1) наявність прозорих правил інкорпорації та внутрішньоелітної взаємодії, їх відповідність Конституції; 3) використання структурнофункціонального потенціалу та ресурсів для підвищення стандартів суспільного життя; 4) вироблення ідей та символів, направлених на консолідацію суспільства заради досягнення стратегічної мети; 5) ініціювання стратегічного проекту модернізації; 6) послідовність процедури практичної реалізації та оптимізації проекту за допомогою політичних технологій. Досвід інституціоналізації політичної еліти Німеччини є досить актуальним для України в умовах сучасної політичної дійсності.