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The article is devoted to the research of the current state of criminological science and to determine the prospects for its development in the future. The achievements of the national criminology are reviewed, the integration of knowledge about crime and combating it is emphasized, and the coherence and synergy of scientific concepts, the introduction of a systematic method of knowledge of crime and the development of measures of preventive influence on its causes and conditions are substantiated. Criminology examines crime, its causes, criminals and victims of crime, prevention measures. Crime is a kind of objectively dangerous behavior that poses a threat to the individual, the state, business and society. Nowadays, the newest types of objectively dangerous behavior are most often encountered in cyberspace, in the sphere of electronic money circulation, use of artificial intelligence, provision of services, use of natural and labor resources. As an open social system, crime interacts externally with similar phenomena and processes, constantly changing under their influence and spreading in space and time. In addition, being an integral part of social life, crime has the property of self-reproduction and development, linked to the development of society, of changing the living conditions of people.It is concluded that the guidelines for the further development of criminology will be the international goals of global human development set out in the Millennium Declaration UN 2015 year and The Agenda of Sustainable Development by 2030 year.It is considered, key problems for criminological research by 2030 will be survival of people in the fierce struggle for access to economic and natural resources; counteracting various forms and manifestations of violence and other violations of fundamental human rights and freedoms; ensuring personal and collective security in the system of social interaction; environmental protection; the use of information technology for criminal purposes; counteracting transnational crime and terrorism; drug crime and arms trafficking, etc. In addition, the scientific potential of criminological institutions will be directed to the development of tools and tools to reduce the impact on crime and the social life of such negative social phenomena as poverty, social injustice and inequality, abuse of power, abuse of power by both the authorities and the general population.There is no doubt that, now and in the future, the development of crime will depend on social being, collective thinking and people behavior. In the workings of philosophers, political scientists and sociologists, the state of modern society is characterized by insane dynamism and instability, an increase in entropy, an increase in actual and potential risks, which is difficult to recognize and predict. This means that the existing concepts of explanation for the causes of crime will soon prove to be inoperative, as they were created in the last century on the basis of materialistic dialectics, linear thinking, contemporary ideas about the world of people, a hierarchy of values, rules and norms of people behavior in a stable society.In the long term, applied criminology will evolve by implementing the results of the fourth industrial revolution, in particular Big Data and Analytics, Simulation, Horizontal and Vertical system Integration, Piece Intellect, artificial neural networks.A breakthrough in the development of applied criminology will be made by artificial intelligence, biotechnology and nanotechnology. The use of innovative developments will ensure quick and correct management decisions, will form public opinion, influence the views and moods of a large number of people, correct the negative elements of public consciousness, quickly communicate to the general public the provisions of the current legislation and monitor its compliance. Among other things, digital technologies make it possible to build a system of total control and a mechanism for managing people's behavior in society. Soon by means of artificial intelligence, as well as genetic engineering, it will be possible to diagnose mental disorders, a tendency to misbehavior and criminal behavior, to classify people by degree of trustworthiness, to correct human psychophysiological defects, as well as to negative character traits that influence the choice of wrongdoing. and interests.Conclusions. On the basis of the above, I believe that in the future the value of criminology in solving human problems will increase, and the scope of the results of criminological research - will expand. On the basis of criminology will be a synthesis of industry knowledge about crime, forms and methods of combating it. New tools and instruments will be elaborated to prevent crime, as well as to protect people and property from criminal assault. ; Статья посвящена исследованию современного состояния криминологической науки и определению перспектив ее развития в будущем. Осуществлен обзор достижений отечественной криминологии, отмечается интеграция знаний о преступности и борьбе с ней, обосновывается когерентность и синергия научных концепций, внедрение системного метода познания преступности и разработки мер превентивного воздействия на ее причины и условия. Сделан вывод, что ориентирами для дальнейшего развития криминологии будут международные цели глобального человеческого развития, закрепленные в Декларации тысячелетия ООН (2015 г.) и Повестке дня в области устойчивого развития до 2030 года. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню сучасного стану кримінологічної науки та визначенню перспектив її розвитку у майбутньому. Здійснено огляд здобутків вітчизняної кримінології, наголошено на інтеграції знань про злочинність та боротьбу з нею, обґрунтовано когерентність і синергіюнаукових концепцій, запровадження системного методу пізнання злочинності та розроблення заходів превентивного впливу на її причини і умови. Зроблено висновок, що орієнтирами для подальшого розвитку кримінології будуть міжнародні цілі глобального людського розвитку, закріплені у Декларації тисячоліття ООН (2015 р.) і Порядку денному у сфері сталого розвитку до 2030 року.

Post-pandemic: Triple Agenda for a New RealityPós-pandemia: tripla agenda para uma nova realidadeNew fields for applying bioethics have emerged out of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, but many bioethical challenges remain; so, it is necessary to reflect on the reality that human beings will have to live after that. This reflection builds on a triple agenda: challenges, warnings, and guidance. The challenge agenda deals with upcoming scientific and biotechnological developments, adjustments to work and study, sustainable development reorientation, and changes in businesses and entertainment companies. These challenges could be summarized as development paradigm shifts. The warning agenda includes the management of wild species, mistrust in political leaders, unsupportive and criminal human behavior, information overabundance, the emulation of pharmaceutical industries, and the determining factors of the culture of death. These warnings could be condensed in the importance of promoting the culture of life. The guidance agenda comprises a series of principles such as the human person's dignity, the common good, the preferential option for the poor, the universal allocation of goods, solidarity, subsidiarity, and the care for our common home. This guidance points to a fundamental and existential environmental transformation. All these changes will be possible because of human resilience, professionalism, and social solidarity, shaping an actual comprehensive human development project.Para citar este editorial / To reference this editorial / Para citar este editorialGamboa Bernal GA. Pospandemia: triple agenda para una nueva realidad. Pers Bioet. 2020;24(2):127-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.2.1Publicado: 27/11/2020 ; Post-pandemic: Triple Agenda for a New RealityPós-pandemia: tripla agenda para uma nova realidadeNuevos campos de aplicación de la bioética han surgido con ocasión de la pandemia del SARS-Cov-2, pero muchos retos bioéticos se mantienen y es necesario reflexionar sobre la realidad que el ser humano tendrá que vivir luego de ella. Esta reflexión se hace en torno a una triple agenda: desafíos, alertas y orientaciones. La agenda de desafíos trata de los desarrollos científicos y biotecnológicos por venir; de los cambios en la forma de trabajar y de estudiar; de reorientar el desarrollo sustentable; de los cambios en los comercios y las empresas del entretenimiento. Estos desafíos se podrían resumir como cambios en los paradigmas del desarrollo. La agenda de alertas incluye el manejo de las especies silvestres; la desconfianza en las clases políticas; los comportamientos humanos insolidarios y delictivos; la sobreabundancia de información; la emulación de las industrias farmacéuticas; los determinantes de la cultura de la muerte. Las alertas podrían resumirse en la importancia de promover la cultura de la vida. La agenda de orientaciones incluye tener en cuenta una serie de principios como la dignidad de la persona humana, el bien común, la opción preferencial por los pobres, el destino universal de los bienes, la solidaridad, la subsidiariedad y el cuidado de la casa común. Estas orientaciones apuntan a una conversión ambiental, esencial y existencial. Todos estos cambios serán posibles gracias a la resiliencia humana, al profesionalismo y la solidaridad social que sean capaces de configurar un verdadero proyecto de desarrollo humano integral.Para citar este editorial / To reference this editorial / Para citar este editorialGamboa Bernal GA. Pospandemia: triple agenda para una nueva realidad. Pers Bioet. 2020;24(2):127-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.2.1Publicado: 27/11/2020 ; Post-pandemic: Triple Agenda for a New RealityPós-pandemia: tripla agenda para uma nova realidadeNovos campos de aplicação da bioética têm surgido por motivo da pandemia do SARS-CoV-2, mas muitos desafios bioéticos mantêm-se e é necessário refletir sobre a realidade que o ser humano terá que viver depois dela. Essa reflexão faz-se em torno de uma tripla agenda: desafios, alertas e orientações. A agenda de desafios lida com desenvolvimentos científicos e biotecnológicos por vir; com mudanças na forma de trabalhar e de estudar; com reorientar o desenvolvimento sustentável; com mudanças nos comércios e nas empresas do entretenimento. Esses desafios poderiam ser resumidos como mudanças nos paradigmas do desenvolvimento. A agenda de alerta inclui o manejo das espécies silvestres; a desconfiança nas classes políticas; os comportamentos humanos não solidários e criminosos; a superabundância de informação; a emulação das indústrias farmacêuticas; os determinantes da cultura da morte. As alertas poderiam ser resumidas na importância de promover a cultura da vida. A agenda de orientações inclui levar em consideração uma série de princípios como a dignidade da pessoa humana, o bem comum, a opção preferencial pelos pobres, o destino universal dos bens, a solidariedade, a subsidiariedade e o cuidado da casa comum. Essas orientações apontam para uma conversão ambiental, essencial e existencial. Todas essas mudanças serão possíveis graças à resiliência humana, ao profissionalismo e à solidariedade social que forem capazes de configurar um verdadeiro projeto de desenvolvimento humano integral.Para citar este editorial / To reference this editorial / Para citar este editorialGamboa Bernal GA. Pospandemia: triple agenda para una nueva realidad. Pers Bioet. 2020;24(2):127-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.2.1Publicado: 27/11/2020

Purpose is the analysis of world practice of applying the best available techniques to increase energy saving and energy efficiency of mining enterprises being the important factor of the economic development. Methods. The research methodology is based on the scientific approaches: historical-evolutionary, interdisciplinary, integration, process, and situational. Methods of retrospective, categorical, and system analysis as well as modeling have been applied. The analysis was performed on the basis of both initial information sources (original texts of legislative documents, strategies) and material of the international analytical organizations (International Energy Agency, World Bank) as well as the data of official statistical records. Findings. For the first time, different variants of the best available techniques in Japan, the USA, and the EU have been analyzed as well as the role of a state in applying institutional measures of energy efficiency support, including mining complex, and prospects of its use in the Russian Federation. It has been determined that energy efficiency is the effective and economically feasible tool in reaching sustainable development of the national economy. It has been demonstrated that energy saving and increased energy efficiency may reduce the needs in investment, raise industrial competitiveness and consumer welfare as well as improve environmental protection owing to the reduced greenhouse gas emissions and decreased air pollution. Energy efficiency growth has direct effect upon the industrial competitiveness; it can be achieved by means of innovations. Originality. Emphasis has been put on the key scientific and technical aspects and approaches stimulating increased energy efficiency in the developed countries under the effect of strong, coordinated, and consistent national policy in different sectors of economy. Practical implications. The carried-out analysis is useful in terms of the innovative and technological development of different industries of the Russian Federation in the context of its complicated cooperation with European countries and the USA, dependence on foreign technologies, and limited access to them. ; Мета. Аналіз світового досвіду використання найкращих доступних технологій для підвищення енергозбереження та енергетичної ефективності гірничодобувних підприємств, які є важливими факторами інноваційного розвитку і економіки. Методика. В основі методології дослідження застосовані наукові підходи: історико-еволюційний, міждисциплінарний, інтеграційний, процесний і ситуаційний. Використано методики ретроспективного, категоріального, системного аналізу, моделювання. Аналіз виконувався на основі як первинних інформаційних джерел (оригінальні тексти законодавства, стратегій), так і на основі матеріалів міжнародних аналітичних організацій (Міжнародного енергетичного агентства, Світового банку), а також даних офіційного статистичного обліку. Результати. Вперше проаналізовані різні варіанти найкращих доступних технологій в Японії, США, ЄС, роль держави у застосуванні інституційних заходів підтримки енергоефективності, в тому числі у гірничодобувному комплексі, а також перспективи їх використання у Російській Федерації. Визначено, що енергоефективність є дієвим і рентабельним інструментом досягнення сталого розвитку економіки країни в цілому. Показано, що енергозбереження та підвищення енергоефективності може знижувати потребу в інвестиціях, збільшити конкурентоспроможність промисловості й добробут споживача, а також покращувати охорону навколишнього середовища, завдяки зниженню викидів парникових газів та зменшенню забруднення повітря. Підвищення енергоефективності безпосередньо впливає на конкурентоспроможність промисловості та може бути досягнуто за рахунок інновацій. Наукова новизна. Виділено ключові науково-технічні асп екти й підходи, що стимулюють підвищення енергоефективності в розвинених зарубіжних країнах під впливом сильної, скоординованої та послідовної політики держави у різних секторах економіки. Практична значимість. Проведений аналіз корисний у побудові інноваційного та технологічного розвитку різних галузей Російської Федерації в умовах її непростої взаємодії з країнами Європи і США, залежно від зарубіжних технологій та обмеженого доступу до них. ; Цель. Анализ мирового опыта использования наилучших доступных технологий для повышения энергосбережения и повышение энергетической эффективности горнодобывающих предприятий, которые являются важными факторами развития экономики. Методика. В основе методологии исследования применены научные подходы: историко-эволюционный, междисциплинарный, интеграционный, процессный и ситуационный. Использованы методики ретроспективного, категориального, системного анализа, моделирования. Анализ выполнялся на основе как первичных информационных источников (оригинальные тексты законодательства, стратегий), так и на основе материалов международных аналитических организаций (Международного энергетического агентства, Всемирного банка), а также данных официального статистического учета. Результаты. Впервые проанализированы различные варианты наилучших доступных технологий в Японии, США, ЕС, а также роль государства в применении институциональных мер поддержки энергоэффективности, в том числе в горнодобывающем комплексе, перспективы его использования в Российской Федерации. Определено, что энергоэффективность является действенным и рентабельным инструментом достижения устойчивого развития экономики страны в целом. Показано, что энергосбережение и повышение энергоэффективности может снижать потребность в инвестициях, увеличить конкурентоспособность промышленности и благосостояние потребителя, а также улучшать охрану окружающей среды, благодаря снижению выбросов парниковых газов и уменьшению загрязнения воздуха. Повышение энергоэффективности напрямую влияет на конкурентоспособность промышленности и может быть достигнуто за счет инноваций. Научная новизна. Выделены ключевые научно-технические аспекты и подходы, стимулирующие повышение энергоэффективности в развитых зарубежных странах под влиянием сильной, скоординированной и последовательной политики государства в различных секторах экономики. Практическая значимость. Проведенный анализ полезен в построении инновационного и технологического развития различных отраслей Российской Федерации в условиях ее непростого взаимодействия со странами Европы и США, зависимости от зарубежных технологий и ограниченного доступа к ним. ; This article was prepared as a part of the project section of the government contract as requested by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation on the subject formulated as "Development of Methodological Principles and Organizational Economic Mechanism of Strategic Management of Economic Security in Russia" (Assignment No. 26.3913.2017/4.6).

В статті розкрито сутність глобальної та географічної моделі соціальної відповідальності. Від-мічено, що глобальна модель соціальної відповідальності базується на етичній поведінці бізнесу, гео-графічна модель представлена трьома теоріями: корпоративного егоїзму, корпоративного альтруїзмута розумного егоїзму. До основних національних моделей соціальної відповідальності віднесено аме-риканську, європейську, японську. Доведено, що американська модель суспільної відповідальностібазується на потужних активностях бізнесу при слабкому впливу центральних органів держави тагромадських організацій. В європейській моделі бізнес при вирішенні соціальних проблем активно вза-ємодіє з державою, некомерційними організаціями та іншими громадськими інститутами. В японськіймоделі підприємство асоціюється з «виробничою сім'єю», де працівник несе відповідальність і корис-тується правами, виходячи далеко за рамки трудових обов'язків. Дано авторське визначення термінудля українських реалій полягає в доповненні і набуває наступного значення «соціальна відповідаль-ність» – це спроба вирішити соціальні проблеми, які повністю або частково спричинені діяльністю під-приємств та непрофесійними і безвіподальними діями владних структур держави. ; The article deals with the study of Ukrainian realities regarding the social responsibility of business inmodern conditions. The object of research is the social responsibility of business in national economies. Thesubject of the study is the mechanisms of social responsibility of business in the current conditions of functioning of the national economy of Ukraine.The author's definition of the term "social responsibility" has been given. Social responsibility is anattempt to solve social problems that are caused, in whole or partly, by enterprises activities and unprofessional and impassable actions of private structures. Studies have shown that the vector of social responsibility today is realized by global and geographic models. The global model is based on the ethical behavior ofbusinesses, voluntary initiatives to improve the working conditions of corporate employees, the implementation of environmental protection measures, the development and implementation of social projects on community development and the placement of business structures. The geographic model is represented bythree theories: corporate egoism, corporate altruism, and rational selfishness. It has been established that atthe moment, several types of national models of social responsibility function, the basis of which is the multivector criteria; socio-economic patterns, directions of economic development, management styles, nationaltraditions, etc. The main national models of social responsibility are American, European, Japanese ones.The history of patronage in Ukraine has been considered in historical terms. The results of the survey of managers of business structures concerning introduction of mechanisms of social responsibility ofenterprises have been presented. It has been proved that social responsibility of business is the responsiblerelation of any business structure to: own products, company employees, partners, participation in solvingenvironmental problems of the region, active social position of the company. The list of concepts of corporatesocial responsibility includes: the concept of economic responsibility; the concept of a basic business strategy; the concept of responsibilities; voluntary concept; concept of proactivity; concept of stakeholders. It isemphasized that the role and functions of small and medium-sized business is reduced to the fact that it isthe main effective factor of the economic growth of the society, which refers to market-based business methods. His mission is to support the social, political, and economic stability of the society, that is, it provides anenormous scope for the free choice of activities for the benefit of the society and for ensuring their own wellbeing. ; В статье исследованы украинские реалии социальной ответственности бизнеса в современ-ных условиях. Объектом исследования является социальная ответственность бизнеса в националь-ных экономиках. Предметом исследования являются механизмы социальной ответственности бизне-са в современных условиях функционирования национальной экономики Украины.Дано авторское определение термина «социальная ответственность». Социальная ответст-венность – это попытка решения социальных проблем, которые полностью или частично вызваныдеятельностью предприятий и непрофессиональными, безответственными действиями частныхструктур. Исследования показали, что вектор действия социальной ответственности в настоящеевремя реализуется глобальной и географической моделям. Глобальная модель базируется на этиче-ском поведении бизнеса, добровольных инициативах по улучшению условий труда сотрудников кор-пораций, осуществлением мероприятий по защите окружающей среды, разработки и реализации со-циальных проектов по развитию общества и территорий. Географическая модель представлена тре-мя теориями: корпоративного эгоизма, корпоративного альтруизма и разумного эгоизма. Установлено,что в настоящее время функционирует несколько видов национальных моделей социальной ответст-венности, в основе формирования которых положены разновекторные критерии; общественно-экономические уклады, направления развития экономики, стили управления, национальные традициии т. д. К основным национальным моделя социальной ответственности отнесены американскую, ев-ропейскую, японскую.Рассмотрена история меценатства в Украине в историческом разрезе. Приведены результатыопроса менеджеров бизнес-структур по внедрению механизмов социальной ответственности пред-приятий. Доказано, что социальная ответственность бизнеса – ответственное отношение любой биз-нес-структуры собственной продукции, работников компании, партнеров, участие в решении экологи-ческих проблем региона, активная социальная позиция компании. В перечень концепций социальнойответственности бизнеса отнесены: концепцию экономической ответственности; концепцию базовойбизнес-стратегии; концепцию обязанностей; добровольное концепция; концепция проактивности; кон-цепция заинтересованных лиц. Отмечено, что роль и функции малого и среднего бизнеса сводится ктому, что он является главным действующим фактором экономического роста общества, опирающий-ся на рыночные методы ведения бизнеса. Его миссией является поддержка социальной, политиче-ской, экономической стабильности общества, они предоставляют свободный выбор видов деятельно-сти в интересах общества и обеспечения собственного благополучия.

Система управления развитием туристско-рекреационной сферы Республики Крым на современном этапе не получила должного развития. Прямое и косвенное воздействие государства на данную сферу несомненно и проявляется в формировании нормативно-правового поля для осуществления туристско-рекреационной деятельности, целенаправленного воздействия органов государственной власти на развитие туристической отрасли и создание условий для эффективного сотрудничества органов государственной и региональной власти, местного самоуправления и частного сектора по развитию туризма через различные механизмы: административные, организационные, экономические, правовые, экологические и т. п. Однако экономическая эффективность функционирования туристско-рекреационной сферы Крыма не может быть обеспечена исключительно за счет стимулирующих мероприятий государства. Усилия государственных и региональных органов по развитию туристско-рекреационной сферы Республики Крым должны быть тесно сопряжены с действиями самих предприятий, направленными на повышение эффективности деятельности за счет эффективного управления экономическим потенциалом. Это обусловливает необходимость разработки научно обоснованных концепций развития туристско-рекреационной сферы, описывающих механизмы эффективного формирования и использования экономического потенциала данной сферы, обеспечивающих повышение эффективности деятельности субъектов туризма и рекреации за счет выявления резервов экономического роста. Целью проведенного авторами исследования явились теоретико-методическое обоснование и разработка механизма эффективного формирования и использования экономического потенциала предприятий туристско-рекреационной сферы Республики Крым. В ходе исследования осуществлены классификация и систематизация современных тенденций развития туристско-рекреационной сферы. Определены основные критерии и направления адаптации экономического потенциала предприятий данной сферы к современным условиям среды функционирования. Обозначен механизм эффективного формирования и использования экономического потенциала предприятий туристско-рекреационной сферы Республики Крым. В отличие от существующих, в основу механизма эффективного формирования и использования экономического потенциала предприятий положен предложенный авторами ранее методический подход к эффективному формированию и использованию экономического потенциала предприятий и его оценке, направленный на выявление резервов их экономического роста за счет определения области эффективного взаимодействия двух основных составляющих оценки экономического потенциала предприятий ликвидности (оценка эффективности формирования и использования экономических ресурсов) и рентабельности (оценка эффективности экономических результатов). Предложенный механизм эффективного функционирования экономического потенциала предприятий туристско-рекреационной сферы включает в себя по значимости все компоненты воспроизводства на уровне предприятий и их взаимодействия с государством с учетом не только его осуществления в настоящее время, но и возможностей интенсификации в перспективе. Иными словами, он ориентирован на выявление резервов и включение качественных факторов экономического роста, который зависит от взаимодействия экономических ресурсов и экономических результатов субъектов туризма и рекреации. ; The system for managing the development of the tourism and recreational sphere in the Republic of Crimea at the present stage has not received proper development. Direct and indirect impact of the state on this sphere is, doubtless, manifested in the formation of the legal field for the realization of tourism and recreational activities, targeted impact of public authorities on the development of the tourism industry and the creation of conditions for effective cooperation between state and regional authorities, local governments and the private sector on tourism development through administrative, organizational, economic, legal, environmental and other mechanisms. However, the economic efficiency of functioning of the tourist-recreational sector of Crimea can not be achieved solely at the expense of stimulating measures undertaken by the state. The efforts of state and regional authorities for the development of the tourist-recreational sphere of the Republic of Crimea should be closely associated with actions of the enterprises, aimed at improving performance through effective management of economic potential. This necessitates the development of scientifically based concepts for the development of the tourist and recreational sphere, describes the mechanisms of formation and effective use of the economic potential of this sector, promoting the increase in the efficiency of activity of tourism and recreation subjects at the expense of finding new reserves of economic growth. The aim of the present research is to make a theoretical and methodological substantiation and to develop a mechanism for the formation and effective use of economic potential of enterprises in the tourist and recreational sphere of the Republic of Crimea. In the course of the study the authors classify and systematize modern trends in the development of the tourist and recreational sphere. They identify key criteria and areas of adaptation of the economic potential of enterprises of this sector to modern business environments. The article indicates a mechanism for the formation and effective use of the economic potential of enterprises in the tourist and recreational sphere of the Republic of Crimea. In contrast to existing ones, the mechanism for the formation and effective use of the economic potential of enterprises is based on the methodological approach earlier proposed by the authors for the effective formation and use of the economic potential of enterprises and its evaluation aimed at revealing the reserves of growth by determining the effective interaction of the two main components of evaluating the economic potential of enterprises liquidity (assessment of efficiency of formation and use of economic resources) and profitability (efficiency assessment of economic performance). The proposed mechanism for the effective functioning of the economic potential of enterprises in the tourist and recreational sphere includes all the significant components of reproduction at the enterprise level, and their interaction with the state, taking into account not only its implementation at present, but the possibilities of its intensification in the future. In other words, it focuses on the identification of reserves and inclusion of qualitative drivers of economic growth, which depends on the interaction of economic resources and economic performance of the subjects of tourism and recreation.

Directly caused by long-term imbalance in energy intake and energy expenditure, obesity and overweight are conditions of excess body fat bringing with them a range of adverse health effects. What is less well understood is their intimate connection with the action of the hormone insulin in the body, a hormone which promotes the use of ingested glucose as a primary fuel source and blocks the metabolism of stored fat. In a large number of people, genetic pre-disposition and/ or the presence of overweight leads to insulin resistance, where higher levels of the hormone are required for the same blood glucose regulating effect - a state that is highly conducive to weight gain. Indigenous populations, among them Indigenous Australian people, have a greater incidence of insulin resistance, and exposed to some elements typical of Western lifestyle, are at greater risk of developing overweight and obesity. Generally, overweight and obesity are defined in relation to the body mass index, or BMI. The BMI is a weight-for-height ratio with categories based on increasing health risk. Its universal suitability, particularly as regards muscular individuals and different ethnic groups, is contested. Generally, Aboriginal people will have a higher proportion of body fat, and Torres Strait Islander people a lower proportion of body fat than will a non-Indigenous person for a given BMI. Nevertheless, the available national data on obesity and overweight among the Indigenous population (most recently from the 2004-05 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (NATSIHS)) are based on the BMI as calculated from selfreported height and weight measurements (as opposed to waist circumference, where abdominal fat has a strong correlation with insulin resistance and cardiovascular and diabetic risk). The 2004-05 NATSIHS found that overweight and obesity were substantial and increasing problems for Indigenous people. The greatest disparities were observed in levels of obesity, where 29% of Indigenous people were classified as obese compared with 17% of non-Indigenous people, and in the comparison between Indigenous and nonIndigenous females. Overall, Indigenous people were 1.2 times more likely than non-Indigenous people to be overweight or obese. For Torres Strait Islanders, the difference was even greater. The socioeconomic gradient of obesity, where higher levels of obesity are observed among groups of lower socioeconomic status, plays a distinctive role in this problem for Indigenous people. A wide range of environmental factors contribute to the higher prevalence of overweight and obesity among Indigenous people, of which the indirect contributors are perhaps the most important. In the main, immense changes to the dietary and physical activity patterns of Indigenous people have taken place since European settlement. The Indigenous diet has changed from one that was typically low energydensity and nutrient-rich to one that is typically energy-dense and nutrient-poor, high in refined carbohydrate, saturated fat and salt. Closely linked has been a substantial reduction in physical activity. Widespread poor dental health has a negative impact on nutritional health and high alcohol consumption contributes to excess energy intake and the diversion of income away from the purchase of healthy foods and other related household items. Across all countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the highest proportion of low birthweight babies are born to Indigenous mothers, babies which are likely programmed from the very beginning of life for insulin resistance, a propensity to obesity and eventual chronic disease. Dispossession and social exclusion, which have affected the lifestyle choices of Indigenous people since almost the earliest point of contact with European settlers, cannot be seen as anything other than centrally important contributors due to their role in preserving the socioeconomic disadvantage so strongly correlated with the high presence of this condition. Obesity and overweight are significant risk factors for a long list of adverse health conditions, among them some of the principal causes of Indigenous morbidity and mortality- cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic renal disease. High and rising rates of obesity and its consequent conditions are particularly burdensome in the light of the continuing and parallel existence of problems of malnutrition and infectious disease in many Indigenous communities. It is difficult, and likely of little use, to single out obesity and overweight in Indigenous people for targeted and narrow policy response due firstly to its uniquely cross-sectoral, multi-factoral nature and secondly to the holistic conception of health of many Indigenous people. The government has committed to ambitious targets in Indigenous health, has sharply increased Indigenous health spending and is concentrating resources on early intervention and prevention in the areas of maternal and child health and early childhood development (a significant juncture for the promotion of healthy weight). The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) process, the School Nutrition Program and adapted income management appear to hold particular promise for progress in Indigenous health as it relates to overweight and obesity. Pivotal areas of encounter include the push for an evidence base in Indigenous policy, the division of resources between the Northern Territory and the other states and territories, funding to meet commitments and need across the spectrum of Indigenous Affairs into the future, and the interface between Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services and external expertise.

Rev.esc.adm.negA good leadership is essential for the successful development of organizations and their staff members. Transformational leadership is a contemporary focus which highlights the moral bases of leadership and which has been valued in different cultures, being associated with its efectiviness and workers´ outcomes such as satisfaction and performance. This leadership is manifested through four basic performance dimensions (idealized influence, inspiring motivation, intellectual stimulus and individual consideration) and through the managerial competencies of an executive. In this case study, these dimensions and ten leadership competencies (integrity and confidence, orientation to outcomes, importance of action, perseverance, effective use of time, effective communication, high performance team formation and development, decision making, business capacity and strategic management capacity) have been analyzed taking an executive sample of 16 companies from the flower agricultural sector with the Florverde seal.This seal shows care for products and compromise with companies regarding environmental affairs and social responsibility, issues which are closely related with transformational leadership. Two transformational leadership dimensions were found: idealized influence and inspiring motivation, and its most outstanding competence was confidence and integrity, key elements for the successful development of transformational leadership. ; Rev.esc.adm.negUn buen liderazgo es esencial para el desarrollo exitoso de las organizaciones y de sus miembros. El liderazgo transformacional, es un enfoque contemporáneo que resalta las bases morales del liderazgo y ha sido valorado en diversas culturas, asociándose con la efectividad del liderazgo y resultados en los trabajadores tales como satisfacción y desempeño. Se manifiesta a través de cuatro dimensiones básicas de comportamiento (influencia idealizada, motivación inspiradora, estímulo intelectual y consideración individualizada) y en las competencias de liderazgo de un dirigente. En este artículo, se analizan estas dimensiones y diez competencias de liderazgo (integridad y confianza, orientación a la obtención de resultados, importancia en la acción, perseverancia, uso efectivo del tiempo, comunicación empática, conformación y desarrollo de equipos de alto desempeño, toma de decisiones, capacidad negociadora, y capacidad de direccionamiento estratégico), en los dirigentes de una muestra de 16 empresas del sector floricultor en Colombia con el sello Florverde.Este sello, refleja el cuidado por la calidad de los productos y el compromiso de las empresas con el medioambiente y de responsabilidad social, aspectos que se asocian con las bases morales del liderazgo transformacional. Entre los directivos estudiados, se encontraron dos dimensiones de liderazgo transformacional: influencia idealizada y motivación inspiradora y su competencia más destacada fue la integridad y confianza, elementos claves para el desarrollo exitoso del liderazgo transformacional. ; leadership transformationnel est une approche contemporaine qui met en évidence les fondements moraux de la direction d'entreprise et qui a longtemps été associé par différentes cultures à l'efficacité du comité de direction de l'entreprise. Au niveau des employés, cela se traduit par une plus grande satisfaction et une meilleure performance. Le leadership transformationnel se manifeste par le biais de quatre dimensions basées sur le comportement (influence idéalisée, source d'inspiration, de motivation et de stimulation intellectuelle) ainsi que sur les compétences de leadership d'un dirigeant. Cette étude de cas examine ces dimensions et dix compétences de leadership de dirigeants (intégrité et confiance axées sur les résultats, importance de l'action, de la persévérance, l'utilisation efficace du temps, l'empathie, la formation et les systèmes de communication de haut rendement, la capacité de décision, de négociation et stratégique) représentatif d'un échantillon de 16 entreprises du secteur floricole colombien estampillées Florverde. Ce label reflète les soins apportés à la qualité des produits et à l'engagement des entreprises sur les questions environnementales et de responsabilité sociale.Ces aspects sont associés aux fondements moraux du leadership transformationnel. Deux dimensions de leadership transformationnel ont été mises en évidence chez les dirigeants participant à l'étude: l'influence idéalisée et la motivation inspiratrice. Les compétences les plus marquantes étant l'intégrité et la confiance en l'avenir, éléments clés de succès pour le développement du leadership transformationnel. ; Rev.esc.adm.negUma boa liderança é fundamental para o desenvolvimento bem sucedido das organizações e seus membros. A liderança transformacional é um enfoque contemporâneo que ressalta as bases morais da liderança e foi valorizado em diversas culturas sendo associado à efetividade da liderança e aos resultados nos trabalhadores como satisfação e desempenho. A liderança transformacional é expressa através de quatro dimensões básicas de comportamento (influência idealizada, motivação inspiradora, estímulo intelectual e consideração individualizada) e nas competências de liderança de um dirigente. Neste estudo de caso analisam-se estas dimensões e dez competências de liderança (integridade e confiança, orientação à obtenção de resultados, importância na ação, perseverança, uso efetivo do tempo, comunicação empática, conformação e desenvolvimento de equipes de alto desempenho, toma de decisões, capacidade negociadora e capacidade de direcionamento estratégico), nos dirigentes de uma amostra de 16 empresas do setor floricultor na Colômbia com selo Florverde.Este selo reflete o cuidado pela qualidade dos produtos e o compromisso das empresas com assuntos ambientais e de responsabilidade social, aspectos associados às bases morais da liderança transformacional. Encontraram-se duas dimensões de liderança transformacional nos dirigentes estudados: influência idealizada e motivação inspiradora, as competências mais sobressalentes deles foram a integridade e confiança, elementos chaves para o desenvolvimento bem sucedido da liderança transformacional.

Approaches that promote some kind of community participation have been increasingly used for addressing socio-environmental problems. One of these approaches is participatory research (PR), a research strategy in which diverse stakeholders work collaboratively around an issue of common interest. The group formed to carry out the research participates horizontally in every stage, from choosing the research question to the dissemination of the results. The application of this approach in university education represents a challenge from various perspectives: it redefines the role of the specialist; it questions the traditional views of science and its method; and it promotes the reflection, not only about these topics but about the research/action binomial. After characterizing the participatory research approach, the objective of this paper is to describe three experiences of university education related to a participatory research in the artisanal fishery of Piriápolis (Uruguay). Based on them we discuss the potentials and challenges of the inclusion of this approach in university education in Uruguay. The PR in Piriápolis was initiated in 2011 aiming at addressing local problems of the artisanal fishery among different stakeholders: artisanal fishers, university researchers, government agency in charge of fisheries management, and NGOs. This PR was initiated during a doctoral research, encompassed an undergraduate research, and served as a platform for an undergraduate course in sciences. From these experiences we argue that PR represents a transdisciplinary approach that strengthens, methodologically and conceptually, university initiatives for integral education with emphasis on inter or transdisciplinarity and knowledge dialogue. Additionally, PR can be compatible with undergraduate and graduate theses, and can be linked to diverse educational platforms. ; Enfoques que promovem algum tipo de participação comunitária estão sendo cada vez mais utilizados para abordar problemáticas socioambientais. Um exemplo são as pesquisas participativas (PP): estratégias de pesquisa nas quais diversos atores trabalham de forma colaborativa para um tema de interesse comum. O grupo de trabalho formado para conduzir a pesquisa participa, de forma horizontal, em todas as etapas, desde a definição da pergunta de pesquisa até a difusão dos resultados. A aplicação destes enfoques na formação universitária representa desafios por vários pontos de vista: redefine o papel do especialista; questiona as visões científicas tradicionais e seus métodos; e promove a reflexão, nao só sobre estas temáticas, mas também sobre o binômio pesquisa/ação. Após caracterizar o enfoque específico das PP, o objetivo desde trabalho é descrever três experiências de formação universitária vinculadas a uma PP na pesca artesanal de Piriápolis (Uruguai), e apartir destas experiências discutir potencialidades e desafios da inclusão deste enfoque no ensino universitário no Uruguai. A PP em Piriápolis foi iniciada em 2011 visando abordar problemáticas locais vinculadas à pesca artesanal entre distintos atores: pescadores artesanais, pesquisadores universitários, organização governamental encarregada da gestão pesqueira, e ONGs. Esta PP foi iniciada durante uma pesquisa de doutorado, permitiu uma dissertação de graduação, e serviu de plataforma para uma disciplina de graduação em ciências. Destas experiências conclui-se que as PP constituem enfoques transdisciplinares que potenciam, metodológicamente e conceptualmente, iniciativas universitárias integradas com énfase na inter ou transdisciplinaridade e no diálogo entre saberes. Ademais, as PP são compatíveis com a realização de estudos e trabalhos de graduação e pós-graduação, e podem ser vinculadas a diversas plataformas educativas. ; Los enfoques que promueven algún tipo de participación comunitaria están siendo cada vez más utilizados para abordar problemáticas socio-ambientales. Uno de éstos son las investigaciones participativas (IP): estrategias de investigación en las que diversos actores trabajan de forma colaborativa en relación a un tema de interés común. El grupo generado para llevar adelante la investigación participa de forma horizontal en cada una de las etapas, desde elegir la pregunta de investigación hasta la difusión de los resultados. La aplicación de estos enfoques en la formación universitaria representa un desafío desde varios puntos de vista: resignifica el rol del especialista; cuestiona las visiones tradicionales de ciencia y su método; y promueve la reflexión, no solo sobre estas temáticas, sino también sobre el binomio investigación/acción. Tras caracterizar el enfoque específico de las IP, el objetivo de este trabajo es describir tres experiencias de formación universitaria vinculadas a una IP en la pesquería artesanal de Piriápolis (Uruguay), y a partir de ellas discutir algunas potencialidades y desafíos de la inclusión de este enfoque en la enseñanza universitaria en Uruguay. La IP en Piriápolis fue iniciada en 2011 con la meta de abordar problemáticas locales vinculadas a la pesca artesanal entre distintos actores implicados: pescadores artesanales, investigadores universitarios, organización gubernamental a cargo del manejo pesquero y ONGs. Esta IP fue iniciada en el marco de una investigación doctoral, dio lugar a una tesina de grado, y sirvió de plataforma para un curso de grado de ciencias. De estas experiencias se desprende que las IP constituyen enfoques transdisciplinarios que potencian metodológica y conceptualmente las iniciativas de formación universitaria integral con un énfasis en la inter o transdisciplina y el diálogo de saberes. Asimismo, las IP pueden ser compatibles con la realización de tesis de grado y posgrado, y pueden ser vinculadas a diversas plataformas educativas.

Introduction ACOs are seen as an important development in the quest to provide quality care and control health care costs. The pace of ACO adoption has waned after a blistering start. The calculus for ACO adoption has changed and there is little understanding of the reasons for the change. The objectives of this dissertation are to understand physician organizations' motivation to form ACOs, explore physician organizations' ACO readiness, and identification of barriers and facilitators to ACO adoption. The dissertation also proposes an ACO Orientation Conceptual Model and tests the model from case studies of six physician organizations in Orange County, CA. By understanding the reasons physician organizations accept or reject ACO contracts, leaders and administrators can adjust parameters that will influence future accountable care movement. Background ACO is an entity comprised of hospitals and physician organizations who join together to assume responsibility for providing integrated high quality care at a sustainable cost level for a patient population. The idea originated in the medical establishment and entered the policy arena through MedPAC, an agency that advises Congress on Medicare matters. The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform at Brookings, and MedPAC pushed ACO onto the national agenda. ACO became a formal part of the health reform movement when the ACA was signed into law. As of October 2013, there were 23 Pioneer ACOs, 35 Advanced Payment ACOs, 220 SSP ACOs, and 235 private sector ACOs. Aims and Objectives The dissertation seeks to understand physician organizations' motivation to form or not form ACOs, proposes and tests an ACO Orientation Conceptual Model, and identifies barriers and facilitators to ACO adoption. Methodology The dissertation uses a qualitative, non-experimental, cross-case study method supplemented by a survey. Six case study participants were selected from a combined list of physician organizations from Cattaneo and Stroud and California Association of Physician Groups (CAPG). Using a semi-structured interview guide, an in-depth interview with an executive in the physician organization and an administration of a Physician Organization ACO Readiness Survey for each organization completed the data collection process. Information from key informant interviews was integrated with publicly available reports, state government agency reported data, information on a physician organization's website, and other Internet resources related to the physician organizations forming the basis for the case studies. Analysis was also performed across the physician organizations to identify common themes and unearth insights. The ACO Orientation Conceptual Model was tested based on the responses to the semi-structured interview questions and the ACO readiness survey. Findings Of the external causal attributes described by the ACO Motivation Conceptual Model, only business rationale, competitor activity, and a policy window were found by case study participants to be applicable. None of the participants cited necessity or timing as an external causal attribute. Of the internal causal attributes described by the ACO Motivaton Conceptual Model, only culture, leadership, and quality care were found by case study participants to be valid. The only internal causal attribute that garnered concensus among all six case study participants was a focus on quality care improvements. Testing of the ACO Orientation Conceptual Model found that along the strategic typology dimension, of the six case study participants in the study, four case study participants were classified as Analyzers and two were classified as Prospectors. None of the case study participants had a Defender classification. Along the ACO readiness dimension, five of the six case study participants had high ACO readiness scores and one case study participant recorded a low ACO readiness score. Using assessments from the case study participants, the model successfully predicted that Analyzers with high ACO readiness scores and Prospectors with low ACO readiness scores would consider becoming ACOs. The model also predicted correctly that Prospectors with high ACO readiness scores would become ACOs.Enviromental barriers identified by case study participants included an ACO's broad scope, intensive resource investment requirements, rules and regulations interpretation and enforcement, and a risk/reward imbalance. Organizational barriers identified by case study participants included physician organization and hospital misalignment of incentives, a lack of infrastructure, a lack of data, difficulties in getting providers to buy-in, and beneficiary inertia. Facilitators identified by case study participants include communication, trust, technology, information exchange, a strong primary care network and network management, scalability, and experience with risk, continuity of care, and managed care programs. Conclusion Understanding physician organization ACO adoption and diffusion may benefit from additional qualitative and quantitative studies. The specific recommendations are to conduct case studies in other geographic areas outside of Orange County, CA, empirically study to see if physician organizations changed strategies due to ACOs, and finally, measure the performance and outcomes of selected ACO strategies. There are three implications for health policy makers. First, for physician groups participating in the Shared Savings Program (SSP), there is a desire to attract Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries into the Medicare Advantage plans. This motivation is different from those of physician organizations serving commercial ACOs. Second, reduce the environmental and organizational barriers to ACO adoption. Finally, healthcare leaders and practitioners should be prepared to address system-wide implications resulting from the massive shifts in the physician organization strategy as a response to ACOs.

Air Kali Surabaya selama ini menjadi bahan baku air minum PDAM Surabaya dan PDAM Gresik. Setiap detik kedua perusahaan daerah air minum ini mengambil 10,4 m3 air dari sungai yang mengalir dari DAM Mlirip Mojokerto hingga DAM Jagir Surabaya, ironisnya Kali Surabaya berada dalam kondisi tidak layak. Dalam PP Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan kualitas air dan pengendalian pencemaran pemanfaatan air dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelas, Untuk bahan baku air minum seperti halnya Kali Surabaya masuk dalam kelas 1. Namun Kali Surabaya kualitasnya dapat dikualifikasikan ke dalam air kelas 3 yang peruntukannya hanya dapat digunakan untuk pembudidayaan air tawar,peternakan,air dan untuk mengairi tanaman. Ecoton sebagai organisasi lingkungan hidup melakukan Gugatan Legal Standing Organisasi pada tahun 2007 kepada Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur di Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membahas tahap dokumentasi hukum tercapainya akta perdamaian antara Ecoton dengan Gubernur Jawa Timur. Serta mengetahui kesesuaian antara petitum gugatan dengan substansi yang disepakati di dalam akta perdamaian nomor 181.4/84/013/2008 dan nomor 105/Pdt.G/2010/PN.Sby, apa akibat hukumnya atas isi akta perdamaian yang belum dilaksanakan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif (doktrinal). Adapun pendekatan masalah menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konsep dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian bahwa tahapan dokumentasi hukum tercapainya akta perdamaian dalam perkara Ecoton melawan Pemprop Jatim terjadi karena pihak Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Timur bersedia untuk memenuhi segala tuntutan yang diajukan oleh Ecoton. Hasil penelitiannya adalah bahwa tahapan dokumentasi hukum tercapainya akta perdamaian dalam perkara Ecoton melawan Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Timur yaitu prosedur hukum acara yang berlaku yaitu tunduk kepada ketentuan HIR. Pada akta Perdamaian gugatan 677/Pdt.G/2007/PN.Sby pemprov Jatim melakukan tindakan wanprestasi terkait tindakan untuk menyusun pedoman perhitungan dan menetapkan daya tampung beban pencemaran air sungai (Kali Surabaya) paling lambat 12 bulan tetapi tidak dilaksanakan oleh pemprov Jawa Timur. Sehingga ecoton melakukan gugatan kembali dalam perkara no 105/Pdt.G/2010/PN.Sby. Dalam gugatan 677/Pdt.G/2007/PN.Sby pada poin pertama dan kedua tidak sesuai antara petitum gugatan dengan akta perdamaian. Terkait dengan penetapan kualifikasi mutu air sungai Surabaya dan penetapan daya tampung sungai (Kali Surabaya) selanjutnya akta perdamaian pada gugatan No 105/Pdt.G/2010/Pn.Sby pada poin pertama dan kedua tidak sesuai antara petitum gugatan dengan akta perdamaian terkait dengan penetapan pedoman penghitungan daya tampung beban pencemaran air (Kali Surabaya). Kata kunci : pencemaran air, akta perdamaian ,kali surabaya Abstract Kali Surabaya's water has been the raw material of drinking water taps PDAM Surabaya and Gresik. Every second the local water company took 10.4 m3 of water from a river that flows from Mojokerto until DAM DAM Mlirip Jagir Surabaya, Surabaya ironically are in a condition unfit. In PP No. 82 of 2001 on the management of water quality and pollution control water use are grouped into 4 classes, the drinking water for raw materials as well as Kali Surabaya included in class 1. However Kali Surabaya quality water may be classified into three classes that designation can only be used fresh water for cultivation, animal husbandry, water and to irrigate crops. Ecoton as environmental organizations do Lawsuit Legal Standing of the Organization in 2007 to the East Java Provincial Government in the District Court SurabayaPenelitian will discuss the legal documentation stage to achieve peace between Ecoton deed with the Governor of East Java. And to know the compatibility between the substance of the lawsuit petition agreed in the peace deed number 181.4/84/013/2008 and number 105/Pdt.G/2010/PN.Sby, what the legal consequences for the contents of the deed of peace that has not been implemented. The method used is normative (doctrinal). The approach the problem using the approach of legislation, the approach concept and approach cases. Results of the study that stage legal documentation achieving peace deed in the case against the Provincial Government of East Java Ecoton occurs because the East Java Provincial Government is willing to meet all the demands put forward by Ecoton. Stages of the legal documentation of the achievement of peace in the case Ecoton deed against the Provincial Government of East Java, the procedure applicable procedural law that is subject to the provisions of HIR. In the lawsuit Peace deed 677/Pdt.G/2007/PN.Sby East Java provincial government default action associated action to develop guidelines for the calculation and establish water pollution load capacity of the river (Kali Surabaya) no later than 12 months but not implemented by the provincial government of East Java. So Ecoton sued again in case No. 105/Pdt.G/2010/PN.Sby. In the lawsuit 677/Pdt.G/2007/PN.Sby the first and second points are not fit between the lawsuit petition by the deed of peace. Associated with the establishment of the Surabaya river water quality qualification and determination of the capacity of the river (Kali Surabaya) subsequent deed peace in tort No 105 / Pdt.G / 2010 / Pn.Sby the first and second points are not in accordance with the deed between petitum lawsuit related to the establishment of peace guidelines for the calculation of water pollution load capacity (Kali Surabaya). Keywords : Water pollution, Deed of Peace, Surabaya River

Backgrounds and Aims: Using Geographical Information System (GIS) can decreases the burden of road traffic injuries effectively by identification of hot spot to modification in hazardous areas. The aim of the study was determining geographical distribution of human risk factors associated with road traffic injuries by using Geographical Information System (GIS) in Iran. Materials and Methods: The national database of road traffic injuries registered by the Iranian traffic Police (Rahvar NAJA) was used. The human risk factors were investigated by recognition of the hazardous points and geographical distribution of associated risk factors. The Hot Spot Analysis and Map clustering approaches were employed to meet the objectives. Results: The mean age of injured subjects was 34 years and the most affected age group was 20-39 years. Death and injury occurrence within out of cities ways were 0.3 % and 28% respectively. Geographical distribution of risk factors also showed that roads of Northern provinces i.e. (Gilaan and Mazandaran) were the hazardous rising as well as Qazvin to Rasht and Qom to Tehran roads. Sistan and Balochestan Provinces and Tehran had the highest (4.8%) and the lowest (0.1%) rates of road traffic injuries leading to death in the country. Conclusions: Northern provinces and its leading axes by hazardous rising and Sistan and Balochestan province with fatal injuries need to identify the cause of injuries' and, if necessary, more tighten regulations and more controls by the traffic police must be applied. REFERENCESPeden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D Hyder A A, Jarawan E . (2004).World report on road traffic injury prevention: World Health Organization Geneva. 2004.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and economic growth. Accid Anal Prev 2005;37(1): 169-78.Channa R, Jaffrani H A, Khan A J, Hasan T, Razzak J A. 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El municipio es considerado como un espacio donde sus habitantes comparten no sólo el territorio sino también los problemas y los recursos existentes. La institución municipal –como gobierno local- es el ámbito en el cual se toman decisiones sobre el territorio, que implican a sus habitantes. En cuanto a los actores, estos pueden ser funcionarios, empleados y la comunidad (individual y organizada en ongs), todos aportan sus conocimientos y valores, pero tienen diferentes intereses y diferentes tiempos. Vinculada a las decisiones, encontramos que la forma en que se gestiona la información territorial, es determinante si se pretende apuntar hacia acciones con impacto positivo, y sustentables en lo ambiental y en el tiempo. Este trabajo toma tres municipios: San Salvador de Jujuy, capital de la provincia localizada en los Valles Templados; San Pedro de Jujuy, principal municipio de la región de las Yungas y Tilcara en la Quebrada de Humahuaca. El aporte de la Inteligencia Territorial, a través del observatorio OIDTe, permite analizar los modos de gestión de la información, especialmente mediante el uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (pagina web municipal, equipamiento informático en las oficinas, estrategias de comunicación y vinculación con la población) y mediante la organización de las estructuras administrativas (organigrama) por las cuales circula la información municipal. Además, con la participación enriquecedora de equipos multidisciplinarios en las diferentes etapas. Se busca, a partir de un diagnóstico, generar estrategias para la introducción de innovaciones con los propios actores municipales, a partir de las situaciones y modos culturales propios de cada lugar, incorporando los marcos conceptuales de la Inteligencia Territorial. En este sentido el OIDTe al promover el entendimiento entre los actores, institucionales y la sociedad, facilita la coordinación de diferentes intereses propiciando la toma de decisiones por acuerdos. Asimismo, el método Portulano, puede orientar la introducción de innovaciones en la coordinación de la información cartográfica, para que las diferentes oficinas puedan complementar sus aportes y la comunicación hacia fuera de la institución. En la fase de diagnóstico, se aplicaron entrevistas a informantes claves, se realizó un workshop con técnicos de planta permanente y funcionarios de áreas que manejan información territorial, y de planificación. También por la importancia de la capacidad instalada de recursos humanos, se analizó el nivel de instrucción y la capacitación con que cuenta el personal de planta permanente de cada área. Se observa que las acciones de planificación territorial en estos municipios están limitadas por la capacidad tecnológica y de recursos humanos, también por la vinculación con otros agentes decisores en el territorio. La información territorial se presenta fragmentada, solapada o faltante, la preocupación se centra en el registro de ingresos por rentas y de los egresos. ; The municipality is consideredas a space where its inhabitants share not only territory but also the problems and existing resources. The municipal institution - such as local government - is the area in which decisions are taken on the territory, involving its inhabitants. As for the actors, these may be officials, employees and the Community (individual and organized in NGOs), all contributing their knowledge and values, but have different interests and different times. Linked to the decisions, we find that the way in which the territorial information, are managed is crucial if it is to target actions with positive and sustainable impact on environmental issues and time. This work takes three municipalities: San Salvador de Jujuy, capital of the province located in the temperate valleys; San Pedro de Jujuy, main town of the Tilcara in the Quebrada de Humahuaca and the Yungas region. The contribution of the Territorial Intelligence is at Observatory OIDTE, analyzing themodes of information management, especially through the use of information technologies and communication (page municipal website, computer equipment in offices, linking with the population and communication strategies) and through the Organization of administrative structures (organization chart) which circulates the municipal information. In addition, involving multidisciplinary teams enriching at different stages.Is search based on a diagnosis, generating strategies for the introduction of innovations with the actors themselves municipal situations and cultural modes of each place, through the incorporation of the Territorial Intelligence, conceptual frameworks. In this sense Observatory OIDTe to promote understanding between the actors, institutional and society, facilitates the coordination of different interests promoting decision-making by agreements. The Portulano method, it can guide the introduction of innovations in the coordination of cartographic information, that different offices can complement their contributions and communication out of the institution. In the diagnostic phase, interviews were conducted with key informants, conducted a workshop with permanent plant technicians and area officials who manage land information and planning. Also by the importance of the installed capacity of human resources, the level of education and training available to the permanent staff of each area was analyzed. It notes that the actions of planning in these municipalities are limited by the technological and human resources, also linking with other decision-makers in the territory. Territorial information is fragmented, overlapped or missing, concern focuses on the register of income by income and outflows. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The nature of Dutch democracy, once considered a highly stable product of cooperation, compromise and consensus-seeking practices across socioeconomic and sociocultural lines, has changed. Whereas the accessibility and levels (not forms) of participation have changed little, autocratically led protest parties have won ground and in the polls draw support from a stable 15% – 17% of the electorate. Corruption prevention in politics, especially regarding party finances, appears to fall under the bar of international standards. Political rhetoric has grown increasingly polarized (or politicized) as the political middle is waning and extreme positions on either side are on the rise. The Dutch media landscape remains highly pluralistic, although there are some concerns about the growing concentration of media ownership, a situation aggravated by the present financial economic crisis, rapid commercialization, and international ownership of national media outlets. In legal arrangements, citizens" right to privacy is subject to pressures from the information revolution and the massive use of information technology (IT) in all kinds of policy fields, primarily relating to internal and external security. In addition, some conspicuous miscarriages of justice have spawned a public debate on the quality of the justice system, including the need for a special court charged with handling mistrials. Anti-terrorism and integration policies have put considerable pressure on the exercise of basic political liberties, such as the freedoms of speech, religion and press as well as protection against unreasonable search and seizure actions. Tough immigration laws have come under international legal scrutiny, in particular where the rights of children and family reunion are concerned. In short, although the quality of Dutch democracy remains satisfactory, it has suffered several blows in several areas. Policy-specific performance during the Balkenende IV government – the coalition cabinet formed by the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Labor (PvdA) and Christian Union (CU) parties – was in general incremental, save for the proposal to phase-in an extension of the pension age to 67 that was adopted by the cabinet in 2009. Policy performance in matters relating to internal and external safety remained adequate, although at rising public cost. The Health Care Insurance Act (Zvw) of 2006 was continued, although its impact on cost control issues and enhancing market-like competition between health care providers remains unclear. Stagnation continues to characterize environmental, research and development, and innovation policies alike. No changes have been made to education Netherlands report SGI 2011 | 4 policy, although it is now generally judged to be in crisis. Serious concerns have been raised about the lack of good teachers, literacy and numeracy skills among elementary students, and high attrition rates at all levels of education. As is the case in most other European countries, the financial and banking crisis (followed by the euro crisis) has proven detrimental to economic policy performance, which negatively affects prospects in almost all other policy areas. Strategic Outlook The long-term viability of the D utch polity depends on the acumen with which the three following challenges are treated: the state"s weakened fiscal position; facilitating technology innovation in order to develop an ecologically modernized and sustainable economy; and societal integration and coherence. (1) Improving the state"s weakened fiscal position. The state"s financial problems can in large part be attributed to recent bailouts of Dutch banks and financial businesses, as well as individual euro zone countries and the euro itself. An effective long-term solution to these fiscal problems therefore requires (domestic as well as European-level) reforms involving stricter regulation and oversight in order to improve risk-management. The Dutch government must also undertake substantive reforms in the banking and financial sector. (2) Improve technology innovation in order to ensure an ecologically modernized and sustainable economy. The Dutch government must invest more wisely in efforts targeting the transition to renewable and alternative energy sources, such as wind and solar energy. The government will also need to pursue a structural reform of the education system, which is in a state of crisis. (3) Facilitate societal integration and coherence while implementing flexicurity policies. The Dutch welfare state urgently needs reforms that ensure continued investment in human capital while protecting workers and families from the brunt of structural adjustments. Opportunities for combining work and family life ought to be expanded and improved. The pension system and the moribund state of its financial underpinning must also undergo reforms. Social coherence will not be advanced through tighter immigration and citizenship policies. Instead, policies focused on urban and residential area renewal should be sustained through adequate funding. Netherlands report SGI 2011 | 5 A sound, functional democracy requires clearly structured forms of issue-specific, interactive policy-making in which citizens" voices are represented. In tripartite governance structures like that of the Netherlands, the primacy of politics vis-à-vis markets and civil society ought to be reconfirmed. Where possible, politics should respect the self-regulation of citizen life and markets. But as the only institution capable of regulating tripartite relations, the state must also live up to its responsibilities in maintaining the framework in which democratic decision-making takes place.

Agricultural systems are constantly evolving driven by technical and organizational innovations and changes in their socio-economical context. At regional scale local stakeholders can encourage and accompany foreseen changes if they can have clear visions of their potential impacts. The objective of the PhD thesis was to develop and test a framework to assist farmers and local stakeholders of a region in the building and assessment of scenarios related to agricultural systems. This framework is based on different modeling approaches for a participative, integrated, multi-scale and prospective assessment of agricultural systems. It was implemented in the Camargue region, South-East of France, with cereal farmers and local stakeholders involved in agricultural production and territorial management. Scenarios assessed were related to the reform of the common agricultural policy (CAP) of the European Union in 2012-2014, and to national objectives of reduction in pesticide use and extension of organic farming (OF). Several data and expert knowledge have been formalized and used in these simulations of scenarios. Two modeling tools have been used for scenario assessment with stakeholders: an agent-based model allowed interactive simulation sessions with farmers, and a bio-economic model was co-developed and used with local stakeholders such as the French Union of Rice Producer and Industry and the Regional Natural Park, both important stakeholders influencing local agricultural systems. Assessing scenarios related to the CAP reform showed the strong dependency of rice farms to EU subsidies. Farmers involved in the sessions tested several adaptation strategies for their farms in response to the disappearance of the rice coupled payment. These strategies often implied a diversification of production and/or the conversion to OF, but they did not allowed to compensate the economic loss due to the suppression of the rice coupled payment. At the regional level, these strategies would lead to an important decrease on the area cultivated with rice, and therefore have an impact on other related activities in the region. Diversification of production is also a key strategy in scenarios related to governmental objectives of reducing pesticide use and conversion to OF. Therefore, in Camargue, there is room for maneuver for conciliating environmental and economic objectives related to agricultural production. This thesis proposed and applied a framework for participatory integrated assessment of agricultural systems. This framework associates closely farmers and other stakeholders in all phases of scenario assessment (scenario definition, data gathering and analysis, the building and use of models). The way different modeling tools are used in this framework could contribute for collective assessment of future farming systems and support collective actions for sustainable agricultural development. ; Les systèmes agricoles sont en constante évolution sous les effets conjugués d'innovations techniques et organisationnelles et de changements du contexte socio-économique. A l'échelle d'un territoire, des acteurs locaux peuvent encourager et accompagner des changements de ce type s'ils ont une vision claire de leurs impacts potentiels. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'élaborer et d'appliquer une démarche permettant d'assister agriculteurs et autres acteurs locaux d'un territoire dans la construction et l'évaluation de scénarios d'évolutions des systèmes agricoles. Une démarche basée sur des approches permettant une analyse prospective, multicritères, multi-échelles et participative d'évaluation des systèmes agricoles a été développée. Elle a été mise en oeuvre en Camargue (sud-est de la France), avec des exploitants céréaliers et des acteurs de la production agricole et de la gestion du territoire. Des scénarios portant sur la réforme de la politique agricole commune (PAC) en 2012-2014, ainsi que sur des objectifs nationaux de réduction de la consommation de pesticides et de développement de l'agriculture biologique ont été développés. Ces perspectives d'évolution des systèmes agricoles camarguais ont été évaluées, via la formalisation de nombreuses données et connaissances. Deux outils de modélisation ont été utilisés : un modèle multi-agent a permis la mise en place de séances de simulation interactives avec des agriculteurs, et un modèle bioéconomique a été développé et utilisé avec des acteurs locaux tels que le syndicat des riziculteurs et le parc naturel régional. Les scénarios portant sur la réforme de la PAC ont confirmé la dépendance des exploitations rizicoles aux subventions. Des agriculteurs ont testé différentes stratégies d'adaptation de leurs exploitations à la suppression de l'aide couplée à la production rizicole. Ces stratégies, souvent basées sur la diversification des activités ou sur la conversion à l'agriculture biologique, ne permettaient pas de compenser les pertes économiques liées à la disparition de l'aide couplée. A l'échelle du territoire, ces stratégies réduiraient fortement la surface cultivée en riz, avec des impacts importants sur d'autres activités en lien avec la production agricole. Cependant ces stratégies vont dans le sens des objectifs gouvernementaux de réduction des impacts de l'agriculture sur l'environnement. Des scénarios portant spécifiquement sur ces objectifs ont permis d'identifier des marges de manoeuvre importantes au niveau des exploitations céréalières camarguaises. Cette thèse propose un cadre pour la mise en oeuvre de démarches d'évaluation des systèmes agricoles dans un territoire, qui associe les agriculteurs et les acteurs locaux à différentes étapes, depuis leur engagement pour le choix des scénarios, l'acquisition et l'analyse des données, la construction des outils de simulation et l'évaluation de scénarios. La combinaison de différents outils de modélisation pour la réalisation de réflexions collectives, pourrait contribuer à la mise en place d'actions pour un développement durable de l'agriculture.

Selon de nombreuses données, 90 à 95 % des cas de cancer sont liés à l'environnement et à la qualité de vie, le reste étant corrélé à des prédispositions génétiques. L'exposition au soleil, aux polluants environnementaux et les infections, une mauvaise qualité d'alimentation, l'absence d'activité physique, les habitudes de consommation et les habitudes toxiques sont des facteurs communément associés à la survenue et à la gravité des cancers. Ainsi, les cancers sont considérés comme des « maladies de civilisation ». Dans cette perspective, les questions éthiques soulevées par le cancer touchent à plusieurs, sinon à tous les aspects de l'éthique de la vie, de la santé et de la recherche biomédicale. Comme la vie est le résultat de choix personnels et sociaux, les questions éthiques liées aux cancers sont nombreuses, complexes et parfois graves. L'existence et l'exposition à des facteurs de risque, l'accès à de l'eau et à une alimentation saines sont corrélés avec la situation socioéconomique et interpellent la responsabilité sociale et politique et les modes de gouvernance, y compris en matière de respect et de protection des droits humains. Les choix individuels tels que la consommation de tabac ou d'autres toxiques soulèvent la tension entre le principe d'autonomie et de liberté individuelle, et celui de la responsabilité sociale en matière de gestion des priorités et ressources de la santé publique. L'accès équitable à la prévention et à des soins adaptés sont parmi les déterminants les plus importants du risque, de la sévérité et du pronostic de la maladie, et constituent les facteurs limitant dans les pays en développement, aggravant la vulnérabilité des patients pauvres et marginalisés. Parce que le taux de mortalité des cancers reste élevé, les professionnels de la santé ainsi que la famille des patients atteints de cancer sont confrontés quotidiennement à de graves questions éthiques, du diagnostic à la phase finale de la maladie. Le contenu et le processus d'information du patient et/ou la famille à la découverte de la maladie, puis concernant les alternatives thérapeutiques et leurs effets secondaires par rapport à leur taux de réussite et à leur impact sur la qualité de vie, la gestion de la douleur et la possibilité de recours aux soins palliatifs soulèvent des questions éthiques de première importance. Enfin, la recherche avec des patients atteints de cancer doit prendre en considération des questions éthiques spécifiques. Pour tous ces aspects, les maladies cancéreuses interpellent tous les principes universels de la bioéthique et des droits de l'homme dont les modalités de mise en œuvre dépendent, non seulement, des conditions socioéconomiques mais aussi des contextes culturels. Ces considérations mettent en évidence la nécessité de promouvoir l'éducation à l'éthique des professionnels de santé ainsi que celle des membres des comités d'éthique des centres de soins et traitement des cancers, pour aider les patients, les familles, les professionnels de la santé et les chercheurs dans les processus décisionnels auxquels ils sont confrontés au quotidien. ; "According to numerous data, 90 to 95% of cancer cases are associated to environment and quality of life factors. Exposure to sun, environmental pollutants and infections; quality of diet and physical activity, consumption patterns and toxic habits etc., are from the most common known associated factors. Thus cancers are among the so called "Lifestyle diseases". Within this global perspective, ethics of cancer deal with several if not all aspects of ethics of life, health and research. As the lifestyle is the result of personal and social choices, serious and complex ethical issues are related to cancer diseases. Some deals with the risks exposure and call on the social and political responsibilities. Quality of environment, access to safe alimentation and water are deeply correlated with socioeconomic situation and governance and raise several ethical and human rights questions. Individual choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption raise issues of autonomy and responsibility. Social and political health and environment governance and access to adequate prevention and care are from the most determinant parameters of the risk, the severity and prognosis of the disease. The special vulnerability of cancer patients raise several clinical and research ethics issues. The availability and the equitable access to quality cancer therapy and centres are very limiting factors in developing countries, adding vulnerability to poor and marginalized patients. Because of the still high mortality rate of cancers, major ethical questions are daily faced by the health professionals as well as the family dealing with cancer patients from the diagnosis to the final stages, including the content and method of information of the patient and/or the family, the therapeutic alternatives and their side effects vs. their rate of success, the quality of life for each therapeutic possibility, the pain management and the palliative care. Finally, research with cancer patients have to take into consideration specific ethical issues. For all these aspects, cancer diseases ethics call on all universal principles of bioethics and human rights, whose modalities of implementation are dependent on socio-economic but also cultural contexts. These considerations highlight the necessity of ethics education of the health professionals and the promotion and education of ethics committees in cancer centers to assist patients, families and health professionals and researchers in decision-making."