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Infrastructure competitiveness plays a central role in attracting investment and promoting economic growth. However, Vietnam is lagging behind some regional countries in this regard. For example, the World Economic Forum's 2019 Global Competitiveness Report ranked Vietnam 67th out of 141 economies for national competitiveness and 77th for infrastructure quality. Only 20 per cent of the country's national roads are paved, much lower than neighbouring countries such as Malaysia (80.9%), India (63.24%), and Indonesia (89.7%). Vietnam's Ministry of Planning and Investment estimates that the country will need approximately US$480 billion in infrastructure investment from 2017 to 2030, while the 2019 Global Infrastructure Investor Survey report ranked Vietnam, together with India, China, Brazil, and Indonesia, among the top five developing countries with the largest infrastructure markets in the next five years. Comprehensive infrastructure development has been highlighted as one of the three strategic breakthroughs for Vietnam's 2021-2030 Socio-Economic Development Plan. The need to upgrade physical infrastructure and logistics services has become even more urgent due to increasing competition among regional countries to attract investors who wish to diversify their manufacturing base away from China. Post-pandemic economic recovery has also underscored the importance of infrastructure development as one of the most effective measures to stimulate economic growth. The Vietnamese government has targeted a growth rate of at least 6 per cent for 2021, with public spending on infrastructure development identified as one of the key measures to achieve this target.

As a rival to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the G7's "Build Back Better World" (B3W) will face significant challenges. As a complement, however, both the B3W and BRI together could help build a more inter-connected world and drive global economic growth in the post-COVID-19 era.

The objective of this review was to understand how participants experience the decision-making process regarding the place of care for the elderly. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies. The articles were included if they were original studies with qualitative/mixed methodology, written in English/Spanish, and that approached the decision-making process regarding the place of care for the elderly, already experienced by the participants. Forty-four articles were included, identifying experiences, both negative and positive. Negative experiences have been the most frequently reported experiences by all population groups; fear was the most relevant experience for the elderly, whereas concern was the most relevant for family members and professionals. This review has not only found a great variability of experiences, but also, it has deepened the differences between groups and the situations motivating/generating these experiences. This review highlights a wide range of experiences of those directly involved in the entire decision-making process on the place of care for the elderly. In future research it would be interesting to carry out qualitative primary studies conducted with professionals and other relevant people involved in this decision-making process, in order to know first-hand how they experience this process. ; The first author has earned a grant from the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spanish government) to be trained as university teacher (Formación de Profesorado Universitario: FPU). ; Yes

Das Policy Paper 'Handlungsbedarfe für die Raumentwicklung der Großregion aus Sicht der Forschung' fasst wesentliche Erkenntnisse von Forscher*innen des UniGR-Center for Border Studies in fünf für die Großregion relevanten Bereichen (Demographie und Migration, Verkehr, Beschäftigung und wirt-schaftliche Entwicklung, Energielandschaften, Grenzüberschreitende Governance) zusammen und formu-liert Handlungsoptionen für die Planungspraxis und politische Entscheidungsträger*innen.Darüber hinaus thematisiert es denWissensaustausch zwischen Forschung und Politik. ; Le document politique «Actions requises pour le développement territorial de la Grande Région du point de vue dela recherche» résume les principales conclusions des chercheurs de l'UniGR-Center for Border Studies dans cinq domaines pertinents pour la Grande Région (Démographie et migration, Transports, Emploi et développement économique, Paysages énergétiques, Gouvernance transfrontalière) et formule des pistes d'action pour les acteurs de la planification territoriale et les décideurs politiques. Par ailleurs, il met en exergue le transfert de savoir entre la recherche et la politique. ; The policy paper 'Action Needs for Spatial Development in the Greater Region from a Re-search Perspective' summarises key findings of researchers from the UniGR-Center for Border Studies in five areas relevant to the Greater Region (demography and migration, transport, employment and economic development, energy landscapes, cross-border governance) and formulates options for action for planning practice and political decision-makers. In addition, it addresses the exchange of knowledge between re-search and politics. ; Peer reviewed

This ADBI newsletter is published periodically throughout the year to provide information on current events, seminars and summits, Job opportunities, blogs and news and current publications concerning growth and development in Asia and the Pacific.

Land acquisition for infrastructure projects abroad is one of the principal challenges the Indian government faces while pursuing its strategy of regional connectivity in South Asia. This paper examines two in-depth case studies on Indian-funded infrastructure projects in Nepal and surveys the institutional impediments and expertise deficiencies that cause delays in the process of land acquisition. Such issues lead to protracted problems, on the ground between central, local, public and private stakeholders, to occasional tensions in bilateral government relations, and most importantly, to significant escalation in costs to India's public exchequer. Despite the strategic and economic significance of this issue, no research has been previously conducted on how land acquisition and property rights hinder India's infrastructure projects and strategic connectivity objectives. Our paper also offers a comparative assessment of national and multilateral development partners such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and why they have been more successful in overcoming similar challenges. This is because they prepare country-specific guidelines and have expertise and partners to assess the potential risk of land acquisition. They also develop capacity-building initiatives that support domestic enforcement of property laws that regulate compensation and rehabilitation of affected landowners. The paper contributes to the evolving policy and institutional debates on how the Indian government, and the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in particular, can enhance its expert and technical capacity to engage in future land acquisition processes abroad, especially in the case of Nepal and other neighbouring countries. It makes the case for the Indian government, via MEA, to: 1. Encourage interactions between diplomatic generalists and various domestic Indian expert stakeholders involved in land governance and property rights at the central and state levels. This should help in the development of clear benchmarks for all land- and property-rights related issues involving Indian infrastructure projects abroad. 2. Deepen bilateral engagements between Indian officials and their counterparts in Nepal to exchange best practices on property rights and land acquisition governance, including, for example, digitisation of land records. 3. Coordinate with other national and multilateral development cooperation agencies to exchange best practices and develop Indian guidelines and standards for land acquisition, resettlement, and rehabilitation processes abroad. This could, for example, include the ADB and AIIB or the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAid).

My thesis is an analysis of my own translation of a chapter from Dominik Nagl's legal history 'Grenzfälle,' which addresses questions of citizenship and nationality in the context of the German colonies in Africa and the South Pacific. My analysis focuses primarily on strategies that I used in an effort to preserve the strangeness of a linguistic context that is, in many ways, "foreign" to twenty first-century North Americans while also striving to avoid reproducing the violence embedded in language that is historically laden with extreme power disparities.

The country operations business plan (COBP), 2021–2023 is aligned with the country partnership strategy, 2016–2020 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) that ends this year. The COBP is also consistent with the guiding principles of the 8th five-year plan (under preparation) and its core themes of promoting prosperity and fostering inclusiveness, and ADB's Strategy 2030. The COBP includes projects in agriculture, natural resources, and rural development; education; health; energy; finance; transport; and water supply and other urban infrastructure and services sectors. It continues to support gender inclusion, climate resilience, balanced regional development, and private sector participation. It emphasizes the inclusion of innovative approaches and new technology in projects and programs, and full leveraging of cofinancing opportunities. Adopting the "One-ADB" approach, ADB will continue to scale up its private sector operations while pursuing public–private partnership projects. Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, financing priorities of the COBP have been adjusted to include policy-based loan covering social protection, economic recovery, and medium-term health programs. Projects in the COBP will also help the country attain several Sustainable Development Goals.

Research findings are critical for debate, policy formulation and developing comprehensive national priorities. While research and development continue to garner political interest in Myanmar – reflected in R&D national funding commitments – research funding is primarily allocated to 'hard sciences' and technical research. As in other developing countries, the instrumentality of social sciences is often neglected and overlooked by the government and its partners in their pursuit of national development objectives and specific policy goals. This is exacerbated by financial constraints and the immensity and range of development priorities that encompass a large variety of thematic areas and timescales. As a result, social science is low down on the list of priorities on the research agenda. In addition, political ideology and popular persuasion often supersede the use of research evidence and data analytics in policymaking. Amid such a paradigm, development agencies and international actors play an important role in assisting Myanmar in navigating its political trade-offs and achieving the desired national developmental goals. Social research is critical helping in navigating these complexities.

International audience ; The article analyses aspects of management of the sphere of mental work. The author claims that modern personnel technologies, designed for stratification of the collective, are not applicable to employees of mental labor. The solution to the problem can be the application of a paternalistic model of governance, which is based on the cultivation of the idea of equality and the non-intervention of superiors in the field of issues directly related to the profession (procedural independence). ; В статье анализируются аспекты руководства сферой умственного труда. Автор утверждает, что современные кадровые технологии, рассчитанные на стратификацию коллектива, малоприменимы к интеллигентам. Решением проблемы может стать патерналистская модель управления, в основе которой – культивирование идеи равенства и невмешательство начальства в область вопросов, относящихся непосредственно к профессии (процессуальная независимость).

In 2020, the Paris Agreement is the pinnacle of international law on climate change. It orchestrates global climate action over the coming decades. Countries agreed to limit global warming to well below 2ºC above preindustrial times, closer to 1.5ºC. Humankind will only achieve this temperature goal if we domesticate our international climate commitments. Judges have proven to be instrumental in holding their governments accountable for their climate pledges. Report Four of this four-part series explores the nature of the Paris Agreement, its history, and the framework of international instruments and international legal principles that support global and domestic climate action

National legal and policy frameworks underpin international climate action because they are the backbone of domestic responses to the climate emergency. Unless they support global objectives, local climate action stalls. Concerned by sluggish national responses to climate change or injured by its impacts, citizens are filing lawsuits, making courts central to national climate governance. To adjudicate these lawsuits, courts require current information about their climate change legal and policy frameworks. This report provides holistic syntheses of the climate legal and policy frameworks of 32 countries in Asia and the Pacific and discusses key legislative trends and climate-relevant constitutional rights.

This work is supported by grants SAF2017-88908-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, PT17/0009/0006, ACCI2018/29 from CIBER-ISCIII and COV20/00788 from the ISCIII, co-funded with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the grant "Large-scale drug repurposing in rare diseases by genomic Big Data analysis with machine learning methods" from the Fundación BBVA (G999088Q), as well as H2020 Programme of the European Union grants Marie Curie Innovative Training Network "Machine Learning Frontiers in Precision Medicine" (MLFPM) (GA 813533). ; Yes

We propose that the Group of 20 countries build a robust upstream policy and institutional framework for delivering on sustainable infrastructure. Specifically, such a framework should include coherent growth strategies and well-articulated investment plans, comprehensive infrastructure plans, a sound project prioritization framework, and procurement policies that integrate sustainability criteria. Additionally, the Group of 20 countries should work with development finance institutions to build sound platforms to bring together all relevant stakeholders to help attract and evaluate investments in sustainable infrastructure.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a very prevalent, multisystemic, chronic metabolic disorder closely related to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. It is characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction and the presence of oxidative stress. Metformin is one of the safest and most effective anti-hyperglycaemic agents currently employed as first-line oral therapy for T2D. It has demonstrated additional beneficial effects, unrelated to its hypoglycaemic action, on weight loss and several diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders and metabolic diseases, including thyroid diseases. Despite the vast clinical experience gained over several decades of use, the mechanism of action of metformin is still not fully understood. This review provides an overview of the existing literature concerning the beneficial mitochondrial and vascular effects of metformin, which it exerts by diminishing oxidative stress and reducing leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Specifically, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in metformin's effect on gluconeogenesis, its capacity to interfere with major metabolic pathways (AMPK and mTORC1), its action on mitochondria and its antioxidant effects. We also discuss potential targets for therapeutic intervention based on these molecular actions. ; This work was funded by grants PI16/00090, PI19/00838, PI19/0437,PI19/01266 and CIBERehd CB06/04/0071 by Carlos III Health Institute and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF ''A way to build Europe''); by PROMETEO/2019/027 by Ministry of Education of the Valencian Regional Government; by RTI2018-096748-B-100 (Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities), by Andalusian Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment (CTS-6264), Andalusian Ministry of Equality, Health and Social Policies (PI-0198-2016) and by an unrestricted grant from Menarini S.A. M.R and VM.V are recipients of contracts from the Ministry of Health of the Valencian Regional Government and Carlos III Health Institute (CPII16/00037 and CES10/030, ...