Suchergebnisse

В статье проводится анализ исторического развития понятия трудовой правосубъектности работодателя юридического лица (организации) в науке трудового права, охватывающего различные этапы социально-экономического развития российского государства, начиная с первого КЗоТ 1918 года, заложившего начало формирования отечественного трудового права, до принятия Трудового кодекса РФ в 2001 году. Предметом изучения явились мнения учёных-трудовиков, сложившиеся в устойчивые научные концепции, дающие характеристику хозяйствующим субъектам трудовых правоотношений, «предоставляющих» работу трудоспособным гражданам, из которой следует то или иное понятие их трудовой правосубъектности. Осуществляя краткий обзор основных концепций, автор выражает свое отношение к ним, полагая, что идея о признании только предприятий, обладающих правами юридического лица, субъектами трудовых правоотношений, в связи с чем происходит отождествление трудовой правосубъектности с гражданской, не является обоснованной, а поэтому не заслуживает её закрепления в трудовом законодательстве. Основным выводом данной статьи является констатация факта отсутствия однозначного разрешения проблем трудовой правосубъектности работодателя юридического лица (организации) в науке трудового права, в силу не достигнутого в ней единого мнения о понятии данной категории. Это негативным образом отразилось на законодательстве о труде, которое не содержит по её поводу каких-либо указаний. Особым вкладом автора в изучение трудовой правосубъектности является то, что проведённое исследование позволяет понять логику развития данного правового явления, выявить проблемы его применения на современном этапе, углубить имеющиеся о нём знания, а также спрогнозировать необходимые направления его законодательного совершенствования. ; The analysis of the historical development of the notion of the labor legal personality of an employer-legal person (organization) in science of labor law covering the different stages of social-economic development of the Russian state starting from the first Labor Code of 1918 laying the beginning of formation of native labor law till the adoption of the labor Code of the RF in 2001 is analyzed in this article. The subject of research were the opinions of scientific workers which were became the stable scientific concepts giving the characteristics to the economic subjects of labor legal relationships "giving" the work of able-bodied citizens, from which we can understand the notion of labor legal personality. Making the brief survey of main concepts the author expresses his attitude to them suppose that the idea of acceptance of only enterprises possessing the rights of a legal person, subjects of labor legal relationships in connection with it the identification of labor legal personality with civil one is not essential and so it doesn't deserve its consolidation in labor legislation. The main conclusion of the present article is a statement of the fact of absence of single permission of problems of labor legal personality of an employer legal person (organization) in science of labor law, but the integrated opinion on the notion of the present category was not achieved. It negatively expressed on labor legislation which does not contain any directions on this problem. The specific contribution of the author in the study of the legal personality is the fact that the present research allows to understand the logics of the development of the legal phenomenon, reveal the problems of its application on the modern stage, deepen the present knowledge and forecast the necessary directions of its legislation improvement as well.

Актуальность и цели. В условиях становления инновационной экономики в России, формирования информационного общества и экономики, базирующейся на знаниях, исследование противоречий социально-трудовой сферы позволяет объяснить причины замедления темпов экономического развития действием негативных тенденций в воспроизводстве и развитии такой современной формы рабочей силы, как человеческий капитал. Цель работы раскрыть формы проявления противоречий социально-трудовой сферы в России, дать оценку влияния этих противоречий на инновационное развитие и предложить меры по разрешению противоречий и предотвращению их обострения. Материалы и методы. Использовались методы диалектики, воспроизводственный, уровневый и отраслевой подходы, были проанализированы статистические данные, свидетельствующие об обострении противоречий. Результаты. Структура противоречий социально-трудовой сферы представлена во всех фазах воспроизводства, на уровнях домохозяйства, организаций и национальной экономики, дана характеристика субъектов и предметов противоречий. Показаны роль и формы проявления противоречия между трудом и капиталом в организациях социально-трудовой сферы, те негативные последствия и явления, которые свидетельствуют об обострении противоречий (в частности, расслоение общества по уровню доходов и богатства, уход в «теневую» сферу занятости, распространение коррупции и т.п.). Выводы. Основной причиной обострения противоречий социально-трудо­вой сферы является деформация нравственных принципов и норм поведения российских чиновников и неэффективность системы государственного управления с точки зрения интересов общества. Предложен комплекс наиболее насущных мер, направленных на повышение эффективности системы государственного управления экономикой, в числе которых ужесточение антикоррупционного законодательства, введение прогрессивного подоходного налога, сокращение дифференциации доходов. ; Background. In conditions of formation of the Russian innovative economy, information society and knowledge-beased economy, the research of contradictions of the social labor sphere allows to explain the causes of slowing down the pace of economic development by the negative trends in production and development of such a modern form of workforce as human capital. The aim of the work is to reveal the forms of manifestation of contradictions in the social labor sphere in Russia, to estimate the impact of the contradictions on immovative development and to suggest the measures to resolve the contradictions and to prevent aggrevation thereof. Materials and methods. The authors used the methods of dialectics, reproduction, level and branch approaches, analyzed statistical data indicating aggravation of the contradictions. Results. The structure of contradictions in the social labor sphere is represented in all phases of reproduction, at levels of household, organizations and national economy. The authors characterized the subjects and objects of the contradictions, showed the role and forms of manifestation of contradictions between labor and ca­pital at organizations of the social labor sphere, some negative consequences and phenomena that indicate aggravation of contradictions (particularly, stratification of society by income level and wealthness, transition to "shady" employement, corruption dissemination etc.). Conclusions. The main cause of aggrevation of contradictions of the social labor sphere is deformation of moral principles and norms of Russian officials' behavior and inefficiency of the system of public administration from the point of view of the society's interests. The authors suggested a complex of the most urgent measures to improve effectiveness of the system of state economic administration, including toughening of anticorruption legislation, introduction of progressive income tax, reduction of income differentiation.

Introductory. At this time nearly all serious minds are preoccupied with the problem how, after the European war, peace may be most effectively promoted and maintained. Thoughts are turned toward the question what is the best international system for the sustenance of higher international justice—a revitalized Concert of Europe, or of the world, or some new application of the "balance of power" principle. There are those who consider the "balance of power" doctrine to have outlived its usefulness, and to have shown itself productive of mischief; others would retain or reconstruct existing alliances in a form more efficacious for the preservation of international peace. Statesmanship will have to face many other difficult problems of international relationship after the war, and internationalists will be impelled to give a greatly increased share of their attention to the sanctions of international law and to the political conditions essential to its maintenance and development. Such questions call for an understanding of aspects of the life of the international community that are now much more strongly accentuated than they were before the war, and that can scarcely fail to attract scientific study to factors in the general situation the importance of which till recently was underrated. These practical problems demand in some degree philosophical study of the structure of the international community; as pure science precedes applied science, the communal life of States must be analyzed before light can be thrown on the issues of practical statecraft. The question how international force is to be organized, so as to render most effective aid to the cause of justice, presupposes for its satisfactory solution an inquiry into the actual constitution of the international society. States, moreover, can wisely order their future only by acting with full knowledge of the lessons of history. The interpretation of history is a necessary point of departure for the statesman and the publicist, if they are to offer sound proposals for practical action. But one is powerless to extract any meaning from history without understanding the social processes of which conspicuous historical events are but the surface manifestations. One must read history in the light of political science to grasp its meaning. Thus we are led inevitably, as a preliminary to any practical program, or to any interpretation of recent history, to the task of surveying the actual distribution, transformation, and organization of international force, and of stating in analytical terms the relation between these processes and the maintenance of international right—that is, order and justice. The conceptions of international force and of international power are so closely related as to be almost identical, but in this investigation we prefer the concept of force as something more positive and more tangible than power, which is latent force, or that which may develop actual force. For this reason the propositions here elaborated apply equally to the organization of international power—to the establishment of that authority through which the supremacy of law is effectuated and secured.

"A plea for a renewed commitment to authentic urbanism and an invitation to learn from history as our cities enter a future of unprecedented change." Alex Steffen, author of "Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that Can Save the Planet" "One of Chuck Wolfe's great gifts is an extraordinary photographer's eye for capturing visual images of everyday, but evocative, city life. Another is an uncommonly strong intellectual grounding in urban planning theory. In Urbanism Without Effort, he combines the two in unique fashion to show us how unplanned places can often teach us more about great placemaking than planned ones." Kaid Benfield, senior counsel, environmental strategies at PlaceMakers, LLC, and former director for sustainable communities, NRDC "Chuck's work is what happens when art meets science in placemaking. His talent for capturing places being themselves is so important in the placemaker's toolkit, yet can be missed if we are not paying attention. Lucky for us, Chuck is always paying attention and this book is the proof." Dr. Katherine Loflin, The City Doctor "This is a must read for those who want to understand in words and pictures what stands behind great cities. We're proud to see a Seattle native son helping to show the way." Mike McGinn, Mayor of Seattle, founding Executive Director, Seattle Great City Initiative "Wolfe provides something rare in contemporary urbanist writing—rich illustrations and examples from real life—both historical and current. His writing about the past and the future of urban form offers readers inspiration, historical context, and a better understanding of how a sustainable, inviting urban environment is created." Eco-Libris "Nicely put. If you like thinking about the intersection of people and place, you may like this attractively priced book a great deal." NRDC's The Switchboard blog "Readers will come away motivated to find, experience and document their own favourite places and find ways to apply effortless urbanism in their own neighbourhood." Spacing "...a book of inspiration and aspiration. It makes the reader yearn for places with soul." Better Cities & Towns "...a great ground-level look at how neighborhoods and communities can foster flourishing life in the city." Can't Catch My Breath "The jargon-free text makes this book a good option for anyone, but the substance of the message could make for academic reading as well. I enjoyed reading this book for its vignettes of urban living from around the world." Global Site Plans

This dissertation aims to study the relationship between the economic dimension of "new wars" and the perpetuation of violence. The analysis on the economic dimension of "new wars" shows that it is an essential aspect to understand in an interconnected and globalized setting because there are impacts on the state-building and on the social and political spheres. The main question of the thesis is going to analyze the main aspects of the war economy in Kosovo. One of the hypotheses holds that in contemporary wars, the state suffers increased levels of violence, which leads to a non-ending cycle of internal crisis, because of the economic aspect of war. The goal is to explore this hypothesis and to analyze the nature and characteristics of the war economy as well as, to understand how the perpetuation of violence can easily spread on a transnational level. One of the main sources for the discussion of the "new wars" theory are the book New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 2012 by Mary Kaldor and the book The New Wars, 2003 by Herfried Münkler. Kaldor has an extensive fieldwork experience on the type of intrastate conflicts and analyses the main aspects of conflicts in different parts of the world. While Kaldor and Münkler focus on the "new wars" thesis, authors such as Philippe Le Billon in the paper The Political Economy of War: What Relief Agencies Need to Know, 2000 provides a better insight into the different types of war, their characteristics and challenges. Finally, authors such as Francesco Stratazzi in the article with the tittle Between ethnic collision and mafia collusion, 2006 and Jenny H. Peterson, in the article with the title Transforming a war economy, 2014 provide an even more detailed analysis of the economic aspects of the conflict in the Balkan region and in relation to the case on Kosovo's war economy. The dissertation is divided into three chapters. The first chapter examines the nature of the "new wars" based on a qualitative research of the central authors on the topic. The second chapter analyses the political economy of weak states and the causes for the perpetuation of violence. In the third chapter, the case study on the Kosovo war economy is discussed and analyzed to better understand the theoretical aspects of the economy of the war in the case of Kosovo. The main goal of our thesis is to study the related causes of the economic dimension of these types of war and to understand how the awareness of war economy can help to take measures to prevent violent conflict and perpetuation of war.

The need and ways to solve the problems of rural areas on the basis of sustainable development are being studied, and it is noted that one of the ways to solve the latter is the realization of the right of every citizen to housing in rural areas.Maslow's theory of needs is once again analyzed in the context of the above problem.The article also draws attention to the fact that solving the issue of rural development without the approval of the territorial community will be ineffective.It is emphasized that the solution of the problems that arise in the process of decentralization and the creation of united territorial communities will significantly help the establishment and practical content of public-private partnership.As an alternative to the modernization of rural settlements can be ancestral estates or tribal settlements. After all, in our opinion, the production and economic activity of small farms in rural areas is a source of food security for the country and the flexibility of the national economy.The article also focuses on the social mentality of the population, inherited from previous generations, namely - the presence of two opposites: the outflow of population from villages and the active return of people to the land.After all, the agricultural mentality of Ukrainian society is a reservoir for the accumulation of environmental values and a fundamental factor in economic development. In contrast to European environmental values, which are exclusively democratic in nature (equality, justice, humanism), the mental porter of the Ukrainian farmer is full of communicative values. The national character of Ukrainians is characterized by communicative means of interaction with the environment.It is the socio-ecological orientation and priority of the human-centered approach in the management of territorial communities, the formation of entrepreneurship and agribusiness, employment and self-employment is decisive from the standpoint of forming and increasing the natural resource potential of the administrative-territorial unit.Installed causal and consequential connection, which provides the formation of the future circle of promising private partners for public-private partnership. Their feature will be the actualization and ways to solve local (regional) problems. ; Проведено дослідження передумов формування родових садиб як альтернативної форми розвитку сільських територій на основі державно-приватного партнерства. Не лише родові садиби, а й більш укрупнені форми малого господарювання, на наш погляд, є усвідомленим вибором все більшого числа як представників сільського, так і міського населення. Це самостійний пошук виходу із кризового стану на індивідуальному рівні, що, за належної уваги з боку держави, забезпечить покроковий вихід із занедбаного стану села на державному рівні. Визначено переваги стимулювання державою організації прогресивних форм малого господарювання на сільських територіях.Встановлено причинно-наслідковий зв'язок, що забезпечує формування майбутнього кола перспективних приватних партнерів для державно-приватного партнерства, особливістю яких буде актуалізація та шляхи вирішення локальних (регіональних) проблем.

The article describes national influences on the formation of physical education concepts in Europe in the period of modern (late 18th – early 20th century.) The author presents the beginnings of modern physical education in Germany, Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom and systematizes innovative ideas in the development of physical education concepts in Europe. The influence of German and Swedish gymnastics, as well as British games and sports in European countries are demonstrated. The author states that the following educational innovations were proposed by German educators: the need to combine various forms of physical activity: physical exercises, games, military training, manual work and educational excursions (J. Bazedow); the association of pan-European models of physical culture with natural physical exercises known at that time (F. Guth-Muts); the introduction of gymnastics in the school curriculum as a necessary and indispensable part of education and education of men, providing physical culture with equal to other subjects rights, introducing special requirements for physical training teachers, taking into account age and sex in physical training (A. Spisss); integration of sports games into a school curriculum (K. Koch); the formation of German mass gymnastics as a means of uniting the nation, the introduction of special clothing for classes, the involvement of young people in the role of instructors, the observance of safety during physical education, awareness of the formation of the spirit of the nation by means of physical education and sports (F. Jan). As a result of the formation of Swedish gymnastics for educational, military and medical trends, it was discovered that its innovative ideas greatly influenced the European physical education concepts, in particular: recognition of the important role of gymnastics to increase the strength of people and better ability to resist, theoretical development of the foundations of medical gymnastics, the training system based on simple movements without special equipment, introduction of gymnastics in schools for girls, awareness of the need to provide gymnasts and a physiological basis for balancing the various organs of the body in order to provide strength and health (G. Ling). It is noted that Denmark was the first European country to introduce compulsory physical training in schools and provided comprehensive training for teachers on the theory and methodology of gymnastics. It was emphasized that Great Britain played an important role in the formation of the game movement and university physical education. ; У статті охарактеризовано національні впливи на формування концепцій фізкультурної освіти в Європі в модерну добу (друга половина ХVІІІ ст. – перша половина ХХ ст.). Представлено початки модерної фізкультурної освіти у Німеччині, Швеції, Данії та Великій Британії та систематизовано інноваційні ідеї щодо становлення концепцій фізкультурної освіти в Європі. Продемонстровано особливості поширення німецької та шведської гімнастики, а також британських ігор і спорту в європейських країнах

In the 2011 census of India, more than 2500 settlements have been newly inducted into the category of 'census towns' – the lowest size-class of urban settlements in India. This is a staggering figure in light of the observation that a comparable number constituted the total number of all urban settlements recorded since 1900. Furthermore, it has been revealed through aerial images, that a vast majority of these new census towns are situated away from million-plus metropolitan areas and are parts of smaller settlement agglomerations (Pradhan 2012). This geographical phenomenon of small-town based urbanization independent of state planning has been termed subaltern urbanization (Denis, Mukhopadhyay, and Zerah 2012). Taking this to be the point of entry, this thesis attempts to explore the nature of urbanizations unfolding in small-town India, from a subaltern studies perspective. It is meant to be an empirical and conceptual intervention into the dominant understanding of urbanization processes, both in state-led official accounts and in critical urban theory. It also attempts to throw light on the everyday politics of the production of the urban at these sites. The central question is to find out what a subaltern studies approach can reveal about this phenomenon of proliferating census towns.The analytical apparatus is built on core concepts of Subaltern Studies such as autonomous domains of political consciousness, and the notion of a sovereign historical subject. The empirical analysis combines discourse analysis of policy documents and official interviews, narrative analysis of personal interviews, participatory mapping exercises, and a household survey. The study was conducted in West Bengal - the state with the highest share of new census towns. The fieldwork was carried out in two towns in the south-western districts of West Medinipur (Garbeta town) and Bankura (Jhantipahari town). The thesis consists of five articles and an introductory 'kappa'. I argue that i) there exists a clear dissonance between the official epistemology and the locally circulating forms of meaning-making; which renders official classifications redundant for the lived experience of urbanization ii) a complex multitude of socio-economic logics are at work in shaping the dynamics of this urbanization process, which cannot be fully represented through existing categories of theorization: hence this is an attempt to push the boundaries of how urban justice may be conceptualized and iii) the urban here is amalgamated into the agrarian and thrives on the perpetuation of power relations that are characterized by the Hindu caste order, although everyday forms of 'resistance as negotiation' are incessantly at work to prevent the power structure from stagnating. Thus, I imagine the census towns as sites of dynamic continuity and call for a democratic historiography of the urban that can do justice to the radical heterogeneity of lived experience.

Метою статті є аналіз зарубіжної практики підготовки соціальних педагогів (працівників) до практичної діяльності, надання рекомендацій щодо вдосконалення сучасної системи освіти в цій галузі. Методи дослідження: індукція, дедукція, порівняння, аналіз, синтез, абстрагування, узагальнення. Результати дослідження: подано порівняння підготовки соціальних педагогів (соціальних працівників) до практичної діяльності в зарубіжних країнах, висвітлено особливості навчальних дисциплін та практики, розглянуто досвід громадських і волонтерських організацій, сформульовано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення вітчизняної системи підготовки соціальних педагогів. Практичне значення дослідження: можливість введення в підготовку вітчизняних соціальних педагогів (працівників) найкращих досягнень зарубіжного досвіду. Перспективами подальших наукових розвідок є обґрунтування відповідних програм щодо удосконалення підготовки фахівців соціальної сфери в Україні. ; The aim of the article is the analysis of foreign practice of training of social pedagogues (social workers) to practice, making recommendations for improving the current system of education in this area. The following methods were used: induction, deduction, comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization. The experience of training social pedagogues (social workers) to practical activity in foreign countries, especially lit disciplines and practices, and the experience of community and voluntary organizations, the proposals for improving the domestic system for training social workers are revealed. Social pedagogue (social worker) is intended to create conditions that are the most favorable for psychological comfort, social assistance, development and self-development of a person, taking into account appropriate social and cultural environment. Particular attention is paid to the training of specialists, level of education and specialization according to the practical part of the training. The experience of training in different countries makes it possible to compare foreign and native training system of social pedagogues (social workers) and to draw conclusions on the fullness of the curriculum disciplines, particularly the practice, issues of management training, a thorough psychological preparation, as well as studying the characteristics of certain categories of subjects of a social pedagogue. It should be extremely cautious in the use of foreign experience, that both the theory and practice of social and socio-educational activities in any country is conditioned by the cultural and historical traditions, socio-economic and political conditions. The success of the process of formation and development of social work and social pedagogy in Ukraine is of great importance to study, as well as interpretation and adaptation of the experience gained by foreign countries, especially the countries of Western Europe, the US, Israel and Britain. The practical significance of the study is the possibility of introducing in the preparation of local social pedagogues (social workers) of the best achievements of international experience. The prospects for further research are the study of relevant programs for improving the training of experts of social sphere in Ukraine.

[Quality of Life - A Multidimensional Approach] The term "quality of life research" refers to a general theoretical framework rather than to a specific theory of welfare or well-being. Most of the various definitions and conceptions of quality of life within this framework cite the multidimensional character of living conditions. In this respect, they differ from views of economic welfare that are primarily income or GDP driven. Another broadly used definition of quality of life utilizes the impact of subjective indicators to focus on the quality aspect of living conditions. The quality of life framework has laid the foundations for a large body of research on cognitive and affective dimensions of happiness and satisfaction- both satisfaction with life overall, and satisfaction with specific life domains. As such, quality of life is closely related to other (psychological) dimensions of subjective well-being such as worries, risks, attitudes, and their connections to different personality states and traits. The quality of life research is based on interdisciplinary approaches and has normative applications to the maintenance and improvement of living conditions. Quality of life approaches are therefore related on the individual level to research on inequality, poverty, and multiple deprivation; on a social level to research on advantaged and disadvantaged social groups or regions, the functioning of social and political institutions, and the preservation of living conditions; and on a national and global level to national and cross-national social and political indicators that are used widely to promote and establish fairer and better living conditions around the globe. This article takes a micro-level, individual-based perspective on inequality and quality of life to explore how inequality within and between different life dimensions impacts the overall quality of life. Section 2 describes the conceptual background and outlines the perspective of inequality assessment using economic welfare and subjective well-being as key dimensions within a multidimensional quality of life approach. Sections 3 to 5 summarize some of the empirical results on the distribution of and relationship between economic and subjective well-being. Section 3 illustrates the overall distribution and the age profiles for the economic and subjective well-being indicators. In Section 4, the case of German reunification is used to investigate how reference levels for subjective well-being converged over time with the distribution of new economic and political standards. Section 5 points out further principles for the evaluation of living conditions, giving special attention to the distribution and inequality of economic welfare levels. Section 6 provides a short summary of the main findings and a brief discussion of the main conclusions.

In this article by applying the ideas of M. Foucault, E. Said, A. Negri, M. Hardt, L. Wittgenstein, Z. Norkus, N. Statkus, R. Lopata, N. Luhmann and others, the model of the EU imperialism is introduced. By using the theory of family resemblance by L. Wittgenstein and logic of its employment as shown by Z. Norkus in his work on Grand Duchy of Lithuanian as the empire, the conclusion arrives that the EU gravitates from the classical or neo-classical definition of the empire. However, inaccuracies, found by applying Z. Norkus' methodology, are caused more by the form, and not by the content, thus the claim that EU holds the notion of the empire is valid. This allows entitling the EU as the post-modern empire. In this work the main focus is set on the ruling regime of the post-modern empire of EU and on the main centre, which subordinates the other centres – "the core". It is the main centre of the empire of EU. The core is not visual (European Commission, Court of Justice of the European Union are just the parts of "the core".) It is more of a governing strategy, the entirety of values, standards, texts and rules that are imposed onto other centres. Two time-periods are highlighted: the first one is the expansionist experience of the Europe in 16th–20th centuries, when the justification of the EU as a civilizing force emerges (legitimate expansionism of the governing of the EU); the second is the time-period from the end of 20th century, since when the sensation that only the law, standards and virtues of the EU outtops the preferences of the national state, arises. That last momentum determines the equality of all the member-states, even though the asymmetry of force is clearly visible. The capability to subordinate the national preferences for the values and strategies of "the core" determines the success or the failure of the national politics. On this account, the influence of the small states in the EU is immediately concerned with the level of its integration and the ability to assimilate the standards and virtues, as postulated by "the core". The more the state integrates and the more of the sovereignty it renounces, the more leverage it acquires. Accordingly, the asymmetry of force between the large and small states decreases. As the conclusion that the renouncement of sovereignty ensures more of the force, arises, the Lithuanian claim for regional leadership is proposed through the better integration and renouncement (delegation) of sovereignty.

Public authorities seem increasingly to be involving the private sector in financing, building and operating new infrastructures. A lot of reasons are usually given to justify this private sector involvement but the reasons which are the most frequently mentioned relate to the ability of a private operator to manage the construction and operation of the project more efficiently. This amounts to assuming that the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the project is not the same depending on whether it is managed by an administration or public body or by a company which in theory keeps abreast of the progress in optimization techniques which is taking place all the time. This difference is explained in many ways: the private sector pays some categories of staff less well, is more flexible, offers faster construction times which speed up the return on investment and is also more able to resist political demands which generate additional costs. Nevertheless, with a public or a private operator, there is a target IRR, very near the standard notion of Weighted Average Capital Cost (WACC), which is larger in the case of the private alternative because this cost must also include the operator's profit. Thus, if the main stake for the national government relates, for each project of public infrastructure, to the need of subsidies, the fundamental issue is the result of two opposite effects: on one hand the effect of a bigger efficiency of the private operator, on the other hand the effect of a lower WACC for the public operator. The objective of this communication is to propose a modelling of the determination of the need of public financing which formalizes these two effects and allows analyzing the conditions under which the PPP would be advantageous for the public finances. We propose for that a model of the mechanism of financing of the projects with a restricted number of parameters. This modelling will be confronted with real French cases of projects of toll highways in order to verify the relevance of the model and to determine the actual range of these parameters and their dispersal. An analysis will finally be proposed, according to the intrinsic profitability of the projects, the conditions under which a PPP can relieve the public spending. This conclusion joins many other authors in arguing against a systematic choice of one or other solution and suggesting rather that the most appropriate solution will depend on the circumstances of each case. The original contribution of this communication consists of an original formalization and of econometric estimations of these circumstances.

Public authorities seem increasingly to be involving the private sector in financing, building and operating new infrastructures. A lot of reasons are usually given to justify this private sector involvement but the reasons which are the most frequently mentioned relate to the ability of a private operator to manage the construction and operation of the project more efficiently. This amounts to assuming that the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the project is not the same depending on whether it is managed by an administration or public body or by a company which in theory keeps abreast of the progress in optimization techniques which is taking place all the time. This difference is explained in many ways: the private sector pays some categories of staff less well, is more flexible, offers faster construction times which speed up the return on investment and is also more able to resist political demands which generate additional costs. Nevertheless, with a public or a private operator, there is a target IRR, very near the standard notion of Weighted Average Capital Cost (WACC), which is larger in the case of the private alternative because this cost must also include the operator's profit. Thus, if the main stake for the national government relates, for each project of public infrastructure, to the need of subsidies, the fundamental issue is the result of two opposite effects: on one hand the effect of a bigger efficiency of the private operator, on the other hand the effect of a lower WACC for the public operator. The objective of this communication is to propose a modelling of the determination of the need of public financing which formalizes these two effects and allows analyzing the conditions under which the PPP would be advantageous for the public finances. We propose for that a model of the mechanism of financing of the projects with a restricted number of parameters. This modelling will be confronted with real French cases of projects of toll highways in order to verify the relevance of the model and to determine the actual range of these parameters and their dispersal. An analysis will finally be proposed, according to the intrinsic profitability of the projects, the conditions under which a PPP can relieve the public spending. This conclusion joins many other authors in arguing against a systematic choice of one or other solution and suggesting rather that the most appropriate solution will depend on the circumstances of each case. The original contribution of this communication consists of an original formalization and of econometric estimations of these circumstances.

The master's final work analyses how manifestation of multiculturalism is explained and what the elements of multiculturalism in Lithuanian education policy are. Nowadays the conditions of globalization are opening wider possibilities for the development of multiculturalism, for the dialogue of cultures and integration. For that reason every manifestation of multiculturalism in different societies of various countries is differently understood, consequently it influences various arising problems, discussions and their solutions in the political context. The concept of multiculturalism has become stronger not so long ago and it is obviously visible in some Lithuanian education political documents. Noticeably, that multiculturalism in Lithuania is perceived primitively and is rarely discussed manifestation. The studying object of this work is Lithuanian education policy in the context of multiculturalism. The framed hypothesis in this work claims that there is no consecutive multicultural policy in Lithuania as the education policy is formed in the context of nation – ethnic policy. The narrow-minded understanding of this concept hinders to imply the policy of multiculturalism in everyday life. The work seeks open and estimates the forms of manifestation of multiculturalism in Lithuanian education policy, to analyze its peculiarities and prospects. The objectives of this work are to observe the models of multiculturalism theory and compare them with Lithuanian and other countries experience, to open how ethnic culture is understood in Lithuania, to analyze the main law documents, identify the difference between political rhetoric and law situation. Analyzing the chosen topic the qualitative estimating analysis of education policy has been fulfilled. The research has proved the hypothesis that there is no consecutive multicultural policy in Lithuania as the education policy is formed in the context of nation – ethnic policy. As the result, the narrow-minded understanding of this concept hinders to imply the policy of multiculturalism in everyday life. This master's final work consists of two parts. The first part of the work deals with working concepts and the main law resources seeking to distinguish the peculiarities of multiculturalism. The perception of multiculturalism concepts is presented within the experience of the Western European countries. The second part gives the analysis of the qualitative research of the realization of Lithuanian education policy, the answers of the respondents are compared according to certain categories, the elements of multiculturalism within Lithuanian education policy and the spheres of the important issues are discussed with the general education statistical data. As well the comparative analysis of expert – scientist officials and expert teachers is presented. Finally, the fulfilled research data show how education policy in the context of multiculturalism is organized in Lithuania.

The master's final work analyses how manifestation of multiculturalism is explained and what the elements of multiculturalism in Lithuanian education policy are. Nowadays the conditions of globalization are opening wider possibilities for the development of multiculturalism, for the dialogue of cultures and integration. For that reason every manifestation of multiculturalism in different societies of various countries is differently understood, consequently it influences various arising problems, discussions and their solutions in the political context. The concept of multiculturalism has become stronger not so long ago and it is obviously visible in some Lithuanian education political documents. Noticeably, that multiculturalism in Lithuania is perceived primitively and is rarely discussed manifestation. The studying object of this work is Lithuanian education policy in the context of multiculturalism. The framed hypothesis in this work claims that there is no consecutive multicultural policy in Lithuania as the education policy is formed in the context of nation – ethnic policy. The narrow-minded understanding of this concept hinders to imply the policy of multiculturalism in everyday life. The work seeks open and estimates the forms of manifestation of multiculturalism in Lithuanian education policy, to analyze its peculiarities and prospects. The objectives of this work are to observe the models of multiculturalism theory and compare them with Lithuanian and other countries experience, to open how ethnic culture is understood in Lithuania, to analyze the main law documents, identify the difference between political rhetoric and law situation. Analyzing the chosen topic the qualitative estimating analysis of education policy has been fulfilled. The research has proved the hypothesis that there is no consecutive multicultural policy in Lithuania as the education policy is formed in the context of nation – ethnic policy. As the result, the narrow-minded understanding of this concept hinders to imply the policy of multiculturalism in everyday life. This master's final work consists of two parts. The first part of the work deals with working concepts and the main law resources seeking to distinguish the peculiarities of multiculturalism. The perception of multiculturalism concepts is presented within the experience of the Western European countries. The second part gives the analysis of the qualitative research of the realization of Lithuanian education policy, the answers of the respondents are compared according to certain categories, the elements of multiculturalism within Lithuanian education policy and the spheres of the important issues are discussed with the general education statistical data. As well the comparative analysis of expert – scientist officials and expert teachers is presented. Finally, the fulfilled research data show how education policy in the context of multiculturalism is organized in Lithuania.