Since the state collapsed in 1991 Somalia has been embroiled in a permanent civil war, the central sovereignty hibernated in a protracted state of implosion, while the state's integrity has been shattered by a process of territorial fragmentation. While most of the literature revolving around determinants and outcomes of disintegration has paid little attention to the role played by foreign actors, the contemporary stalemate in Somalia has become stagnant within constant, continuous and pervasive international interventions: the UN peace making and peace enforcement operations (1992-1995), the Ethiopian-Eritrean proxy war (1998-2000) and the glocal counter-terrorism (2001-2010). Employing an integrated model of external intervention based on the theories of Ruth Iyob and George Modelski, this study makes use of process-tracing and structured, focused comparison to systematically explore similarities and differences within interventionist practices in Somalia. In focusing on causal mechanisms, this study identifies the conditions that affected the failure of the internationally-led peace-building efforts mustered in response to the state collapse. This analysis highlights how both global and regional interventions have contributed to prolong disintegration, through the outsourcing of sovereignty's functions and the internationalization of the internal conflict. The UNOSOM intervention mostly has corresponded with subversion outcomes occurring when intervention is oriented to isolate the insurgents. The regional intervention has complied with the expected outcomes of the regional conflict that move hegemonic and diasporic states to regionalize their rivalries. And lastly, the glocal anti-terrorism has followed an isolationist trend oriented to curb those revolts considered too dangerous for the survival of rules sustaining the international system. This analysis also demonstrates to what extent the militarization of the process of reconciliation and the penetration of foreign security interests into the structure of the internal conflict favoured a slide towards a modern version of trusteeship.
Are employers willing to employ more older individuals, in particular older women? Higher employment among the older segments of the population will only materialise if firms are willing to employ them. Although several economists have started considering the demand side of the labour market for older individuals, few have considered its gender dimension properly; despite evidence that lifting the overall senior employment rate in the EU requires significantly raising that of women older than 50. In this paper, we posit that labour demand and employability depend to a large extent on how the age/gender composition of the workforce affects firm's profits. Using unique firm-level panel data we produce robust evidence on the causal effect of age/gender on productivity (value added per worker), total labour costs and gross profits. We take advantage of the panel structure of data and resort to first differences to deal with a potential time-invariant heterogeneity bias. Moreover, inspired by recent developments in the production function estimation literature, we also address the risk of simultaneity bias (endogeneity of firm's age-gender mix choices in the short run) by combining first differences with i) the structural approach suggested by Ackerberg, Caves & Frazer (2006), ii) alongside more traditional IV-GMM methods (Blundell & Bond, 1998) where lagged values of labour inputs are used as instruments. Results suggest no negative impact of rising shares of older men on firm's gross profits, but a large negative effect of larger shares of older women. Another interesting result is that the vast and highly feminized services industry does not seem to offer working conditions that mitigate older women's productivity and employability disadvantage, on the contrary. This is not good news for older women's employability and calls for policy interventions in the Belgian private economy aimed at combating women's decline of productivity with age and/or better adapting labour costs to age-gender productivity profiles.
Are employers willing to employ more older individuals, in particular older women? Higher employment among the older segments of the population will only materialise if firms are willing to employ them. Although several economists have started considering the demand side of the labour market for older individuals, few have considered its gender dimension properly; despite evidence that lifting the overall senior employment rate in the EU requires significantly raising that of women older than 50. In this paper, we posit that labour demand and employability depend to a large extent on how the age/gender composition of the workforce affects firm's profits. Using unique firm-level panel data we produce robust evidence on the causal effect of age/gender on productivity (value added per worker), total labour costs and gross profits. We take advantage of the panel structure of data and resort to first differences to deal with a potential time-invariant heterogeneity bias. Moreover, inspired by recent developments in the production function estimation literature, we also address the risk of simultaneity bias (endogeneity of firm's age-gender mix choices in the short run) by combining first differences with i) the structural approach suggested by Ackerberg, Caves & Frazer (2006), ii) alongside more traditional IV-GMM methods (Blundell & Bond, 1998) where lagged values of labour inputs are used as instruments. Results suggest no negative impact of rising shares of older men on firm's gross profits, but a large negative effect of larger shares of older women. Another interesting result is that the vast and highly feminized services industry does not seem to offer working conditions that mitigate older women's productivity and employability disadvantage, on the contrary. This is not good news for older women's employability and calls for policy interventions in the Belgian private economy aimed at combating women's decline of productivity with age and/or better adapting labour costs to age-gender productivity ...
Are employers willing to employ more older individuals, in particular older women? Higher employment among the older segments of the population will only materialise if firms are willing to employ them. Although several economists have started considering the demand side of the labour market for older individuals, few have considered its gender dimension properly; despite evidence that lifting the overall senior employment rate in the EU requires significantly raising that of women older than 50. In this paper, we posit that labour demand and employability depend to a large extent on how the age/gender composition of the workforce affects firm's profits. Using unique firm-level panel data we produce robust evidence on the causal effect of age/gender on productivity (value added per worker), total labour costs and gross profits. We take advantage of the panel structure of data and resort to first differences to deal with a potential time-invariant heterogeneity bias. Moreover, inspired by recent developments in the production function estimation literature, we also address the risk of simultaneity bias (endogeneity of firm's age-gender mix choices in the short run) by combining first differences with i) the structural approach suggested by Ackerberg, Caves & Frazer (2006), ii) alongside more traditional IV-GMM methods (Blundell & Bond, 1998) where lagged values of labour inputs are used as instruments. Results suggest no negative impact of rising shares of older men on firm's gross profits, but a large negative effect of larger shares of older women. Another interesting result is that the vast and highly feminized services industry does not seem to offer working conditions that mitigate older women's productivity and employability disadvantage, on the contrary. This is not good news for older women's employability and calls for policy interventions in the Belgian private economy aimed at combating women's decline of productivity with age and/or better adapting labour costs to age-gender productivity profiles.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate gender differences in the formation of mental models of firm strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe specific research question is how gender, social interaction, team psychological safety and synergistic knowledge development influence certain characteristics – complexity and centrality – of an individual's mental model of firm strategies. A survey was conducted on a sample of US business students enrolled in strategic management courses. Social interaction, team psychological safety and synergistic knowledge development were measured by use of multiple‐item seven‐point Likert scales. Mental models were constructed by the causal mapping method. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe regression analyses of the survey data support most of the hypotheses. Gender directly influences complexity and centrality in mental models of firm strategies and moderates the predictive influence of social interaction on synergistic knowledge development.Research limitations/implicationsPossible limitations are the use of a student sample and of respondents as the sole data source. Future research could use managers as research subjects and multiple data sources and explore other determinants of the mental model of firm strategies.Practical implicationsThe findings alert university educators about the importance of helping women develop high‐order knowledge and problem‐solving skills by understanding various business functions and synthesizing diverse perspectives. Corporate managers need to design and implement special mentoring and training programs for women with the aim of enriching their specific management knowledge. This study also suggests that women may increase their chance of developing strategic knowledge by proactively networking with senior managers.Originality/valueThis study on gender differences in accumulating management knowledge and skills helps us better understand the roots of and solutions to the gender gap in management and leadership positions. The most intriguing result is the demonstration of gender differences in the development of specific management knowledge. Biases against women not only contribute directly to the "glass ceiling"; more disturbingly, they negatively influence women's internal development of knowledge structures.
Power has been one of the key issues in the study of international relations since the famous words of Hans Morgentau that in world politics power is pitted against power for supremacy and survival. The attention given to its analysis within the last 65 years has been a product of such as Morthenthau's understandings of power which see it as the most important causal force in state interactions. However, despite the amount of research on the subject, there is little agreement among scholars as to what it is and where does it come.The author briefly examines various views on the determinants of power starting from a classical realist and strictly actor-based one to a dualist approach which emphasizes the importance of international structure. He finds that all share a similar idea that power — to some extent — comes from the material capabilities of states (material determinants). Building upon previous research conducted on the validity of the democratic peace theory he then argues that it may also stem from the political system of the state (systemic determinants).Subsequently the author analyzes the significance of various material and systemic power determinants to war outcomes using nine diff erent non-linear econometric models (polynomial logit) composed of various sets of variables relating to power determinants. He then examines the degree to which particular models explain war outcomes of interstate military conflicts between 1816 and 1991 and which of the variables seem statistically significant.The results clearly show that neither the advantage in military personnel numbers, nor in the amount of money spent on arms influences the state's chances of victory. In the case of the total value of imports the findings are similar. On the other hand the value of the states exports, as well as certain systemic parameters such as competitiveness and openness of executive recruitment and executive constraints prove to be of statistical importance.
Power has been one of the key issues in the study of international relations since the famous words of Hans Morgentau that in world politics power is pitted against power for supremacy and survival. The attention given to its analysis within the last 65 years has been a product of such as Morthenthau's understandings of power which see it as the most important causal force in state interactions. However, despite the amount of research on the subject, there is little agreement among scholars as to what it is and where does it come.The author briefly examines various views on the determinants of power starting from a classical realist and strictly actor-based one to a dualist approach which emphasizes the importance of international structure. He finds that all share a similar idea that power — to some extent — comes from the material capabilities of states (material determinants). Building upon previous research conducted on the validity of the democratic peace theory he then argues that it may also stem from the political system of the state (systemic determinants).Subsequently the author analyzes the significance of various material and systemic power determinants to war outcomes using nine diff erent non-linear econometric models (polynomial logit) composed of various sets of variables relating to power determinants. He then examines the degree to which particular models explain war outcomes of interstate military conflicts between 1816 and 1991 and which of the variables seem statistically significant.The results clearly show that neither the advantage in military personnel numbers, nor in the amount of money spent on arms influences the state's chances of victory. In the case of the total value of imports the findings are similar. On the other hand the value of the states exports, as well as certain systemic parameters such as competitiveness and openness of executive recruitment and executive constraints prove to be of statistical importance.
PurposeThis paper seeks to argue that the adoption of a "critical futures" approach to management and content of a Think Tank conducted by the Centre for Military and Veterans' Health, Australia, resulted in outcomes conducive to deep level change within the organizations and professional groups involved.Design/methodology/approachThe Think Tank process focused on challenging mind‐sets and entrenched systemic barriers at all organizational levels through: engagement of leadership throughout the process; broad‐based workshops involving management, professional and operational levels; use of causal layered analysis to encourage critical thinking and ideas development; and use of scenarios to imagine the future.FindingsAt the end of the Think Tank's program, a new framework supporting health services delivery had been envisaged, its components described and the cultural and structural changes needed to make this happen had been identified.Practical implicationsThe results of the Think Tank program will provide a basis for action to achieve a preferred future over the next two decades. Such action includes research, horizon scanning, adoption of new technologies, better information collection and management, and training and education programs, and most importantly attitudinal and cultural change. A significant indicator of the impact of the Think Tank is that requests for further work using similar methodologies to move towards the preferred future were quickly received from the military and veterans' sectors.Originality/valueThe Think Tank worked alongside a military command control structure to maximize leverage for change, and to encourage critical and futures‐oriented thinking at all organizational levels. The result has been a comprehensive and strategic vision of the future that went well beyond the outcomes envisaged at the beginning of the process. We are unaware of any other such futures projects which have been conducted in the military and veterans' health sector.
ÖZBu yüksek lisans çalışmasının amacı, Hristiyan Demokratların Avrupa Birliği bütünleşme sürecindeki etkinlerinin araştırılmasıdır. Hristiyan Demokrat akımının Avrupa Birliği'nin oluşum sürecinde etkilerinin olup olmadığı, etkileri olduysa bunların ne yönde ve ne derecede etkili olduğu, tarihsel süreç takip edilerek, neden sonuç ilişkisi içinde incelenmiştir. Son olarak ise Hristiyan Demokrat parti, European People's Party'nin Türkiye üyeliğine bakış açısı ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla ilk bölümde Hristiyan Demokrat akımın Avrupa'da ortaya çıkışı ve zaman içinde geçirdiği dönüşümler incelenmiştir. Özellikle ortaya çıkışları, kimliksel dönüşümleri ve uluslarüstü özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde ise Hristiyan Demokratların AB'nin bütünleşmesinin ilk adımlarındaki etkileri incelenmiştir. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise Avrupa Birliği'nin yapısı ve gelişimini temelden etkileyen anlaşmakardaki, etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. ABSTRACTThe main objective of this thesis is the exploration of the influence of Christian Democrats on the EU integration process. This research approaches in a historical context and analyses in a causal relationship the question whether the Christian Democrats as a political movement have been influential in the formation of the European Union, and if they have to what extent this influence has been effective. As a final point, it also dwells on the issue of how the Christian Democrats, European People's Party, evaluates Turkey's possible membership to the European Union. With this objectives in mind, the first chapter of this study focuses on the emergence of the Christian Democrats as political movement in Europe, and traces the transformation that it went through during its historical development. It especially dwells on the transformation of the movement's political identity and its supranational quality. The second chapter is concerned with the influence of the Christian Democrats on the initial steps of the EU integration. The third and the last chapter, on the other hand, covers their involvement in the treaties that determined the structure and development of the EU.
This paper analyses regional development and uses centre-periphery models (CPM) of Friedmann, Gibbs and Hautamäki as a base for theoretical discussion. In general, these centre-periphery models foresee stabilisation and de-concentration of population and economic agents after the concentration stages. The spatial processes of 1970s and 1980s were rather well described by the CPM. However, the 1990s turned to a new concentration in several countries. Classical CPM that assumed the continuity of industrial society and relevant factors, both negative and positive for concentration, influencing regional structures and settlement became useless. Therefore, first topic in this paper analyses concentration-deconcentration factors of the informational society and tries to plant the classical approach in the new soil. Secondly, we set a hypothesis arguing that Baltic Countries have followed partly similar, but simultaneously rather different spatial development stages. If the Western economies enjoyed particularly after the World War II economic and political stability, then regional development of their Eastern counterparts has been influenced by several political convulsions. Besides, even the same results in urban development may have had rather different causes in the West and former East. The empirical part analyses the regional development of Estonia in a historic perspective. The description of past developments attempts to outline (1) influencial causal factors, (2) periods of concentration and deconcentration, and (3) particularities compared with Western countries. The discussion is supported mainly by population data of past censuses, but uses also a limited number of soft empirical materials like small case studies, interviews and observations. Finally, we attempt to design a comparison of different urban development stages in UK, Finland and Estonia. This paper prepares and tests an extensive analyse of census and labour market survey as well as enterprise development data of the transition period, the 1990s. Key words: centre-periphery model, urban development stages, political factors in urban development
This research study explored the theoretical underpinnings of implementing government reform in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), specifically focusing on a management philosophy called Faster, Better, Cheaper (FBC). It is situated within the broader context of Government reform efforts that attempt to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of government organizations in their delivery of products and services to the public. This study employed the Grounded Theory qualitative research methodology that concentrates on a central phenomenon and generates a theory from a category or construct-oriented approach. The objective is to generate a substantive-level theory that describes the practice of FBC within NASA and is grounded in the data collected from the organization. The following research questions guided this study: 1.What is the meaning of Faster, Better, Cheaper for Public Professionals in the NASA organizational environment? 2.What are the interrelationships between concepts of faster, better, and cheaper? 3.How does the technical and cultural structure of NASA influence the implementation of Faster, Better, Cheaper? 4.What are the required workforce capabilities to perform Faster, Better, Cheaper in NASA? The theoretical sample for this study consisted of interviews scheduled with NASA personnel involved in Faster, Better, Cheaper projects. NASA documents and reports were analyzed to saturate the initial 29 provisional categories. A representation of the phenomenon of FBC was developed following the data analysis, including causal conditions, strategies, environmental conditions and context, and consequences. Several findings addressed the meaning of FBC, the interrelationships between the concepts, the impact of organizational infrastructure, and required workforce capabilities. Topics for future research are the nature of risk in public organizations, tools for aligning and measuring public policy alignment and implementation, leadership of public sector teams, and generalizing the findings to other organizations. ; Ph. D.
In this paper we explore the effects of alternative combinations of fiscal and monetary policies under different income distribution regimes. In particular, we aim at evaluating fiscal rules in economies subject to banking crises and deep recessions. We do so using an agent-based model populated by heterogeneous capital- and consumption-good forms, heterogeneous banks, workers/consumers, a Central Bank and a Government. We show that the model is able to reproduce a wide array of macro and micro empirical regularities, including stylised facts concerning financial dynamics and banking crises. Simulation results suggest that the most appropriate policy mix to stabilise the economy requires unconstrained counter-cyclical fiscal policies, where automatic stabilisers are free to dampen business cycles fluctuations, and a monetary policy targeting also employment. Instead, discipline-guided" fiscal rules such as the Stability and Growth Pact or the Fiscal Compact in the Eurozone always depress the economy, without improving public finances, even when escape clauses in case of recessions are considered. Consequently, austerity policies appear to be in general self-defeating. Furthermore, we show that the negative effects of austere fiscal rules are magnified by conservative monetary policies focused on ination stabilisation only. Finally, the effects of monetary and fiscal policies become sharper as the level of income inequality increases.
In this paper we explore the effects of alternative combinations of fiscal and monetary policies under different income distribution regimes. In particular, we aim at evaluating fiscal rules in economies subject to banking crises and deep recessions. We do so using an agent-based model populated by heterogeneous capital- and consumption-good forms, heterogeneous banks, workers/consumers, a Central Bank and a Government. We show that the model is able to reproduce a wide array of macro and micro empirical regularities, including stylised facts concerning financial dynamics and banking crises. Simulation results suggest that the most appropriate policy mix to stabilise the economy requires unconstrained counter-cyclical fiscal policies, where automatic stabilisers are free to dampen business cycles fluctuations, and a monetary policy targeting also employment. Instead, discipline-guided" fiscal rules such as the Stability and Growth Pact or the Fiscal Compact in the Eurozone always depress the economy, without improving public finances, even when escape clauses in case of recessions are considered. Consequently, austerity policies appear to be in general self-defeating. Furthermore, we show that the negative effects of austere fiscal rules are magnified by conservative monetary policies focused on ination stabilisation only. Finally, the effects of monetary and fiscal policies become sharper as the level of income inequality increases.
The aim of the work is the development of system of National standards of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) and standard operating procedures (SOPs).Materials and methods. The research materials were legal acts of Ukraine, Guidelines on GPP, materials of professional public organizations of different countries on the issues of quality assurance of pharmacy services. Methods of logical and system-structural analysis, modeling processes were used.Results. A comparative analysis of the definitions of the term "standard operating procedure" in the domestic legislation has been conducted. A number of advantages of SOPs in practice have been highlighted. The normative regulation of pharmaceutical activity in developed countries and post-Soviet countries has been analyzed, which allows to assert the use of SOPs to meet the requirements of the quality standards of pharmacy services. Different approaches to the definition of GPP standards and the establishment of the list of SOPs have been identified.Taking into account international experience and national peculiarities of the implementation of good practices, the following structure of the Guidance with GPP in Ukraine was proposed. It consists of: Introduction, Glossary, 8 process guides (Quality management; Receiving, storing and disposing of medicines and medical products; Preparation of medicines in the pharmacy; Prescription and non-prescription medicines delivery and medical products; Providing effective pharmacotherapy; Professional development of pharmacy staff; Improving the effectiveness of the public health system; Self-Inspection); Sources of information.This structure of the proposed Guidance with GPP is focused on the content and functional-role approach to the development of national standards of pharmacy practices. They establish rules and give recommendations for the development of the list of SOPs for a particular pharmacy.Conclusions. There is no definition of the term SOP in normative legal acts which directly regulate the activity of pharmacy establishments in Ukraine. Different approaches to the formation of the list of SOPs in the countries of Europe and the post-Soviet area were found. The structure of the GPP Guidance was proposed based on a functional-role approach to the development of national standards, which includes eight separate process guides that are specific to pharmacies activity. ; Цель работы – разработка системы национальных стандартов Надлежащей аптечной практики (GPP) и стандартных операционных процедур (СОП).Материалы и методы. Материалами исследования стали нормативно-правовые акты Украины, Руководство по GPP, материалы профессиональных общественных организаций разных стран по вопросам обеспечения качества аптечных услуг. Использованы методы логического и системно-структурного анализа, моделирования процессов.Результаты. Проведен сравнительный анализ определений термина «стандартная операционная процедура» в отечественном законодательстве. Выделен ряд преимуществ применения СОП на практике. Проанализировано нормативное регулирование фармацевтической деятельности в развитых странах мира и странах постсоветского пространства, которое позволяет утверждать об использовании СОП для обеспечения требований стандартов качества аптечных услуг.Учитывая международный опыт и национальные особенности внедрения надлежащих практик, предложена следующая структура Руководства по GPP в Украине, которая включает: Введение, Глоссарий, 8 руководств процессами (Управление качеством; Получение, хранение и обезвреживание лекарственных средств (ЛС) и медицинских изделий; Изготовление лекарств в аптеке; Рецептурный и безрецептурный отпуск ЛС и медицинских изделий; Обеспечение эффективного ведения фармакотерапии; Профессиональное развитие персонала аптеки; Повышение эффективности системы охраны общественного здоровья; Самоинспекция), Источники информации.Указанная структура Руководства по GPP ориентирована на содержание и функционально-ролевой подход к разработке национальных стандартов аптечной практики. Они устанавливают правила и дают рекомендации по разработке перечня СОП для конкретной аптеки.Выводы. Установлено отсутствие определения термина «СОП» в нормативно-правовых актах, которые непосредственно регулируют деятельность аптечных учреждений в Украине. Отмечены различные подходы к формированию перечня СОП в странах Европы и постсоветского пространства. Предложена структура Руководства по GPP по функционально-ролевому подходу к разработке национальных стандартов, которое включает 8 отдельных руководств процессами, свойственными деятельности аптек. ; Мета роботи – розроблення системи національних стандартів Належної аптечної практики (GPP) і стандартних операційних процедур (СОП).Матеріали та методи. Матеріали дослідження – нормативно-правові акти України, Настанова з GPP, матеріали фахових громадських організацій різних країн з питань забезпечення якості аптечних послуг. Використали методи логічного та системно-структурного аналізу, моделювання процесів.Результати. Виконали порівняльний аналіз визначень терміну «стандартна операційна процедура» у вітчизняному законодавстві. Визначили низку переваг застосування СОП на практиці. Проаналізували нормативне регулювання фармацевтичної діяльності в розвинених державах світу та країнах пострадянського простору, що дає змогу стверджувати про використання СОП для забезпечення вимог стандартів якості аптечних послуг.Враховуючи міжнародний досвід і національні особливості упровадження належних практик, запропонували таку структуру Керівництва з GPP в Україні: Вступ, Глосарій, 8 керівництв процесами (Управління якістю; Отримання, зберігання та знешкодження лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) і медичних виробів; Виготовлення ліків в аптеці; Рецептурний і безрецептурний відпуск ЛЗ і медичних виробів; Забезпечення ефективного ведення фармакотерапії; Професійний розвиток персоналу аптеки; Підвищення ефективності системи охорони громадського здоров'я; Самоінспекція), Джерела інформації.Така структура Керівництва з GPP орієнтована на зміст і функціонально-рольовий підхід до розроблення національних стандартів аптечної практики. Вони встановлюють правила, дають рекомендації щодо розроблення переліку СОП для конкретної аптеки.Висновки. Встановили відсутність визначення терміну СОП у нормативно-правових актах, які безпосередньо регулюють діяльність аптечних закладів в Україні. Виявили різні підходи до формування переліку СОП у країнах Європи та пострадянського простору. Запропонували структуру Керівництва з GPP за функціонально-рольовим підходом до розроблення національних стандартів, що включає 8 окремих керівництв процесами, котрі притаманні діяльності аптек.
The aim of the work is the development of system of National standards of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) and standard operating procedures (SOPs).Materials and methods. The research materials were legal acts of Ukraine, Guidelines on GPP, materials of professional public organizations of different countries on the issues of quality assurance of pharmacy services. Methods of logical and system-structural analysis, modeling processes were used.Results. A comparative analysis of the definitions of the term "standard operating procedure" in the domestic legislation has been conducted. A number of advantages of SOPs in practice have been highlighted. The normative regulation of pharmaceutical activity in developed countries and post-Soviet countries has been analyzed, which allows to assert the use of SOPs to meet the requirements of the quality standards of pharmacy services. Different approaches to the definition of GPP standards and the establishment of the list of SOPs have been identified.Taking into account international experience and national peculiarities of the implementation of good practices, the following structure of the Guidance with GPP in Ukraine was proposed. It consists of: Introduction, Glossary, 8 process guides (Quality management; Receiving, storing and disposing of medicines and medical products; Preparation of medicines in the pharmacy; Prescription and non-prescription medicines delivery and medical products; Providing effective pharmacotherapy; Professional development of pharmacy staff; Improving the effectiveness of the public health system; Self-Inspection); Sources of information.This structure of the proposed Guidance with GPP is focused on the content and functional-role approach to the development of national standards of pharmacy practices. They establish rules and give recommendations for the development of the list of SOPs for a particular pharmacy.Conclusions. There is no definition of the term SOP in normative legal acts which directly regulate the activity of pharmacy establishments in Ukraine. Different approaches to the formation of the list of SOPs in the countries of Europe and the post-Soviet area were found. The structure of the GPP Guidance was proposed based on a functional-role approach to the development of national standards, which includes eight separate process guides that are specific to pharmacies activity. ; Цель работы – разработка системы национальных стандартов Надлежащей аптечной практики (GPP) и стандартных операционных процедур (СОП).Материалы и методы. Материалами исследования стали нормативно-правовые акты Украины, Руководство по GPP, материалы профессиональных общественных организаций разных стран по вопросам обеспечения качества аптечных услуг. Использованы методы логического и системно-структурного анализа, моделирования процессов.Результаты. Проведен сравнительный анализ определений термина «стандартная операционная процедура» в отечественном законодательстве. Выделен ряд преимуществ применения СОП на практике. Проанализировано нормативное регулирование фармацевтической деятельности в развитых странах мира и странах постсоветского пространства, которое позволяет утверждать об использовании СОП для обеспечения требований стандартов качества аптечных услуг.Учитывая международный опыт и национальные особенности внедрения надлежащих практик, предложена следующая структура Руководства по GPP в Украине, которая включает: Введение, Глоссарий, 8 руководств процессами (Управление качеством; Получение, хранение и обезвреживание лекарственных средств (ЛС) и медицинских изделий; Изготовление лекарств в аптеке; Рецептурный и безрецептурный отпуск ЛС и медицинских изделий; Обеспечение эффективного ведения фармакотерапии; Профессиональное развитие персонала аптеки; Повышение эффективности системы охраны общественного здоровья; Самоинспекция), Источники информации.Указанная структура Руководства по GPP ориентирована на содержание и функционально-ролевой подход к разработке национальных стандартов аптечной практики. Они устанавливают правила и дают рекомендации по разработке перечня СОП для конкретной аптеки.Выводы. Установлено отсутствие определения термина «СОП» в нормативно-правовых актах, которые непосредственно регулируют деятельность аптечных учреждений в Украине. Отмечены различные подходы к формированию перечня СОП в странах Европы и постсоветского пространства. Предложена структура Руководства по GPP по функционально-ролевому подходу к разработке национальных стандартов, которое включает 8 отдельных руководств процессами, свойственными деятельности аптек. ; Мета роботи – розроблення системи національних стандартів Належної аптечної практики (GPP) і стандартних операційних процедур (СОП).Матеріали та методи. Матеріали дослідження – нормативно-правові акти України, Настанова з GPP, матеріали фахових громадських організацій різних країн з питань забезпечення якості аптечних послуг. Використали методи логічного та системно-структурного аналізу, моделювання процесів.Результати. Виконали порівняльний аналіз визначень терміну «стандартна операційна процедура» у вітчизняному законодавстві. Визначили низку переваг застосування СОП на практиці. Проаналізували нормативне регулювання фармацевтичної діяльності в розвинених державах світу та країнах пострадянського простору, що дає змогу стверджувати про використання СОП для забезпечення вимог стандартів якості аптечних послуг.Враховуючи міжнародний досвід і національні особливості упровадження належних практик, запропонували таку структуру Керівництва з GPP в Україні: Вступ, Глосарій, 8 керівництв процесами (Управління якістю; Отримання, зберігання та знешкодження лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) і медичних виробів; Виготовлення ліків в аптеці; Рецептурний і безрецептурний відпуск ЛЗ і медичних виробів; Забезпечення ефективного ведення фармакотерапії; Професійний розвиток персоналу аптеки; Підвищення ефективності системи охорони громадського здоров'я; Самоінспекція), Джерела інформації.Така структура Керівництва з GPP орієнтована на зміст і функціонально-рольовий підхід до розроблення національних стандартів аптечної практики. Вони встановлюють правила, дають рекомендації щодо розроблення переліку СОП для конкретної аптеки.Висновки. Встановили відсутність визначення терміну СОП у нормативно-правових актах, які безпосередньо регулюють діяльність аптечних закладів в Україні. Виявили різні підходи до формування переліку СОП у країнах Європи та пострадянського простору. Запропонували структуру Керівництва з GPP за функціонально-рольовим підходом до розроблення національних стандартів, що включає 8 окремих керівництв процесами, котрі притаманні діяльності аптек.
