En: Conference semiconductor lasers and laser dynamics III, Strasbourg (France), 7 April 2008. Eds. Krassimir P. Panajotov, Marc Sciamanna, Angel A. Valle, Rainer Michalzik.-- Published Online: 5 May 2008.-- 8 pages, 3 figures. ; We analyze a rate equation model in the Langevin formulation for the two modes of the electric field and the carrier density, modelling the spontaneous emission noise in a semiconductor ring laser biased in the bidirectional regime. We analytically investigate the influence of complex backscattering coefficient when the two modes are reinterpreted in terms of mode-intensity sum (I-Spectrum) and difference (D-spectrum). The D-spectrum represents the energy exchange between the two counterpropagating modes and it is shaped by the noisy precursor of a Hopf bifurcation influenced mainly by the conservative backscattering. The I-Spectrum reflects the energy exchange between the total field and the medium and behaves similarly to the standard relative intensity noise for single-mode semiconductor lasers. Good agreement between analytical approximation and numerical results is found. ; This work was funded by the european project IOLOS IST-2005-34743 and Balear Government project QULMI PROGECIB-5A. A.S. and R.Z. acknowledge Ram´on y Cajal program by Spanish MEC. ; Peer reviewed
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 238, S. 113579
8 Páginas.-- 5 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas ; The relationships between extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), soluble microbial product production, metal solubility, and methanogenic activity were investigated. The individual, and joint, toxic effects of nickel and cobalt on methanogenic consortia fed with glucose as model substrate were studied using biomethane potential assays. Cobalt was found to be less toxic to methanogens than nickel at each concentration tested, and the combined effects of Ni and Co on methane production in the bimetal experiment was higher than the sum of the effects of each metal alone. The protein content of EPS, and extracellular soluble protein fractions, decreased with increasing concentrations of total metals. Meanwhile, no significant change in response to metal stress was apparent for carbohydrate content of EPS or extracellular soluble carbohydrate. Decreasing protein content of EPS was accompanied by reduced methanogenic activity and an increase in the soluble metal fraction. The strong associations observed between these variables could be due to the critical role of EPS in protecting microbial cells against nickel and cobalt stress, possibly by capturing metal cations through their functional groups, thus reducing metal availability to the microbial cells in the methanogenic consortia underpinning the anaerobic digestion process. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 861088. Antonio Serrano is grateful to the Economic Transformation, Industry, Knowledge and Universities Department of the Andalucia Autonomous Government for his Emergia fellowship (EMERGIA20_00114). ; Peer reviewed
A solar collector market is most European countries is at the stage of continuous development, however its expansion rate differs. It shows that much more factors than only the local solar radiation is important, including a technology progress, costs, local manufactures' engagement, an economic government support or an environmentally consciousness raising relevant to a mitigating climate change. We conducted the analysis for a public office building, with a few toilets and a social room, used by 54 people. As a primary heat source for HVAC and DHW systems an oil boiler was used, whereas solar collectors were considered as an energy source for hot water preparation. The analysis was conducted for three locations of the building: Bialystok (Poland), Cordoba (Spain) and Kaunas (Lithuania), using a simulation software delivered within the framework of VIPSKILLS project. Theoretical hot water consumption was considered as 3–7 dm3/(day person) in compliance with national recommendations. It was found that beam solar radiation share in a total radiation balance was nearly twice higher in Cordoba than in Bialystok or Kaunas. The highest efficiency (44%) was estimated in Cordoba for solar collectors installed with the tilt angle between 45–50°. In case of Bialystok and Kaunas the efficiency was lower than in Cordoba and nearly equal 40–41% and the recommended tilt angle was in a range 30– 45°.
3 pages, 7 figures.-- PACS: 42.55.Px, 42.60.By ; We have experimentally and theoretically analyzed the modal properties of semiconductor ring lasers and the wavelength jumps that occur in connection with directional switching above the threshold. ; We acknowledge financial support from the IOLOS 034743 project funded by the European Union's Sixth Framework Program (EU FP6-2005-IST-5), the PhoDeCC (TEC2006-10009/MIC) project funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia MIC , the QULMI (PROGECIB-5A) project funded by the Spanish Govern Balear, and the TEC2006-13887-C05-03 project funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. ; Peer reviewed
O presente trabalho tem por finalidade analisar a decisão do gestor público na escolha do perfil profissional dos ocupantes dos cargos em comissão, tanto quanto a atributos objetivos previstos em lei, quanto aos princípios presentes em nosso ordenamento jurídico, estabelecendo-se o critério da ponderação para a análise da melhor indicação ao cargo, revestindo a decisão discricionária de critério pautado no interesse público.
No se entiende hoy un sistema educativo de calidad si no incluye políticas encaminadas a mejorar las oportunidades educativas de todos los estudiantes. En todos los casos, los sistemas deben evolucionar favoreciendo las características personales y, a la vez, integrando las diferencias económicas, sociales, culturales, religiosas de cada país. Esta pluralidad solo tendrá verdadero sentido si se presentan como oportunidades y, en definitiva, como un camino necesario para lograr la inclusión, para mejorar y evolucionar. Para que cada sociedad alcance una mayor igualdad, tanto la educación como la formación juegan un papel determinante. En la Unión Europea, la Comisión en materia de educación y formación ha propuesto, de cara al 2020, la consecución de seis objetivos. Entre ellos se anuncia la importancia que tiene mejorar la escolarización de las etapas de educación infantil así como las tasas de abandono prematuro. Concretamente, en el próximo bienio, las cifras de niños y niñas en edad preescolar de más de cuatro años deben alcanzar el 95% y, por otro lado, se debe lograr reducir por debajo del 10%, el abandono temprano de escolares en la educación y la formación. Este estudio analiza estos dos indicadores, viendo su evolución en diversos países y reconociendo la relevancia que pueden tener ambos, ya directa o indirectamente, en los procesos de inclusión y en su optimización. Aumentando el primero y disminuyendo el segundo se favorecen las medidas relacionadas con la proporcionalidad y la equidad educativa. La elección de estos dos ámbitos tiene su explicación en el propio concepto de inclusión y en las dimensiones asociadas al mismo. ¿Sería acertado indicar que aquellos países que tienen mejores cifras en materia de educación infantil y de abandono temprano tienen también mejores datos acerca de la calidad educativa y, por consiguiente, en materia de inclusión? Buscamos algunos ejemplos que nos ayuden a entender y explicar estos argumentos aunque, realmente, no parece oportuno considerarlos como hechos absolutos pero sí relacionados. ; A quality education system needs to include policies aimed at improving the educational opportunities of all students. The development of education systems should promote personal characteristics in all cases while, at the same time, integrating the economic, social, cultural, and religious differences within each country. This diversity will only have real meaning if it is presented as an opportunity and ultimately, as a necessary inclusionary path for improvement and growth. Education and training play a decisive role in achieving greater social equality. In the European Union, the Education and Training Commission has proposed six benchmarks to be met by 2020. These include improving schooling provision for the early stages of primary education, as well as improving early drop-out rates. Specifically, in the next two years, at least 95% of children (from 4 to compulsory school age) should participate in early childhood education school; and the rate of early leavers from education and training aged 18-24 should be below 10%. This study analyses these two indicators by looking at how they have fared in different countries and recognising their direct or indirect impact in the optimisation of inclusion processes. Increasing the first indicator while decreasing the second encourages measures related to proportionality and educational equality. The choice of these two areas can be explained by the concept of inclusion and its associated dimensions. Would it be accurate to say that those countries that have better figures in terms of early childhood educa - tion and early school drop-out rates also have better data in terms of educational quality and, consequently, of inclusion? This paper provides some examples to gain a better understanding of these arguments, since it does not seem appropriate to consider them in isolation but rather as interrelated aspects
