Suchergebnisse

Система управления развитием туристско-рекреационной сферы Республики Крым на современном этапе не получила должного развития. Прямое и косвенное воздействие государства на данную сферу несомненно и проявляется в формировании нормативно-правового поля для осуществления туристско-рекреационной деятельности, целенаправленного воздействия органов государственной власти на развитие туристической отрасли и создание условий для эффективного сотрудничества органов государственной и региональной власти, местного самоуправления и частного сектора по развитию туризма через различные механизмы: административные, организационные, экономические, правовые, экологические и т. п. Однако экономическая эффективность функционирования туристско-рекреационной сферы Крыма не может быть обеспечена исключительно за счет стимулирующих мероприятий государства. Усилия государственных и региональных органов по развитию туристско-рекреационной сферы Республики Крым должны быть тесно сопряжены с действиями самих предприятий, направленными на повышение эффективности деятельности за счет эффективного управления экономическим потенциалом. Это обусловливает необходимость разработки научно обоснованных концепций развития туристско-рекреационной сферы, описывающих механизмы эффективного формирования и использования экономического потенциала данной сферы, обеспечивающих повышение эффективности деятельности субъектов туризма и рекреации за счет выявления резервов экономического роста. Целью проведенного авторами исследования явились теоретико-методическое обоснование и разработка механизма эффективного формирования и использования экономического потенциала предприятий туристско-рекреационной сферы Республики Крым. В ходе исследования осуществлены классификация и систематизация современных тенденций развития туристско-рекреационной сферы. Определены основные критерии и направления адаптации экономического потенциала предприятий данной сферы к современным условиям среды функционирования. Обозначен механизм эффективного формирования и использования экономического потенциала предприятий туристско-рекреационной сферы Республики Крым. В отличие от существующих, в основу механизма эффективного формирования и использования экономического потенциала предприятий положен предложенный авторами ранее методический подход к эффективному формированию и использованию экономического потенциала предприятий и его оценке, направленный на выявление резервов их экономического роста за счет определения области эффективного взаимодействия двух основных составляющих оценки экономического потенциала предприятий ликвидности (оценка эффективности формирования и использования экономических ресурсов) и рентабельности (оценка эффективности экономических результатов). Предложенный механизм эффективного функционирования экономического потенциала предприятий туристско-рекреационной сферы включает в себя по значимости все компоненты воспроизводства на уровне предприятий и их взаимодействия с государством с учетом не только его осуществления в настоящее время, но и возможностей интенсификации в перспективе. Иными словами, он ориентирован на выявление резервов и включение качественных факторов экономического роста, который зависит от взаимодействия экономических ресурсов и экономических результатов субъектов туризма и рекреации. ; The system for managing the development of the tourism and recreational sphere in the Republic of Crimea at the present stage has not received proper development. Direct and indirect impact of the state on this sphere is, doubtless, manifested in the formation of the legal field for the realization of tourism and recreational activities, targeted impact of public authorities on the development of the tourism industry and the creation of conditions for effective cooperation between state and regional authorities, local governments and the private sector on tourism development through administrative, organizational, economic, legal, environmental and other mechanisms. However, the economic efficiency of functioning of the tourist-recreational sector of Crimea can not be achieved solely at the expense of stimulating measures undertaken by the state. The efforts of state and regional authorities for the development of the tourist-recreational sphere of the Republic of Crimea should be closely associated with actions of the enterprises, aimed at improving performance through effective management of economic potential. This necessitates the development of scientifically based concepts for the development of the tourist and recreational sphere, describes the mechanisms of formation and effective use of the economic potential of this sector, promoting the increase in the efficiency of activity of tourism and recreation subjects at the expense of finding new reserves of economic growth. The aim of the present research is to make a theoretical and methodological substantiation and to develop a mechanism for the formation and effective use of economic potential of enterprises in the tourist and recreational sphere of the Republic of Crimea. In the course of the study the authors classify and systematize modern trends in the development of the tourist and recreational sphere. They identify key criteria and areas of adaptation of the economic potential of enterprises of this sector to modern business environments. The article indicates a mechanism for the formation and effective use of the economic potential of enterprises in the tourist and recreational sphere of the Republic of Crimea. In contrast to existing ones, the mechanism for the formation and effective use of the economic potential of enterprises is based on the methodological approach earlier proposed by the authors for the effective formation and use of the economic potential of enterprises and its evaluation aimed at revealing the reserves of growth by determining the effective interaction of the two main components of evaluating the economic potential of enterprises liquidity (assessment of efficiency of formation and use of economic resources) and profitability (efficiency assessment of economic performance). The proposed mechanism for the effective functioning of the economic potential of enterprises in the tourist and recreational sphere includes all the significant components of reproduction at the enterprise level, and their interaction with the state, taking into account not only its implementation at present, but the possibilities of its intensification in the future. In other words, it focuses on the identification of reserves and inclusion of qualitative drivers of economic growth, which depends on the interaction of economic resources and economic performance of the subjects of tourism and recreation.

Directly caused by long-term imbalance in energy intake and energy expenditure, obesity and overweight are conditions of excess body fat bringing with them a range of adverse health effects. What is less well understood is their intimate connection with the action of the hormone insulin in the body, a hormone which promotes the use of ingested glucose as a primary fuel source and blocks the metabolism of stored fat. In a large number of people, genetic pre-disposition and/ or the presence of overweight leads to insulin resistance, where higher levels of the hormone are required for the same blood glucose regulating effect - a state that is highly conducive to weight gain. Indigenous populations, among them Indigenous Australian people, have a greater incidence of insulin resistance, and exposed to some elements typical of Western lifestyle, are at greater risk of developing overweight and obesity. Generally, overweight and obesity are defined in relation to the body mass index, or BMI. The BMI is a weight-for-height ratio with categories based on increasing health risk. Its universal suitability, particularly as regards muscular individuals and different ethnic groups, is contested. Generally, Aboriginal people will have a higher proportion of body fat, and Torres Strait Islander people a lower proportion of body fat than will a non-Indigenous person for a given BMI. Nevertheless, the available national data on obesity and overweight among the Indigenous population (most recently from the 2004-05 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (NATSIHS)) are based on the BMI as calculated from selfreported height and weight measurements (as opposed to waist circumference, where abdominal fat has a strong correlation with insulin resistance and cardiovascular and diabetic risk). The 2004-05 NATSIHS found that overweight and obesity were substantial and increasing problems for Indigenous people. The greatest disparities were observed in levels of obesity, where 29% of Indigenous people were classified as obese compared with 17% of non-Indigenous people, and in the comparison between Indigenous and nonIndigenous females. Overall, Indigenous people were 1.2 times more likely than non-Indigenous people to be overweight or obese. For Torres Strait Islanders, the difference was even greater. The socioeconomic gradient of obesity, where higher levels of obesity are observed among groups of lower socioeconomic status, plays a distinctive role in this problem for Indigenous people. A wide range of environmental factors contribute to the higher prevalence of overweight and obesity among Indigenous people, of which the indirect contributors are perhaps the most important. In the main, immense changes to the dietary and physical activity patterns of Indigenous people have taken place since European settlement. The Indigenous diet has changed from one that was typically low energydensity and nutrient-rich to one that is typically energy-dense and nutrient-poor, high in refined carbohydrate, saturated fat and salt. Closely linked has been a substantial reduction in physical activity. Widespread poor dental health has a negative impact on nutritional health and high alcohol consumption contributes to excess energy intake and the diversion of income away from the purchase of healthy foods and other related household items. Across all countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the highest proportion of low birthweight babies are born to Indigenous mothers, babies which are likely programmed from the very beginning of life for insulin resistance, a propensity to obesity and eventual chronic disease. Dispossession and social exclusion, which have affected the lifestyle choices of Indigenous people since almost the earliest point of contact with European settlers, cannot be seen as anything other than centrally important contributors due to their role in preserving the socioeconomic disadvantage so strongly correlated with the high presence of this condition. Obesity and overweight are significant risk factors for a long list of adverse health conditions, among them some of the principal causes of Indigenous morbidity and mortality- cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic renal disease. High and rising rates of obesity and its consequent conditions are particularly burdensome in the light of the continuing and parallel existence of problems of malnutrition and infectious disease in many Indigenous communities. It is difficult, and likely of little use, to single out obesity and overweight in Indigenous people for targeted and narrow policy response due firstly to its uniquely cross-sectoral, multi-factoral nature and secondly to the holistic conception of health of many Indigenous people. The government has committed to ambitious targets in Indigenous health, has sharply increased Indigenous health spending and is concentrating resources on early intervention and prevention in the areas of maternal and child health and early childhood development (a significant juncture for the promotion of healthy weight). The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) process, the School Nutrition Program and adapted income management appear to hold particular promise for progress in Indigenous health as it relates to overweight and obesity. Pivotal areas of encounter include the push for an evidence base in Indigenous policy, the division of resources between the Northern Territory and the other states and territories, funding to meet commitments and need across the spectrum of Indigenous Affairs into the future, and the interface between Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services and external expertise.

Rev.esc.adm.negA good leadership is essential for the successful development of organizations and their staff members. Transformational leadership is a contemporary focus which highlights the moral bases of leadership and which has been valued in different cultures, being associated with its efectiviness and workers´ outcomes such as satisfaction and performance. This leadership is manifested through four basic performance dimensions (idealized influence, inspiring motivation, intellectual stimulus and individual consideration) and through the managerial competencies of an executive. In this case study, these dimensions and ten leadership competencies (integrity and confidence, orientation to outcomes, importance of action, perseverance, effective use of time, effective communication, high performance team formation and development, decision making, business capacity and strategic management capacity) have been analyzed taking an executive sample of 16 companies from the flower agricultural sector with the Florverde seal.This seal shows care for products and compromise with companies regarding environmental affairs and social responsibility, issues which are closely related with transformational leadership. Two transformational leadership dimensions were found: idealized influence and inspiring motivation, and its most outstanding competence was confidence and integrity, key elements for the successful development of transformational leadership. ; Rev.esc.adm.negUn buen liderazgo es esencial para el desarrollo exitoso de las organizaciones y de sus miembros. El liderazgo transformacional, es un enfoque contemporáneo que resalta las bases morales del liderazgo y ha sido valorado en diversas culturas, asociándose con la efectividad del liderazgo y resultados en los trabajadores tales como satisfacción y desempeño. Se manifiesta a través de cuatro dimensiones básicas de comportamiento (influencia idealizada, motivación inspiradora, estímulo intelectual y consideración individualizada) y en las competencias de liderazgo de un dirigente. En este artículo, se analizan estas dimensiones y diez competencias de liderazgo (integridad y confianza, orientación a la obtención de resultados, importancia en la acción, perseverancia, uso efectivo del tiempo, comunicación empática, conformación y desarrollo de equipos de alto desempeño, toma de decisiones, capacidad negociadora, y capacidad de direccionamiento estratégico), en los dirigentes de una muestra de 16 empresas del sector floricultor en Colombia con el sello Florverde.Este sello, refleja el cuidado por la calidad de los productos y el compromiso de las empresas con el medioambiente y de responsabilidad social, aspectos que se asocian con las bases morales del liderazgo transformacional. Entre los directivos estudiados, se encontraron dos dimensiones de liderazgo transformacional: influencia idealizada y motivación inspiradora y su competencia más destacada fue la integridad y confianza, elementos claves para el desarrollo exitoso del liderazgo transformacional. ; leadership transformationnel est une approche contemporaine qui met en évidence les fondements moraux de la direction d'entreprise et qui a longtemps été associé par différentes cultures à l'efficacité du comité de direction de l'entreprise. Au niveau des employés, cela se traduit par une plus grande satisfaction et une meilleure performance. Le leadership transformationnel se manifeste par le biais de quatre dimensions basées sur le comportement (influence idéalisée, source d'inspiration, de motivation et de stimulation intellectuelle) ainsi que sur les compétences de leadership d'un dirigeant. Cette étude de cas examine ces dimensions et dix compétences de leadership de dirigeants (intégrité et confiance axées sur les résultats, importance de l'action, de la persévérance, l'utilisation efficace du temps, l'empathie, la formation et les systèmes de communication de haut rendement, la capacité de décision, de négociation et stratégique) représentatif d'un échantillon de 16 entreprises du secteur floricole colombien estampillées Florverde. Ce label reflète les soins apportés à la qualité des produits et à l'engagement des entreprises sur les questions environnementales et de responsabilité sociale.Ces aspects sont associés aux fondements moraux du leadership transformationnel. Deux dimensions de leadership transformationnel ont été mises en évidence chez les dirigeants participant à l'étude: l'influence idéalisée et la motivation inspiratrice. Les compétences les plus marquantes étant l'intégrité et la confiance en l'avenir, éléments clés de succès pour le développement du leadership transformationnel. ; Rev.esc.adm.negUma boa liderança é fundamental para o desenvolvimento bem sucedido das organizações e seus membros. A liderança transformacional é um enfoque contemporâneo que ressalta as bases morais da liderança e foi valorizado em diversas culturas sendo associado à efetividade da liderança e aos resultados nos trabalhadores como satisfação e desempenho. A liderança transformacional é expressa através de quatro dimensões básicas de comportamento (influência idealizada, motivação inspiradora, estímulo intelectual e consideração individualizada) e nas competências de liderança de um dirigente. Neste estudo de caso analisam-se estas dimensões e dez competências de liderança (integridade e confiança, orientação à obtenção de resultados, importância na ação, perseverança, uso efetivo do tempo, comunicação empática, conformação e desenvolvimento de equipes de alto desempenho, toma de decisões, capacidade negociadora e capacidade de direcionamento estratégico), nos dirigentes de uma amostra de 16 empresas do setor floricultor na Colômbia com selo Florverde.Este selo reflete o cuidado pela qualidade dos produtos e o compromisso das empresas com assuntos ambientais e de responsabilidade social, aspectos associados às bases morais da liderança transformacional. Encontraram-se duas dimensões de liderança transformacional nos dirigentes estudados: influência idealizada e motivação inspiradora, as competências mais sobressalentes deles foram a integridade e confiança, elementos chaves para o desenvolvimento bem sucedido da liderança transformacional.

Approaches that promote some kind of community participation have been increasingly used for addressing socio-environmental problems. One of these approaches is participatory research (PR), a research strategy in which diverse stakeholders work collaboratively around an issue of common interest. The group formed to carry out the research participates horizontally in every stage, from choosing the research question to the dissemination of the results. The application of this approach in university education represents a challenge from various perspectives: it redefines the role of the specialist; it questions the traditional views of science and its method; and it promotes the reflection, not only about these topics but about the research/action binomial. After characterizing the participatory research approach, the objective of this paper is to describe three experiences of university education related to a participatory research in the artisanal fishery of Piriápolis (Uruguay). Based on them we discuss the potentials and challenges of the inclusion of this approach in university education in Uruguay. The PR in Piriápolis was initiated in 2011 aiming at addressing local problems of the artisanal fishery among different stakeholders: artisanal fishers, university researchers, government agency in charge of fisheries management, and NGOs. This PR was initiated during a doctoral research, encompassed an undergraduate research, and served as a platform for an undergraduate course in sciences. From these experiences we argue that PR represents a transdisciplinary approach that strengthens, methodologically and conceptually, university initiatives for integral education with emphasis on inter or transdisciplinarity and knowledge dialogue. Additionally, PR can be compatible with undergraduate and graduate theses, and can be linked to diverse educational platforms. ; Enfoques que promovem algum tipo de participação comunitária estão sendo cada vez mais utilizados para abordar problemáticas socioambientais. Um exemplo são as pesquisas participativas (PP): estratégias de pesquisa nas quais diversos atores trabalham de forma colaborativa para um tema de interesse comum. O grupo de trabalho formado para conduzir a pesquisa participa, de forma horizontal, em todas as etapas, desde a definição da pergunta de pesquisa até a difusão dos resultados. A aplicação destes enfoques na formação universitária representa desafios por vários pontos de vista: redefine o papel do especialista; questiona as visões científicas tradicionais e seus métodos; e promove a reflexão, nao só sobre estas temáticas, mas também sobre o binômio pesquisa/ação. Após caracterizar o enfoque específico das PP, o objetivo desde trabalho é descrever três experiências de formação universitária vinculadas a uma PP na pesca artesanal de Piriápolis (Uruguai), e apartir destas experiências discutir potencialidades e desafios da inclusão deste enfoque no ensino universitário no Uruguai. A PP em Piriápolis foi iniciada em 2011 visando abordar problemáticas locais vinculadas à pesca artesanal entre distintos atores: pescadores artesanais, pesquisadores universitários, organização governamental encarregada da gestão pesqueira, e ONGs. Esta PP foi iniciada durante uma pesquisa de doutorado, permitiu uma dissertação de graduação, e serviu de plataforma para uma disciplina de graduação em ciências. Destas experiências conclui-se que as PP constituem enfoques transdisciplinares que potenciam, metodológicamente e conceptualmente, iniciativas universitárias integradas com énfase na inter ou transdisciplinaridade e no diálogo entre saberes. Ademais, as PP são compatíveis com a realização de estudos e trabalhos de graduação e pós-graduação, e podem ser vinculadas a diversas plataformas educativas. ; Los enfoques que promueven algún tipo de participación comunitaria están siendo cada vez más utilizados para abordar problemáticas socio-ambientales. Uno de éstos son las investigaciones participativas (IP): estrategias de investigación en las que diversos actores trabajan de forma colaborativa en relación a un tema de interés común. El grupo generado para llevar adelante la investigación participa de forma horizontal en cada una de las etapas, desde elegir la pregunta de investigación hasta la difusión de los resultados. La aplicación de estos enfoques en la formación universitaria representa un desafío desde varios puntos de vista: resignifica el rol del especialista; cuestiona las visiones tradicionales de ciencia y su método; y promueve la reflexión, no solo sobre estas temáticas, sino también sobre el binomio investigación/acción. Tras caracterizar el enfoque específico de las IP, el objetivo de este trabajo es describir tres experiencias de formación universitaria vinculadas a una IP en la pesquería artesanal de Piriápolis (Uruguay), y a partir de ellas discutir algunas potencialidades y desafíos de la inclusión de este enfoque en la enseñanza universitaria en Uruguay. La IP en Piriápolis fue iniciada en 2011 con la meta de abordar problemáticas locales vinculadas a la pesca artesanal entre distintos actores implicados: pescadores artesanales, investigadores universitarios, organización gubernamental a cargo del manejo pesquero y ONGs. Esta IP fue iniciada en el marco de una investigación doctoral, dio lugar a una tesina de grado, y sirvió de plataforma para un curso de grado de ciencias. De estas experiencias se desprende que las IP constituyen enfoques transdisciplinarios que potencian metodológica y conceptualmente las iniciativas de formación universitaria integral con un énfasis en la inter o transdisciplina y el diálogo de saberes. Asimismo, las IP pueden ser compatibles con la realización de tesis de grado y posgrado, y pueden ser vinculadas a diversas plataformas educativas.

Introduction ACOs are seen as an important development in the quest to provide quality care and control health care costs. The pace of ACO adoption has waned after a blistering start. The calculus for ACO adoption has changed and there is little understanding of the reasons for the change. The objectives of this dissertation are to understand physician organizations' motivation to form ACOs, explore physician organizations' ACO readiness, and identification of barriers and facilitators to ACO adoption. The dissertation also proposes an ACO Orientation Conceptual Model and tests the model from case studies of six physician organizations in Orange County, CA. By understanding the reasons physician organizations accept or reject ACO contracts, leaders and administrators can adjust parameters that will influence future accountable care movement. Background ACO is an entity comprised of hospitals and physician organizations who join together to assume responsibility for providing integrated high quality care at a sustainable cost level for a patient population. The idea originated in the medical establishment and entered the policy arena through MedPAC, an agency that advises Congress on Medicare matters. The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform at Brookings, and MedPAC pushed ACO onto the national agenda. ACO became a formal part of the health reform movement when the ACA was signed into law. As of October 2013, there were 23 Pioneer ACOs, 35 Advanced Payment ACOs, 220 SSP ACOs, and 235 private sector ACOs. Aims and Objectives The dissertation seeks to understand physician organizations' motivation to form or not form ACOs, proposes and tests an ACO Orientation Conceptual Model, and identifies barriers and facilitators to ACO adoption. Methodology The dissertation uses a qualitative, non-experimental, cross-case study method supplemented by a survey. Six case study participants were selected from a combined list of physician organizations from Cattaneo and Stroud and California Association of Physician Groups (CAPG). Using a semi-structured interview guide, an in-depth interview with an executive in the physician organization and an administration of a Physician Organization ACO Readiness Survey for each organization completed the data collection process. Information from key informant interviews was integrated with publicly available reports, state government agency reported data, information on a physician organization's website, and other Internet resources related to the physician organizations forming the basis for the case studies. Analysis was also performed across the physician organizations to identify common themes and unearth insights. The ACO Orientation Conceptual Model was tested based on the responses to the semi-structured interview questions and the ACO readiness survey. Findings Of the external causal attributes described by the ACO Motivation Conceptual Model, only business rationale, competitor activity, and a policy window were found by case study participants to be applicable. None of the participants cited necessity or timing as an external causal attribute. Of the internal causal attributes described by the ACO Motivaton Conceptual Model, only culture, leadership, and quality care were found by case study participants to be valid. The only internal causal attribute that garnered concensus among all six case study participants was a focus on quality care improvements. Testing of the ACO Orientation Conceptual Model found that along the strategic typology dimension, of the six case study participants in the study, four case study participants were classified as Analyzers and two were classified as Prospectors. None of the case study participants had a Defender classification. Along the ACO readiness dimension, five of the six case study participants had high ACO readiness scores and one case study participant recorded a low ACO readiness score. Using assessments from the case study participants, the model successfully predicted that Analyzers with high ACO readiness scores and Prospectors with low ACO readiness scores would consider becoming ACOs. The model also predicted correctly that Prospectors with high ACO readiness scores would become ACOs.Enviromental barriers identified by case study participants included an ACO's broad scope, intensive resource investment requirements, rules and regulations interpretation and enforcement, and a risk/reward imbalance. Organizational barriers identified by case study participants included physician organization and hospital misalignment of incentives, a lack of infrastructure, a lack of data, difficulties in getting providers to buy-in, and beneficiary inertia. Facilitators identified by case study participants include communication, trust, technology, information exchange, a strong primary care network and network management, scalability, and experience with risk, continuity of care, and managed care programs. Conclusion Understanding physician organization ACO adoption and diffusion may benefit from additional qualitative and quantitative studies. The specific recommendations are to conduct case studies in other geographic areas outside of Orange County, CA, empirically study to see if physician organizations changed strategies due to ACOs, and finally, measure the performance and outcomes of selected ACO strategies. There are three implications for health policy makers. First, for physician groups participating in the Shared Savings Program (SSP), there is a desire to attract Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries into the Medicare Advantage plans. This motivation is different from those of physician organizations serving commercial ACOs. Second, reduce the environmental and organizational barriers to ACO adoption. Finally, healthcare leaders and practitioners should be prepared to address system-wide implications resulting from the massive shifts in the physician organization strategy as a response to ACOs.

Air Kali Surabaya selama ini menjadi bahan baku air minum PDAM Surabaya dan PDAM Gresik. Setiap detik kedua perusahaan daerah air minum ini mengambil 10,4 m3 air dari sungai yang mengalir dari DAM Mlirip Mojokerto hingga DAM Jagir Surabaya, ironisnya Kali Surabaya berada dalam kondisi tidak layak. Dalam PP Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan kualitas air dan pengendalian pencemaran pemanfaatan air dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelas, Untuk bahan baku air minum seperti halnya Kali Surabaya masuk dalam kelas 1. Namun Kali Surabaya kualitasnya dapat dikualifikasikan ke dalam air kelas 3 yang peruntukannya hanya dapat digunakan untuk pembudidayaan air tawar,peternakan,air dan untuk mengairi tanaman. Ecoton sebagai organisasi lingkungan hidup melakukan Gugatan Legal Standing Organisasi pada tahun 2007 kepada Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur di Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membahas tahap dokumentasi hukum tercapainya akta perdamaian antara Ecoton dengan Gubernur Jawa Timur. Serta mengetahui kesesuaian antara petitum gugatan dengan substansi yang disepakati di dalam akta perdamaian nomor 181.4/84/013/2008 dan nomor 105/Pdt.G/2010/PN.Sby, apa akibat hukumnya atas isi akta perdamaian yang belum dilaksanakan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif (doktrinal). Adapun pendekatan masalah menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konsep dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian bahwa tahapan dokumentasi hukum tercapainya akta perdamaian dalam perkara Ecoton melawan Pemprop Jatim terjadi karena pihak Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Timur bersedia untuk memenuhi segala tuntutan yang diajukan oleh Ecoton. Hasil penelitiannya adalah bahwa tahapan dokumentasi hukum tercapainya akta perdamaian dalam perkara Ecoton melawan Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Timur yaitu prosedur hukum acara yang berlaku yaitu tunduk kepada ketentuan HIR. Pada akta Perdamaian gugatan 677/Pdt.G/2007/PN.Sby pemprov Jatim melakukan tindakan wanprestasi terkait tindakan untuk menyusun pedoman perhitungan dan menetapkan daya tampung beban pencemaran air sungai (Kali Surabaya) paling lambat 12 bulan tetapi tidak dilaksanakan oleh pemprov Jawa Timur. Sehingga ecoton melakukan gugatan kembali dalam perkara no 105/Pdt.G/2010/PN.Sby. Dalam gugatan 677/Pdt.G/2007/PN.Sby pada poin pertama dan kedua tidak sesuai antara petitum gugatan dengan akta perdamaian. Terkait dengan penetapan kualifikasi mutu air sungai Surabaya dan penetapan daya tampung sungai (Kali Surabaya) selanjutnya akta perdamaian pada gugatan No 105/Pdt.G/2010/Pn.Sby pada poin pertama dan kedua tidak sesuai antara petitum gugatan dengan akta perdamaian terkait dengan penetapan pedoman penghitungan daya tampung beban pencemaran air (Kali Surabaya). Kata kunci : pencemaran air, akta perdamaian ,kali surabaya Abstract Kali Surabaya's water has been the raw material of drinking water taps PDAM Surabaya and Gresik. Every second the local water company took 10.4 m3 of water from a river that flows from Mojokerto until DAM DAM Mlirip Jagir Surabaya, Surabaya ironically are in a condition unfit. In PP No. 82 of 2001 on the management of water quality and pollution control water use are grouped into 4 classes, the drinking water for raw materials as well as Kali Surabaya included in class 1. However Kali Surabaya quality water may be classified into three classes that designation can only be used fresh water for cultivation, animal husbandry, water and to irrigate crops. Ecoton as environmental organizations do Lawsuit Legal Standing of the Organization in 2007 to the East Java Provincial Government in the District Court SurabayaPenelitian will discuss the legal documentation stage to achieve peace between Ecoton deed with the Governor of East Java. And to know the compatibility between the substance of the lawsuit petition agreed in the peace deed number 181.4/84/013/2008 and number 105/Pdt.G/2010/PN.Sby, what the legal consequences for the contents of the deed of peace that has not been implemented. The method used is normative (doctrinal). The approach the problem using the approach of legislation, the approach concept and approach cases. Results of the study that stage legal documentation achieving peace deed in the case against the Provincial Government of East Java Ecoton occurs because the East Java Provincial Government is willing to meet all the demands put forward by Ecoton. Stages of the legal documentation of the achievement of peace in the case Ecoton deed against the Provincial Government of East Java, the procedure applicable procedural law that is subject to the provisions of HIR. In the lawsuit Peace deed 677/Pdt.G/2007/PN.Sby East Java provincial government default action associated action to develop guidelines for the calculation and establish water pollution load capacity of the river (Kali Surabaya) no later than 12 months but not implemented by the provincial government of East Java. So Ecoton sued again in case No. 105/Pdt.G/2010/PN.Sby. In the lawsuit 677/Pdt.G/2007/PN.Sby the first and second points are not fit between the lawsuit petition by the deed of peace. Associated with the establishment of the Surabaya river water quality qualification and determination of the capacity of the river (Kali Surabaya) subsequent deed peace in tort No 105 / Pdt.G / 2010 / Pn.Sby the first and second points are not in accordance with the deed between petitum lawsuit related to the establishment of peace guidelines for the calculation of water pollution load capacity (Kali Surabaya). Keywords : Water pollution, Deed of Peace, Surabaya River

Backgrounds and Aims: Using Geographical Information System (GIS) can decreases the burden of road traffic injuries effectively by identification of hot spot to modification in hazardous areas. The aim of the study was determining geographical distribution of human risk factors associated with road traffic injuries by using Geographical Information System (GIS) in Iran. Materials and Methods: The national database of road traffic injuries registered by the Iranian traffic Police (Rahvar NAJA) was used. The human risk factors were investigated by recognition of the hazardous points and geographical distribution of associated risk factors. The Hot Spot Analysis and Map clustering approaches were employed to meet the objectives. Results: The mean age of injured subjects was 34 years and the most affected age group was 20-39 years. Death and injury occurrence within out of cities ways were 0.3 % and 28% respectively. Geographical distribution of risk factors also showed that roads of Northern provinces i.e. (Gilaan and Mazandaran) were the hazardous rising as well as Qazvin to Rasht and Qom to Tehran roads. Sistan and Balochestan Provinces and Tehran had the highest (4.8%) and the lowest (0.1%) rates of road traffic injuries leading to death in the country. Conclusions: Northern provinces and its leading axes by hazardous rising and Sistan and Balochestan province with fatal injuries need to identify the cause of injuries' and, if necessary, more tighten regulations and more controls by the traffic police must be applied. REFERENCESPeden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D Hyder A A, Jarawan E . (2004).World report on road traffic injury prevention: World Health Organization Geneva. 2004.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and economic growth. Accid Anal Prev 2005;37(1): 169-78.Channa R, Jaffrani H A, Khan A J, Hasan T, Razzak J A. Transport time to trauma facilities in Karachi: an exploratory study. Int J Emerg Med 2008; 1(3): 201–4. Soori H, Hussain S, Razzak J. Road safety in the Eastern Mediterranean Region–findings from the Global Road Safety Status Report. East Mediterr Health J 2011;17(10):770-6.Soori H. Descriptive study (Chapter 8) in Basic applied epidemiology. Percian text book 2nd edition.Tehran: Arjmand publisher; 2008.Gesler W. The uses of spatial analysis in medical geography: a review. Social Science & Medicine 1986; 23(10): 963-73.Ameratunga S, Hijar M, Norton R. Road-traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global-health problem. The Lancet 2006;367(9521): 1533-40.Akbari M, Naghavi M, Soori H. Epidemiology of deaths from injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr health J 2006;12(3/4): 382-90.Rasouli M R, Nouri M, Zarei M R. Saadat S, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Comparison of road traffic fatalities and injuries in Iran with other countries. Chin J Traumatol 2008;11(3): 131-4.Ainy E, Soori H, Mahfozphoor S, Movahedinejad AA. Presenting a practical model for governmental political mapping on road traffic injuries in Iran in 2008: a qualitative study. J R Soc Med Sh Rep 2011; 2(10):79.Khorasani-Zavareh D, Mohammadi R., Khankeh H R, Laflamme L, Bikmoradi A, Haglund B J A. The requirements and challenges in preventing of road traffic injury in Iran. A qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2009; 23(9): 486-91.Nantulya V M, Reich M R. The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. BMJ 2002; 324(7346): 1139-41. Elvik R. Road safety management by objectives: A critical analysis of the Norwegian approach. Accid Anal Prev 2008;40(3): 1115-22.Liang L Y, Mo'soem D, Hua L T. Traffic accident application using geographic information system. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 2005;6(1): 3574–89.Braddock M, Lapidus G, Cromley E, Cromley R., Burke G, Banco L. Using a geographic information system to understand child pedestrian injury. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(7): 1158-61. Lascala E A, Gerbe D, Gruenewald P J. Demographic and environmental correlates of pedestrian injury collisions: a spatial analysis. Accid Anal Prev 2000;32(5): 651-8.Lightstone A, Dhillon P, Peek-Asa C, Kraus J. A geographic analysis of motor vehicle collisions with child pedestrians in Long Beach, California: comparing intersection and midblock incident locations. Inj Prev 2001;7(2): 155-60.Daum M L, Dorsch W R. Managing Land Use and Institutional Controls with GIS . Journal of Map & Geography Libraries: Advances in Geospatial Information, Collections & Archives2008 ;4(1): 163-73.Erdogan, S, Yilmaz I, Baybura T, Gullu, M. Geographical information systems aided traffic accident analysis system case study: city of Afyonkarahisar. Accid Anal Prev 1998; 40(1): 174-81.Al-Kharusi W. Update on Road Traffic Crashes. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2008;466(10): 2457-64.Fars news. Saturday 5th October 2012.Mwatelah J. Application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to Analyze causes of Road traffic Accidents (RTAs)–case Study of Kenya. International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development Nairobi, Kenya. 2–5 October 2001.Cusimano MD, Chipman M., Glazier R. H, Rinner C, Marshall S P. Geomatics in injury prevention: the science, the potential and the limitations. Inj Prev 2007;13(1): 51-6.Rezaeian M, Dunn G, St Leger S, Appleby L. Geographical epidemiology, spatial analysis and geographical information systems: a multidisciplinary glossary. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;61(2): 98-102.

El municipio es considerado como un espacio donde sus habitantes comparten no sólo el territorio sino también los problemas y los recursos existentes. La institución municipal –como gobierno local- es el ámbito en el cual se toman decisiones sobre el territorio, que implican a sus habitantes. En cuanto a los actores, estos pueden ser funcionarios, empleados y la comunidad (individual y organizada en ongs), todos aportan sus conocimientos y valores, pero tienen diferentes intereses y diferentes tiempos. Vinculada a las decisiones, encontramos que la forma en que se gestiona la información territorial, es determinante si se pretende apuntar hacia acciones con impacto positivo, y sustentables en lo ambiental y en el tiempo. Este trabajo toma tres municipios: San Salvador de Jujuy, capital de la provincia localizada en los Valles Templados; San Pedro de Jujuy, principal municipio de la región de las Yungas y Tilcara en la Quebrada de Humahuaca. El aporte de la Inteligencia Territorial, a través del observatorio OIDTe, permite analizar los modos de gestión de la información, especialmente mediante el uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (pagina web municipal, equipamiento informático en las oficinas, estrategias de comunicación y vinculación con la población) y mediante la organización de las estructuras administrativas (organigrama) por las cuales circula la información municipal. Además, con la participación enriquecedora de equipos multidisciplinarios en las diferentes etapas. Se busca, a partir de un diagnóstico, generar estrategias para la introducción de innovaciones con los propios actores municipales, a partir de las situaciones y modos culturales propios de cada lugar, incorporando los marcos conceptuales de la Inteligencia Territorial. En este sentido el OIDTe al promover el entendimiento entre los actores, institucionales y la sociedad, facilita la coordinación de diferentes intereses propiciando la toma de decisiones por acuerdos. Asimismo, el método Portulano, puede orientar la introducción de innovaciones en la coordinación de la información cartográfica, para que las diferentes oficinas puedan complementar sus aportes y la comunicación hacia fuera de la institución. En la fase de diagnóstico, se aplicaron entrevistas a informantes claves, se realizó un workshop con técnicos de planta permanente y funcionarios de áreas que manejan información territorial, y de planificación. También por la importancia de la capacidad instalada de recursos humanos, se analizó el nivel de instrucción y la capacitación con que cuenta el personal de planta permanente de cada área. Se observa que las acciones de planificación territorial en estos municipios están limitadas por la capacidad tecnológica y de recursos humanos, también por la vinculación con otros agentes decisores en el territorio. La información territorial se presenta fragmentada, solapada o faltante, la preocupación se centra en el registro de ingresos por rentas y de los egresos. ; The municipality is consideredas a space where its inhabitants share not only territory but also the problems and existing resources. The municipal institution - such as local government - is the area in which decisions are taken on the territory, involving its inhabitants. As for the actors, these may be officials, employees and the Community (individual and organized in NGOs), all contributing their knowledge and values, but have different interests and different times. Linked to the decisions, we find that the way in which the territorial information, are managed is crucial if it is to target actions with positive and sustainable impact on environmental issues and time. This work takes three municipalities: San Salvador de Jujuy, capital of the province located in the temperate valleys; San Pedro de Jujuy, main town of the Tilcara in the Quebrada de Humahuaca and the Yungas region. The contribution of the Territorial Intelligence is at Observatory OIDTE, analyzing themodes of information management, especially through the use of information technologies and communication (page municipal website, computer equipment in offices, linking with the population and communication strategies) and through the Organization of administrative structures (organization chart) which circulates the municipal information. In addition, involving multidisciplinary teams enriching at different stages.Is search based on a diagnosis, generating strategies for the introduction of innovations with the actors themselves municipal situations and cultural modes of each place, through the incorporation of the Territorial Intelligence, conceptual frameworks. In this sense Observatory OIDTe to promote understanding between the actors, institutional and society, facilitates the coordination of different interests promoting decision-making by agreements. The Portulano method, it can guide the introduction of innovations in the coordination of cartographic information, that different offices can complement their contributions and communication out of the institution. In the diagnostic phase, interviews were conducted with key informants, conducted a workshop with permanent plant technicians and area officials who manage land information and planning. Also by the importance of the installed capacity of human resources, the level of education and training available to the permanent staff of each area was analyzed. It notes that the actions of planning in these municipalities are limited by the technological and human resources, also linking with other decision-makers in the territory. Territorial information is fragmented, overlapped or missing, concern focuses on the register of income by income and outflows. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The nature of Dutch democracy, once considered a highly stable product of cooperation, compromise and consensus-seeking practices across socioeconomic and sociocultural lines, has changed. Whereas the accessibility and levels (not forms) of participation have changed little, autocratically led protest parties have won ground and in the polls draw support from a stable 15% – 17% of the electorate. Corruption prevention in politics, especially regarding party finances, appears to fall under the bar of international standards. Political rhetoric has grown increasingly polarized (or politicized) as the political middle is waning and extreme positions on either side are on the rise. The Dutch media landscape remains highly pluralistic, although there are some concerns about the growing concentration of media ownership, a situation aggravated by the present financial economic crisis, rapid commercialization, and international ownership of national media outlets. In legal arrangements, citizens" right to privacy is subject to pressures from the information revolution and the massive use of information technology (IT) in all kinds of policy fields, primarily relating to internal and external security. In addition, some conspicuous miscarriages of justice have spawned a public debate on the quality of the justice system, including the need for a special court charged with handling mistrials. Anti-terrorism and integration policies have put considerable pressure on the exercise of basic political liberties, such as the freedoms of speech, religion and press as well as protection against unreasonable search and seizure actions. Tough immigration laws have come under international legal scrutiny, in particular where the rights of children and family reunion are concerned. In short, although the quality of Dutch democracy remains satisfactory, it has suffered several blows in several areas. Policy-specific performance during the Balkenende IV government – the coalition cabinet formed by the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Labor (PvdA) and Christian Union (CU) parties – was in general incremental, save for the proposal to phase-in an extension of the pension age to 67 that was adopted by the cabinet in 2009. Policy performance in matters relating to internal and external safety remained adequate, although at rising public cost. The Health Care Insurance Act (Zvw) of 2006 was continued, although its impact on cost control issues and enhancing market-like competition between health care providers remains unclear. Stagnation continues to characterize environmental, research and development, and innovation policies alike. No changes have been made to education Netherlands report SGI 2011 | 4 policy, although it is now generally judged to be in crisis. Serious concerns have been raised about the lack of good teachers, literacy and numeracy skills among elementary students, and high attrition rates at all levels of education. As is the case in most other European countries, the financial and banking crisis (followed by the euro crisis) has proven detrimental to economic policy performance, which negatively affects prospects in almost all other policy areas. Strategic Outlook The long-term viability of the D utch polity depends on the acumen with which the three following challenges are treated: the state"s weakened fiscal position; facilitating technology innovation in order to develop an ecologically modernized and sustainable economy; and societal integration and coherence. (1) Improving the state"s weakened fiscal position. The state"s financial problems can in large part be attributed to recent bailouts of Dutch banks and financial businesses, as well as individual euro zone countries and the euro itself. An effective long-term solution to these fiscal problems therefore requires (domestic as well as European-level) reforms involving stricter regulation and oversight in order to improve risk-management. The Dutch government must also undertake substantive reforms in the banking and financial sector. (2) Improve technology innovation in order to ensure an ecologically modernized and sustainable economy. The Dutch government must invest more wisely in efforts targeting the transition to renewable and alternative energy sources, such as wind and solar energy. The government will also need to pursue a structural reform of the education system, which is in a state of crisis. (3) Facilitate societal integration and coherence while implementing flexicurity policies. The Dutch welfare state urgently needs reforms that ensure continued investment in human capital while protecting workers and families from the brunt of structural adjustments. Opportunities for combining work and family life ought to be expanded and improved. The pension system and the moribund state of its financial underpinning must also undergo reforms. Social coherence will not be advanced through tighter immigration and citizenship policies. Instead, policies focused on urban and residential area renewal should be sustained through adequate funding. Netherlands report SGI 2011 | 5 A sound, functional democracy requires clearly structured forms of issue-specific, interactive policy-making in which citizens" voices are represented. In tripartite governance structures like that of the Netherlands, the primacy of politics vis-à-vis markets and civil society ought to be reconfirmed. Where possible, politics should respect the self-regulation of citizen life and markets. But as the only institution capable of regulating tripartite relations, the state must also live up to its responsibilities in maintaining the framework in which democratic decision-making takes place.

Agricultural systems are constantly evolving driven by technical and organizational innovations and changes in their socio-economical context. At regional scale local stakeholders can encourage and accompany foreseen changes if they can have clear visions of their potential impacts. The objective of the PhD thesis was to develop and test a framework to assist farmers and local stakeholders of a region in the building and assessment of scenarios related to agricultural systems. This framework is based on different modeling approaches for a participative, integrated, multi-scale and prospective assessment of agricultural systems. It was implemented in the Camargue region, South-East of France, with cereal farmers and local stakeholders involved in agricultural production and territorial management. Scenarios assessed were related to the reform of the common agricultural policy (CAP) of the European Union in 2012-2014, and to national objectives of reduction in pesticide use and extension of organic farming (OF). Several data and expert knowledge have been formalized and used in these simulations of scenarios. Two modeling tools have been used for scenario assessment with stakeholders: an agent-based model allowed interactive simulation sessions with farmers, and a bio-economic model was co-developed and used with local stakeholders such as the French Union of Rice Producer and Industry and the Regional Natural Park, both important stakeholders influencing local agricultural systems. Assessing scenarios related to the CAP reform showed the strong dependency of rice farms to EU subsidies. Farmers involved in the sessions tested several adaptation strategies for their farms in response to the disappearance of the rice coupled payment. These strategies often implied a diversification of production and/or the conversion to OF, but they did not allowed to compensate the economic loss due to the suppression of the rice coupled payment. At the regional level, these strategies would lead to an important decrease on the area cultivated with rice, and therefore have an impact on other related activities in the region. Diversification of production is also a key strategy in scenarios related to governmental objectives of reducing pesticide use and conversion to OF. Therefore, in Camargue, there is room for maneuver for conciliating environmental and economic objectives related to agricultural production. This thesis proposed and applied a framework for participatory integrated assessment of agricultural systems. This framework associates closely farmers and other stakeholders in all phases of scenario assessment (scenario definition, data gathering and analysis, the building and use of models). The way different modeling tools are used in this framework could contribute for collective assessment of future farming systems and support collective actions for sustainable agricultural development. ; Les systèmes agricoles sont en constante évolution sous les effets conjugués d'innovations techniques et organisationnelles et de changements du contexte socio-économique. A l'échelle d'un territoire, des acteurs locaux peuvent encourager et accompagner des changements de ce type s'ils ont une vision claire de leurs impacts potentiels. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'élaborer et d'appliquer une démarche permettant d'assister agriculteurs et autres acteurs locaux d'un territoire dans la construction et l'évaluation de scénarios d'évolutions des systèmes agricoles. Une démarche basée sur des approches permettant une analyse prospective, multicritères, multi-échelles et participative d'évaluation des systèmes agricoles a été développée. Elle a été mise en oeuvre en Camargue (sud-est de la France), avec des exploitants céréaliers et des acteurs de la production agricole et de la gestion du territoire. Des scénarios portant sur la réforme de la politique agricole commune (PAC) en 2012-2014, ainsi que sur des objectifs nationaux de réduction de la consommation de pesticides et de développement de l'agriculture biologique ont été développés. Ces perspectives d'évolution des systèmes agricoles camarguais ont été évaluées, via la formalisation de nombreuses données et connaissances. Deux outils de modélisation ont été utilisés : un modèle multi-agent a permis la mise en place de séances de simulation interactives avec des agriculteurs, et un modèle bioéconomique a été développé et utilisé avec des acteurs locaux tels que le syndicat des riziculteurs et le parc naturel régional. Les scénarios portant sur la réforme de la PAC ont confirmé la dépendance des exploitations rizicoles aux subventions. Des agriculteurs ont testé différentes stratégies d'adaptation de leurs exploitations à la suppression de l'aide couplée à la production rizicole. Ces stratégies, souvent basées sur la diversification des activités ou sur la conversion à l'agriculture biologique, ne permettaient pas de compenser les pertes économiques liées à la disparition de l'aide couplée. A l'échelle du territoire, ces stratégies réduiraient fortement la surface cultivée en riz, avec des impacts importants sur d'autres activités en lien avec la production agricole. Cependant ces stratégies vont dans le sens des objectifs gouvernementaux de réduction des impacts de l'agriculture sur l'environnement. Des scénarios portant spécifiquement sur ces objectifs ont permis d'identifier des marges de manoeuvre importantes au niveau des exploitations céréalières camarguaises. Cette thèse propose un cadre pour la mise en oeuvre de démarches d'évaluation des systèmes agricoles dans un territoire, qui associe les agriculteurs et les acteurs locaux à différentes étapes, depuis leur engagement pour le choix des scénarios, l'acquisition et l'analyse des données, la construction des outils de simulation et l'évaluation de scénarios. La combinaison de différents outils de modélisation pour la réalisation de réflexions collectives, pourrait contribuer à la mise en place d'actions pour un développement durable de l'agriculture.

Selon de nombreuses données, 90 à 95 % des cas de cancer sont liés à l'environnement et à la qualité de vie, le reste étant corrélé à des prédispositions génétiques. L'exposition au soleil, aux polluants environnementaux et les infections, une mauvaise qualité d'alimentation, l'absence d'activité physique, les habitudes de consommation et les habitudes toxiques sont des facteurs communément associés à la survenue et à la gravité des cancers. Ainsi, les cancers sont considérés comme des « maladies de civilisation ». Dans cette perspective, les questions éthiques soulevées par le cancer touchent à plusieurs, sinon à tous les aspects de l'éthique de la vie, de la santé et de la recherche biomédicale. Comme la vie est le résultat de choix personnels et sociaux, les questions éthiques liées aux cancers sont nombreuses, complexes et parfois graves. L'existence et l'exposition à des facteurs de risque, l'accès à de l'eau et à une alimentation saines sont corrélés avec la situation socioéconomique et interpellent la responsabilité sociale et politique et les modes de gouvernance, y compris en matière de respect et de protection des droits humains. Les choix individuels tels que la consommation de tabac ou d'autres toxiques soulèvent la tension entre le principe d'autonomie et de liberté individuelle, et celui de la responsabilité sociale en matière de gestion des priorités et ressources de la santé publique. L'accès équitable à la prévention et à des soins adaptés sont parmi les déterminants les plus importants du risque, de la sévérité et du pronostic de la maladie, et constituent les facteurs limitant dans les pays en développement, aggravant la vulnérabilité des patients pauvres et marginalisés. Parce que le taux de mortalité des cancers reste élevé, les professionnels de la santé ainsi que la famille des patients atteints de cancer sont confrontés quotidiennement à de graves questions éthiques, du diagnostic à la phase finale de la maladie. Le contenu et le processus d'information du patient et/ou la famille à la découverte de la maladie, puis concernant les alternatives thérapeutiques et leurs effets secondaires par rapport à leur taux de réussite et à leur impact sur la qualité de vie, la gestion de la douleur et la possibilité de recours aux soins palliatifs soulèvent des questions éthiques de première importance. Enfin, la recherche avec des patients atteints de cancer doit prendre en considération des questions éthiques spécifiques. Pour tous ces aspects, les maladies cancéreuses interpellent tous les principes universels de la bioéthique et des droits de l'homme dont les modalités de mise en œuvre dépendent, non seulement, des conditions socioéconomiques mais aussi des contextes culturels. Ces considérations mettent en évidence la nécessité de promouvoir l'éducation à l'éthique des professionnels de santé ainsi que celle des membres des comités d'éthique des centres de soins et traitement des cancers, pour aider les patients, les familles, les professionnels de la santé et les chercheurs dans les processus décisionnels auxquels ils sont confrontés au quotidien. ; "According to numerous data, 90 to 95% of cancer cases are associated to environment and quality of life factors. Exposure to sun, environmental pollutants and infections; quality of diet and physical activity, consumption patterns and toxic habits etc., are from the most common known associated factors. Thus cancers are among the so called "Lifestyle diseases". Within this global perspective, ethics of cancer deal with several if not all aspects of ethics of life, health and research. As the lifestyle is the result of personal and social choices, serious and complex ethical issues are related to cancer diseases. Some deals with the risks exposure and call on the social and political responsibilities. Quality of environment, access to safe alimentation and water are deeply correlated with socioeconomic situation and governance and raise several ethical and human rights questions. Individual choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption raise issues of autonomy and responsibility. Social and political health and environment governance and access to adequate prevention and care are from the most determinant parameters of the risk, the severity and prognosis of the disease. The special vulnerability of cancer patients raise several clinical and research ethics issues. The availability and the equitable access to quality cancer therapy and centres are very limiting factors in developing countries, adding vulnerability to poor and marginalized patients. Because of the still high mortality rate of cancers, major ethical questions are daily faced by the health professionals as well as the family dealing with cancer patients from the diagnosis to the final stages, including the content and method of information of the patient and/or the family, the therapeutic alternatives and their side effects vs. their rate of success, the quality of life for each therapeutic possibility, the pain management and the palliative care. Finally, research with cancer patients have to take into consideration specific ethical issues. For all these aspects, cancer diseases ethics call on all universal principles of bioethics and human rights, whose modalities of implementation are dependent on socio-economic but also cultural contexts. These considerations highlight the necessity of ethics education of the health professionals and the promotion and education of ethics committees in cancer centers to assist patients, families and health professionals and researchers in decision-making."

Several Documents of the European Union clearly show that even though mobility is a key element for urban development, mobility policies in urban areas have to be firmly re-addressed in order to mitigate the current heavy environmental costs. Up to now, the scientific debate and the several initiatives promoted by the European Union for steering urban transport towards sustainability seem to converge on one point: the overall number of cars has to be reduced and public transport has to be encouraged in order to increase the sustainability of urban mobility. In the last decade the transition towards a new culture of urban mobility, able to improve urban development and contextually increase the accessibility, the quality of life and the safeguard of natural environment has been largely promoted by European Union. Nevertheless, statistical data show that no significant reduction in the number of private cars in European countries has been achieved. Moreover, the private transport as well as the kilometres covered by car in urban areas are expected to increase. In such a context, what is the role of parking, which represents one of the key elements of an urban mobility mostly based on private car? The choices on parking matter are, in fact, a key element for reducing the dependence on private car inside the city, apart from representing an important connection between transport policies and land use policies. By regulating the supply of available parking, the use of private car can be discouraged, improving in the meanwhile alternative transport modes. In other words, the limitation of parking supply is one of the main tools to get rid of car traffic inside cities:being aware that there is no parking available at destination, people will choose alternative ways to reach it. Thus, parking is recognized on the one hand as a crucial problem, above all in the central areas of big cities, capable of strongly reducing their attractiveness; on the other hand, as the most effectively tool for limiting car use within the cities. Grounded on these assumptions, this paper explores the complex relationships among parking policies, mobility policies and policies targeted to improve urban quality. In detail, the ever-growing importance gained by the mobility policies in view of improving urban quality, as well as the persisting inconsistency between parking policies and mobility policies have been pointed out. Finally, some guidelines for re-addressing parking policies in urban areas have been provided, according to three key-requirements: a strict coherence between parking policies and mobility policies; an effective management of parking demand – especially in some urban areas and according to the parking typology – in opposition to policies of supply promotion; an increased attention to the integration between mobility policies and land uses choices, which strongly affect the parking demand. ; Dai numerosi Documenti dell'Unione Europea emerge con chiarezza che se la mobilità rappresenta indiscutibilmente un elemento propulsore dello sviluppo urbano, le politiche per la mobilità, e in particolare per la mobilità urbana, necessitano di un deciso ri-orientamento al fine di mitigarne i rilevanti costi ambientali. Ad oggi, il dibattito scientifico e le numerose iniziative promosse in sede europea per la definizione di forme di trasporto urbano sostenibile sembrano convergere su un punto: per accrescere la sostenibilità della mobilità urbana è indispensabile ridurre il numero complessivo di auto e incoraggiare l'utilizzo del trasporto pubblico. In tale contesto, qual è il ruolo della sosta, che rappresenta indiscutibilmente una delle componenti chiave di una mobilità urbana prevalentemente affidata all'auto privata? Le scelte in materia di sosta costituiscono, di fatto, un elemento chiave per ridurre la dipendenza dall'auto privata all'interno delle città, oltreché rappresentare un rilevante punto di congiunzione tra politiche di trasporto e politiche di uso del suolo. "Regolando la fornitura di parcheggi disponibili, l'uso dell'auto privata può essere scoraggiato, rafforzando allo stesso tempo l'uso di modalità di trasporto alternative". In altre parole, la drastica limitazione dell'offerta di sosta costituisce uno dei principali strumenti per liberare le città dal traffico veicolare: "sapendo che a destinazione il parcheggio non è disponibile, si sceglieranno modi alternativi per raggiungerle". La sosta viene dunque oggi riconosciuta da un lato quale problema cruciale, soprattutto nelle aree centrali delle grandi città in grado, in molti casi, di ridurne significativamente l'attrattività, dall'altro quale fattore strategico per un complessivo ripensamento della mobilità in ambito urbano, quale il metodo più diffusamente e agevolmente accettato per limitare l'uso dell'auto. A fronte di tali considerazioni, questo contributo esplora il complesso rapporto tra politiche della sosta, politiche della mobilità e politiche mirate all'innalzamento della qualità urbana evidenziando, da un lato, la crescente centralità che le politiche per la mobilità hanno assunto ai fini del miglioramento della qualità urbana, dall'altro, la perdurante incoerenza tra politiche della sosta e politiche della mobilità. Infine, sulla base di alcune esperienze innovative in ambito internazionale e dei principali orientamenti che provengono dalla letteratura scientifica, il contributo delinea alcuni indirizzi per ri-orientare le politiche della sosta in ambito urbano, ponendo l'accento su tre esigenze chiave: una più stretta coerenza tra politiche della sosta e politiche per la mobilità; una più efficace gestione della domanda di sosta -specie in alcune aree urbane e per alcune tipologie di sosta- in alternativa a politiche di incremento dell'offerta; una maggiore attenzione all'integrazione tra politiche della mobilità e scelte di assetto del territorio, che condizionano in molti casi in misura rilevante la domanda di sosta.

Several Documents of the European Union clearly show that even though mobility is a key element for urban development, mobility policies in urban areas have to be firmly re-addressed in order to mitigate the current heavy environmental costs. Up to now, the scientific debate and the several initiatives promoted by the European Union for steering urban transport towards sustainability seem to converge on one point: the overall number of cars has to be reduced and public transport has to be encouraged in order to increase the sustainability of urban mobility. In the last decade the transition towards a new culture of urban mobility, able to improve urban development and contextually increase the accessibility, the quality of life and the safeguard of natural environment has been largely promoted by European Union. Nevertheless, statistical data show that no significant reduction in the number of private cars in European countries has been achieved. Moreover, the private transport as well as the kilometres covered by car in urban areas are expected to increase. In such a context, what is the role of parking, which represents one of the key elements of an urban mobility mostly based on private car? The choices on parking matter are, in fact, a key element for reducing the dependence on private car inside the city, apart from representing an important connection between transport policies and land use policies. By regulating the supply of available parking, the use of private car can be discouraged, improving in the meanwhile alternative transport modes. In other words, the limitation of parking supply is one of the main tools to get rid of car traffic inside cities:being aware that there is no parking available at destination, people will choose alternative ways to reach it. Thus, parking is recognized on the one hand as a crucial problem, above all in the central areas of big cities, capable of strongly reducing their attractiveness; on the other hand, as the most effectively tool for limiting car use within the cities. Grounded on these assumptions, this paper explores the complex relationships among parking policies, mobility policies and policies targeted to improve urban quality. In detail, the ever-growing importance gained by the mobility policies in view of improving urban quality, as well as the persisting inconsistency between parking policies and mobility policies have been pointed out. Finally, some guidelines for re-addressing parking policies in urban areas have been provided, according to three key-requirements: a strict coherence between parking policies and mobility policies; an effective management of parking demand – especially in some urban areas and according to the parking typology – in opposition to policies of supply promotion; an increased attention to the integration between mobility policies and land uses choices, which strongly affect the parking demand. ; Dai numerosi Documenti dell'Unione Europea emerge con chiarezza che se la mobilità rappresenta indiscutibilmente un elemento propulsore dello sviluppo urbano, le politiche per la mobilità, e in particolare per la mobilità urbana, necessitano di un deciso ri-orientamento al fine di mitigarne i rilevanti costi ambientali. Ad oggi, il dibattito scientifico e le numerose iniziative promosse in sede europea per la definizione di forme di trasporto urbano sostenibile sembrano convergere su un punto: per accrescere la sostenibilità della mobilità urbana è indispensabile ridurre il numero complessivo di auto e incoraggiare l'utilizzo del trasporto pubblico. In tale contesto, qual è il ruolo della sosta, che rappresenta indiscutibilmente una delle componenti chiave di una mobilità urbana prevalentemente affidata all'auto privata? Le scelte in materia di sosta costituiscono, di fatto, un elemento chiave per ridurre la dipendenza dall'auto privata all'interno delle città, oltreché rappresentare un rilevante punto di congiunzione tra politiche di trasporto e politiche di uso del suolo. "Regolando la fornitura di parcheggi disponibili, l'uso dell'auto privata può essere scoraggiato, rafforzando allo stesso tempo l'uso di modalità di trasporto alternative". In altre parole, la drastica limitazione dell'offerta di sosta costituisce uno dei principali strumenti per liberare le città dal traffico veicolare: "sapendo che a destinazione il parcheggio non è disponibile, si sceglieranno modi alternativi per raggiungerle". La sosta viene dunque oggi riconosciuta da un lato quale problema cruciale, soprattutto nelle aree centrali delle grandi città in grado, in molti casi, di ridurne significativamente l'attrattività, dall'altro quale fattore strategico per un complessivo ripensamento della mobilità in ambito urbano, quale il metodo più diffusamente e agevolmente accettato per limitare l'uso dell'auto. A fronte di tali considerazioni, questo contributo esplora il complesso rapporto tra politiche della sosta, politiche della mobilità e politiche mirate all'innalzamento della qualità urbana evidenziando, da un lato, la crescente centralità che le politiche per la mobilità hanno assunto ai fini del miglioramento della qualità urbana, dall'altro, la perdurante incoerenza tra politiche della sosta e politiche della mobilità. Infine, sulla base di alcune esperienze innovative in ambito internazionale e dei principali orientamenti che provengono dalla letteratura scientifica, il contributo delinea alcuni indirizzi per ri-orientare le politiche della sosta in ambito urbano, ponendo l'accento su tre esigenze chiave: una più stretta coerenza tra politiche della sosta e politiche per la mobilità; una più efficace gestione della domanda di sosta -specie in alcune aree urbane e per alcune tipologie di sosta- in alternativa a politiche di incremento dell'offerta; una maggiore attenzione all'integrazione tra politiche della mobilità e scelte di assetto del territorio, che condizionano in molti casi in misura rilevante la domanda di sosta.

Eestis on eriotstarbeliste masinate liikumist ja selle mõju mullale uuritud peamiselt põllumajanduses, eesmärgiga hinnata põllutöömasinate tallamise mõju kultuurtaimede kasvule põllu- ja rohumaadel. Samas militaarmasinate liikumisvõimalusi on Eesti muldadel uuritud väga vähe. Põhjalik ülevaade mullastikust koos muldade kandvusega võib osutuda võtmetähtsusega informatsiooniks kaitsejõudude jaoks, mille põhjal ennustada maaväeüksuste liikuvus- ja manöövrivõimekust strateegiliselt tähtsates piirkondades. Eesti riigikaitse seisukohalt on üheks strateegilise tähtsusega piirkonnaks Ida-Viru maakond. Uurimustöö esimeseks eesmärgiks oli analüüsida Ida-Viru maakonna mullastikku lähtuvalt mullaliigist, lõimisest ja veerežiimist, mis põhinesid korrastatud ja statistiliselt töödeldud Eesti suure-mõõtkavalise mullakaardi andmetel. Uurimustöö teiseks eesmärgiks oli Ida- Virumaa muldade staatilise kandevõime arvutamine ja selle põhjal roomiksõiduki liikumisvõimaluste hindamine. Mulla kandvuse arvutustes kasutati sisendandmetena mulla lasuvustihedust, sisehõõrdenurka ja kohesiooni. Mullastiku andmebaasi analüüsimisel selgus, et Ida-Virumaal leidub kõige rohkem gleimuldasid (29%) ja turvasmuldasid (27%). Ligi 70% Ida-Virumaa muldadest on alaliselt liigniisked, millest 40% on tugevasti liigniisked mullad. Muldade pealmise kihi lõimise põhjal on enamlevinud muldadeks liivsavi- (30%) ja liivalõimisega (29%) mullad. Mulla staatiline kandvus leiti Terzaghi kandevõime valemite järgi - maksimaalne kandevõime (Qu), lubatud kandevõime (Qa) ja mulla kandevõime kohaliku lihke korral (Qu'). Lisaks arvutati lihtsustatud kandevõime valemi järgi sidusate muldade kandvus. Mulla staatilise kandevõime arvutused näitasid, et kõige madalam kandevõime on turvas- ja turvastunud muldadel, mille maksimaalse kandevõime väärtused jäävad alla 200 kPa. Kõige madalama maksimaalse kandevõimega (Qu) mullaliik oli tugevasti liigniiske leedeturvastunud muld (LG1), mille teoreetiliselt maksimaalne kandevõime väärtus jäi vahemikku 51-91 kPa. Kõige suurema maksimaalse kandevõimega olid parasniisked rähkmullad (K), leostunud ja leetjad mullad (Ko, Kl), näivleetunud mullad (LP) ning põuakartlikud koreserikkad rähkmullad (Kr), mille maksimaalsed kandevõime väärtused olid suuremad kui 3000 kPa. Kahe roomiksõiduki nominaalse pinnasurve (NGP) ja keskmise maksimaalse surve (MMP) võrdluses mulla lubatud kandevõimega selgus, et ligi 37%-l Ida-Virumaa muldadest on väiksem staatiline kandvus kui masinate NGP väärtused (63 kPa ja 83 kPa) ja u 66%-l muldadest on väiksem kandvus kui masinate MMP väärtused (150 kPa ja 224 kPa). Kui lähtuda masinate liikumisvõimaluste hindamisel ainult staatilisest kandevõimest, siis mulla ületatavus on NGP väärtuse järgi piiratud u 1/3 (37%) Ida-Virumaa mullastikust ja MMP väärtuse järgi 2/3 (67%) mullastikust. ; An investigation of the soil data of Ida-Viru county and an evaluation of its soil static bearing capacity The soil cover of Estonia has been thoroughly investigated in agricultural studies, where one of the topics covered has been soil compaction due to heavy field traffic. There has been very little research done about the soil trafficability of military machinery in Estonia. Ida-Viru county is a strategically important area in the context of national defense. Comprehensive information on soil data including soil bearing capacity could have great importance for the estimations of mobility and maneuvering capabilities of armored military units. The first objective of this study was to investigate the soil cover of Ida-Viru county and its variability depending on the soil type, texture and water regime. Analyses were based on structured and statistically processed data from Estonian large-scale soil maps. The second objective was to calculate static bearing capacity for the soil cover of Ida-Viru county and evaluate soil trafficability of two tracked vehicles. Soil bulk density, internal friction and cohesion were used as input data for the calculations. Data analyses of the soil map showed that the most common soils in Ida-Viru county were gleysols (29%). Nearly 70% of the soils in Ida-Viru county were permanently waterlogged, of which 40% were severely waterlogged soils. The most common soils based on topsoil texture were loamy (30%) and sandy (29%) soils. Terzaghi bearing capacity equations were used to calculate ultimate (Qu) and allowable (Qa) bearing capacity and bearing capacity for local shear failure (Qu'). In addition, a simplified bearing capacity equation for cohesive soils was included. The calculation results for bearing capacity showed that soils with the lowest static bearing capacity were peat soils and peaty soils, which have average maximum bearing capacity values below 200 kPa. Severely water-logged peaty podzols (LG1) have the lowest maximum bearing capacity values, which range from 51 to 91 kPa. Soils with the the highest bearing capacity values were humid and drought-prone rendzinas (K, Kr), typical brown soils (Ko), lessive brown soils (KI) and pseudopodzolic soils (LP), which have maximum bearing capacity values higher than 3000 kPa. The soil trafficability of two tracked vehicles was estimated using their nominal ground pressure (NGP) and mean maximum pressure (MMP). Results showed that soils of an allowable bearing capacity of less than the NGP value form about 37% of the total soil cover, and soils of a lower allowable bearing capacity than the MMP values form about 66% of the total soil cover in Ida-Viru county. Based on the results, it was concluded that about 1/3 (37%) of the soils could be considered sensitive to trafficability with respect to NGP values, and about 2/3 (66%) with respect to MMP values. The results of this study can be used for various purposes in agriculture, forest management, environmental monitoring and in soil protection. Further research is necessary to make more detailed and accurate predictions for the trafficability of soils in Ida-Viru county.

This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Tunisia, prepared jointly by International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) covers the period Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 through FY 2020. The CPF is anchored in the Government of Tunisia's September 2015 Note d'Orientation Stratégique and the WBG's October 2015 Strategy for the Middle East and North Africa Region. It builds on extensive discussions with a wide range of stakeholders, and is underpinned by WBG analytics, including the June 2015 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD). The Government's "Note d'Orientation Stratégique" outlines Tunisia's development vision for the next five years. Its main premise is that Tunisia will maintain its strong partnerships with the international community; rely on the private sector to lead economic growth and job creation; and promote a vibrant civil society. Technical ministries and regions are in the process of preparing their five-year sectorial plans based on this vision, for which financing will be sought during an international donor conference in late 2016.