. ■--J»*^-K»£^->-^^,rHHfeH '• MILLSB, PniNTGR. QETTVaeURQ. '*^'*i 1 T 11 tljn.li 11 lYllmjTyiljLjuijLiliiU'I'kixijr •^^•'-^^•'-^s^'-^s^.^^ESsast liJxr FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. J. R. STINE & SON, purpisl^er, CHAMBERSBURG ST. C. B. KITZMILLER, -DEALER TN— Boofc^ and j&joeg, GETTYSBURG, PA. Ready for Fall and Winter. Suits to Order—Prices $12.00 to $3500; Trousers, $2.50 to $9.00 ALL KINDS OF REPAIRING DONE. All the new effects in Check and Over Plaids you will find at THE LEADING TAILOR, CLOTHIER AND GENTS' FURNISHER, J. \i, ]fl/ers, 11 Balto. St., Gettysburg, Pa. S. B. ALCOTT, —AGENT FOR— Browning King & Co., Merchant Tailor, Sew York. Suits $12.00 up, Overcoats $12.00 up, Pauts $4.00. Fit and workmanship guaranteed. R. A. WONDERS' Corner Ci§ar Parlors. A FULL LINE OF Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, &c. Scott's Cor. Opp. Eagle Hotel, Gettysburg EPH. H. MINNIGH Manufacturer, Wholesale und Retail Dealer in Confectionery and Ice Cream, Oysters in Season. News Depot & Subscription Agency, MAIN ST., GETTYSBURG, PA. Sole Maimf'r of Dr. Tyler's Cough Drops FINE CIGARS AND SMOKER'S ARTICLE. Chambersburg St., GETTYSBURG JOHN fl. WW, CONFECTIONERY AND ICE CREAM, OYSTERS STEWED AND FRIED. No: 17, BALTIMORE STREET. COLLEGE OK PWsidans § Sur^ons, BALTIMORE, MI>. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, Maryland, is a well equipped school. Four ses-sions are required for graduation. For full information send for the annual catalogue, or write to THOMAS OPIE, M. D., Dean. Cor. Calvert and Saratoga Sts. The (qett^bui'g JVJefcufiJ, Entered at the Post Office at Gettysburg as second-class matter. VOL. V. GETTYSBURG, PA., JANUARY, 1898. No. 9. STAFF: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, ALUMNI EDITOR, IV. H. Bruce Carney. '99. Rev. F. D. Garland BUSINESS MANAGER, ADVISORY BOARD ASSISTANT EDITORS, steward W. Herman, 99. prgf \ A Himgs ' Robert W. Woods, '9S. AssT. Bus. MANAGER, " G. D. Stanley, M.D. Win. J. Klinefelter, '99. Reuben Z. Imler, '00. » J.W. Richard, D.D. Published monthly by the students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price One Dollar a year in advance, single copies Fifteen cents. Sudents, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address, The Gettysburg Hercury, Gettysburg, Penna. CONSTANCY AND GROWTH. BY REV. G. M. DIPPENDERFER, A. M., '93. Individuals, parties, associations and institutions, are frequently charged with inconstancy, when the fact is, they are simply growing and developing. Constancy is a characteristic which cannot be rightly estimated by its own intrinsic merit, but which must depend for its value upon the way in which it is mani-fested. Primarily its meaning is to stand firm, and with a great many persons this means, a cessation of motion. Yet in all nature, including human nature, motion is just what makes real stability possible. The earth is so often 70 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. taken as a model of all that is firm, solid and enduring yet we know well that her rapid and regular whirl through space, is the imperative condition of her stability. We often hear people say, "as inconstant as the wind," yet we know that the continual changing of its currents is the best possible fulfillment of its purposes. The stagnant, motionless pool breeds decay and corrup-tion ; whilst the swiftly flowing stream is clear and pure. So in physical life, it is the circulation of the blood, the beating of the heart, the regular performance of every function, that constitutes health and vitality, as well as utility, while quiescence or cessation of action means death. Knowing this to be a fact, often when we speak of the mental or moral life of the world, we find that stability and firmness, which we call constancy, is translated—a full stop put to motion. To be constant to a friend, WH are told, is to preserve the friendship exactly where it is ; to be constant to a party is to cling to it unreservedly; to be constant to opinions, is to hold them precisely as they always have been held ; to be constant to the memory of some honored man, is to maintain and uphold all that he upheld, and condemn all that he condemned. Anyone who is not sat-isfied with this, but who feels within him a desire to push onward and upward, longing to climb heights that have never been trodden, or to enter a new, untried realm of thought or fancy, undertake some new endeavor, such a one is called fickle, inconstant and unstable. There are those who resent the mental growth, and ambitious exten-sion of their friends and fellowmen, when their expanding faculties need more stimulus and greater scope for action, or if they need others to fill their enlarged ca-pacities for influence and activity. Such people will not hesitate to brand these as inconstant and unstable, when the truth is, their only offence has been development. There are partisans in our day, who brand as disloyal any member of their political faith, who detects fallacies and corruptions in it, and thus banish the very element most needful for its own vitality. There are those who adhere so firmly to all the beliefs of some great man of past times and preserve every mole and. wrinkle, so that they cannot imagine the world to have made any progress since, and they would regard any one a traitor to his memory if he should presume to differ with their patron saint's views, or attempt to supplement his thought. This is a mistake ; they forget that a Washington in statesmanship, a Newton in science, a Froebel in educa-tion, a Luther in theology, would not have remained stationary, had they lived on to the present time. Their activity in their own age proves this. Then, too, they fail to perceive that the best way of honoring their mem-ory is not by clinging like wax to the particular point to which they had come, when death stopped their progress, but by cultivating, as they did, the healthy growth of the mental, moral and religious life. To accuse anyone of inconstancy because he cannot stand still in his thought, or in his heart, is like charging the child with inconstancy because he can no longer wear the clothes that once fitted him, or find pleasure in the toys that once amused him. Is constancy then a myth ? Is there nothing to which we owe unhesitating allegiance, and unswerving loyalty ? May we yield to every passing whim, and flutter about in aimless vaccillation with impunity? Assuredly not. There is a constancy, binding and imperative upon us, which makes room for all progress and is in a line with all growth. It is constancy to our highest ideal—to truth, to duty, to fellowman, to self. It tolerates no way sta-tions ; is content with no point short of its highest and best attainment. It honors and clings to all that is noble, all that is pure, all that is wise, all that is true, as far as it can be discovered; it only loosens its hold on one step, to take another in the same direction, higher and loftier. When we fail to move forward, have no desire for more truth, do not long for more knowledge, are satisfied and complacent, content to fold our arms and rest upon our oars, only to drift along with the tide, then we are I tfj&dfci 72 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. inconstant to our highest ideal, and are unfaithful to the voice of conscience. As long as our minds and hearts are growing, will our ideals be rising and expanding, and drawing us upward and onward to follow them. Discouragements and trials may daunt us, sacrifices may be necessary, but advancement must be made, and if pleasure, comfort, or ease stand in the way they must be brushed aside with ruthless hand. Constancy to our own highest thoughts, noblest pur-poses, to the voice of truth whenever we hear it, to the best that we can discover both within us and around us —this is the constancy which goes band in hand with the fullest life, and its richest attainments. Whoever ignores the law of growth in the human mind, or resists its process in himself or others, wars against the very principle of life itself, and all that makes life worth living. The eternal God hath thus peculiarly and richly endowed man, and striving for the attainment of his fullest development and truest ideal is a mark of genuine constancy. What is true in a general sense in all the walks of life, is especially true in the developing and formative period of college days. Don't be afraid to launch out into independent and original thought, nor to strive toward the attainment of a lofty ideal. Let not the fear of adverse criticism or the false accusation of inconstancy bar you from scaling the heights of independent thought and advancement. For remember, a.s "eternal vigilance is the price of liberty," so eternal progress is the price of sta-bility. It is thus each year of life comes to us—for each day a clean, white page, and we are artists whose duty it is to put something beautiful on the pages one by one; or we are historians, and must give to the page some record of work, or duty, or victory to enshrine and carry away. THE GBTTYSBUEG MERCURY. 73 -OUR ENCOUNTER WITH COL. LEHMANOSKY.1' BY REV. J. G. HARRIS, '39. This fall fifty-four years ago we attended a meeting of the Synod of the West at Hopeful Church, Ky., ten miles south of Cincinnati, as a fraternal delegate from the English Synod of Ohio. There we met the renowned Pole, Col. Lehmanosky, who boasted that he was present at the burning of Moscow, and the subsequent disastrous retreat of the French ; and also at the unearthing of the Spanish Inquisition, and helped to bring to light the horrid instruments of lorture with which the Spanish officials punished offensive Protestants. At the proper time we presented our credentials, and made a few remarks about the difficulty of gathering our scattered members into strategic points, where our influ-ence would be felt, as in Pennsylvania and Maryland, where we had compact congregations, in every flourishing town. The Col. now rose, and lifted his tall, well-devel-oped form to its full height, and pointing his finger right at us, in a stentorian voice, he began : "Sir, I know more about the Lutheran church than you do." We must con-fess that this rude assault made us feel as if we had an elephant on our hands. He then expatiated upon the great-ness of our Church in Europe, that it was numerically larger than all Protestant denominations put together, not neglecting to emphasize the parts he played in the wars of Napoleon. We soon saw that he was making an effort to impress the minds of the brethren with his immense im-portance. His most extraordinary statement was : "And now I have sheathed my sword, and present myself as a peaceful soldier of Jesus Christ, and can preach in foui-languages, Polish, French, German and English." We did not feel able to unravel this big bundle of red tape, be-cause we had no data but his own assertion. But as he had used us as a victim of his self-gratification, we re-solved to give him a chestnut to feed his vanity. When the crisis came, we told him we were delighted with his grandiloquent speech, and gratified to learn that so pro- 74 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. found a scholar and distinguished a gentleman was also such a good Lutheran To our surprise he seized the chestnut in good faith, and then all was lovely. What became of the old hero ? By the assistance of some educated friends he prepared some good lectures on the Napoleon wars, and made several tours to the east-ern states, where he sometimes had good patronage. He must have been at Gettysburg, for we learned that Dr. Krauth, ST., pronounced him a myth; but he was more than a myth. He must have seen hard service, and his familiarity with the scenes he described is a convincing proof that he was there. Perhaps his chief fault was his extravagant self-assertion. At length the infirmities of old age drew the curtain of night around him and he fell asleep, probably where he lived, in the peaceful village of Knightstown, Indiana. The brethren of the Synod of the West meant it well, when they licensed him, but the attempt to transform one of Napoleon's war-dogs into a peaceful minister of the gospel was a signal failure. His restless, domineering temper conld not have held a congregation three months. He gave the command and if they did not obey him in-stantly he court-martialed them. The moral of the above event is: Be prepared for every emergency. The moment we step from the door of our peaceful abodes we must encounter the flotsam and jetsam of men and women who shipwrecked fortune, morals, character and even salvation ; we must breathe the atmosphere of a community where wrong sits upon the throne and right stands upon the scaffold; we must look upon the shame of old Noah, perpetrated under the sanction of a government license. The unexpected is sure to come—not once, but often. What are we to do ? Arm ourselves ? Certainly not in times of peace. Experience has taught men, that where one perishes in a thousand for want of the trusted weapon, a dozen perish by assuming the role of mock-heroism. The best panoply in times of trouble and danger is the gar-ment of a meek and quiet spirit! THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 75 SHOULD THE GAME OF FOOT-BALL, AS NOW PLAYED, BE ABOL-ISHED BY LAW. AFFIRMATIVE. Probably at no time since the flowery days of Greece has the motto, "Mens sana in corpore sano," been so faith-fully observed as now. Men realize that, if they are to attain to the highest degree of intellectual development, due regard must be paid to physical development. In view of this truth much attention is paid to athletics, and games that tend to develop muscle and at the same time bring into action mental powers have been encouraged. It is safe to say that no game has satisfied these condi-tions so well as foot-ball; hence its great popularity. Foot-ball has been played for many generations, and, among the many other forms of out-door amusements, has usually been given the preference by active and brawny youths. However in the course of many years the game has been changed very materially. From time to time new rules of playing have been adopted, and old ones dropped, until the game, as now played, is very intricate and scientific. Moreover there are in it, at present, not a few objectionable features, the principal one being a large element of danger. In view of this latter consideration, many thinking people have asked for the abolishment of the game by law. As before stated, foot-ball, being very scientific, brings into play mental as well as physical powers ; hence it is natural that we should find it the favorite college game. In fact foot-ball is generally looked upon as dis-tinctively a. college game, and as such we shall first treat it, letting it be understood that, with very few exceptions, the conditions affecting college foot-ball also exist in the game as played by our c;ty and large town teams. It is generally conceded, even by the most zealous ad-vocates of foot-ball, that it is a dangerous form of recrea-tion; but these advocates, on the other hand, endeavor to counter-balance this objection by many arguments in sup- 7G THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. port of the game. They speak of its physical benefits, and set forth, in glowing terms, its demand for scientific playing. They laud it as a magnificent, manly contest, and pay a glowing tribute to it as a help to telf command. It would be rash to say that foot ball has no physical benefits ; but it would be absurd, in view of many exam-ples to the contrary, to say that it gives rise to no serious physical injuries. Granting that foot-ball is a good out-door exercise and a great developer of muscle, are there not other athletic games that may lay just claim to these good qualities, without containing so large an element of danger ? The primary object of out-door games is exercise, but does the modern foot-ball game usually demand more exercise than is conducive to health ? Under the present rules, there are made in nearly every game, plays which. in order to be successful, demand that all regard for life or limb be laid aside. Almost superhuman effort is put forth ; every muscle is strained to its utmost, and the un-naturally heavy and-rapid heart-beats of the player indi-cate the highest pitch of feverish excitement, as with ut-most speed, he runs the gauntlet of those who are endeav-oring as best they can to hurl him violently to the ground. It is needless to describe the various features of the game, they are familiar to all: the frantic rush which accom-panies the kick-off, the dangerous interference and tack-ling, the ludicrous and yet fearful "pile-up" of bodies and limbs, the disentanglement, and then the removal of the unconscious hero (?), who had the misfortune of being beneath about half a ton of avoirdupois, and then the escorting off of the "gridiron" by his comrades of the other hero (?), who only had a broken bone or a bad sprain. And yet, of all games, this is the one fraught with the most physical benefits ! It is a bad reflection on any game, when the presence of physicians is a very important consideration. And yet a first-class game of foot-ball is not complete without one or more doctors upon th3 field to care for the injured. However, the broken or sprained limbs are by no means the most important injuries sustained on the "gridiron.' u THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 77 as many prominent physicians, who have investigated the matter, testify. The injuries received are often inter-nal and are not given particular attention at the time, but in later years their effects become very manifest. More-over not a few men have been made prematurely old by their former long-continued over-exertion on the foot-ball field. Is the game, as now played, well adapted to college athletics ? We answer no. The fundamental idea of col-lege athletics is physical exercise. This exercise is needed in proportion as a student is possessed of, or deficient in, bodily health and strength. But with foot-ball the physi-cally weak man is thrust into the background, while the big, strong fellows invariably push to the front and get the positions on 1he team, and, with their fellow-players, monopolize the field, and the men, not blessed with such healthy bodies have the pleasure of watching the practice from the "bleachers." Hence foot-ball fails here, as the men who need the exercise do not get it, and those who do not stand in such great need of it get more than is essen-tial to health. But it is such a scientific game, and we can not afford to give it up. We believe that the fact that it is so scien-tific is the secret of foot-ball's popularity. However we maintain that this is one of the principal causes of danger. Permit us to refer to the published statement of Mr. Harry Beecher, who was a famous player on the Yale team. Mr. Beecher says in an article published in the New York "World": "Football has been over-scienced, plays are attempted which are perhaps too onerous for the human frame to stand." And there are many other foot-ball men who are beginning to take a similar view of the game as now played. What shall we say to the statement that it is a mag-nificent and manly contest? The nature of our answer will, of course, depend upon what we consider magnificent and manly. We can not think it an exhibition of manliness when twenty-two stalwart young fellows engage in a con-test which ' almost unvariably results in bad bruises, 78 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "black-eyes", bandaged beads, or broken bones. More-over there are men in the average game, who either be-cause of the influence of excitement or on account of some personal grudge against an opposing player, will take un-fair advantage of opponents, frequently disabling them for the rest of the game. Besides all this the idea of our young men putting themselves on exhibition in contests for money, is not at all pleasing. Is foot-ball a help to self-command ? In some cases we believe it is; in most cases it is not. From personal ob-servation we know that in the average game many con-temptible things are done by players who are under the influence of anger. The treatment received in foot-ball certainly has no tendency to render a man's temper an-gelic, and although the player may not give verbal ex-pression to his feelings, he nevertheless gives forcible expression to his anger in other ways, not conductive to the comfort of the other player against whom he holds a grudge. Moreover it is not unusual for one to hear of prominent players being disqualified on account of some mean and unfair play, which was made under the impulse of anger. In view of these facts we contend that foot-ball is not very valuable as a help to self-command. In the foregoing we have endeavored to treat our sub-ject with all fairness. We have refrained from citing examples of terrible accidents met with on the foot-ball field. We might have spoken of the many who have been crippled for life, of those whose reason has been destroyed, and of others who have been killed ; but such examples are so familiar that they need no further mention. And now, after this brief review of some of the chief dangers connected with foot-ball, the question arises: Should our government, by its silence, sanction any game that endangers the lives of citizens ? There are not a few forms of amusements and recreations, so called, which, be-cause of their dangerous tendencies, have been declared illegal by the State. Therefore, why should foot-ball which unfortunately has become so strongly characterized by violence and brutality, be tolerated ? We maintain THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 79 that the enactment of a law against the game would be a timely and necessary move. Nor do we stand alone in the positions we have taken, as is shown by the anti-foot ball agitation in the legislatures of two States, one of which has already passed a law making the playing of this game a misdemeanor. Athletic games, all sides considered, are very bene-ficial, and we believe that all that foot-ball needs, in order to be the most desirable game of the athletic field, is the introduction of rules that will do away with the present dangerous plays. However, we must treat the game as it now is played. Hence, in view of the arguments pre-sented, we conclude by repeating what we have been en-deavoring to prove, viz: "The game of foot-ball, as now played, should be abolished by law." R. D. C, '00. SHOULD THE GAME OF FOOT-BALL, AS NOW PLAYED, BE ABOL-ISHED BY LAW. NEGATIVE. Without a doubt, the American people are, next to the French, the most devoted to fads. At present the pre-dominant idea, especially in the college world, is that of athletics. We are foot-ball mad. Thousands clamor for admittance to the great games, and the whole country breathlessly awaits the result. Opposition has been, until this season, swept away by the tide of popular senti-ment. This season, however, accidents have been more nu-merous than in past years, and there is beginning a cry against foot-ball. The legislatures of Georgia, and Mich-igan have passed bills forbidding the playing, in -their states, of any game of foot-ball to which admission is charged. Our question, therefore, is timely, and should be well considered. Its statement is : "Resolved, That the game of foot- Ui I 80 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. ball, as now played, should be abolished by law." By this we may understand that the game, in its present form, and consequent danger to players, be abolished and that the abolishment be by law. We shall endeavor to prove that the game of foot-ball is a manly, beneficial exercise, and that its present form reduces personal danger to a minimum. The foot-ball player of to-day attains, under skillful training, the highest possible degree of health and strength. He is fed nothing but the best and most nour-ishing food, is kept from any indulgence that would in-jure him, and every part of his body is trained and exer-cised until it is as perfect as it can be made. This is of the highest value to anyone, but is especially so in the case of the student, whose body, weakened by his seden-tary habits, loses its vigor if he does not take sufficient exercise. In this training he is taught self-restraint, and is kept from forming the bad habits which are too often contracted by students. The game itself provides an out-let for the animal spirits which exist in every man, and which show themselves in others by student pranks and debauches. The foot-ball man is not his own master, but is jealously watched and guarded, and his actions are so guided that he must develop into a robust, splendid speci-men of manhood. Foot-ball cultivates quickness of intellect and percep-tion. "Keep your eye on the ball", is the oft-repeated maxim, and, in following it, the player learns to decide on his best course of action and to act in almost the same moment. He learns to keep a cool head and a steady tem-per. Foot-ball has reached its highest perfection in the contests which take place betweea the leading colleges and universities, and has, indeed, become an all-important factor in college life. The rivalry born in these contests impels the players to their best endeavors, and through it young men learn what loyalty is ; then it is but a step to patriotism. If the United States will ever call forth her THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 81 sons in time of her need, among the first to answer will be the brawny, cool-headed men, who, in their youth, con-tested for alma mater. Foot-ball in its present form involves the least possi-bility of injury that there can be in a game of its nature. Its plays are made with such science, its penalties for foul playing are so strictly enforced, and the members of teams are so well trained that there need be no serious injuries. We are speaking, however, of teams composed of gentle-men, men who endeavor to raise foot-ball. It must be admitted that there are some teams who play so brutally that they should be severely punished. But the real foot-ball player is not of their stamp. Such men as they have laid foot-ball open to the charge of "Brutal! Brutal!" which we often hear now. But is it right to brand the game with the fault of some who pretend to play it ? Yet statistics show that foot-ball has a lower percentage of serious accidents than many other sports which are continually indulged in, such as yachting, swimming, hunting, bicycling, against which we hear almost nothing. In addition, nearly all serious accidents have occurred in games between inexperienced, badly-trained teams, or have happened to men who were not in physical condition. The American people are not so blood-thirsty and its young men are not such fools that they would take de-light in watching or taking part in foot-ball if it were as brutal as some would make us think. We are still far from the Roman idea of sport. It is an insult to our humanity that some should demand its abolishment by law. If foot-ball were so brutal as to require that, it would now be a memory. Public sentiment would have killed it long ago. Its opponents say that, in the case of collegiate foot-ball, it takes too much time from the studies, that it car-ries rivalry too far, that it encourages gambling, that thousands of dollars are wasted on it; but remember that the athletic men have been the best students in the major-ity of cases, that gentlemen will never carry rivalry too wwiBiiS*" 82 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. far, that gamblers will gamble on the slightest pretext, and that this money could be put to no better purpose than the building up of the youth in body and mind. These pessimists draw gloomy analogies between foot-ball and the gladiatorial combats of Rome, and sigh as they think of the Spanish bull-fights. But let us see if we cannot dra,w a more pleasing analogy than these. Do you remember that the Greeks were the most beautiful race in the world ? Do you remember that they regarded symmetry of shape and health of body as among the high-est gifts of the gods ? Have you read of the Olympic games, of how they worshiped their god by athletic con-test, of how he who had now in these had obtained the highest honor, of how many a victor stumbled over the goal with almost dying breath ? Do you know that Greek literature and Greek civilization were the highest the world has ever seen ? So let us hope that the present in-terest in athletics is not merely a fad, but that our young men may continue to build up their bodies, and, at length, with a perfect physical race will come even higher mental development. '00. ABOUT FEMALE EDUCATION IN GERMANY. BY MISS ADELE LUX ENBERG. "German women all know several languages." "Don't you play and sing? Of course you do; all Ger-mans are musical." These are statements often made in talking to or about German men and women ; but others are equally often heard : "There is no higher education for women in Germany." "German women do not care much for education beyond what is offered in the common school!" These two groups of statements differ so widely, that there must needs be some untruth in one or the other. Indeed, there is much in the first and more in the second, which has little, if any, claim to veracity. Truly, many Germans of both sexes know several lan-guages, but more do not, yet they are highly cultured and useful members of society. Many people in Germany THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 83 sing and play, fewer do it well; but there are still a great number—and thanks be to them—who recognize that music is a divine gift not bestowed upon everybody, a rare talent vastly diffsrent from the love of music and not to be won by hammering and squeaking and wasting precious time and money to the vexation of your "nearest" fellow-creatures ; in short, there are a good many German men and women innocent of the practice of bad playing and worse singing; many who do not play at all, though in general they may be persons of high mental develop-ment. So much for what "all Germans know and do." To find out what "German women have not," it is per-haps best to state first what they have. Several years ago, especially while the Women's Con-gress of the World's Fair was in preparation, people went over to Germany to gather facts about the "Woman's Question," or "Female Education in Germany." They brought home doleful reports about that "poor German sister" living in a country without Female Colleges, un-able to receive any education higher than that afforded by common schools, "Msedchenschulen," forced to forget the little she learned, while sitting, for the rest of her life, be-hind the mending-basket or standing before the kitchen fire and washtub. Poor German sisters, I pity you, in-deed, but not for the state of educational affairs in your country, which, like everything else in the "Old Country", have their slow but sure development and which you will improve according to your timely needs! What makes me pity you is rather the wrong idea formed of you, and circulated widely by persons that had no eyes to see, though tongues to speak, while those who did sec you aright, and who did not skim "the Continent and Great Britain in a 3 months' trip", but dwelt with you and in-quired into your conditions, took home in their souls a sympathetic picture of you, and, like something dear and precious, only occasionally disclosed it to near friends in private conversation. They had found the German woman to be for the most part a thorough, well informed and well Snn ili • 1 84 THE GETTYSBURG MERC UKY. read person, though not often a fluent converser, and all that for good reasons. For if, as a rule, the German girl leaves school at 16, she begins it at the tender age of 6, entering then not uufrequently with a fair knowledge of the "3 R's" that haunt American pub-lic school children from 8 to 10 years of age, but acquired, beside other preparation for earnest study, in the Kinder-garten of Germany. And what is offered to the child dur-ing the following 10 years ? That depends upon the school selected by the parents who must consider the future of their children as well as the funds at disposal for their education, which is not free, nor even cheap, but a con-siderable expense, and perhaps just for that reason highly prized and distinctly planned from the very beginning. This being a mere outline, it does not pretend to be ex-haustive of the subject, and only the principal and long established institutions will be considered. There is first of all the "Buergerschule fuer Msedchen", where the native tongue, arithmetic, history, geography, natural sciences and drawing are taught—and well taught—, sometimes also one foreign language. This school can be finished at fourteen, which is the earliest age at which boys and girls are permitted to quit school, education from the 6th to the 15th year being compulsory for both sexes. There is also the "Hcehere Msedchenschule", which has 9 to 10 grades or "Klassen", where beside the afore-mentioned studies, French is taught very early, and English is taken up about three or four years later, giving as a rule a seven years' course in the one, and four to five years in the other language. To Universal History is added History of Art, or of Civilization; to Arithmetic either Plane Geometry or Algebra ; to Botany, Zoology and Min-erology, which take a very important place even in the Buergerschule. The plan of the "Hcehere M. Sch" adds Physics, Chemistry Anthropology (Physiology). Moreover the prolonged course admits a broader and deeper knowl-edge of literature, geography and history, as well as a more frequent and advanced writing of essays. With all this there runs through the entire course of every school, THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 85 "BeligionsUnterricht," religious instruction, beginning with Biblical history, continuing through the New Testa-ment and Catechism, ending with Church History. Ge-sang- Unterr-icht"—chorus and choral-singing being also a required study. Considering that all instruction is given by graduated and efficient teachers, and that every study, after it has once been taken up, retains a place throughout the curri-culum— all instruction moving in concentric circles, en-larging on the same subject every consecutive year—it ap-pears as if a young German lady about 16 leaves school with a thorough foundation in everything taught in boys' Gymnasium, with the exclusion only of the dead lan-guages, and the addition of the modern. No mother, how-ever considers her daughter's education finished at that stage, though lack of means may put "Fortbildungsschule", "Selects", "Lyceum" out of her reach. At these institu-tions the same studies may be pursued under University Professors and Specialists, who have also large private classes of female students. Private teaching is of far greater importance and extent in the Old Country than in the New World, and no foreigner without a broad circle of acquaintances among German families can judge of the means of Higher Female education. One of the principal aims of school-instructions is to start the student right in all directions and to fill him with love of study that he or she may go on with it after the years of compulsion have passed. And it must be said that even those girls who cannot afford regular courses after the obligatory time, will study on by themselves, with friends, by reading for and after public lectures, exchanging lessons with foreign-ers, correspondence, and so on. But where do those efficient teachers and specialists come from, as women are not admitted to German Univer-sities ? Are they all men ? By no means all, though a good many of them are, and a lady-teacher must be very effi-cient to come out victorious in the competition. Our Uni-versities are not training-schools for teachers, and a "Ph. D." from a German University means not in the least a mmm 86 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. fine teacher of his specialty, unless the owner of that de-gree have gone through a "Lehrer-Seminar," of which women have the equivalent in the "Lehrerinnen—Bild-ungs— Anstalt" or Teachers' Training Institute. There in a course of three full years, all school studies are taken up from the very beginning, embracing, though in a broader way. the Curriculum of the Hcehere Msedchenschule." This is done for the sake of the knowledge, but more es-pecially for the methods best adapted to the moral end to be reached by each study, and for the special literature pertaining to it. History of Education, as furthered by the lives and works of great teachers of all times and na-tions, psychology and theory of methodical teaching, are studied by means of lectures, reading, essays, theses and practical teaching. All this, including singing and draw-ing, is obligatory ; the two foreign languages and piano playing, however, are elective and lead to the advanced degree of "Teacher for Higher Female Institutions," while Avithoutthem the Diploma is only granted as "Teacher for Girls' Schools." This degree is added to a specification still containing 12 main studies with a final written and verbal examination in each. And these "Lehrerinnen- Seminare," as they are called, are by no means attended only by women who want to make teaching their profes-sion, but by all who desire a higher education than that afforded by the "Hoehere Msedchenschule." As has already been said, this sketch cannot aim at completeness, it only aspires to give a general idea of Ger-man Female educational institutions; especially of those which rank foremost in attendance and age. Of the few "Msedchengymnasien" founded lately in the principal progressive cities and which follow exactly the plan of the male "Gymnasium," mention shall be made, though they are neither old nor numerous enough to take a decided place in the female education of Germany. They are a necessity, as stepping-stones to the opening of the Univer-sities to women, to the Highest Education in Germany. They have been brought about by the efforts of German women ; and if an insight into the older institutions dis- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 87 pels the illusion that there is no higher female Education in Germany, the new "Msedchengymnasium" with its long history of struggle for existence, is an evidence of the great interest taken by German women in higher edu-cation. ATTENTION. BY GEO. A. GREISS. A recent psychology defines attention, as "the volun-tary concentration of the mind on one thought object." If the term mind is used to designate the entire psychical action, we may define attention, as the concentration of the powers of thought, feeling and volition upon one ob-ject or idea. Attention, as defined is voluntary and not instinctive. As the will varies in strength in different persons, so the attention of those persons varies in accu-racy and intensity. Most psychical states, however, are affected to a great-er or less extent by the physical condition of the person. Indeed, the physical condition of the individual is no small factor in the matter of attention. Here, then we must take into account the circumstances, and environ-ment of the individual, for they determine to a certain de-gree the physical condition of the person. Thus two ele-ments must be considered in the subject of attention. The one is the will, or the voluntary power of the mind over the mental states ; the other is environment. If the will is strong and the environment is favorable, the quality of attention will naturally be of a high order ; but if the conditions just mentioned are the reverse, then the attention will be of an inferior grade. Very often these ruling factors in attention are brought into direct antagonism, by the one being stronger than the other. To have concentration of thought, the physical must frequently be overcome by the psychical. Let us illus-trate. A student at a university is studying the doctrine of 88 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. the "Person of Christ." After a refreshing walk he is seated at his study-table. He is in a proper state of mind to master the subject before him and he resolves to do so. He opens his book and begins to study the genus idiu-malicum. His entire mental power is directed upon this one subject. The lesson becomes interesting. The stu-dent understands each paragraph, as he proceeds. He comes to the end of the subject, and with a smile of satis-faction says, "I have mastered it." Leaving this subject, he enters upon the next in order, known as the genus ap- Mismaticum, with the same determination. But he hard-ly has begun to read the first line, when some one above him begins to play "Home sweet home," on the violin. The first few strains divert his attention very slightly from the study before him ; but as the music continues, interest in study becomes less. Before the selection is half render-ed, the theological study is changed into a reverie of home. Perhaps the mind of the student cannot be firmly fixed upon his study for the remainder of the evening, and time which might have been profitably spent is lost. This is force of environment. If the will of the student is strong, he can by repeated efforts overcome environment. It is not necessary for any rational being to remain, bound by environment. Every person can, if he tries, rise above his surroundings. Discordant surroundings should be removed if possible. If however the environment is unavoidable, then the will must be used to overcome the obstacle. Since most environment cannot be easily and successfully removed, we see that the will is the principal factor in the matter of attention, and a requisite in deep study. If men could subject their bodies entirely to their minds, who could tell, what results we would have, to what flights of oratory we would soar and what profound depths of philosophy we would fathom. A healthy body is also necessary for intense action of the mind. If the maxim, a sound mind in a sound body, holds true at all, it certainly does in attention. To cultivate a strong will and maintain a healthy body becomes therefore an urgent duty to the diligent student. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 89 The object of the writer is not to discuss attention as a psychical state or its place in psychology, but to look at and point out the necessity and value of an acutely culti-vated attention to the student, and also to show the de-mands of the age, for men of intensity and concentration of thought. This age is called an age of specialists. It demands men who will master their particular sphere of life. Since attention to any particular work, leads to the mastery of that work, and since mastery leads to perfec-tion, there is hardly any further proof needed for the ne-cessity of earnest and energetic men. When a chemist wishes to discover silver in a stone supposed to contain the precious metal, he does not hold the whole bulk into the flame, but takes one particle, puts it on charcoal and concentrates all the heat possible on it by means of the blow-pipe. The physician, in order to diagnose a case, does not take the patient and place the entire body under a microscope, but places one microbe or germ of the disease under the powerful microscope which concentrates all the rays possible upon this one atom. In our studying we must direct all our attention upon the subject before us and bring all the rays of intellect and reason to converge upon one object of thought. Then we can dig out the nuggets of truth and present them to others who are desirous to receive them. Why is military discipline so rigid ? In order to ac-complish what is required of a soldier, strict attention to one thing is necessary. The same reason holds true for the rigor of German universities. For a complete mastery of any study, the mastery of the parts of that study is necessary. Thus we see that the pursuit of our studies re-quires the utmost attention on our part. The reason we very often do n^t grasp a subject is not found in want of mental power, but in the want of application of that power. Why do we go to recitations sometimes in anxiety about the questions that are about to be asked ; or when we are quizzed why do we give answers which either have no bearing on the question, or are at best only a conglom. eration of phrases not conveying any sense ? The answer 00 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. to this question is found in the fact, that we have either applied ourselves too little to the study of the lesson or have not given the proper attention to the question. Some days we go to the lecture room with a clear mind and a healthy body, We can follow the reasoning of the professor without any difficulty. Every argument seems clear and conclusive. When we review the lecture in our rooms, it seems to be a part of our knowledge, and neither new nor strange. On another day we go to the same lecture room. We hear the same professor. The hour drags. The lecture seems dull. The reasoning is obscure. In reviewing this lecture, it seems entirely new and strange. We ask our-selves what is the cause of this change. We remember that we heard the same professor both times; that he showed the same earnestness. We recall, that we followed the lecture with eye and ear each time. The reason for the change is this : the first day we followed the lecture with our closest attention, while on the second day our eyes and ears followed the lecture mechanically and our minds were occupied with thoughts about things miles away and foreign to the lecture entirely. There is an old adage: "Beware of the man of one book " Why ? Because he directs all his energies toward one object. If we would master a lecture or a lesson, we must concentrate our thoughts upon them while studying or listening. "The mind cannot do two things at the same time." The necessity of attention is only superseded by its value. In speaking or reading attention commands attention. When an essay or speech has been well thought out, so that all the materials gathered and the truths used, point to one central thought, it will come with such force when it is presented, that the man of average intelligence will listen. Unity of style and harmony of material, as well as logical reasoning in any production, require the closest attention on the part of the author. But intensity of thought and concentration of mental energy is required not only in the preparation of an essay or speech, but also THE GETTYSBURG MtiRJURY 91 jn the delivery of the same. In the delivery of any pro-duction, there are two parties concerned. The hearer, as well as the speaker, has a part to do. Since earnestness and conviction are the result of per-severing study, and since they go very far toward com-manding the attention of an audience, then the speaker should give his theme thorough investigation and diligent study. Dr. Schaeffer once said, "A teacher is the hest disci-plinarian who says least about discipline and keeps his scholars busy." So he who says l3ast about attention but gives his audience something about which to think, com-mands the best attention. The object of any speech should be to move the hearers. In order to accomplish this the speaker must show by gesture and delivery that he means what he says and that he is a man of earnest convictions. Otherwise he will fail. To-day the world does not notice a careless and listless man, much less call him into a position of public trust. The value of attention is further seen in the fact that when a man has well mastered his subject, embarrassment is removed and time does not hang heavily on his hands. The speaker, being well prepared to discuss his theme, for-gets himself and his audience, and loses himself in the depth of his reasoning. But no matter how well the speaker may be prepared, if the audience is indifferent, the speech has again lost its force and not accomplished its intended purpose. The hearer must also practice and cultivate attention, so that he can follow the speaker in his nights of oratory and in his labyrinth of reason. Be-sides all this it is a mark of good common sense as well as of a disciplined mind, to listen, even if the subject of the speech and the matter of the same is dull and uninterest-ing. There is nothing more discouraging to a speaker than to have his andience look on the floor, or out of the window, or anywhere else than in his face. Give a man your eyes and ears and you will have the best efforts. When he sees that the audience shows an interest in what he says, the speaker will be filled with enthusiasm and 92 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. will carry away all that come within the compass of his eloquence. Since the age demands men who are masters of their situation, and since we are about to go out to battle with the vital problems of the age, let us quit ourselves like men and use our talents toward one end. Then we will attain the highest ideals and win the greatest laurels. THE NOBLEST MAN 1 KNEW. True nobility of character involves much, and, with few exceptions, exists only in the ideal. Absolute truth-fulness, perfect unselfishness, spotless virtue—these are the attributes of a noble man, and he in whose character all are embodied, is surely one whose friendship should be sought. I have known but one man whose character combined all these virtues in the highest degree. He was a friend of my father when both were country boys; and I have often heard of their starting to college together. They had both been fired by ambition to be something more than farmers, and accordingly worked hard to save money enough for the first year at college. They went to a small college in Pennsylvania, and informed the President that they had heard that he could turn out preachers in two years, and that they wanted him to get to work on them. He replied that he could hardly do that, but would do the best for them that he could ; and so they went to work. "Dan" has told me many stories of their early college life, of how "Dave" was always jolly and ready for fun, if it was clean fun; of how he was always without money, yet cheerful and happy; of how, though he was not specially quick in learning, he could hold an audience nearly spell-bound, whether speaking on serious or trivial subjects. After they had passed through Freshman and Soph-more years together, they separated, "Dan" going to obtain a fuller education at a larger college, while "Dave," eager to begin his life's work, abridged his course, and, after two years, sailed away as a missionary. i THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 93 He labored in Africa for nearly twenty-four years. Assistants sent him died or returned in broken health. He buried a wife and three children, victims of the awful climate. But, aided by a splendid constitution and a cheerful disposition, he stuck to his post until friends forced him to leave it. That man was David A. Day, D. D., our Lutheran missionary in Liberia, and the church is now mourning his death at sea, within a little over a hundred miles of the home-land which he longed to reach before he died. To my mind his character combined all the elements of true nobility, true self-sacrifice and virtue; and with these were joined a cheerfulness and rea ly tact which made him inimitable. He was a man of great talent, who could have risen to fame as a theologian and preach-er, but he gave h s life for a neglected people, and his work among them will be an everlasting monument to him. His last words, were "More men, fill up the ranks ;" but who can take his place ? L. A. W., '00. OH, TAKE ME BACK TO GETTYSBURG. (Tune,—Old I'olks at Home.) Around de campus cannons ruuibled, Long years ago. Deie seldom was de ball e'er fumbled, And all de men played low. Now time has covered up their foot-prints, De battle's o'er, And peace reigns over town and campus, De cannon's used no more. CHORUS: All de dearest recollections, Cluster 'round dat spot; Oh, take me back to Gettysburg, She never will be forgot. All round de old place I wandered, Happy and free, And on de midnight studies pondered, Still happiness found me. wtssmM Ij. 94 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. When I was with my classmates playing, Happy was I, Oh! seems I hear them now a-sayiug, "Boys, we will wiu or die." CHORUS— One little room among de others, One dat I love; Its dear remembrance o'er me hovers, No matter where I rove. Oh, if I see those faces never Of class-mates dear, Yet time in vain our bonds can sever, 'Though we be far or near. CHORUS— EDITORS' DESK. "We see not a step before us A s we tread on another year ; But the past is in God's keeping, The future his mercy will clear." * * * Miss Adele Luxenberg, teacher of German in Wilson i Female College at Chambersburg, spent the vacation with Mrs. Dr. Richard of Gettysburg. She was educated in sev-eral of the best institutions'"^ Germany, and is an accom-plished linguist. Her article, "About Female Education in Germany," will be read with interest. * * * WE are reminded of the fact that only two fleeting years separate us from the era toward which we have long looked with great solicitude. What great projects have been set on foot to be accomplished during the last "decade of the 19th century!" A few years ago it was prophesied that all the heathen would hear the gospel yet | this century. Arbitration was to be substituted for inter-national war. There were to be no open saloons, no illiter-acy, no wage, nor race problem, etc., by the 20th century. Who is responsible for the failure to realize these much desired achievments ? Questions like these come to us at this season and few of us can say that we have done as much towards their solution as we might have done. J. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 95 This is a good time to get on the right side of all subjects which affect us. The wise man changes his mind often, the fool never. Let us be stronger advocates of truth. Let us, as students, resolve to do more for our college and her interests. Be enthusiastic. Make better use of the oppor-tunities offered us in class-room, library, literary society, in gymnasium, in society. Economize time, think more, read more, write more. * * SURELY we cannot fault those in a situation to encour-age literary effort with not having done much for us. Those who can be reached by a prize are now encouraged by prizes aggregating nearly $150 right in our own institu-tion. We publish the liberal offer of the Century Co. to college men. If prizes do not tempt to launch into the unknown but enchanting sea of literary experience, there are left the considerations of personal honor, of cnlture, of advertising our almamafcr. Fiction, narration, descrip-tion, verse, are kinds of composition too seldom attempted by us, each of which, like virtue, brings its own reward. ALL students who have had an opportunity to attend any convention of the Young Men's Christian Associa-tion never fail to speak of the practical benefit derived from such meeting. Judging from the reports sometimes given by delegates an indifferent person might be in-fluenced to conclude that there would be no particular advantage in being present at such a gathering. This is a great mistake. You cannot always judge the merits of a student convention by the reports alone. Among the many blessings imparted to every student who attends a convention in the proper spirit, there are three which are particularly manifest. His views are broadened, his spiritual life is wonderfully deepened, and a greater zeal for earnest Bible study is aroused. The pronounced success of the Y. M. C. A. all over the world, as well as all other young people's societies, is due in great measure to the inspiration received through 9 . MPPY, Merchant Tailor. 4', Chambersburg St., Gettysburg. G. E. SPANGLER, (Success? to J, VV. Eichollz & Co.) Ill: U.F.I; IN PIANOS, ORGANS, MUSIC, MUSICAL INSTR UMENTS, STRINGS, Etc. YORK STREET, ist Square, Gettysburg. 1108 THESTNTTT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. Wright's Engraving House, HAS become the recognized leader in unique styles of COLLBQ E and FRA-TERNITY ENORAVINUS and STATION-ERY, College and Class-Day Invitations, engraved and printed from steel plates ; Programmes, Menus, Wedding and Re-ception Invitations, Announcements, etc. etc., Examine prices and styles before ordering elsewhere. 60 Visiting Cards from New Engraved Plates $1.00. ERNESTA. WRIGHT, uoS ChestnutSt., Philadelphia. ~ JOHN L. SHEADS, NEW CIGAR STORE Next door to W. M. Depot, Gettysburg, Pa. P. F. HENNIGT" —DEALER IN— Bread, Rolls, Pretzels Crackers, YORK STREET* GETTYSBURG. ^"Reasonable Rates to Clubs. L. D. IQ Main St., Gettysburg. Grocer, Confectioner and Fruiterer. ICE CREAM and OYSTERS in SEASON. GE TTYSBURG, PA., Main St. Free 'Bus to and from all trains. Rates $1.50 to $2.00 per Jay. Thirty seconds' walk from either depot. DINNER WITH DRIVE OVER FIELD WITH 4 OR MORE $I-35- JOHN E. HUGHES, Prop'r Go To C. A. BLOCHER'S .FOR. Souvenir Spoons, Sword Pins, &c. All Kinds of Jewelry. Repairing a Specialty. Post Office Corner, Centre Square. PHOTOGRAPHER, NO. 3 MAIN STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA. Our new Enameled Aristo Por-traits are equal to Photos made anywhere, and atany price. ^^^^^m^^^^^^m FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. BASE BALL SUPPLIES, Spaldings League Ball, Mits, Masks, etc., Managers should send for samples and special rates. Every requisite for Tennis, Golf, Cricket, Track and Field Gymnasium Equipments and Outfits. Complete Catalogue Spri?ig and Summer Sports Free. "THE NAMJE THE GUARANTEE" A. G. SPKLDING, & BROS., New York, Philadelphia, Chicago. S7G. Spangler, & Co. ■&-E ■+- -*■ SvS'l, Fine Groceries,, ♦ ••• +. ^-Q2) Telephone 39, 102 E. Middle St. S. J. CODOt^I, Jr»., DRUGGIST. .DHAI.gR IN. Drugs, Medicines, Toilet Ar-ticles, Stationery, Blank Books, Amateur Pho-tographic Supplies, Etc., Etc. BALTIMORE STREET. R. H. CULP, Second Square, p m York Street. College Emblems, EJVULi ZOTHE, Engraver, Designer and Manufact'g Jeweler. ig SOUTH NINTH STREET; PHILADELPHIA, PA. SPECIALTIES: Masonic Marks. Society Badges, Coih'ge Buttons, Fins. Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. All goods ordered through C.H.Tilp. BOHRDINC" By Day, Week or Month. Rates reasonable. House equipped with all modern improvements. GROCERY STORE in same buildiug. Full line of goods kept and sold at small profits. House aud Store located on Cor. of College Campus, opposite Brua Chapel. (^"Public Patronage Solicited Samuel H. Tangninbangh, Prop. MENEELY BELLI Troy, N. Y. Manufacturers of SUPERIOR BELLS. The 2000 pound bell now ringing in the tower of Pennsylvania College was manufactured at this foundry. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. \m$ Ed^Ei^r JotynJ. Thomson's Sons —DEALER IN— Eats, Shirts, Shoes, Ties, Umbrellas, Gloves, Sal,■//.els, Hose, Poeket Books. Trunks, Telescopes, Rubbers, Etc., Etc., AMOS ECKERT. Job pointer1 ! WEAVER BUILDING, Centre Square. IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF * DRUGS, + Nos. IB and 18 W. Qerman street, BALTIMORE, MD. Offer to tlie trade their large aad well-selected stock of DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS and PERFUMERY. Make a specialty to have on hand everything required by Pharmacists. A complete stocK can at any time be selected or wants supplied. ALONZO h. THOIvIPSEN, ?Ianui*ar IffiB Iffl I ■ . HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Located on Centre Kquan where McClellan House. formerly slood. GETT'lBBliK';, PA. RATES 82 I'KIt DAY. It, is the acknowledged Lead] ing Hotel of Hettystrg Uean e,l throughout with steam;ho| or cold "Ballis: rommodio Sample Rooms: Ditinm-r'iomJ S, capacity 200; hits a.Cusine uf j par excellence Headquauenj i for League American VVheefl man. Headquarters coinmeg cial travelers. Headquarti military or civic Free 'iniH to and from nil j trains. —- * ~ - H. * I>. K.Miller Prop's. EIMER & AMEND Manufacturers and Importers of CHEMICALS ani CHEMICAL APPARATUS, 205, 207, 209 & 211 Third Avenue, Corner iSth Street. NEWYORK. Finest Bohemian and German Glassware, Royal Berlin and Meis-sen Porcelain, Purest Hammered Platinum, Balances and Weights. Zeiss Microscopes, and Bacteriologi-cal Apparatus, Chemical Pure Acids and Assay Goods. — Established 1876 — PENROSE MYERS, Watchmaker and Jeweler. Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, College Souvenir Spoons, No. 10. Balto. St. Gettysbnrg. Pa. "PRICES ALWAYS RIGHT" THE LUTHERAN PUBLISHING HOUSE. <• No. 42 North Oth St.,] "v! PHILADELPHIA, PA. ] Acknowledged Headquarters for ANYTHING and EVERYTHING in the way of Books for Churches, Families, Col-leges, and Schools, and lit-erature, for Sunday Schools. Please Remember That by sending your orders M us.j you help hutld up and develop 01 fj the Church institutions, with i
The College Mefcufy. Toh. iv. GETTYSBURG, PA., MAY, 1896. No. 3. THE COLLEGE MEfiCUfiY, Published each month during the college year by the Students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. STAFF. Editor: D. EDGAR RICE, '96. Associate Editors : EDNA M. LOOMIS, '96. GRAYSON Z. STUP, '96. ;IENRY W. BIKLE, '97. WEBSTER C. SPAYDE, '96. ILLIAM E. WHEELER, '97. HERBERT D. SHIMER, '96. ROBBIN B. WOLF, '97. Alumni Association Editor: REV. D. FRANK GARLAND, A. M,, Baltimore, Md. Business Manager: WILLIAM G. BRUBAKER, '96. Assistant Business Manager: E. A. ARMSTRONG, '97. m™™. /One volume (ten months). . . . $1.(10 limns. |slngiecopies . . . .15 Payable in advanco. Ml Students are requested to hand us matter tor publication. The Alumni and ex-members or the College will tavor us by fending Information concerning their whereabouts or any Items hey may think would be Interesting tor publication. &U subscriptions and business matters should be addressed to he business manager. {Matter Intended for publication should be addressed to the Editor Address, THE COLLEGE MERCURY, Gettysburg, Pa. CONTENTS. DITORIALS, 32 JEED BUT NOT FREE, 35 ETURN OF PERSEPHONE. 37 HAD TO Go, 38 OLLEGE I.OCALS, 38 LUMNI NOTES, 41 THLETICS, 42 MATERNITY NOTES, 43 OWN AND SEMINARY NOTES, 44 ■ITERARY SOCIETIES, - - - • 45 EDITORIAL. With this number of the MERCURY the pres-ent staff completes its editorial work, and gives it over to its successors. Although the duties of our position have at times been trying, and there is a feeling of relief comes with the thought of being freed from them, yet the pleasure and profit connected with the position have been great, and the training and experi-ence have been well worth the trouble. We can hardly hope to have pleased all in the discharge of what we have considered our duty, but whatever failures of this kind may have been made are not chargeable to an ab-sence of the desire to please. Neither have we measured entirely up to the standard we had placed before us, and yet considering the small support which the staff receives from the student body, we believe they have done all that could reasonably be expected of them. The greater part of our support has come from members of the lower classes, and we hope that those who have begun to take an interest in the MERCURY will not grow weary, but will make even greater efforts in behalf of the new staff. The MERCURY, it must be remembered, is almost the only representative of the college among our alumni and other colleges, and to make a creditable showing it requires the hearty co-operation of all. * * * THE recent cowardly attack on two of our students, in which both were seriously injured, the one possibly being permanently disabled, is but an extreme case of the danger and in-sults to which we are daily exposed on the streets of Gettysburg. The students never molest any of the people of the town nor make themselves disagreeable in any way, and yet it is a very common occurrence for them to be 33 THE COEkEGE MERCURY. made the objects of insulting language, and sometimes even of personal injury. In winter, when there is snow on the ground, they are constantly made the targets of the small boy with his snow ball, and it becomes absolutely dangerous to walk along the streets, even when the supposed guardians of the peace are in full view of all that is occuring. The students expect nothing more of the town officials than protection in their rights to walk the streets unmolested, and if the authorities are too careless to guarantee these rights, it is time that strong steps be taken, and an example be made of some one. It is to be hoped that the perpetrators of the recent outrage be punished with the full penalty of the law, and that the rough element of the town be shown that even though only stud-ents, we yet have rights which the authorities are bound to protect for us. We do not de-sire to incur the enmity of any one, but we feel that our rights should be defended, let the consequences be what they may. * * * As we look forward to the end of the term, the query presents itself, what kind of a com-mencement will we have. It is a fact which must be admitted, that for the last several years there has been a noticeable lack of in-terest in the exercises of commencement week. Fewer of our alumni attend, than were present on former occasions, and some who come on special business, leave again before the final exercises. The students who remain feel more as if the college were closed for some sad occasion than that they are celebrating the close of another year's work. It is rather hard to acconnt for this lack of interest, but we are inclined to believe that it is due, in part, at least, to the regretable want of harmony which exists in the church in re-gard to Pennsylvania College. For one who is not very familiar with the inner workings of the matter it is by no means easy to see the good which is being done by this division of opinions, and even less easy to decide who is in the right. Of one thing, however, we feel quite certain, and that is that the sooner a compromise of some kind is effected, the better it will be for the college. Our institution is not in a condition at the present to remain un-injured by a conflict which is so fundamental, and the small attendance at commencements is not the greatest of the evils which arise from it. Another possible reason which may be of-fered as explaining the decline in the interest of commencement has been the lack of spirit of our students. All seem to be content to move along in an uneventful way, without an effort to enliven things. There are hopeful signs, however, that we are gradually awakening, and we believe that the students will do what they can this year to add to the pleasures of the week. Preparations are being made for field day sports, and the outlook is quite en-couraging. And in this connection we would again suggest that arrangements be made by the alumni to have several class reunions at that time. We have received several letters from alumni, urging this matter strongly. THE sixty-fourth annual catalogue of the college has recently been issued in its usual good form. The enrollment shows a very en-couraging increase, and we believe it is only twelve less than the highest enrollment we j have ever had. The college and graduate de-partments have the same number as last year, with an increase of ten in preparatory, making the total 227. As the Senior class this year is less than half the size of last year's class, the prospects are that next fall the number of | students will be greater than ever before. A noticeable improvement in the catalogue I is that the street address of students living in the town is given, instead of simply the name of the family with which they live. We would also call special attention to the description of the new course in anatomy under Dr. Stanley, which has been added during the last year. We are pleased to see that the MERCURY has I THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 34 [for the first time received a notice in the cata-logue. CONSIDERABLE dissatisfaction has been ex-pressed among the students with the careless way in which our athletics are being con- I ducted. Of the three games of base ball we have played thus far, we have succeeded in winning but one, and that was almost en- Itirely through the work of our pitcher, who [did so well as to leave the fielders very little to do. Of course, defeats are to be expected, and i are excusable when suffered at the hands of stronger teams, but when it is plainly seen that they are the result of want of practice, jthey are not excusable. The principal cause of complaint is that the practicing of our team is not done at all sys-tematically. Instead of being arranged in their positions, and required to do regular ' work, the players are allowed to do almost as they please, and only the better players get the practice, while those who need it most are being neglected. If the team wants the sup-port of the students, it must get down to work, and at least show that it is making its best ef-forts. Then if defeat comes it will be excus- ! able. About the same criticism is applicable to the [relay team which was sent to Philadelphia on ; April 25th. The general sentiment of the students before the race was that we had very poor hopes of winning, and the reasou for thinking so was that the team did not have sufficient practice. Since the race we are in-formed that if better preparation had been made, we would have had good prospects of winning. It may be consoling to think that, [but we feel that it shows very poor manage-ment to go to the expense of sending a team [to the contest, when we were conscious before-hand that it had not had as much practice as it might have had. It surely does not help our reputation much to enter the contest and Icome out in third place. It would have been much better to remain out entirely. If our athletic association would have a full treasury, it might be able to furnish these lit-tle pleasure excursions to its members, with-out seriously noticing it, but with the heavy expenses of our new athletic field on our hands, and when all our students are doing what they can to remove the debt, it looks like extravagance to incur the expenses of the relay contest, when no one expected our team to win. It is little wonder that the students are unwilling to make sacrifices for the athletic field, when so little economy is used in dis-pensing the funds contributed. We think that until this debt is paid, the management should be careful that every cent goes where it will do the most good. * * * IF an)' one has, from any reason, gone through college with an inadequate prepara-tion, it is his duty to warn others against this evil. Some may plead lack of time and money,' but let them think long before they enter upon any work for which they are not fully pre-pared. It will be done with small profit and less pleasure. What is the aim of a college course ? Is it to get through as quickly as possible or is it to know something ? The years of preparation are the ones that tell all through college life and all through the life afterwards. Two years of good drill when beginning the languages are worth more than two years of extra reading afterwards, without the drill. And the preparation in other branches is no less important. A good preparation is the key ; it has the power to unlock all the treas-ures of learning. Slight any other part of the course rather than this. L- * * * THE advantages and disadvantages ofexam-inations have been discussed until the ques-tion is an old one. But, to a body of students, the question is one, that, though old, is ever new. Examinations are, to some extent, a test of scholarship; but they are not the test that they might be. In many cases, over work and excitement unfit the student for his task 35 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. and he cannot do himself justice. At the end of the term, he is compelled to do an extra amount of hard work; and, when examinations are over, he is worn out, mentally and physi-cally. Besides this disadvantage, nothing af-fords such a temptation to dishonest work as examinations do. Too often, the idea is to "get through," and it does not matter much how it is done. So far as scholarship is con-cerned, any teacher usually knows from the daily recitations, about how his students stand. It may be said that the reviews pre-ceding examinations are valuable. This may be conceded, but might we not have the re-views, and with just as much profit, if they were not made solely for the sake of the exam-inations ? Some colleges have a system of examination that does not involve cramming for days and nights beforehand. The students never know when an examination is coming and so they never prepare especially for one. It may come any day, and so they do not leave all their work for the end of the term ; it is quite nec-essary to work regularly every day and it goes without saying that this is the work that counts. May it not be that examinations con-ducted in this way are a better test of scholar-ship, and better in every respect? It seems to us that if cramming and worrying and dishon-est work could be done away with, there would be a better chance of attaining the true end of examinations. L. * * * PRESENT REQUIREMENT FOR ADMISSION TO COLLEGES.—Not long since Prof. Ira Rem-sen delivered an address before the Johns Hop-kins university graduates, in which he took the ground that the present requirements for admission to our leading American colleges are too great, and should be modified. As at present, it is scarcely possible for a young man desiring to engage in one of the professions, to complete his course upon reaching his major-ity. A very few may, by reason of special ad-vantages in his life, be able to do so, but the many cannot. A young man will take his bachelor's degree at twenty-two. If he desires to fit himself for the medical profession, he must now pursue a further four years course, and should he desire special preparation, as many young men are ambitious to obtain, he will be close to the thirties before he is ready for his profession. The same is true of the law, and of the ministry. Might it not be well to require less in the number of subjects upon which examination is required for admission, and if possible, demand a greater degree of | thoroughness in preparation. Educators in general seem to agree in this, that our colleges are too much mingling with collegiate meth-ods university features, and so are raising the standard of admission too high for the average student seeking a collegiate education. The method leads to what is termed "coaching" for examination, which cannot be other than hurtful to the student. Preparatory work is all-important, but quality, rather than quan-tity, ought to be the aim. It is not the amount of Latin a man may have lead which ought to qualify him for admission to college, but the amount of Latin he knows. You cannot meas-ure knowledge by the yard-stick. A well-trained memory, thoroughness and accuracy— these are of the highest importance in the preparation for the pursuit of a collegiate edu-cation. G. FREED, BUT NOT FREE. Joel Chandler Harris, in one of his short stories called "Free Joe and the rest of the World," gives a short sketch of a freed negro | in ante-bellum days. Free Joe was shabby, poor, and almost friendless. Who cared for a ragged negro with a little dog trotting at his heels ? The better class of whites did not; they had their own negroes to care for, the I lower class were far above him because of their | color, and made him an exile. To them all, he was an object of suspicion. Poor, humble I Joe was freed, and, therefore, a subtle danger was lurking in all he did or said. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 36 One, only one, was a friend to Free Joe. iThat was his wife, and she belonged to a slave [owner who did not allow "free niggers" on [his premises. For a long time the two met in Ithe woods near the Calderwood plantation, (but Mr. Calderwood found this out and hur- Iried Lucinda off to the cit}' where he sold her. Free Joe knew nothing of this. Night after night he waited under the old tree, but his {wife came no more. His simple heart never doubted Lucinda, but he could not understand Bier absence. He consulted a wise fortune-jteller who gave him no encouragement. Once [more he went back to the old trysting place ; perhaps she would come this time. He was so Inear the Calderwood plantation that he could [hear the darkies singing, and he almost thought he could distinguish Lucinda's voice. [There he sat all night; morning found him in Ithe same place with his head bowed upon his [breast. Was he asleep, dreaming of the Lu- [cinda who never came ? A white man, pass-ing by, shook him roughly but he did not [waken. The story-teller says; "His clothes jwere ragged, his hands rough and callous; his Bhoes literally tied together with strings; he Iwas shabby in the extreme. A passer-b}', [glancing at him, could have no idea that such [a humble creature had been summoned as a witness before the Lord God of Hosts." What was Free Joe's freedom to him? He Iwas an outcast even from his own race while [white people looked on him as less than a elave. His only friend beside a poor little dog Iwas an enslaved wife, and she was separated from him forever. He was affectionate and [hopeful, but he was also ignorant and super-stitious. There was no opening for Free Joe; lie had no talents, no friends, no ambition. 3orn and trained in slavery, in freedom he vas helpless. Free Joe is a type of the great class of ne-roes who, at the end of the Civil War were ireed men, but not free. At the Atlanta Ex-position was a plaster cast, made by a colored San. It represents a powerful negro with tragments of chains clinging to his limbs, and it bears the legend: "The chains are broken, but not off." The Emancipation proclamation was only the beginning of freedom for the colored race. It was the breaking, but not the removal of their fetters. They had black skins, and woolly hair, they were Africans; they had been slaves; therefore, they were despised. Not one of them had ever known a home in the true sense of the word. Their families were not their own. Their work had always been done at the command of others; they had no habits of industry and no sense of responsi-bility. They were careless and happy, affec-tionate and emotional. They were a race born under sunny skies in a tropic land, trained in the school of slavery, and then sent out to make their way among energetic, educated white people. Was the negro lazy and im-provident ? Why should he be otherwise ? Was he ignorant ? Slaves had no use for learning ; not even as much as the "three R's." Behind these people were generations of heathen life in Africa and generations of slavery in Amer-ica. Before them, what? When they were freed, they had very crude ideas of what that freedom meant, while only a few of the white people cared what it meant. While they were slaves they had learned one thing, and that was to reverence the white man's God. The negro is and always has been, religious. Even when he was worship-ing idols in his old heathen home, he was nevertheless religious. Now, his worship has been turned in the right direction, and the ne-groes are not only Christians, but Protestant Christians. This much the white man has done for him. What else has been undertaken for the sake of his progress ? He has been given the ballot, but he has not been allowed • its free use. If politicians cannot get round the law in one way they can in another. "The negro is not fitted for the rights of citizenship," they say, when they fear he is about to vote with the other party. But other benefits be-side the negro's political salvation have been attempted. Some are taken back to Africa 37 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. and placed in settlements, when missionaries ; teach them how to civilize their wild brethren, j "Africa is their home" it is said, "and that is the only place where they can develop." Others are educated here, and that education is enough to make one groan. In some schools they are found studying higher mathematics, when they do not know arithmetic, and Greek and Latin, regardless of the fact that they do not yet comprehend plain English. This pleases them, of course. With all their love for display and aptness for imitation, they feel that they are having "white studies" now. Their friends think their advancement is mar-vellous: Their teachers—if their teachers had more sense and courage, the pupils would get what they need, rather than what they want. But some are beginning to see the needs of the colored people and are establishing schools for them on a diffeient plan. Schools where they are given a practical training for a prac-tical life. Where they learn to be mechanics, architects, and whatever else a community needs. . They learn to do all kinds of work, and, more than this, they learn how to work every day. -They learn English, too, and after that, as much more as they can and will. When the negroes were freed, they were like children, and they were at the mercy of the civilized and cultured, but often selfish, white race. In many instances nothing has been done in the way of training them. In most cases when anything has been done, it has been in the form of experiment. One plan after another has been tried until Booker T. Washington, himself a negro, has adopted this plan of practical education; of giving his peo-ple just what they need; both industrial and intellectual training. Despised, neglected, and ■the subject of experiment, is it any wonder that the average negro does not yet stand be-side the average white man ? He has borne much at the hands of the white man; the one whose duty it is to befriend and teach him. White men brought the negroes to these shores and made them slaves; in a great political crisis they were presented with freedom; thrown upon their own resources when they had no resources. We, whose fathers favored or permitted slavery, owe it to the freed slaves to give him what recompense we can. He cannot change the color of his skin and become a white man; neither can he change his nature to that of the white man. He must always be himself; but when that self has been trained and developed, it will not be the lazy, careless self of the present day. The past thirty years mark much improvement, even under great disadvantages. Leaders have risen from among their own race and the habits of slavery are disappearing. But they cannot be white people; they must develop in their own way and keep their own individu-ality. Thus, and only thus, can they rid themselves of their broken chains. But the chains are falling; and we may look for the day when the negro will step forth, no longer a freedman, but a free man, and take his place among the great and good of the nation. In the meantime, the least that we can do, is to see that we put no occasion for stumbling in our neighbor's way. E. M. L-, '96. ♦ ♦ ♦ RETURN OF PERSEPHONE. Demeter decks the wood in green To greet Persephone, She carpets with a verdant sheen Each meadow, lawn and lea ; And every field and forest scene She brightens, silently. She bids the tiny bud unfold, The merry robin, sing ; The violet forget the cold. The arbutus upspring; The crocus too, in cup of gold, Its sweetest tribute.bring. She watches, with an anxious eye. Each shifting shade and light, And scans the ever changing sky From morning until night; Now heavy clouds go floating by, And now the sun shines bright. Oh, for a breath of summer breeze. To wake the sleeping flowers ; Oh, for the shade of budded trees, The balm of April showers ; Oh, for the green of grassy leas, For "glad and golden hours ! Oh, Earth, no more in silence be, In deepest, darkest night; Break forth in streams of melody, THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 38 Press onward to the light, Then shall my lost Persephone Return, all fair and bright. Persephone, Persephone, For many dreary days My heart has wandered, seeking thee In dark and desert ways. Persephone, come back to me, And fill my life with praise ! I hear her foot-step on the hills, Her smile the flowers hold ; Her laughter ripples in the rills, Sunshine, her hair of gold. Her sweetness all the Springtime fills With beauty never told. She comes. Her footsteps press the grass. And flowers spring beneath, And bloom, a perfect, perfumed mass, Her queenly brow to wreathe. The wild birds greet her, as they pass. And sweetest carols breathe. Oh, Earth, bring all thy treasures sweet, The flowers of the lea, And scatter at her fairy feet Who cometh now to me. And sea and sky grow fair, to greet Returned Persephone. A. R.W.,'99. IT HAD TO GO. 'Twas late at night, the halls were dark. All Freshmen were asleep. When slowly through the darkened halls The Sophs were heard to creep. They slowly wound their way around Until they reached Joe's door, And then they stopped and listened long ; At last they heard him snore. A knock awoke him from sweet dreams To things more real iu life. He learned the object of their call He saw their sharpened knife. Disguised with masks, they made for him In such a " friendly " way, That made him shake though half awake And beg them not to stay. "Take what you will, I'll pay the bill," (Combined strength Joseph feared), "There's only one thing that I ask, And that is, save my beard." A smile passed round the gathered mob, Then came the verdict, slow : "Sir, we decided 'ere we came Your beard would have to go." Then quick the knife sped o'er his face Held firm by willing hands, And in the morn Joe found his beard Was scattered like the sands. H.M.C. I On Thursday, April 9th, Mr. Beaver, trav-eling Sec'y of the State for the Y. M. C. A., Iwas here looking after the interest of the work. COLLEGE LOCALS. GRAYSON Z. STUP and ROBBIN B. WOLF, Editors. you come so Hot weather. Spring fever. New MERCURY staff elected. Bums put much big curve on ball for In-dian. Musselman and Armstrong have the strong-est room in college. "Why, darling, why did late?" Kitzmeyer, '98, is confined to his home with sickness. The Juniors are working hard on their ora-tions for the oratorical contest. The ten speakers for commencement are as follows : Rice,"England's Policy in Turkey;" Eisenhart, Valedictor}^; Miss Eoomis, "Liter-ature of the Home;" Stup, Salutatory; Shinier, "Revival of Olympic Games;" Spayde, "Christianity and the Working Classes;" Shaar, "The Earth a Remnant;" Reitzell, "The Primacy of the United States in the Western Hemisphere;" Baum, "Municipal Reform;" Loudon, "Cecil Rhodes." The Octet and Violin Quartet are contem-plating a trip to Millersburg in May. They are prepared to give a good concert. A good job for an overworked student : Plucking the dandelions out. of the grass on the campus. Two Sophomores, cogitating over Dr. B.'s head, propounded the following conumdrum : Why is Dr. B.'s head like a hound ? Because it makes a little hair go a great way. E.,'99—Oh! Mr. F., the MERCURY says that if anyone has a dispute that cannot be settled amiably he shall call around to 29 W. He must have been thinking of the amiable girls. B.,'99—What are you reading? There, you are designating the Sabbath again ! S.,'99—Who is the author of Milton's "Par-adise Dost?" H., '97—' 'Shakespeare, of course.'' A., '97, While walking up the street dur-ing vacation, was reading Spectrum proof, and not noticing a shoot that was conveying coal 39 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. into a cellar he fell over it, breaking it down, and at the same time considerably disturbing his own equanimity. A passer-by said it was possible to hear the coal hustler hurl all sorts of expletives, dashes, and question marks af-ter the editor. Shortly after the term opened two Sophs overslept themselves on Sunday evening, and finding their appetites too strong they decided to call at the store and get some apples. They knew the girls would let them have them, so they went without collars. When they got there, however, the ladies insisted that they should come in, which they finally agreed to do until the apples were procured. While sitting there, with coat collars turned up, L. said : F., why don't you put down your coat collar ? This was too much for the modest young man, and he blushed. Mr. H., '99, believes in the motto that "Bet-ter the day, better the deed," having arisen one Sunday morning at 5 o'clock to study a declamation. The report is circulated that Mr. C.,'99, has been kidnapped by the Millersville authorities. We hope he may enjoy this experience better than his previous one. Mr. K.,'99, has been blessed with his third set of teeth, which he finds very troublesome, especially when he wishes to flirt. He had a slight experience in that line, recently. For further information, apply to Josey. Mr. E., Prep., recently astounded a young lady by the remark that his mother expected him to bring an American wife with him when he returned. Sammy is doing pretty well, but he must remember he is not yet ready to return to Persia. Mr. B., '99, would like meditetaneous speaker. Mr. S.,'99, during vacation remarked to some lady friends : "Oh, I'm naturally bright in languages, and I read French at sight. Dr. M. begs leave to differ. If "conceit were consumption" he'd be dead this long time. to become a good Mr. W.,'99, on account of his "lovely hair," has found favor in the eyes of the '99 co-ed. The "son of an eminent divine" has so far advanced in his manhood that he can now go around with a pipe in his mouth and not get sick. Bravo ! Luther. Nearly all the Seniors have taken leave of their moustaches. The object is to make the class appear as young as possible. Those who I kept their moustaches were afraid that they could never raise another one. Mr. H., '99 was seen, or rather heard, at a late ball game with a deaf .young lady. The conversation ran somewhat as follows: He— "Is'nt that a fine pitcher?" She—"No, I don't think it will rain." One of the Juniors, who had ruined his eyes the night before, by writing fine print, was unusually disappointed to hear that the exam-ination was excused. The committee appointed by the board of trustees in regard to Dr. McKnight's resigna-tion, met in the reception room of the recita-tion hall last Tuesday morning. Nothing is known as to their action. The Spectrum will be out in a few days. The publishers have had the material for some time and will send the books about the first week in May. There will be a few extra copies. If you have not subscribed, you should do so at once. Again work in gymnasium has been deserted. Tennis and base ball, how-ever, have more than replaced it. Tennis spirit is running high. Nearly seventy of the boys have entered the tournament. Baseball is also getting its share of enthusi-asts. Very exciting and close class games are expected. At noon on Wednesday, April 29th, Miss Margaret Grayson Valentine, daughter of Dr. Milton Valentine, professor of theology in the Seminary, was united in marriage to Mr. Henry W. Siegrist, of Lebanon. The cere-mony occurred at the home of the bride, and was performed by Dr. Valentine, assisted by the bride's brother, Rev. Milton H. Valentine. The bridal procession was composed of the groom and his best man, two bridesmaids, the maid of honor, and the bride, leaning on the arm of her brother, Sterling Valentine, and marched to the altar to the strains of Tann-hauser's wedding march. The room in which the ceremony was per-formed was decorated most beautifully with apple blossoms, producing a charming, as well as novel effect. The wedding was very largely attended, and the presents were especially numerous | and handsome. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 40 After congratulations were extended to the newly-married pair, most elegant refreshments were served to the guests. The bride and groom started on their tour on the afternoon train on the W. M. R. R. The MERCURY unites with their many friends in extending congratulations and best wishes. It is reported that a midnight flitting took I place at Prep, a few _ evenings ago. Some of the Preps, thinking that the attractions were too great for Mr. E., 1900, kindly helped him i to move. We are sorry to learn that the rooms sought for by Mr. E. were occupied, and Mr. E. was compelled to move back with all his possessions. The MERCURY extends its sympathy. At last things have come to an end, or, at least we hope so, in the line of fights. On Friday night, April 18, as Messrs. Smith, '98, land Spayde, '99, were returning to college, after having been up town for something to eat, they were stopped at the depot by three town fellows, who demanded "a dime to rush the growler." They were refused, when they followed our men down to and inside the col-i lege gates, where they made a desperate as-sault on them. One of the assailants, King, {by name, had a knife, and succeeded in cutting ;'both Smith and Spayde. Finally, the fight was ■ interrupted by the appearance of other college Imen on the scene, and the town men then withdrew. On account of not knowing the names of the assailants, warrants could not be issued as soon as needful, and King managed to escape for the time being. All three men jhave now been caught, tried and convicted. ■There is no doubt but that the}' will receive a |just sentence. On Friday evening, April 25th,- the last of a Ivery good course of Y. M. C. A. entertain- Imeuts was given. Dr. Willits was the speaker lof the evening, and his subject was "Sunshine, lor How to Enjoy Eife." Quite a large num- Iber of people were present, and the lecture ■was enjoyed by all. Dr. S. [in physiology]—Which is the bet-ter, Mr. B., to live upon a mixed diet all the time, or upon one consisting of the same kinds I of food ? 'Chummie" B.,'99—Why, Doctor, if you |iat the same kind of food all the time, you'll [die sometime, won't you ? Dr. B. [In Greek]—What is a man ? Mr. R.,'99 -Man is a quadruped. "Capt." D., famous as a '99 foot-ball player, is calling on a girl, when the college bell is heard to ring,— THE GIRE—Mr. D., do you hear, the bell for study hour is ringing. Mr. D.—Oh, that's all right, they'll excuse me. THE GIRE—Well, I'll excuse you, too, Mr. D. Mr. M., '99, of New York fame, while in Physiology, enumerating the different parts through which the food must pass before reaching the stomach, grew eloquent, men-tioning the throat, the pharynx, the gullet, the liver, the lungs, and would have included the heart and the brains, had Dr. S. allowed him. Dr. S. [in physiology]—Mr. E., what word in the English language do we get from bicus-pids ? Son-of-an-emineut-divine—Cuspidor ! Dr. M.—How are consonants at the end of the words pronounced ? Mr. S.,'99—They are pronounced silent. Dr. B. [In Sophomore Botany class, hold-ing up a flower stalk]—Does this resemble grass ? Chorus, on back row—Yes, sir ; it's green. Dr. B.—There are other things besides grass that are green. Chorus, on back row—Yes, sir—Freshmen. Mr. F.,'98, in Greek class the other morn-ing furnished some entertainment by reading about Alexander and Meualaos fighting for "the woman with long spears." "Doc." E.,'98, recently convulsed several of his friends by referring to the spray, which he uses for cologne, as his "itemizer." Und no huts ihn gewunert fer was sie lacha ! Mr. S.,'99, on being told that the Odyssey treated of the wanderings of Ulysses, said he couldn't see how that could be, because his Mythology said that Homer wrote about the wanderings of Ulysses. These Freshmen are always so exact. Mr. H., '99, insists that coquette is pro-nounced croquet! Perhaps there is some re-lation between the two in the place from which he comes. Charles F., '98, has taken to chewing to-bacco, and if any fellow wants a chew he knows where to get it. Gold Rope, No Tax, Finzer's Old Honesty and Battle Axe are some -M THE COLLEGE MERCURY. of his favorites. We have heard it reported that he did not commence this detestable habit voluntarily, but that he was prevailed upon by his friends. One short sentence will tell the whole story. His sideburns arc no more. We all know who wore them; we all know who did the college the service of removing them; and we all know that we are very thankful. It is not necessary to add, that he looks a great deal better with-out them. What strange freaks of nature we do read about—worse than earthquakes and landslides. Mr. H., '98, the other clay in Bible astonished the class by saying that "the Taurus mount-ains flow westward into the Mediterranean sea!" "Jerry" F.,'98, recently in English litera-ture, made a slight mistake when he said that among the books of the Elizabethan period was one on "railways." Zullinger, '98, is at his home in Waynes-boro, suffering with a severe attack of rheu-matism. McAllister, '98, was also on the sick list for about a week and a half, but is again back to his work. The exhibition given by the Sons of Her-cules in the Gymnasium, Tuesday evening, April 21, was one of the best for some years. The audience, however, should have been much larger, and it is to be regretted that the fellows did not turn out as they should have done. The performance consisted mainly of mat work, with some work on the horizontal and parallel bars, and concluded with a three round sparring match between Bechtel, 1900 and Kahler, 1900. All the performances and figures were very skillfully executed, and the Sons of Hercules are to be congratulated upon their successful entertainment. "The floral tributes to the favorites were many and beau-tiful." Those who took part in the perform-ances are : Wiest, '95, Stup, '96, Krafft, '98, Fuss,' 98, Hermann,' 99, Brumbaugh, '99, Straw,'99, Kahler 1900 and Bechtel, 1900. The College Octette and the Violin Quartette furnished the music, which was well appreci-ated— especially by the gallery, who rendered their applause in a very vociferous manner when the Octette closed with "Away down South in old Virginia." /\LUw|Ni- II. D. SHIMER AND H. W. BIKLE, Editors. '68. Rev. L. M. Heilmau, D. D., pastor of the Lutheran church at Harrisburg, is deliver-ing a series of five illustrated lectures covering subjects of history, travel and science. '72. Rev. J. A. Koser will occupy the new-parsonage by May 1st, at Sioux City, la. '74. Rev. W. L. Remsberg, of Omaha, Neb., has been called to the Myersville charge in Frederick county, Md. '75. Rev. E. G. Hay, of Red Hook, N. Y., delivered his illustrated lecture on Gettysburg in Story and in Art, in the Lutheran church at Albany, Rev. Dr. G. M. Heindel, pastor, on April 29th. '75. Since Rev. E. D. Weigle, D. D., as-sumed the pastorate of Trinity Lutheran church, Meclianicsburg, January 1st, 1896, sixty persons have been added to the member-ship of the church, increasing the roll of mem-bers to over two hundred. '78. Rev. A. R. Glaze has changed his ad-dress from Gordon to Maple Hill, Pa. '80. Rev. G. W. McSherry, of Taneytown, Md., has resigned. This leaves one of the most important charges in the Maryland Synod vacant. '82. The second edition of "Practical Exer-cises in English," by Rev. Prof. Huber Gray Buehler, published some months since by Harper Brothers, is now going through the presses. The author is at present engaged in the preparation of another book of an educa-tional character. '82. Rev. H. H. Weber, General Secretary of our Church Extension Board, immediately after the last meeting of the Board, suffered a relapse, and is now at his home, unable to leave it. It is thought the heavy work before Eas-ter is the cause. '82. Rev. H. L. Jacobs has resigned his charge at Hanover. His many friends and acquaintances will regret to lose him as a citi-zen, while his congregation must doubly re-gret their loss of a gifted pulpit orator and a faithful and earnest pastor. Mr. Jacobs will l go to Tyrone. '83. Field Secretary Rev. H. L. Yarger, of j the Church Extension Board, is visiting all ■ the churches of the General Synod in Califor- I nia. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 42 '84. Rev. Geo. E- Faber, A. M., has pub-lished in tract form, a patriotic discourse, which he delivered before Wayne Council, No. 46, Jr. O. U. A. M., Nov. 24, 1895. Thesub-j jectof his discourse is "Four Horns and Four [ Carpenters.'' '88. Rev. D. Frank Garland, pastor of the Church of the Reformation, Baltimore, Md., has published a neat card of his special servi- Ices now being held. '91. Rev. Chas. Ritter, of Fayetteville was recently in town visiting H. T. Weaver and family. '91. Rev. W. G. Slifer, of Idaville, has re-ceived and accepted a unanimous call to St. John's Lutheran church of Davis, W. Va., j and will take charge in the near future. '91. Rev. August Pohlman, our medical [missionary-elect to Africa, was graduated from the Baltimore Medical College on commeuce- Imentday, April 22d. He had the honor of having been chosen class valedictorian. '91. Rev. Stanley Billheimer preached in [Bethlehem Lutheran church, Harrisburg, on Sunday, April 12. '93. Rev. W. H. Ehrhart, of the Gettys-burg Seminary, has been called to Silver Run, [Md. '93. Rev. John C. Grimes has been asigned Jto the Greencastle charge, Greencastles, Pa., [by the Central Pa., M. E. Conference. '95. Ivan L- Hoff has been admitted to the Ibar of Carrol county, Md., and is building up a good clientage. ATHLETICS. WILLIAM E. WHEELER. Editor. The base ball season was opened April 17th, by the game with Washington and Jefferson, Ion the home grounds. The game was quite Ian exciting one on account of the opportune jbatting on both teams. W. and J. made two |runs in their half of the third inning, and by a nome-run hit of Tate, Gettysburg tied the score in the second half of the third. Two nore runs were added to each nine in the fifth inning, and again enthusiasm ran high. W. and J., by bunching their hits in the sixth and seventh, added five more runs, and this lead IGettysburg was unable to overcome, and al-though adding three more to their favor, they were defeated by a score of nine to seven. The make-up of the home team was somewhat uncertain until the day for the game, and their playing was very good, only two errors being made. Rogers, for W. and J., pitched the better game, allowing Gettysburg but six hits. For the "blue and orange" Sheely and Tate led at the bat, while Heisey and Eicher carried off the honors for the visitors. Being the first game of the season, a large crowd was present, and between innings the Gettysburg band played appropriate strains. The following is the score in detail : GETTYSBURG. R H PO A White, 3b 0031 Sheel}', lb 1260 Leisenring, ss. 3 o o 6 'rate, c 1270 Wolf, e.f 0110 Hartzell, l.f. 0060 Huttou, r.f 0020 Wisotzski, r.f. 1 1 o o Courtney, p 1003 Licht'b'rg'r^b 0020 w AND j. R Nesbit, ib 2 Hughes, ss 1 Heisey, rf 2 Eicher, 3b 1 Moore, cf o Rogers, p o Thomson, c. . 1 Beason, 2b o Gamble, If 2 Totals 9 13 27 14 7 lotals 7 6 27 10 2 Earned runs—Gettysburg, 4; W. and J., 7. Two-base hits- Gettysburg, 1; W. and J., 1. Three-base hits—w. and J., i- Home runs—Gettysburg, 1. Stolen bases—Gettysburg, 5; w. and J., 6. Double plays—Hughes, Beason, Nesbit. Struck out—by Gettysburg, 6; by W. and J., 8. Passed balls—Thom-son, 2. Time of game—2,30. Umpire—Donald McPherson. The home team was again defeated on the 18th of April, at Lancastei,by the Franklin and Marshall team, by a score of nine to noth-ing. Inability to hit F. and M.'s pitcher, a State League man, was the cause of defeat. Gettysburg put up a pretty game in the field, and supported Burns in fine style. The latter struck out fourteen men, creating for himself an enviable record against F. and M.'s hard hitters. He allowed them but eight scattered hits. Harr did the best batting for F. and M., and Sheely and Leisenring for Gettysburg. The game was without any distinguishing fea-tures, since both teams showed considerable weakness at the bat. Cremer and Kready did the best fielding for F. and M. The fol-lowing is the score : GETTYSBURG. White, 3b Sheely, ib Leisenring, 2b Mulhall. c Diehl, cf Wisotzki, ss. Wolf, r. f Burns, p Hartzell, 1. f. R H PO Oil 013 o 1 3 o o 14 F, & M. R H PO A Hambright, 3b. 1 o 2 2 Cremer, c 2193 Sheckard, p I 1 2 1 Barthol'm'w.ib o 1 8 1 Sheibley, 2b I o 3 1 Gillan, cf 2120 Harr, rf 0210 Helman, If 1 1 o o Kreads', ss 1 1 o 2 Total o 3 23* 7 4 Total 9 8 27 10 ♦Sheckard out-hit by batted ball. Earned runs—F. and M., 1. Two-base hits—F. and M., 3. Double plays—Sheibley aud Bartholomew. Base on balls— Gettysburg, 1 ; F. and M" 6. Hit by pitched ball—Gettysburg, 1; F. and M., 2. Struck out—Burns, 14; by Sheckard, 8. Passed balls—Mulhall, 1. Time of game—2.05. Umpire—Mr. G arwood. 43 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. The third game of the season resulted in a decided victory for Gettysburg, whose oppon-ent was the strong nine from the Carlisle In-dian school. As is usual in all games with this institution, a large and appreciative crowd was present. The grand stands were filled. It was an ideal clay for base ball, and both teams entered the game with a de-termination to win. Stung by the two previ-ous defeats, Gettysburg made every effort to retrieve lost reputation at the expense of the Indians. But seven innings were played, to enable the visiting team to catch a train for home, and in that time Burns had them en-tirely'at his mercy, allowing the Indians but three hits. His ups and downs and deceptive, ins and outs were too much for the heavy hit-ters from Carlisle. Seventeen men fanned the air in vain attempts to hit the ball. Both teams played a pretty game in the field. Tate led at the bat for Gettysburg, getting three out of the five hits made. Jamison and Shelafo were the only ones able to touch Burns. Score in detail : GETTYSBURG. White, 3b 1 Sheely, ib o Leisenring, ss. 0 Tate, c 1 Wolf, cf 1 Hnrtzell, If o Licht'b'ger, 2b. o Hums, p o Mutton.rf o R II PO A 18 I 5 2I INDIANS. R H TO A Pierce, ib 0050 Roger, cf 0030 Shelafo, p 1203 Archiquette, If o o 2 o Jamison, 2b. o ] jackson, rf o Yrobe. ss o Louis, 3b o o Spenser, e o o o o o 1 Total. Earned runs—Gettysbnrg, 2. Total 1 3 18 7 3 Two-base hits—Indians, I" Stolen bases—Gettysburg, 2; Indians, 2. Double plays—Louis. Jamison, Pierce. Base on balls-Gettysburg, 3. Hit by pitched ball—Gettysburg, 1; Indians, I. Struck out—By Burns, 17; by Shelafo, 4. Time of game—1.55. Umpire-Paul Kuendig. The need of a good track team was clearly shown by the recent participation on the part of Gettysburg in the relay races held at Frank-lin Field, University of Pennsylvania on the 25th ult. With proper and sufficient training we could have undoubtedly won in our event; as it was our team secured third place. Many benefits are derived from such meets and the good obtained shows itself in subse-quent races. The meeting with the college athletic world, the exchanging of plans and purposes by the different men and coaches are of an inestimable benefit to any team, and es-pecially to our own team. Track work has hitherto been a minus quantity at Gettysburg and only an occasional spur would cause any-thing like a revival of the true athletic spirit. The result of this, our first participa-tion in relay racing, should not be disregarded, but all energy and power exerted to put into 1 the field a strong representative track team. This is the intention of the management and it should meet the hearty co-operation and sup-port of the students. Arrangements are now being made for a "field day" during com-mencement week. Further notice and needs will be made known. The prospects for our foot ball team next i year are now engaging the attention of the management. During the next few weeks the i old men as well as new ones will get out on i the field and practice kicking, running and I falling on the ball. This practice is absolutely I necessary for a successful team, and though a I little earlier than usual, means a great deal I toward the success of the eleven There is good material now in college and, with prom-ised accessions, our prospects for a winning team were never so bright. The manager is now arranging the schedule, and a number of dates have been secured. The drawings for the tennis tournament have not yet been made, but will be done in a few days. A greater number of entries have been secured this year than ever before. Manager Lark is working hard to make this tournament more successful financially and otherwise than previous ones; and from the entries and possible drawings a goodly number of close and exciting games will be witnessed. All tennis players should enter this tournament and uphold the record made by former players. FFJATERNHY NOTES. PHI KAPPA PSI. We were pleased to have among us recently for a few days, Rev. J. L. Smith, D. D., '62, ofPittsburg, Pa. F. G. Turner, '93, is studying law at the University of Maryland. Rev. J. G. Goetman, D. D., attended a com-mittee meeting held here several days since. Eisenhart and Reitzell, '96, are two of the ten speakers at the coming commencement, Eisenhart receiving the appointment of Vale-dictorian. E. W. Smith, '93, intends pursuing shortly a course of medicine at U. P. Paul F. W. Kuendig, '98, has been elected official umpire of the Cumberland Valley League. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 44 PHI GAMMA DELTA. Bro. Walter H. Stifel, of Allegheny, Pa., was initiated on Tuesday, April 28th. We had the pleasure of entertaining Bros. Beason and Logan from W. and J. during the visit of their base ball team, Apr. 17. Bro. Swartz, '81, until recently pastor at Wilmington, Del., accepted a call to Pough-keepsie, N. Y. Bro. Fichthorn, '84, will sail from New York, June 24, on the Friesland, for a two months tour of England and Germany. Bros. Seabrook, '77, Gait, '85, and Anstadt, '90, were welcome visitors in Gettysburg re-cently. The following brothers were in town attend-ing the Siegrist-Valentine wedding last Tues-day : Hocker, '80, Valentine, '80, Stahler, '80, Valentine, '82, Alleman, '84, Fichthorn, '84, Kausler> '84, Miller, '85, DeYoe, '86, Garland, '88. Bro. Herr, ex-'97; is one of the performers [in the U. of P. "Mask and Whig" Club. Bro. Smith, '97, recently took a trip to Phila. on business in the interest of the Spec- : hum. Bros. Rice, Shaar and Baum are speakers chosen for Commencement. Bro. Norman Gait, '85, of Washington, D. C, was married to Miss Edith Boiling, at Wyethville, Va., Thursday morning, Apr. 30. Bro. H. R. Smith was recently elected Busi-ness Manager of the MERCURY for the coming I year. ALPHA TAU OMEGA. Rev. C. G. Bikle, '92, of Glen Gardner, N. J., paid the °hapter a visit, recently. Geo. A. Kyner, '89, of Chambersburg, Pa.,- was in Gettysburg some time ago. M. R. Zulliuger, '98, who was compelled to go home on account of sickness, has improved and will be back in a few weeks. Ralph L. Smith, '98, has gone home and will not return this term. W. E. Wheeler, '97; C. B. Erb, '97, andH. F. Grazier, '98, who were members of the relay team, report a fine time while at Phila-delphia, through the courtesy of Penn. Tau. F. S. Emmert, ex-'gs, has graduated from 1 Bellevue Hospital, New York, and is practic- | ing his profession there. Chas. H. Spayde, '99, was home for a few days, recently. PHI DELTA THETA. O. H. Melchor, '76, spent a few days in town recently. C. E. Reinewald, '85, paid us a visit on April 29th. J. C. Hughes and Alex. Eicher, of Penu'a Gamma, were the guests of the Chapter on April 17th and 18th. J. E. Meisenhelder,' 97, and J. W. Ott, '97, have been elected to positions on the MERCURY staff, the former as assistant business manager, and the latter as an associate editor. SIGMA CHI. . Emory L. Loudon, '87, of Altoona, Pa., paid the Chapter a Welcome visit April 29th. E. W. London, '96, was. one of the repre-sentatives from this college in the relay races at the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadel-phia, April 25th. He has also been chosen as one of the ten speakers for commencement. Frank Leisenring, '97, spent Saturday, 18th ult, at Lancaster, with the base ball team. TOWN ^D SEWIJNARY NOTES. WEBSTER C SPAYDE, Editor. TOWN. Among the bills passed by the New York Legislature and sent to Governor Morton for approval was one appropriating $25,000 for an equestrian statue at Gettysburg to Major Gen-eral H. W. Slocum. It is not at all. likely that the bill will be vetoed. Before many years the field will be dotted with works of sculptors. . The Senate has concurred in the House bill to improve the roads within the National Park at this place. Another observation tower is to be erected this summer. Sunday trains will likely be put on the Ship-pensburg, Carlisle and Gettysburg divisions of the Reading Railroad, again about the middle of May. The repair hands are getting the electric road in condition for operation. 45 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. The Union League of Philadelphia will be here on the 23rd and 24th of May on their an-nual excursion. At the oratorical contest between members of the Prohibition Club of the Seminary and College, held in the Court Room, Thursday, April 23d, J. S. Huddle, of the Seminary, was chosen to represent the association in the State contest, which will take place in Philadelphia, May 8th. The judges were Revs. T. P. Ege, Hugh Gilchrist and A. R. Steck and Wm. Arch McClean and D. P. McPherson, Esqs. The able and eloquent sermon of Rev. Dr. Billheimer in St. James Lutheran church on Sunday evening, April 26th was attended by over 100 members of Gettys Lodge of Odd Fellows in a body, and by an audience which crowded the spacious audience room. At a meeting of the Board of School Direc-tors Monday evening, April 27th, it was de-termined to buy from J. Emory Bair and Calvin Gilbert the tract of land which forms the triangle between the Chambersburg pike and the Springs road, from the railroad east to the monument. The price fixed is $1,500. Several architects have been notified of the in-tention to build, and plans are requested for a handsome, two-story brick building. SEMINARY. Rev. W. S. Oberholtzer, who was ill for quite a long time, is well again, and left for his home on Monday morning, April 27th. We extend to him our best wishes for the future. On Sunday, April 19th, Rev. Ervin Diet-erly preached at Greenvillage in the morning and at Fayetteville in the evening. Rev. L. H. Waring returned lately from Bloomington, 111., where he spent several weeks in mission work. Rev. L. B. Hafer preached for Rev. Jas. Guiney, at Cold Springs, Sunday, April 12th. On Sunday, April 12th, Rev. J. T. Huddle preached at Germantown, Pa. Rev. Charles P. Wiles has accepted a unan-imous call to the Rossville charge, York county. Rev. E. E. Neudewitz filled the pulpit for Rev. Weigle, at Mechanicsburg, on April 19. The joint council of the Myersville, Md., Lutheran charge has extended a call to Rev. Wilson L. Remsburg, of Omaha, Neb., to be-come their pastor, and it is understood that he will accept the call. Rev. Remsburg was graduated from the Gettysburg Seminary. The following Seminarians were out preach-ing on Sunday, April 26th : Rev. E. E. Par-son in the Messiah Lutheran church, Harris-burg ; Rev. C. P. Wiles at Rossville, York county, Pa.; Rev. A. A. Kelly at Mechanics-burg, Pa.; Rev. M. J. Kline in the Bethlehem Lutheran church, Harrisburg; Rev. L- F. Myers at Frederick, Md.; Rev. J. M. Guss in the Second Lutheran church, Carlisle ; Rev. J. C. Bowers at Lutherville, Md.; Rev. J. F. Crigler at Newport, Pa.; Rev. A. J. Rudisill at New Bloomfield, Pa.; Rev. Flavius Hilton at Martin's Creek, Pa., and Rev. W. H. Erhart at Silver Run, Md. LITERARY SOCIETIES. EDNA M. LOOMIS, Editor. PHILO. On Friday evening, April 17th, the Senior members of Philo Society, arra37ed in their gowns and mortarboards, followed the custom instituted by the class of '95, and rendered their valedictory program. Notwithstanding the great warmth of the evening, an unusually large audience assembled, and apparent^ were much pleased with the performance. The program was as follows : Instrumental Solo, - - - Miss DIEHL. Greeting, --- BADM. Roll Call, - RITTER. Essay, "Oratory as a Factor in Education," - - RICE. '96 on the Campus, REITZELL. Vocal Solo, - - - STOT. Poem, --- Miss LOOMIS. Oration, --- EISENHART. Retrospect, --- - MENGES. '96 on the Carpet, - ' - - - - CAKTY, Vocal Solo, - - - - - - REITZELL. '96 in I,ab., --- I,OUDO!(. Prophecy, --- YODER. Piano Solo, --- Miss DIEHL. At the close of the program, Mr. Stup, on behalf of the Senior members, presented the society with an excellent portrait of Dr. E. S. Breidenbaugh. The following men were elected to positions on the MERCURY staff for the ensuing year: Business Manager, H. R. Smith, '97; Asso-ciate Editors, S. J. Miller, '97; L- Kohler, '98; C. H. Tilp, '98; C. T. Lark, '98. The following officers were elected on Fri- THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 46 day evening, May 1st : Pres., Abel; V. Pres., Lark; Cor. Sec, Fuss; Rec. Sec, Herman; Treas., Fite; Critic, Miss Sieber; librarian, Englar; Ass't Librarian, Tilp; Subscriber for papers, Armstrong. PHRENA. On Friday evening, May 1, Phrena ren-dered the following special program before a large and attentive audience : Essay, "The Functions of the Farmers' Alliance,' Essay, "Woman's Eights," Essay, "The Complaints of the Populist Party," Music—Violin and Guitar, - - - - • - Recitation, "The Ship of Faith," Essay, "The Glory of the Democratic Party," Oration, "Why I am a Republican," Oration, "Why I am a Prohibitionist," Music—Violin and Guitar, - :- Oration, "The Know-Nothing Party," "Tang-an-ang-jeera," - Kline,'!!!) Finch,'98 0tt,'97 Manges Bros. Hickman,'99 - Spayde,'9C Shimer,'96 Brubaker,'9C Manges Bros. Woods,'98 - Weeter,'99 LITERARY QUESTIONS. Is Thomas Hardy now-a-days ? Is Rider Haggard pale ? Is Minot Savage ? Oscar Wilde ? And Edward Everett Hale ? Was Lawrence Sterne? Was Herman Grimm? Was Edward Young? John Gay? Jonathan Swift ? and old John Bright ? And why was Thomas Gray ? Was John Brown ? was J. A. White ? Chief Justice Taney quite? Is William Black ? R. D. Blackmore ? Mark Lemon? H. K. White? Was Francis Bacon lean in streaks ? John Suckling vealy, pray ? Was Hogg much given to the pen ? Are Lamb's tales sold to-day ? Did Mary Maple Dodge in time ? Did C. D. Warner ? How ? At what did Andrew Marvel so? Does Edward Whimper now ? What goodies did Rose Terry Cook ? Or Richard Boyle beside ? What gave the wicked Thomas Payne ? And made Mark Akenside ? Was Thomas Tickell-ish at all ? Did Richard Steel, 1 ask ? Tell me has George A. Sala suit? Did William Ware a mask ? Does Henry Cabot Lodge at home ? John Home Tooke what and when ? Is Gordon Cumming ? Has G. W. Cabled his friends again ?—Ex. DISAPPOINTED. T'd heard about the palisades ; One minute was enough To see that they were after all But one enormous bluff. —Yale Record. "My daughter," and his voice was stern, "You must set this matter right ; What time did the Sophomore leave, Who sent in his card last night? " "His work was pressing, father dear, And his love for it was great; He took his leave and went away Before a quarter of eight." Then a twinkle came to her bright blue eyes And her dimples deeper grew, " 'Tis surely no sin to tell him that, For a quarter of eight is two."—Ex. As Providence willed, By her bicycle killed, 'Twas thus that her epitaph ran : "In bloomers and cap Though sad the mishap She went to her death like a man."—Ex. A. G. SPALDIf k BROS "The Name is a Guarantee" that the article bearing it ia the best produced. Uniforms and Supplies of Every Description for. Base Ball = Tennis = Golf Send for Handsome Illustrated Catalogue. The Acme of Perfection— THE SPALDING BICYCLE FOP 1896. A. Q. Spalding & Bros., largest manufacturers of Bicycles and Athletic Goods in the world. NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA. CHICAGO. ADVERTISEMENTS. DURING VACATION GO TO CHAUTAUQUA p-R El El FULL INSTRUCTIONS. NO EXPERIENCE REQUIRED H. B. WILLIAMS, Secretary, Geneva, N. Y. ■ YOU CAN EARN UO TO S100 MONTHLY AND EXPENSES IF YOU WORK FOR THE NURSERY CO. Stock sold with a guarantee and replaced. «>R.$H.$REININGER," MERCHANT TAILOR fI}@ tait Work at tfc@ Lowest 'lYiws, NEXT DOOR TO POST OFFICE, tjP-STAIRS. Suits from $121 to $40.00. Pants from $00 to $12,01 G^Centre *q[uare. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS I SUSGRONS, ^BALTIMORE, W|D.^ The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Balti-more, Maryland, is a well-equipped school. Four ses-sions are required for graduation. For full informa-tion send for the annual catalogue, or write to THOMAS OPIE, M. D. Dean, Cor. Calvert and Saratoga Sts. . ; c_£P=iEstablished 1876.5^5-5 ., WATCHMAKER AND JEWELER, Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, College Souvenir Spoons. No. 10 Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PENN'A. UfE|CAND|i| HONIAN^ J. A. TAWNEY I& ready to furnish clubs and boarding houses BREAD, ROLLS, M0TEL GETTYSBURG* -aSAfiBBS SllQVK- [Centre Square. ine Stationery Jeople'a *Dru(/ Store. •Jrcscripii'ono a Specialty. d.L MunqpGP, *P/iotograp/ii}er, No. 29 Baltimore St., @ETTySBUT^(S SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO ffiine Qollsotion of. BAffLEFIELD VIEWS Iteatfs on hand. MAIL CRDERS RECEIVE PROMPT ATTENTION. if ^«yj3w$s»* -^A-asriD— Elliott & HOUSOP. N. 3. —Stiff Hits mads to Fit the Eon in two minutes. 8. E. KiTznJul^ riivrs, CAPS, —^ —- Boors * SHOES. G^Satisfaction Guaranteed.^) No. 6 S. Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. por all Ihe latest styles in Suitings and.Trousers, AND FULL LINE OF Gents' Furnishing Goods, Call on D. H. WELSH, York, F»a. ADVERTISEMENTS. OLLEGl!7 A® Classical Course for the Degree of A. B. II. Scientific Course for the Degree of B. S. III. Post-Graduate Course for the Degree of Ph. D. IV. Special Course in all Departments. V. Elective Studies in Junior and Senior Years. VI. New Testament Greek and Hebrew in English Bible Department. Observatory, Laboratories and new Gymnasium. Four large buildings. All buildings heated with steam from central plant. Libraries, 25,000 volumes. Fine Museum. Expenses low. Department of Hygiene and Physical Culture in charge of an experienced physician. Accessible by frequent railroad trains. Location, on BATTLEFIELD of Gettysburg; most pleasant and healthy. PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT, in separate buildings, for boyj and young men preparing for business or college, under special care of the principal and three assistants, residing with students in the building. For full particulars, apply for catalogue to HARVEY w. MCKNIGHT, D. D., LL. D., PRES'T., Penirr,sjcl)\fainf,a &,QMe>%®<, Gettysburg1!, Pa»
mvm**i&*i***mmt0i**Vi*Mmm0ki&t*0kfm ' HOYEMBER, 1906 YOL. XIY. NO. 6 GETTYSBURG COLLEGE GETTYSBURG, PA. I PBK8S OF W. B. HAMMOND. /' illt/litft l^liliMAMituui HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. I f i The Intercollegiate Bureau or Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. Makers of Caps and Gowns To Gettysburg College, Lafayette, Lehigh, Dickinson, State College, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Harvard,.Yale, Princeton, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr and the others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods for Degrees. WHY NOT GET A POSITION NOW! The sooner the young graduate finds the right opportunity the bet-ter his chances for success. We offer the best means of bringing your ability to the attention of employers in all parts of the country. Are you familiar with our successful methods? We will gladly give you without charge full information concerning desirable posi-tions that will be open in the early summer and fall for capable College, University and Technical School graduates. Better not delay about/writing us for we are al-ready placing many 1906 men. The National Organization ot HI^-PG-OOIDS, Brain Brokers. ZFezirLsyl-v-a-iiia, BldLgr., I'lj.ilad.elpli.ia,, Pa. Offices in Twelve Other Cities. Come and Have a Good Shave,., or HAIR-CUT at Harry B. Seta's BARBER SHOP 35 Baltimore St. BARBERS' SUPPLIES A SPECIALTY. Also, choice line of fine Cigars. R. A. WONDERS Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, etc. Scott's Corner, opp. Eagle Hotel GETTYSBURG, PA. Pool Parlors in Connection. IF YOU CALL ON C. fl. Bloeher, Jeuuelet*, Centfe Sqaaire, He can serve you in anything you may want in REPAIRING or JEWELRY. WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. Established 1887 by Allen Walton Allen K. Walton, Pres. and Treas. Robt. J. Walton, Superintendent. Hummelstown Brown Stone Company Q-cr.A-:E?,:Ei-2-:Lvd::Ei3sr and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING, and TILE, fALTONVILLE. =•;. PENNA. Contractors for all kinds of cut stone work. Telegraph and Express Address, BROWNSTONE. PA. Parties visiting quarries will leave cars at lirownstnne Station, on the P. & R. R. R. For Artistic Photographs Go To TIPTON, The Leader in Photo Fashions. Frames and Passapartouts Made to Order. ICE CREAM. SODA WATER. Telephone Call 1612. Slieads'Higti Grade Confections 37-39 Chamhersburg Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. FRUITS. Restaurant Attached The Most Popular College Songs A welcome gift in any borne. The Most Popular College Songs - - $ .50 50 New College Songs - .50 Songs of ALL the Colleges - • - 1.50 Songs of the WESTERN Colleges - - 1.25 Songs of the EASTERN Colleges - - 1.25 SCHOOL Songs with COLLEGE Flavor - .50 Songs of the Flag and Nation - ■ - . .50 100 New Kindergarten Songs . 1.00 New Songs for College Glee Clubs - • .50 New Songs for Male Quartets .50 Songs of the University of Pennsylvania • 1.50 Songs of the University of Michigan - * 1.25 Songs of Washington and Jefferson College . 1.25 Songs of Haverford College - - - > 1.25 New Songs and Anthems for Church Quartets, (Eleven Numbers) each .10 to .30 HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE, Publishers 31-33 35 West \ 5th St. New York City In.ii, PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. IJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ I Seligman [ I & Bpehm \ I Are Gettysburg's Most § | Reliable | I TAILORS I And show tbeir appreciation of your patronage by giving you full value for your money, and closest attention to the wants of every customer. 1 Give Them | = s I Youtf Patronage | TilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliltilllllllllllllllllHllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliT PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Weave** Pianos and Organs Essentially the instruments for critical and discriminating- buyers. Superior in every detail of construction and superb instruments for the production of a great variety of musical effects and the finest shades of expression. Close Prices. Ea3y Termi. Old Instruments Exchanged. WEAVER ORGAN AND PIANO CO., MANUFACTUftl ?S, YORK, PA., U S. A. Students' Headquarters —FOR-HATS, SHOES AND GENT'S FURNISHING Sole Agent for WALK-OVER SHOE Eckert's Store. Prices always right The Lutheran paWication^ocieiJ No. 1424 Arch Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Col-leges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and devel- • op one of the church institutions with pecuniary advantage to yourself. Address ■ HENRY. S. BONER, Supt. The CDerea^y. The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. VOL. XIV. GETTYSBURG, PA., NOVEMBER 1906. No. 6 CONTENTS "THE POWER OF SMALL THINGS "—Oration. . . 152 ELSIE A. GERLACH, '07. "POE: WIZARD OR CHARLATAN "—Essay. . 155 W. WlSSLER HACKMAN, '08. "THE TRAGEDY OF A SOUL"—Oration. . . . 158 CLIFFORD E. HAYS, '07. "TIME—ITS DEMANDS AND GIFTS "—Oration. . . 164 SARA B. BRUMBAUGH, '07. " CONSCIENCE AND SUPERSTITION ''—Essay. . . 167 D. L. BAKER, '08. "CO-OPERATIVE COLLEGE GOVERNMENT "—Essay. 169 '08. "THE STUDENT AND COLLEGE "—A LIFE LONG RELA-TION— Essay . .171 ROY E. SMITH, '08. "A TOURNAMENT "—Story. 172 LEVERING TYSON, '09. EDITORIALS, . 176 EXCHANGES, 179 152 THE MERCURY. THE POWER OF SMALL THINGS. ELSIE A. GBRLACH, '07. EVER since Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence civilized people have stood in awe before the grandeur of the mighty flood of Niagara Falls. They have thought and talked and written about its tremendous power, its majesty and grand beauty; but no one ever considered its source, or thought of it in its parts. It was always thought of as one grand whole, until suddenly the world was startled by the fact that the beau-tiful Niagara was threatened. Then it was that the beauty loving Americans realized that out of small things great things grow, when they saw that the use of the great mass of water, little by little for supplying the manufacturing establishments, would steal away the greatness of the world's greatest falls. You all know the result of the awakening, that popular opinion prevailed and Niagara was saved from a gross sacrifice to mercenary motives. I have used the illustration only to show how often we forget the importance of little things. It is a world old subject, this fact of small beginnings. We know that the mighty avalanche, sweeping everything before it and burying whole towns with its millions of tons of snow, is made up of the feathery flakes. We know, in fact, that the entire universe, in all its immensity, is composed of atoms; yet do we realize the significance of the small things in nature. History speaks plainly of the power of little things. The importation of the first slaves into America may have seemed a thing of trifling moment; yet the war of the rebellion grew out of it. Again, it was but a small band of Pilgrims that landed at Plymouth Rock; yet their coming was the begin-ning of the career of the grandest nation of the world. The world of finance in the great Hippel embezzlement pre-sents a striking illustration of the principle we are considering. Do you think that when the respected banker stole seven million dollars, it was his first offence? Of course not. If all the facts were known his crime could be traced back along a line of ever lessening thefts, perhaps even to the small sum of a few dollars borrowed, but never returned to the bank. Mr THE MERCURY. 153 His first theft, whatever it was, may have seemed a trifling thing. But what a result! For an example in politics take the system of graft, recently uncovered in Philadelphia. No doubt the grafters were timid at first, and took but little from the public funds ; but they kept growing bolder until the enormity of their crimes could no longer be-concealed. We can see the value of a trifle in every day life. The true story, told of the man on the tower, goes to prove this fact. He was a common day-laborer and was assisting in the com-pletion of an immense chimney on a large factory. He was working on the farther side from the others, and did not notice that they had all finished and descended, and that the scaffold-ing was removed. In a very short time, however, his absence was noticed, and a large crowd gathered below, filled with horror at the thought of the awful death which stared him in the face, for the only possible way to reach him was by scaf-folding, which it would take weeks to build. But suddenly the crowd was quiet as the wife of the man, suspended between heaven and earth, appeared. She had evidently heard, for she was very pale, but calm. Putting her hands to her mouth she shouted, " Unravel your stocking." A cheer burst from the crowd, as they grasped at this feeble hope of rescue. Before long a thin grey thread was lowered, and to this they tied a cord. The yarn was homespun and it carried the cord in safety to the waiting man. The cord in turn drew up a rope and the rope a cable, by which the man descended. Practical application of the subject can be made in every phase of life. To be happy we must be careful of the little things in our home life. To be successful the business man applies the old adage, " Take care of the pennies and the dollars will take care of themselves." To become a college graduate, worthy of the name, the ambitious student must weigh the little things. It is a small thing to prepare a debate or read-ing for the literary society, or an essay for our monthly journal. It may not seem so at the time when you think you can't pos-sibly spare even an hour or so. But it is a small thing when compared to the benefit received from regular literary work: 154 THE MERCURY. first, of course, the benefit gained in preparation, then the power to think on your feet and to accustom yourself to hearing your voice in public speaking. The time given to athletics does not cost much, considering the benefit received. A short time spent in exercising every day helps to bring about the relation of "Sana metis in corpore sano." And it isn't much trouble to really study the lessons assigned. It takes only two hours to prepare a Latin or Greek lesson. To be sure the easier way, by means of " helps," sometimes seems almost pardonable when there is work to be made up on account of sickness, or when import-ant outside work demands the time. But this habit of shirk-ing grows so easily that it must be avoided or the college edu-cation will prove a failure. The seeming trifles at college are very numerous. But these few examples will serve to illustrate their value. The power of small things is strongly brought out by Longfellow in the words: . " Nothing useless is or low ; Each thing in its place is best; And what seems but idle show Strengthens and supports the rest." Oh, but how great a thing it is, how glad, To live in this our day ! when plain strong sense, Free knowledge and Religious influence, Build up a wall against the false and bad, And give the good both temple and defense : To live—when ancient enmities intense Turn to new brotherhood till now unknown ; When science and invention bless the world, Banishing half our pains and troubles hence ; When time seems lengthened, distance nearer grown ; When tyranny from every throne is hurled ; When Right is Might, and Reason holds her own : O, happy day ! fur prophets, priests and kings Have longed in vain to see such glorious things. —Tupper. THE MERCURY. 155 POE: WIZARD OR CHARLATAN? W. WISSLER HACKMAN. I. INTRODUCTION. THE ENIGMA. IN these papers it is not our purpose to rehash any biography of Poe, and such points of his life as may come up in these discussions will do so because they are, in our opinion, essen-tial in throwing light upon the problem in hand. That Poe's heredity, environment and temperament do as much toward heightening as toward solving the mystery that surrounds his literary attitudes and motives may not be denied, much less ignored. Brilliant, versatile, volatile; Byronic in egotism, Pickwickian in fantastic fancy, a Stevenson in action and a Uoyle in plot, he presents an enigma among American authors; an enigma that invites even while it defies investigation. Sensitive, proud and weak ; yes, almost despicably weak he stands the most tragic figure in the realm of American letters ; a tragic success ; a most brilliant failure. A graphic portraitist, a skillful manipulator of plot and atmosphere, a poet surcharged with a shadowy mysticism, a philosopher and scientist in amateur, possessed of an un-bridled daring of conception, a critic, dreamer and prophet— what is he not? Candid and unshrouded he sets himself be-fore us ; frankly and unhesitatingly he draws aside the mantle of his personality and uncloses to vulgar gaze the very wheels and cogs of his literary machinery. And yet, andyet— he is too like the famous chess player he so skillfully exploits, wheels and cogs and cunning mirrors casting deceptive re-cesses, and within, the man, whom none see, smiling derisively on the easy credulity of his admirers. That is just the ques-tion, that the crux of the entire matter of Poe, the genuine-ness of his attitudes. Let sincerity be the touchstone to the man. Is he a great soul struggling through an imperfect me-dium toward revelation, has his genius labored out of the in-tangible depths some magic philosophers stone whereby to convert the dross of earth into the divine gold of ideality ? Again, dare we accept his own implied claim, and treat him as 11 ■ 156 THE MERCURY. the clear-eyed discoverer of a profound unity of all substance and energy, or is he a mere mechanic who frames soul-stirring verse on an arithmetical basis making poetry a matter of mathematical proportions? Or after all is he a base juggler or at lea.st a clever trickster ? Is he king or impostor, prophet or pretender, wizard or charlatan ? Have you never felt the uncomfortable impression intrude itself through the charming plausibility of his philosophy, the eerie beauty of his verse, or the creeping horror of his tales that at your shoulder, as it were, stood Poe, his sensitive lips curled in proud scorn while about them played a smile of mockery and derision almost mephistophelian ? Take his por-trait, search his features carefully—do you not find an in-tangible contempt lurking there? Is it for you or for a stiff-necked, hard-headed people who will be sordid and material-istic ? Take his lighter stuff—plainly you can feel the under-current of banter, whether innocent or malevolent, I dare not yet say. That Poe's was an analytical intellect of the highest type must be conceded, for that he is capable of a keenness of in-sight abnormally acute, we have proof in his own exploits. The unravelling of the "Murders of the Rue Morgue" and the death of " Marie Roget" under circumstances that would have daunted the most optimistic of sleuths are evidences that go far toward establishing Poe's integrity. Had he been on or even near the scenes of these tragedies, for they were real, we might attribute his success to some fortunate discovery, some hidden inkling. But removed as he was from the pos-sible presence of data, his only aids newspaper clippings col-lected by himself, we must admit that success was—in fact could only be—due to the reasoning of a powerful intellect. Whatever Poe is, he is no shallow montebank ; if he resorts to dishonest trickery, it is not because he is incapable of higher things. Yet he does juggle, yet he does descend to the plane of monte-bank. How the same hand that projected " Eureka," that marvelous prose-poem, could perpetuate such worthless, school boy click-clack as abounds in the life of Thingum Bob, seems, - —--'-—- * w THE MERCURY. 157 to say the least, remarkable. It is just this apparent incon-sistency— it does not merit the term versatility—that makes Poe the enigma he is. The fabric of his literary work pre-sents a strange mosaic of pearls and tawdry brass side by side and intermingled in a strange, disconcerting confusion. Thus far we have dealt in generalities ; generalities of, I fear, a vague and dissatisfactory haziness. It has been our aim in this paper to, in a general manner, outline our intended method of procedure. The * following papers will be written with the author's text close to our elbow with a view of being read in like manner. Now in the conclusion of our introduction let us advance one tenet of our literary faith, to wit: Sincerity should be the guide and touchstone in all literary criticism. Much as we dislike the imputation of egotism we shall fear-lessly work out our conclusions independent of popular senti-ment or accepted views on this particular phase of Poe. Not in that we feel ourselves better equipped than others but because we believe that no man should suppress or subvert his own individuality to the authority of another while there exsits the faintest possibility of new discovery. * NOTE—This is the first of a series of six articles to appear in the MER-CURY treating on this particular phase of Poe viewed from four stand-points. Let it be suggested that the succeeding articles be read in con-nection with the authors text. The next article will treat him as Poet —ED. (AM,, .i 158 THE MERCURY. THE TRAGEDY OF A SOUL. CLIFFORD E. HAYS, '07. ALL progress lies through evolution or revolution. Start-ling as this may seem, nevertheless it is true in Religion, Politics and the Industrial World. Progress is the giving up of the old condition and the advance to the new. The pro-gress of a nation or organization is measured by that of the individuals who compose it, and every time a man gives up a long accustomed ideal there is enacted a tragedy of the soul. Two hundred years ago a handful of patriots decided to leave behind the old order of things and set sail on that dark and unknown sea of Democracy. All those men were the de-scendants of races accustomed to monarchy and Despotism, and it was natural that there should be a long and desperate struggle before they could give up the old. No American History disregards the bitter debates of that gloomy period when the Continental Congress was in secret session and our nation's destiny hung in the balance, yet few of us indeed realize what it meant for those men to affix their names to the Declaration of Independence. Up to July 4, 1776, but a few radical dreamers had thought of separation and fewer desired Democracy. The clanging of that old bell caused a struggle in the soul of many a true and noble man before he went either to the Revolutionists or the Torys. And the tragedy of their souls has often been repeated and is now being rehearsed in the Peterhof in Russia. On May 18, 1868 a boy baby was born in St. Petersburg in the recesses of a fortified palace during a period of darkest despotism, the reaction of the spasmodic lenient period of the stormy reign of Nicholas I. During the babes' early years his grandfather Alexander II was harassed by many for-eign wars and internal troubles which ended in the Czar's as-sassination. The 3rd Alexander, the boy's father, took control, but the revolutionists were so active that he remained in con-finement two years before his coronation. Thus this youth was born and reared in a household con-tinually threatened and fearing, yet a household which held sacred the belief in historic Czarism. All his education was THE MERCURY. 159 to prepare him to be a Czar such as former Czars had been, although the fierceness of his ancestors was somewhat miti-gated by the state of affairs during which he was born, yet that one idea, that he would some day be God's vicegerent to rule that vast empire by his own absolute will, was constantly drilled into him. Surrounded and influenced by the bureau-cracy, his inherited autocratic spirit was intensified. Accus-tomed to think and hear that alone, it is not at all surprising that he should come to the throne a thorough autocrat. When twenty-six his father died, after a stormy reign filled toward the close with attempts at assassination. Then Czar Nicholas the II, this youth brought up in utter ignorance of the true condition of his country, secluded and taught aristo-cracy, with a mind and body inherited from a long line of despots, took the government of the vast Empire of Russia and her 140,000,000 souls steeped in ignorance and practically slaves to the nobles for seven centuries. It is a wild dream to think that Nicholas, the crystallized product of a line of Czars ruling for centuries in the same despotic course, should come to the throne filled with noble determination to free his people and set up a democracy. He knew no more of his people and democracy than his people knew of him personally. At court he was surrounded by that crowd of political vam-pires, the Bureaucracy, that class of nobles, the offspring of the Middle Ages, which inherited its rights for centuries. It is a nobility such as no other country knows. Dependent on the Czar and Czarism for their life liberty and property, they cling to the tottering throne of despotism as a vine to a mould-ering wall. Planted when the wall was erected, they have grown old and useless with it, and although they see the wall crumbling and tottering with every fresh blow from the tides of Democracy, yet they must cling to the wall for life. All enlightenment and culture is limited to the palaces of the nobles. "With their enlightenment and widened horizon which includes in its circle both Czar and the people, they see clearer than anyone else the true condition and the only solu-tion. They loathe Czarism which they are forced to support, and fear the people whom they must keep in submission. til Ilk ill'.) I.,.I. 160 THE MERCURY. They see this and fear, yet are bound to the throne for the maintenance of their life; they cling with death like grip to the thing they looth, yet cannot leave. Bureaucracy hangs between life and death, despotism and Democracy, progression and retrogression, but worst of all, knows that either way the pendulum swings aristocracy must vanish as a dream and they with it. Thus it is to their interest to keep the Czar in ignor-ance and their heads above water. With such a spirit ruling them and such interests at stake they drove Nicholas I mad, and hindered his useful reforms. This Czar broke through the ignorance, superstition and teachings of the Czar's and tried to better his people. He instituted education, lessened the censorship of the press, heard embassies from the people, and emulated foreign progress. Yet all this was undone by the bureaucracy who saw in this their ruin. They as ministers bowed to the Czar and promised faithfully to further his work, but out of his presence issued counter orders and altogether blocked his reforms. Real conditions were kept from him, till harassed on all sides, the Czar lost faith in everything, loathed civilization, hated progress and instituted such a despotic re-action that the country was plunged deeper than ever in the dungeon of ignorance. Such is the pitiful struggle in Russia's high places that the nobles in their mad race for life and posi-tion bind upon the Czar, in childhood, the shackles which en-able them to hinder him all through his reign. Surrounded by such conditions, Nicholas II came upon the throne of Russia in the year 1904. Brought up in seclu-sion and study during childhood, taught autocracy and militar-ianism in his youth, surrounded completely by the Bureaucracy, knowing little of Democracy, considering himself the vicege-rent of God and responsible to Him alone, and entirely ignor-ant of the condition of his people he kept the beaten path of his ancestors and it should cause no surprise that he did not immediately accept our western views of things. The recent war broke out and during it the young ruler be-came acquainted with his people. Suddenly into the dark chamber in which he sat and ruled, shut off from the world, a ray of light entered. He heard low grumblings. Then *,. THE MERCURY. 161 his dazzled eyes and startled ears gave evidence of the flames of Revolution and the demands of his people. One minute he was sitting in unsuspecting security; the next he was swept from his feet by that awful whirlwind of plunder and murder. Stunned and lost for awhile it seemed as if all must give way. Forces on all sides dragged him hither and thither. The people clamored, they howled, burned, pillaged, murdered ! Some demanded liberty ; some representation ; while others urged harsher despotism. He had no rest; one said this, another that. One cried " The Police ! Suppress! Trample ! Lash ! " Now came the urgent appeal, give the con-stitution or all is lost. Throw Autocracy to the winds or Russia is lost. Hear your people or your are doomed. The whole world mocked, the nations laughed at this poor imbe-cillic prince, who sat and held the power yet did not act. Yet were they right? Was he imbecillic and weak ? Most assuredly, No! He had always aimed to do the right, and but one thing was opened up to him as the right; therefore he did it in sincerity. On that eventful morning when after sleep-less nights, he signed the decree for the national assembly, he said to Count Witte : " I have never valued aught but the weal of my subject, and have always used autocratic power for that and never wittingly exercised it for any other purposes, I was always convinced that the welfare of the empire demanded this, but now I lay a portion of my power aside because I have good reason to believe it is to the advantage of Russia to do so." Thus drilled and taught Czarism, he came to the crisis blinded ; and when his eyes were opened he did not imme-diately fly to Democracy, and the nations mocked. He, Czar Nicholas, who believed himself to be of divine appointment, descended from a line of despots, did not break away from all precedent, undo the work of his ancestors for ages, did not deny his entire nature and change his mode of thinking in a moment, in immediate need and under great stress without hesitation, thought, or fear, and they said he was a weakling, an imbecile, a child! He loves his country, his whole pride is Russia, therefore he could not deny his moderate and prudent nature, which he 162 THE MERCURY. undoubtedly has, and plunge his people headforemost into our occidental iorm of Government, so strange to a European mind. And, if the truth were only known, the world would see but a handful of rash extremists, followers of such as Maxim Gorky, raving for liberty. What the people want is not so much the reins of government, but a little release from the oppression of the hated nobles. In this awful whirlpool of unrest the Czar could not loose all moorings from absolu-tism and expect to sail clearly and safely to any definite condi-tion. Place our own beloved President in such a position. If he should suddenly awake to the fact that Democracy was crush-ing his people that he had always been deluded, and at the same time four ways of acting, all contrary to his very nature, should be opened to him, he could not tear himself from Democ-racy ; he could not in one day decide what was best for this enlightened people. Let us then be reasonable. Let us consider the Czar with his bias due to a weight of despotic ancestry, hedged about by the autocracy, living in ignorance of the true conditions of his people, coming suddenly to the realization that something must be decided ; pushed hither and thither, all the while re-maining cool and collected, and at last giving that most mag-nificent testimony of a- clear brain and a deep desire for the right by signing the ukase by which he limited his autocratic power, and brought to a close centuries of despotism, and gave an earnest of liberty to 140,000,000 of people. Universal suffrage, a right to levy taxes, supervision over all branches of the government, and " civic liberty based on real inviolability of the person and freedom of conscience, speech, union and association," were on the 19th of August, 1905, conferred on a nation which had remained in ignorance and serfdom for seven centuries. And all this was decided upon by a conservative, prudent and strong willed man. But the most marvelous of all things which this young Prince, this laughed at " Little Father," accomplished; was the inner vic-tory in his soul over his imperial psychic nature, the accumu-lation and inheritance of ages. We are told that in order to THE MERCURY. 163 judge fairly an individual's actions " we must take into consider-ation his position, his character, his past, his individual feel-ings, his moral and physical powers. We must keep in view the incentives from without, the circumstances and limitations among which he moves." Then we can say that the Czar was not a puppet. He was not a mirror reflecting every one's opinion. With but a few short months of earnest thought after his awakening and under tempestuous conditions, he signed that manifesto. On that eventful morning, when Russia's new sun arose and the darkness of absolutism received its first blow, Czar Nicho-las II arose, calmly attended to some minor duties, then went to the Chamber of State where spread upon the table was that document. Standing on his right was Count Witte that diplo-mat of Russia who saved his country's honor in the financial crisis; he who gained a bloodless victory at Portsmouth ; the champion of the people; stood trembling as the Czar made the cross and wrote N-i-c-o-l-a-i, thus signing away his in-herited power. In the ante-room were assembled the minis-ters of Russia, members of the Bureaucracy, waiting to see the doom of their class. As Nicholas calmly signed, arose, and without a word left the chamber as if routine business had been transacted and with stately dignity and composure, passed out, these ministers burst into tears and sank into uncontroll-able grief. As thus we take under review the events of the past few months, we see a man, by the power of his will, in response to the imperative of a noble nature, breaking through all the bounds of influence, throwing off the bias of his inheritance,, changing his whole psychic nature and giving the funda-mentals of freedom to one-tenth of the earth's population. The struggle through which he passed ; the heartache, the doubt, the fear, the loneliness—who shall measure it ? There in his palace, if anywhere on earth, was enacted the silent but awful Tragedy of a Soul. 164 THE MERCURY. TIME—ITS DEMANDS AND GIFTS. '07. IN this, the Autumn season, there sometimes intrudes upon us a resentful feeling, that Time, is ruthless in his van-dalism. We stand before the ruins of the past and read new meaning in the oft-repeated phrase " time passes by." Time passes by—ah, yes! — and never did Attilla leave more devastation in his wake. The wind whispers the news of his arrival and sweet flowers fade, myriads of bright leaves fall. He breathes over the child, and the sparkling eyes become dulled, the rosy cheeks pale and seared. Shaken by his heavy onward tread, mighty columns crumble, beautiful statues fall prostrate. He passes his hand over the masterpieces of a DeVinci or a Titian and the exquisite coloring fades. He steals away the rich voice of a prima donna by whose power and sweetness the world was uplifted and rejoiced. He cramps the flexible fingers of the musician and no more the ravishing strains are heard. He leads captive the devoted statesman to whom a distracted people are anxiously looking for direction. He stalks over a mighty nation and only the record of history remains. But what strange scene is this ? I see a scholar bending over to examine a yellow crumpled volume. With an indrawn sigh of pleasure he whispers—" Ah ! it is old, old." I see a cultured woman wave aside sparkling cut glass and fragile painted china, and picking out a bit of rude discolored ware she exclaims, " Oh, give me this." I see a romping boy eagerly grasp a ragged stamp or black-ened coin. He tosses his cap in thj air and shouts—" Whew this is old." I see a traveller turn his indifferent glance from the most magnificent, the most beautiful of modern architectural achieve-ments and with face lit up with admiration, almost reverence, feast his eyes upon the crumbling columns of the Parthenon or the gloomy walls of a mediaeval castle. I see one turn from the blooming freshness of childhood to the silver hair and lined face of age, as though he had dis-covered some rarer beauty there. - - THE MERCURY. I65 V-Why should we thus stoop to kiss the hand that smites us? Go, ask the scnolar and he will lead you back to the age when men first conceived the idea of transmitting their thoughts by laboriously hewing a few symbols out ot solid rock. Cen-turies pass by until the alphabet appears and slowly, fitfully, at the cost of inconceivable labor, and often personal danger, our great treasury of thought was added to. Now it is the immortal Epics of Homer, now the philosophy for which Socrates willingly forfeited his life. Here and there are scat-tered the works of a Shakespeare, Milton, Hegel, Bacon, and the scholar in gratitude exclaims: "These are my jewels, the gift of Father Time." Ask the scientist and he will place in your hand a clod of earth or lump of coal; then leading you through the once dark avenue of scientific research, with its many windings and stumbling blocks, will turn on one by one, the many illumina-ting theories, and laws by which the by-ways of medicine, mathematics, chemistry and astronomy, have been lit up by that master-workman Time. Ask the musician and he will tell you of the rude ancient lyres which were played by the wind blowing over the strings ; or of the Grecian pipes, having but two or three stops. Then he will place you in a dimly lighted cathedral while a mighty organ peals forth a Handel's Largo, or a full orchestra, one of Beethoven's Symphonies or a single violin—a melody of Reu-benstines. Ask the patriot and he will show you a brave pioneer hew-ing his way through the limitless forest, fighting savages, de-prived of every comfort. He will show you a brave little com-pany of men boldly signing their name to what semed virtu, ally their own death warrant. He will show you a Valley Forge and a Gettysburg. He will show you a country which is regarded as the Paradise of the World. Ask the little child and he will clap his hands and lead you into an enchanted land, peopled with elves and fairies—with Santa Claus, with giants, mermaids, and Grecian heroes. Ask the aged man and he will lay before you memory's book from which the kindly hand of Time has erased all small- j66 THE MERCURV. nesses and disfiguring blots ; and upon the last page you will find inscribed not " Finis," but the expression of the " great conception in which the belief in the human race and its des-tines triumphantly asserts itself"—continued through eternity. UP HIGHER. Every time you miss or fail, Start in on a higher scale, Let each tear, and sigh and moan, Only be a stepping stone ; Let each dark experience Point you to an eminence Up higher. Every stab that racks your heart, Fits you for a stronger part, Every stunning blow of pain, Lifts you to a broader plane. Every foe that can appear, Trains you for a larger sphere Up Higher. Never pause, and ne'er look back O'er the fast-receding track. There's a ghost there, grim and gaunt— IVhat's ahead is what you want. Turn; and you will stand aghast: Never search the bitter past, Look higher ! From each crushing blow of pain, Rise and go ahead again. Though your days fly swiftly past, Push to conquer to the last. Upward yet, and upward ever ; Onward still, and backward never ! Even when you hear the sound Of Death's whisper iook beyond, Up higher. —Joseph Bert Smiley THE MERCURY. l67 V-CONSCIENCE AND SUPERSTITION. D. L. BAKER, '08. conscience and Superstition—what relation can exist be-tween them ? A by no means readily seen one. It is only when we consider each in relation with a third, that their intimacy makes itself apparent. This third factor shall be Religion. Now every known religion sets forth certain staple rules for right living ; none but strives at a certain ethical standard; all hold out a certain reward, present or beyond, for faithful con-formance with its own particular doctrines and precepts. By even a mere passing analysis of the fundamental tenets of varied religion there may be readily discovered a startling con-flict in ethical ideals. Conscience is that peculiar essence which by common con-sent is credited with the office of approval and censure passed upon the actions of self. A violation of moral or ethical law is supposed to entail an unpleasant activity on the part of the conscience bearing a close resemblance and relation to remorse. Strange to say when we refer to the activities of conscience, it is almost always censure we note and rarely approval. Are we then to conclude that conscience is a threatening scourge, a lurking nemesis awaiting some unprotected Sin to pounce upon ? It is when we assume this attitude and then rake them, the infinite fields of superstition, that we are struck by a startling parallelism. As to-day the dreaded cellar fiends and garret spooks invariably lie in wait for the unruly youngster, so throughout the history of mythology it is the evil ones on whom the scourges of fiends and the terror of the Furies fell. Superstition is apparently as inherent in man as conscience itself. The most intelligent of us feel its icy fingers clutch our throats at certain limes—and those times—usually when our consciences are not easy. We perform a misdeed—the natural and legitimate result to expect, is punishment. The sin or crime may have been a secret one ; we know it was unwitnessed —yet racial habit is so over-ruling that we nevertheless expect punishment; intuitively, expect it. In such case, intelligence 168 THE MERCURY. or rather consciousness strives to justify and clothe intuition. Then there is nothing to fear from the human will; if fear con-tinues it must be of the superhuman. At night, when darkness hides danger, the hereditary ani-mal in us fears the lurking creatures of the dark pre-historic beasts of prey—but intelligence denies their existence. The animal fear triumphs and the mind creates a thousand super-stitious horrors to justify it. Any uneasy conscience multi-plies them a thousandfold, e. g., Fields' juvenile poem—"See-ing Things at Night," and Riley's, " Little Orphant Annie." Shall we then say, superstitious fear is merely a modified fear of retribution supernaturally administered because of absence of human agents ? We can say the same of conscience. Dare we then say conscience and superstition are merely dif-ferent manifestations of fear of punishment? If so, how can we explain that individuals of low intelligence are most susceptible to superstition and most callous in con-science ? Can we then define conscience as a source of super-stition ? Here we find ourselves in deep water—very deep ; conscience is supposed to set the standard for absolute right. If so, how can we explain the antagonism in religious dogmas cited in the beginning of this discussion? It seems then as though conscience was dependent on re-ligion. But every religion is burdened by a large amount of superstition, which superstition seems to exert a stimulus on conscience. Which shall we say—conscience is the product of superstition—or superstition, the product of conscience ? The revelation is undoubtedly close, closer in fact than we like or dare to admit. THE MERCURY. 109 CO-OPERATIVE COLLEGE GOVERNMENT. '08. BY cooperative college government we mean the uniting of the faculty with the student body, and the two operating jointly to promote the same end. We do not wish to make an attack on the present form of government with any malice whatever; but having been on trial before the faculty, and several times called into the Presi-dent's office, in company with a body of representative men, to consider questions relative to college government, we feel that a frank expression of our views will not be mistaken. Knowing the sentiments of many of our Alumni and that of the entire student body we are truly convinced that the present form of government is unsatisfactory, and believe that some form of cooperative government would meet with hearty approval. The predominating dissatisfaction with our present form of government is that our faculty do hot stand in close enough relation with the students, to readily understand each indi-vidual and thus are unable to correct his faults while they are yet in bud. Under the present form of government the will of the faculty is absolute. In this one body are vested the Legislative, the the Judicial and the Executive powers. The students are mute as far as government is concerned. The student upon entering the institution is handed a copy of the rules and regulations. He reads them and lays them aside. Soon he has forgotten their contents and violates a minor clause, soon another and then another till he has broken many, and it has now become a habit with him. Suddenly he is notified by the Proctor to appear before the faculty to give an account of himself. All available evidence has been collected by the faculty beforehand and he is asked to make his defense. Occasionally it so hap-pens that he cannot satisfy the faculty as to his innocence and he is given a period of suspension or expulsion, If at the outstart of his transgressions he had been visited by a com-mittee and cautioned as to his conduct, probably he would have avoided this humilation. 170 THE MERCURY. We do not believe that it would be wise to put all power of government into the hands of the students, but we believe they should be given some power. Where could be found a more fitting place for teaching the lessons of citizenship than in the govermental affairs of a college ? Our students have demonstrated that they are capable of taking up the various activities of college life and of hand-ling them successfully. We have our athletic council. In that council are representatives from every class. Why couldn't cooperative college government be run on the same plan ? The Faculty or Trustees electing their members, and each class electing theirs, this body being given full legislative power. Then a committee of students appointed by this couucil to educate the new men with the legislation, this same committee to watch a young man after he had been reported by some student for neglect or misconduct. Then if he persists in his efforts, cautioned, and then if he heeds not, brought before the com-mittee and then if they find him incorrigible, reported to the faculty, who finding out all the facts in the case take definite action. With a system of this kind, we think the faculty would be relieved of much of its burdensome care, and that all hazing and " rough housing " would be eliminated ; for those most annoyed, certainly would report to the committee and this committee being a body of honorable men could do nothing other than deal justice. Also a greater college spirit would be created, for no man would be permitted to become boorish in his manner, and each would know that part of the welfare of the college rested upon him the same as the true citizen knows that part of the nation's welfare rests upon him. When we get a system of college government such as this, then College Spirit will be a kin to Patriotism. THE MERCURY. 171 STUDENT AND COLLEGE LIFE—A LIFE LONG RELATION. ROY E. SMITH, '08. EVER since the custom of having a particular sight, dedi. cated to the instruction of those wishing to become more fully acquainted with the higher learning in science, philosophy, rhetoric and all departments of knowledge, was instituted; since certain ancients, renowned in their knowledge of certain arts, had their "schools" of followers, there has been a relation preserved between master and pupil; between their alma-mater and themselves, rivaling the ties of home and kindred and ever remembered as one of the dearest of their lives. What is this relation which binds with bonds of affection so strong that they last for a life time ? Why is it that we cling to one and repudiate the other ? ' It is the old story of affection through association. Since the beginning of time men have regarded with affection and left with regret things which may have seemed despicable to them at first. The thief does not follow his craft for love of it when he first takes it up, but later he glories in narrow es-capes and gloats over a successful raid. So it is with our college life. We, in time, become a part of our surroundings and when the time comes for our graduation, or when we must of necessity leave, it is with a pang of regret as if we were losing something that held a peculiarly warm spot in our hearts. And we are. For what is like the friendships formed be-tween instructors and those whom they teach ? What besides home affections, can rival those formed with our fellow stu-dents? Those who, having passed through their college life, are struggling with the difficult problems presented to them by the world can best answer these questions. How often do they live over again the good old days when they were Fresh-men ? They can again hear the soft knock at their door and feel over again their sensations of wonder, and then of terror, as they see man after man enter to demand entertainment. Then they thought that something like shame and humility 172 THE MERCURY. crept in as they rowed an imaginary boat in a veritable tem-pest for an imaginary shore, or gave extemporaneous speeches on subjects suggested by the audience. But no touch of bit-terness entered in now. Those things which appeared inde-corous then served only to stamp more vividly in their minds the wonderfnl good-fellowship which underlay all their gruff manners. They even wondered how they escaped getting it harder. Then they would think of their first admittance, involun-tarily and unwished for, let it be said, into the presence of the faculty; and of their mingled feelings as they were told that it was for the good of the College, generally, that they keep out of all scrapes or else go home. Truly these roses, albeit with their thorns, appear sweet and the thorns, as well as the roses, help to bind one more closely to his undergraduate life and also to his Alma Mater. Can we ever forget our undergraduate days ? As well forget the home of our childhood, or the love of a faithful friend ! A TOURNAMENT. LEVERING TYSON, '09. IN the central part of Germany, situated along the banks of the Rhine, and overlooking its surface, stood the stern fore-boding castle of Prince Vonholm. This imposing structure had been the residence of the Vonholm's for many centuries, and the aged, ivy grown walls had long since begun to crumble. The Prince and his family moved into the lowlands, shutting up the habitable part of the ancestral home, seeking the pleas-ures of court life and the education of his children. The Princes' one care was his son Richard. He was a stocky, medium-sized young fellow, muscular and especially well suited for the tournament, the principle source of amusement to the aristocrats of that day. It so happened that Sir Henry Dismusch, a favorite of the king, also had a son about Roger Vonholm's age. He was skilled in all manner of war-like exercises and held the office of head 'squire in the king's retinue. This he acquired by his strict attention to af- THE MERCURY. 173 fairs of the court and also by the aid of his father who, next to Prince Vonholm, was considered the best knight in all the country round about. While Henry Dismusch, Jr., was coursing with his father with blunt spears, Roger Vonholm would take his horse and game bag and would ride off into the woods, leaving the mes-sage that he was going hunting. This he continued to do for two years. Every evening he would come home, completely, tired out with his exertions, but with empty game bag; Yet he was as cheerful as any one in good health could possibly be. His mother was busy tending to Court affairs and his father was off to the war, so Roger's only companion was a middle aged soldier whom the Prince always left at home while he was away on his travels to guard his family. This soldier was the constant companion of Roger and was always by his side on his journeys through the woods; so the Princess Vonholm was not greatly alarmed about the safety of her son. Near the summer residence of the Vonholm's were the huge lists of Crancy. The arena was oval-shaped, six hundred feet long and about four hundred wide. Around this was a circular enclosure about twelve feet wide for the attendants, clerks of the course, and the heralds. This was to be the scene of one of the most interesting tournaments held within many miles of the castle. The young Squire Henry Dismusch was going to defend his title as head squire against all comers. Only young men under twenty years of age were eligible to compete for the honor. A contest of this kind had never been held in the Crancy lists, and the people of the surrounding country did all in their power to please their sovereign by their atten-dance. The all important day dawned fair and cloudless. Before it was time to commence the contest, every available seat in the huge amphitheatre was occupied, and still huge crowds surged through the entrances. Sir Dismusch and his family were seated near the king, awaiting with confidence the combats which meant so much to them. Prince Vonholm sat next to the king watching the surges of humanity for his son, who, for ,^,'^WuH'iti u 174 THE MERCURY. some reason or other, was delayed and could not accompany his father to the lists. At last the Prince turned his attention to the games, as the heralds had announced the preliminary contests. They were well waged but of little interest to the king and his court. These were awaiting anxiously the challenge fight for head 'squireship. The heralds had no sooner announced the proclamation of the knight defender, than a trumpet blast sounded from the far end of the lists, and there entered the arena a knight clad all in sable armor with a white cross upon his shield and a leopard rampant upon his helmet, accompanied by a knight clad all in crimson armor, a gold cross upon his shield and a double eagle on his helmet. The sable knight came forward to the centre of the lists, and raising the visor of his helmet, showed himself to be, King Howard, the brother of the king, the ruler of the neighboring kingdom. He acted as voucher for the knight challenger, saying that he wished to keep his identity unknown until after the contest. The heralds then sounded their trumpets for the contest to start. Various preliminaries were gone through, until at last the knight in crimson armor stood stock still at the northern end of the lists and the knight defendant, at the opposite station. The unknown knight was armed with a sword, mace, and dagger, and rode a huge black charger. His opponent be-strode a milk white steed and his armor was entirely white. He carried a mace hung at his saddle bow, and besides his dagger also carried^a kind of truncheon, a cross between a sword and one of the huge coursing spears generally used in tourna-ments. This last weapon was just becoming popular with the younger knights and 'squires, and Henry Dismusch had also adopted it. It could be convenien-tly wielded on horseback and was not as bulky as the spear. At the blast of the herald's trumpet, both men dug the spurs into the flanks of the horses and thundered down the lists nearer and nearer to each other. With the noise like a clap of thunder the two chargers met and recoiled, each rider doing his best to unseat the other. After the first recoil, the knights m THE MERCURY. 175 fought fiercely hand to hand. The horse of the unknown knight was unruly and the spectators could see that his actions were greatly retarding the strokes of his rider. The combat clashed on. The knight challenger was charging to meet the attack of the knight defendant, when his horse suddenly reared and received the point of the truncheon in his side. Giving a snort, he jumped forward, unseating his rider and falling heavily to the earth a short distance away, dragging the un-known knight with him in his fall. Then the knight defender seeing the knight challenger at his mercy rode over to him to end the contest. Riding his horse beside his fallen opponent, he thrust at him with his truncheon. The knight on the ground was powerless to rise, as the weight of his armor was too great for him. He knew death was imminent and waited for the finishing stroke. When the blow from the truncheon fell he seized the truncheon above the head and held. Had the knight chalen-ger just let go of the handle or stopped his steed, he would have conquered the fallen knight easily. The horse sprang forward and the very stroke that should have ended the knight's career was the means of saving him. He was dragged along the ground for a short distance and then managed to seize his opponent's stirrup. With this aid, he managed to seize the mace hanging to the saddle bow; and tearing it from its fas-tenings, with a mighty blow struck the knight challenger full in the neck and hurled him completely from the saddle. The clerks of the course declared the contest won by the knight challenger F.nd ran up just in time to catch him as he fell from exhaustion. A mighty shout arose when the result of the contest was seen ; but this changed to a roar, when the victor's name was declared by the herald. The surprise and wonder were universal and the amazement of the king was great, but none were more surprised or dumbfounded than Prince Von-holm ; for the name of the victor, which the herald announced, was " Richard Vonholm, this day rightlead squire to his Majesty, King Frederick." M tt,.»:\i,.'iii u THE MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class Matter VOL. XIV GETTYSBURG, PA., NOVEMBER, 1906 No. 6 Associate Editors GEO. W. KESSI.BR, '08 J. K. ROBB, '08 EDMUND L. MANGES, '08 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Editor-in-chief WARD B. S. RICE, '07 Exchange Editor THOS. E. SHEARER, '07 Business Manager THOMAS A. FAUST, '07 AssH Bus. Managers. HENRY M. BOWER, '08 H. WATSON DAVISON, '08 Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Busi-ness Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. POETRY. W e will acknowledge that some persons are more poetic in their thoughts than others, yet we believe that there are a larger number who could write poetry worth reading, if they would make the attempt. There is more of the mechanical in writing poetry than appears on the surface. In reading a poem we are so affected with the loftiness ot thought or the elegance of style that we do not think of the ground work or THE MERCURY. 177 plan by which it was effected. Poetry is not idle rhyme but a well developed plan, the discription of a beautiful thought. We notice a great difference between poetry and prose, both in style and effect. This distinction is difficult to describe; just as the metallic lustre, of a mineral, we know it is a prop-erty but can not thoroughly define it." We notice that poetry is more ornate; it is crowded with thought and beauty ; it pierces the very soul. For example take the quotation from Bell: " Rich were the sable robes she wore." This is animat-ing and suggestive ; but suppress the emphasis by a rearrange-ment of the words : " She wore rich sable robes." You now notice how flattered, how less attractive it is. Often too, rhyme lends charm to the poem, though not necssarily so, as some of the best are written in blank verse. The requisites for writing worthy poetry are out of the ordinary, but by no means unat-tainable. Furthermore we must not think that our work has been a failure because it does not measure up to the master-pieces, which are often the work of genius or years of exper-ience. THE READING One of the most important advantages afforded ROOMS. the students by the college authorities is the reading rooms and the provision for the management of the same. It is there that we have placed before us the daily news-papers, the weekly and monthly magazines. In them we have news of all kinds ; the daily occurrences and happenings, the papers depicting the sportive side of life, and the magazines which contain the latest discussions, from different points of view, by men who are leaders and thinkers. We are obliged to search the pages of history for the past, but we only have to open our eyes to see the present as it is being acted before us. It is surprising to note the small number who really take advantage of this great opportunity, and to see the large number of magazines on the shelves during the open hours. Many confine most of their time to the athletic news and the papers of jest. We do not condemn a certain amount of this kind of reading-but are obliged to do so when it is engaged in to a i78 THE MERCURY. fault. Our ignorance of the times places us at a decided dis-advantage especially in college life. We are unable to handle impromptu speaking ; we will find ourselves lacking in material for -debate, and are at a loss as to what to write on an essay subject, if we have not read an thus formed some opinion and conclusion of our own. Let us form a conclusion of our own, for what we have read is only an opinion and one of the pos-sible attitudes to the subject. By reading we become ac-quainted with the facts from which we are able to draw our conclusion. A short time each day spent in the reading rooms is not only the privilege but the duty of every one who is seek-ing a thorough college training. M The question ot literary societies is an old LITERARY SOCIETIES. Qne^ but js of such jmportance that it can not be emphasized to often. There seems to be somewhat of a renewal of the literary spirit this year; the weekly meetings show a larger attendance and a new enthusiasm in the work. This is to be highly commended ; for we can not say too much of the influence which this kind of work has upon those who actively engage in it. It seems to broaden a man in every way ; he learns to think and talk before audiences without pre-vious preparation; it is a good help in training one to express his thoughts clearly and concisely; one is soon aware of a cer-tain ease with which he recites his lessons; there is even noti-ceable more freedom in ordinary conversation. Over one half of the first term has passed. Have you joined one of the so-cieties ? If you have not done so, do it at once. Either one of them will amply repay you for the time spent in it. How-ever we do not wish to be understood to say that your name upon the roll or even your presence at the meetings will bene-fit you ; those facts only give you the opportunity; you must do the rest. For a time it may be burdensome for you to take part in the program, but through constant effort it will soon be-come a pleasure. We assure you that if you join with a de-termination to work, and make service your motto, success will be yours. THE MERCURY. 179 EXCHANGES. There are many excellent points about the exchanges this month, among which is an article in The Dickinsonian written by an alumnus, " Preparing a Debate." The writer is an ex-perienced and successful debatorand consequently the methods which he sets forth should not be passed over lightly by those who are desirous of becoming good debators. Only a few of the points can be reproduced here. " A debate is not won alone by the brilliant work done upon the platform, but is largely won in the laborious and silent days of preparation. It is then that they construct their line of defense and obtain the undeniable facts upon which they are to erect their fortress of argument. * * * * Again a whole volume of argument must be contracted into a ten minute thunderbolt, and victory usually rests with the men who can make the most of that fleeting ten minutes. This work requires ability and carelul thought. * * * * We collected all of the arguments, pro and con, and discussed them. Our next move was to construct as strong a brief as we possibly could of our opponents' case. This is well as it forces one to build his own case with a thorough understand-ing of the opposition, and he therefore puts a truer valuation on the worth of the arguments which enter into his brief of debate. After this was done we began the construction of our own cose. * * * * We took up every possible argu-ment for our opponents and carefully prepared an answer to each point which we thought they might present. Do not de-pend on constructing answers on your feet, from your general knowledge of the subject, but be prepared with facts, skill-fully marshalled, under whose fire their arguments will be swept away. In addition to this we endeavored to anticipate the possible answers which our opponents would make to our own arguments and to construct counter rebuttals." In addi-tion to all this, physical training is necessary ; for " nothing so requires vigor and thorough command of one's nerves as a debate contest; " so this debator trained just like an athlete. He was careful of his eating hours and of what he ate; he avoided pastry and most desserts; he took an extra amount of i8o THE MERCURY. light exercise in the open air, and took plenty of sleep—never buring the midnight oil. So when the night of debate came he was in the best possible condition both mentally and phy-sically. His success has given ample proof of the efficiency of his methods. " Extinction of The American Indian " in The Drury Mirror is one of those articles, often met with, which seem to be products of over-heated brains, or diseased imaginations. Do you think that it was after a calm, deliberate and just in-vestigation of the facts that the following was written ? " Call not this result barbarism succumbing to civilization ; call it not the survival of the fittest; call it rather the result of hypo-critical intrigue, of broken agreements. Let us lay the charge of this terrible obliteration at the doors of our own character. Avaricious, we mercilessly seized the Indian's lands; domi-neering, we overrode the rights of the Redman and disre-regarded our duty to him ; impatient, we refused the savage time and opportunity to accustom himself to the great change civilization brought; non-assimilative, we said, " the only good Indian was a dead one." * * * * And now! The last chapter has been written ; "congress, the vote-seeking, hold-out-your- had-for money congress, although breaking treaties and agreements, although shattering the sacred ho^e of the terri-tory Indians for separate statehood, has done the thing most feared and dreaded—brought Indian Territory and Oklahoma into the Union as one state, under the name Oklahoma." We are glad to acknowledge receipt of the following ex-changes : Otterbein Aegis, The Haverfordian, Western Mary-land Monthly, The Oivl, The Philomathean Monthly, The Col-lege Student, The Drnry Mirror, The Augsburg S. S. Teacher, The Mountaineer, The Dickinsonian, The State Collegian, The Forum, The Crimson and White, The Albright Bulletin, The Argus, The Youth's Companion, The Siisquehanna, The Jitniatd Echo, 'The Amulet, The Manitou Messenger, The Hartivick Seminary Monthly, The Augustana Observer, The High School News, (Lancaster), The Viatorian, and The Midland. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISER'S FURNITURE Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. * Telephone No. 97. H. IB. IBend-er 37 Baltimore St., Gettysburg, Pa. The Windsor Hotel 1217=2 Filbert St., Philadelphia. Headquarters for Students. Thoroughly Renovated, Refurnished and Remodeled FRANK M. SCHEIBLEY, Manager. ^Graduate of Lafayette College 1898. A* G. Spalding & Bros. Largest Manufacturers in the World of Official Athletic Supplies Base Ball Lawn Tennis Foot Ball Archery Roque Quoits Cricket Lacrosse Golf Implements for all Sports Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide for 1906. Edited by Henry Chadwick. The most complete and up-to-date book ever published oh the subject. Fully illustrated. Price 10 Cents. Spalding's Official League Ball is the adopted ball of the National League, and must be used in all match games. Every requisite for Lawn Ten-nis and Golf. For over a quarter of a century Spalding's Trade-Mark on Base Ball implements has marked the advancement in this particular sport. Spalding's Trade Mark on our Athletic Implement gives you an advantage over the other player as you have a better article, lasts longer, gives more satisfaction. Every Base Ball Manager should send at oncefor a copy of Spalding's Spring and Sun:' mer Catalogue—FREE. A. G. SPALDING «S BROS. New York, Chicago, Boston, Buffalo, Washington, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Kansas City, Montreal, Canada, New Orleans, London. England, Denver, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Syracuse, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Baltimore, Hamburg, Germany PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Conklin's Filling 1 CFl For busy people. No bother. Tills itself. Cleans itself. No dropper. Nothing to take apart. Nothing to spill. A dip in ink, a touch of thumb to nickel cres-cent and the pen is full, ready to write. All the best dealers everywhere— Stationers, Druggists, Jewelers—handle the Conklin Pen or can supply it if you in-sist upon having it. Costs no more than other fountain pens of best grade. 100 styles and sizes to select from shown in our catalog furnished free upon request. Any make or style of fountain pen repaired promptly. THE CONKLIN PEN CO. 514-516-518 Jefferson Ave., Toledo, Ohio. Sole Manufacturers Conklin Self-Filling Pen m /
YOL. XII FEBRUARY, - 1904 NO. 8 The Gettysburg GETTYSBURG COLLEGE GETTYSBURG, PA. N. C. BAR8EHENN, BETTY6BUR0 3 Q. 'TE I1I I: PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. £«*«-*m-m+««4 fl|. \ te\ttt Latest Styles in HATS, SHOES AND GENT'S FURNISHING .Our specialty. WALK-OVER SHOE M. K. ECKERT Prices always right The Lutheran puMigging pouge. No. 1424 Arch Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Col-leges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and devel-op one of the church institutions with pecuniary advantage to yourself. Address H. S. BONER, Supt. WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. The Pleased Customer is not a stranger in our estab-lishment— he's right at home, you'll see him when you call. We have the materials to please fastidious men. J. D. LIPPY, iXIsi'crlna.n.t Tailor, 29 Chambersburg Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. CITY HOTEL, Main Street, - Gettysburg, Pa. Free 'Bus to an from all trains. Thirty seconds' walk from either depot. Dinner with drive over field with four or more, $1.35. Rates, $1.50 to $2.00 per Day. Livery connected. Rubber-tire buggies a specialty. John E. Hughes, Prop. TflF PHOTOGRAPHER. Now in new Studio 20 and 22 Chambersburg Street, Gettysburg, Pa. One of the finest modern lights in the country. C. E. Bcrbehenn THE EAGLE HOTEL Corner Main and Washington Sts. Dracj Stove, 36 Baltimore St. HOT AND COLD SODA AND CAMERA SUPPLIES £ PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTIZERS. It "We al-wrays nave the sea-sons novelties, besides a. complete line o£ staples at prices to tempt you. SPECIAL CARE TAKEN TO MAKE WORK STYLISH AND EXACTLY TO YOUR ORDER. Olill Ol. Seligman, T«IIO*, 7 Chambefsbupg St., Gettysburg, Pa. R. A. WONDERS Corner Cigar Parlors. A fun line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, etc. Scott's Corner, opp. Eagle Hotel GETTYSBURG, PA. Pool Parlors in Connection. D. J. Swartz ■ Country Produce Deal% Groceries Cigars and Tobacco GETTYSBURG. Established 1887 by Allen Walton. Allen K. Walton, Pros, and Treas. Robt. J. Walton, Superintendent. HDimqelstown BFOWU Ston jaiDjaiij, and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING, and TILE, fALTONVILLE, ESS PENNA. Contractors for all kinds of cut stone work. Telegraph and Express Address, BROWNSTONE, PA. Parties visiting Quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station, on the P. & R. R.R. FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. E. C. TAWNEY Is ready to furnish Clubs and Boarding Houses with . . . . Bread,Rolls,Cakes,Pretzels,etc At short notice and reason-able rates. 103 West Middle St., Gettysburg Shoes Repaired J. H- BAKES, 115 Baltimore St. near Court House. Good Work Guaranteed. J. W. BUMBAUGH'S City Cafe and Dining Room Meals and lunches served at short notice. Fresh pies and sandwiches always on hand. Oysters furnished all year. 53 Chambersburg St -C^ -C^ -^ JC^ _C* _C^ -f^ _C> ^. rs fv !-•-? U-PI-DEE. A new Co-ed has alighted in town, U-pl-dee, U-pi-da I In an up-to-datest tailor-made g-own.U-pi-de-i-da The boys are wild, and prex is, too, N You never saw such a hulla-ba-loo. CHORUS. — U-pi-dee-i-dee-i-da I etc. Her voice is clear as a soaring lark's. And her wit is like those trolley-car sparks ! When 'cross a muddy street she flits, The boys all have conniption fits 1 The turn of her head turns all ours, too. There's always a strife to sit in her pew; 'Tis enough to make a parson drunk, To hear her sing old co-ca-che-lunk ! The above, and three other NEW verses to U-PI-DEH mm m mm m m JJPO and NEW WORDS, catchy, up-to-date, to ill It 0.tl,18rs "' *e popular OLD FAMILIAR TUNES; l)e'- 5i?Tj s s OLD FAVORITES ; and also many NEW SONGS. jTJt SONGS OF ALL THE COLLEGES. E7ji Copyright, Price, $r.SO, postpaid. 13*1. MM HINDS k NOBLE, Publishers, New York City. n Pi m Schoolbooks of allpublishers at one store. ff".f ^^^^V^^^:**= =**= =**= =**=£? :«- :**: :**= zx* **: *\= *\: =**= =«= ^r *\ !LJ 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE TRADE MARKS DESIGNS COPYRIGHTS &C. Anvone sending a sketch and description mny f]ulcl;ly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probnbly paLemable. Communicn-t ions strictly conlltlenl ial. Handbook on Patents sent tree. Oldest iieency for securing patents. Patents taken through jVlunn & Co. receive special notice, without cbnrgo, in the Scientific American. A handsomely illustrated weekly. T.nrgest cir-culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year; four months, $L Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN&Co.3e,Broad^New York Branch Office. 625 F St., Wnshirjuton, D. C. GO TO. HARRY B. SEFTON'S (Barber (Shop For a good shave or liair cut. Barbers' supplies a specialty. Razor Strops, Soaps, Brushes, Creams, Combs, etc. JVb. 38 Baltimore St. GETTYSBURG. You will find a full line of Pure Drugs and Fine Stationery at the People's Drug Stoie Prescriptions a specialty. * f THE GETTYSBURG JIERGDRY The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College Vol. XII. GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1904 No. 8 CONTENTS THE BEACON, 232 CHAS. W. WEISER, '01. THE PRESENT MOVEMENT TOWARD PROTECTION IN ENGLAND, 233 FRANK LAYMAN, '04 TALES OF A BACHELORS' CLUB—NO. 1, 238 JAMES GARFIELD DILLER, '04. THE NEED OF RENEWED INTEREST IN THELITER-ARY SOCIETIES OF OUR COLLEGE^ . . . 249 CONVERSATION AS AN ART 254 HARRIET A. MCGILL, '06. EDITORIALS, 256 EXCHANGES, ' . . 260 232 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY THE BEACON. CHARI,ES \V. WEISER, 'OI. *AR across trie wooded valley, Miles and miles across the plain, On a distant hill top gleaming Thro' the mist and drizzling rain, A beacon light is glaring, Dancing, leaping, spluttering, flaring As it catches at new fagots, Licks and laps the heap of pine Built far out upon the coast line, Where the land meets foamy brine, Warning signal to the vessels, Rocked upon the stormy sea, Of the rocks and shoals that threaten As they're drifting to'_the lea. And the night comes down upon it, Folding close her sable wings ; Darkness reigns, save for the flaring Of the beacon as it flings Its ruddy light in warning Thro' the stormy night till morning. Heaped up by silent figures Silhouetted on the flame, As they wander round the beacon Heaping up the burning flame. And the night rolls on terrific, Loudly still the tempests roar, Wierd and mystic sounds and sights Flit along the storm-beat shore. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 233 THE PRESENT MOVEMENT TOWARD PROTEC-TION IN ENGLAND. FRANK LAYMAN, '04. THE one live question in English politics today is that of tariff. For many years, while the United States and the nations of continental Europe have been hedging them-selves about with high protective tariffs, free trade has been the guiding principle in England's tariff legislation. This unique position of England is easily explained. For some reasons, and among them her great natural advantages in the immense deposits of coal and iron, England has become a great manu-facturing nation, and so it has been to her advantage* to get foodstuffs and raw materials free of duty, while no prohibitory tariff was needed on articles which she herself manufactures be-cause of her own advantages in their manufacture. In the world's division of labor, manufacturing has become her work and she has thought it unwise to increase, by import duties, the price of the food required while doing that work. There have not been lacking, however, efforts to establish a protective tariff, especially on grain. Of this nature were the so-called Corn Laws, passed in 1815 and repealed after long and bitter discussion in 1846. Then free trade held the field with-out interruption until the time of the Registration Act, passed in 1902 and repealed in 1903. The present movement for pro-tection, started by Mr. Chamberlain, is like the others in that a tax on grain is proposed, but it differs from them very ma-terially in the means proposed and the ends aimed at. What is Mr. Chamberlain's plan ? For the most part he has discussed it in rather vague and general terms, but on one oc-casion at least, speaking more specifically, he said that he does not advocate a tax on raw materials such as wool and cotton, but that his scheme included a tax of six cents a bushel on wheat and a five per cent duty on meat coming from the United States and other foreign countries, while the same arti-cles from the British colonies would be admitted free; also a 234 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. tax of ten per cent on manufactured articles and a reduction of the present duty on tea, coffee, sugar and cocoa. For this favored treatment of colonial goods a similar differential for the products of the English factories is expected in the colonial markets. According to Mr. Chamberlain, three good results will follow the adoption of this scheme. They are: (i) the encourage-ment of the agricultural and meat-producing industries of the colonies ; (2) the advancement of the manufacturing interests of England due particularly to favorable markets in the colon-ies; (3) the consolidation of the Empire by binding the colon-ies to the mother country by ties of self-interest. Let us ex-amine each of these separately and try to determine whether these results may reasonably be expected. The agricultural and meat-producing interests of the colonies will be encouraged without a doubt. The case of American and Canadian wheat will illustrate. The English people will pay just the same for their bread, whether it is made of wheat coming from the United States or from Canada, but the importer of wheat can and will offer just six cents more for Canadian than American wheat because of the six-cent tax that he must pay on the latter. This difference in price will encourage Ca-nadian farmers to the same extent to which it will discourage American farmers, and, as ordinarily happens in such cases, the higher price will greatly stimulate the production of Canadian wheat. The cost of transportation from the two countries is about equal, but the result will be the same wherever the cost of transportation from a colony does not exceed that of trans-portation from the United States or from other foreign countries by as much as six cents. This would include all or nearly all the colonies. On the second point, the advancement of England's manu-facturing interests, the scheme will fail for several reasons. In the first place, the cost of food for the English laborer will be increased almost in the same proportion in which colonial agri-culture is benefited. If,- as seems likely, the importer of wheat will offer six cents less for wheat from the United States and THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 335 other foreign countries, then, until agriculture in the colonies is further developed, the supply of wheat in the English market will be considerably reduced. The supply being lower, the price will necessarily be higher. It may be argued, however, that within a few years the stimulated production of the colonies will fur-nish such a supply that the price will be greatly lowered. This seems plausible upon the face of it, but certainly it is not reason-able to suppose that the price will thus become as low as it would if this colonial wheat had to compete in a free market with the wheat of the rest of the world. The same will be true of other food products affected by the tariff. That the price of bread and meat would thus be raised by the tariff is one of the disputed points in the debate now going on in England, but it was virtually admitted by Mr. Chamberlain himself, when, in answer to the cry that he would raise the cost of food for the people, he proposed a reduction of the duties on tea, coffee, sugar and cocoa as a compromise measure. It is hard to see, however, how a reduction of duties on these few luxuries can lower the total cost of living as much as a high tariffon the chief necessaries of life would tend to raise it. If the cost of food for the English laborer is thus increased, then, as Prof. Maxey, of the University of W. Va., points out, one of two results will follow—an increase of wages or a lower standard of living. As wages are determined by the demand for labor/and as no greater demand would necessarily be created, there is no reason to suppose that wages would be raised. A lower standard of living would injure the manufacturer in two ways— it would decrease the efficiency of his workmen and lessen the demand for manufactured goods. Now, the English manufac-turer is not prepared to sustain either of these injuries, especi-ally not the first. An impairment of the efficiency of the laborer would mean increased cost of production, and England is already meeting with such keen competition that this might suffice to shut her out of the market altogether. But further than this, the colonial markets would not offer the advantages to English goods that are hoped for. The pro-tectionist sentiment is growing in the great colonies, like Can- 236 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. ada and Australia. They are anxious for the" development of their agricultural interests, but they are not willing to have their manufactures ruined. They would be perfectly willing to-grant a differential in favor of England provided that the mini-mum tariff still be high enough to protect their own industries. But of what advantage would such a differential tariff be to England ? How would it benefit her, if, while the products of other countries are shut out of the colonial market, her own are shut out, though by a somewhat lower tariff? That this would be the case has already been proven by the working of a differ-ential in Canada for a number of years. This gave an advan-tage of thirty-three and one-third per cent to English products,, and yet during the time it was in operation, British exports, be-ing mostly manufactured articles, increased less than thirty per cent, while American and French exports in the same markets increased one hundred per cent. It must be granted, however, that if the smaller colonies,, which now have free trade, would change their policy and tax all imports except those coming from England, and if the smaller protectionist colonies would allow the articles now on the free list to come in free only when coming from England, English goods would acquire considerable advantages in these markets. But these are rather unimportant when compared with the great markets where no advantages would be gained. This slight advantage, however, would be more than off-set by a loss in another direction. Only a small fraction of England's exports now go, and for many years will go, to the colonies. The great bulk goes to foreign countries, where, as a free trade nation, she enjoys minimum tariff rates. When once she adopts a protective tariff this favored treatment can no longer be given her and a large part of her manufactures will be threatened with ruin. All in all, then, this tariff scheme would not only not benefit, but more likely would greatly injure, English manufactures. As to the third result aimed at, the consolidation of the Em-pire, many think that the scheme would work the contrary effect. To carry it out would be a tremendous problem. To THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 237 arrange a system of tariff duties that would be satisfactory to the United Kingdom and all the colonies would be too much for the intellect of any statesman of this generation. Exports to the various colonies differ both in quantity and kind; like-wise the imports from the colonies. Then, too, both imports and exports vary in these respects from year to year. For these reasons it would be impossible to hit upon a scheme satisfactory to all. There would be a constant fear and distrust lest one colony should be accorded more favorable treatment than another. Instead of harmony, discord would result; instead of consolidation, a tendency to disintegration. THE PI.AN OF SALVATION. O how unlike the complex works of man, Heaven's eazy, artless, unencumbered plan ! No meretricious graces to beguile, No clustering ornaments to clog the pile ; From ostentation, as from weakness, free, It stands like the cerulean arch we see, Majestic in its own simplicity. Inscribed above the portal, from afar Conspicuous as the brightness of a star, Legible only by the light they give Stand the soul-quickening words—Believe, and live. Too many, shock'd at what should charm them most, Despise the plain direction and are lost. WlLUAM COWPER. 2j8 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. TALES OF A BACHELORS' CLUB—NO. i. JAMES GARFIBI.D DIIAER, '04. THE great metropolis was struggling in the grasp of a mid-winter storm. Up and down the broad avenues and narrower thoroughfares the icy winds howled and blustered, the intermittent gusts catching up the harsh, granular snow and depositing it again in miniature drifts in the area-ways ot the larger buildings ; or, by its great velocity, creating a vacuum between the tall structures which sucked up the snow in swirl-ing cloud-masses and enveloped the chimneys in mantles of glistening white. The storm king was abroad in state, attended by a numberless array of his spotlessly livened retinue. A clock, in the tower of a building on one of the most fashionable thoroughfares of the city, was just announcing the hour of midnight, the strokes of the bell sounding alternately clear and distinct, and again muffled and far away, varying with the fluctuations of the storm. The street was almost deserted —only an occasional, belated pedestrian hurrying homeward, or some habitual night prowler stealing to an appointment at an uncertain rendezvous. As the night wore on, the storm abated and the subsiding wind left the air clear of snow. The electric lamps along the avenue shone forth again with an enhanced brilliancy, illumina-ting the dark corners with their ghostly glare, and revealing fan-tastic shapes of snow where the wind, cavorting with a too pretentious drift, had left evidence of his passage in the most erratic grotesquerie. Athwart the silence which succeeded the tumult of the ele-ments, the neighboring clock-tower chimed the hour of two and the last reverberation had scarcely died away when a little gust of wind, which seemed to have lost its way in the wake of the storm, hurried round the corner of an intersecting street and seemed to carry with it, in the midst of a flurry of snow, the muffled figure of a man. It was evidently no uncommon thing for this lone pedestrian THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 239 to be abroad at this hour, for he seemed to pursue his way-somewhat leisurely, as if well acquainted with the locality. He floundered along through the snow which now covered the side-walks to the depth of some inches, and seemed to main-tain his equilibrium fairly well, albeit he collided with a post or tree now and then, and once, when his silk hat blew off and wheeled its way to the middle of the street, he recovered it with an unsteady grasp which betrayed an evening spent in convivial enjoyment. When about halfway down the square he began to look up-ward as he passed along, scanning the handsome buildings for some distinctive architectural feature by which to recognize the one which was evidently his destination. Suddenly he paused, walked to the curb, and hesitated a moment, standing in the patch of rose-colored light which a large electric chandelier of stained glass and Venetian iron-work, hanging in the vestibule of the building, threw upon the side-walk. As he stands there undecided in his inebriated condition, whether or not he has found the right place, let us survey with him the exterior of the structure. It was the most impos-ing edifice on the whole avenue and was constructed almost entirely ot elaborately carved brownstone. The windows were of the triple style—a broad, square pane of heavy plate, with a narrower one on either side, surrounded by irregular, yet artistic, patches of vari-colored and heavily leaded glass, with miniature pilasters of carved brownstone intervening, the whole surmounted by a capping of heads of satyrs among twining vines in the form of those long, flat curves which in modern architecture give such a graceful and substantial effect. In the spaces between the windows, niches were let into the walls to accommodate statues—graceful figures, whose well defined out-lines and elegant curves caused one to forget that they were produced by the magic chisel, from the same hard, cold material as the rest of the building. At either end of the cornice a Cerberus head scowled, as if just emerging from its lofty lair, while just below a frieze of dancing nymphs completed the ex-terior of the modern palace, at which both the artist and the 240 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. craftsman might well gaze with self-satisfied pleasure, and each shake the other's hand in mutual congratulation. However, lest a too lengthy description of the building should become tedious to the reader, we will leave the interior of the structure to the imagination of those who can appreciate what prodigal extremes may be attained in the desire for modern convenience and luxurious ease. Such was the home of the Bachelors' Club, and the center of action for the stirring adventures which shall be recounted in this series of storiettes—of'which the following is the first, in their chronological order. Mr. Robert Carson, Esq., prominent in the legal profession and member of the Bachelors' Club, was—his bibulous tenden-cies notwithstanding—a most methodical man. In matters of dress and general decorum he was usually beyond reproach, while he never forgot an engagement, and was always courteous and friendly. With this estimate of his character in mind, one can well appreciate the astonishment of Rudolph, the colored attendant, who admitted him to the club in the small hours of the night. Rudolph was a sort of despot among the large corps of servants, asserting his position by right of long service in the employ of the club, and acquaintance with a majority of its membership. He had just dispatched a few of his subordinates and was making his nightly round of the building when a sharp summons of the bell brought him hurrying down the main hall-way to the front door. Having admitted Mr. Carson, the obsequious attendant pro-ceeded to relieve him of his hat and coat. Then, his practised eye noting that this late comer was inclined to stagger, Rudolph took the lawyer gently by the arm and escorted him into the spacious lounging-room, saw that he was comfortably ensconced in an easy chair, placed the latest newspaper on the table at his elbow and noiselessly withdrew. Not a word had passed be-tween them—the usually amiable and gentlemanly Carson and the faithful menial who was always eager to please and quick to detect any sign of gruff indifference. "He's surely got THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 241 somethin' on his mind," soliloquised Rudolph, as he re-ascended the broad staircase. Left to himself, the half-stupefied Carson fumbled in his breast pocket and produced a crumbled piece of note paper. Smoothing it on his knee he read aloud : "Meet me at the club tonight, after the Bench and Bar Banquet. Have some friends from the South visiting me. Will bring them around and we will make a night of it to-gether. "Sincerely, "NELSON BRENT." He refolded the paper without comment, replaced it in his pocket, and sat for some minutes lost in a reminiscent train of thought. Presently he began a mumbling, half coherent soliloquy: "Make a night of it, eh ?•—well; not the first time. Queer fellow, that Brent. Used to be one of my best friends at col-lege, until—oh ! Deuce take it. If the girl preferred me it wasn't my fault. And then, after all, her father forced her to break off the engage—, pshaw! Can I never forget it ? Strange, though, the way he seemed to forgive all when he voted me into the club,—looked a little suspicious for him to—there, there! I am getting nonsensical. Feel so dull and drowsy. That digestive tablet the young lawyer from Savannah passed me across the table musn't have worked right. Banquet was quite an enjoyable affair, though, made several new acquaint— friends—no; not yet—acquaintances." His talk became a mere jumble of words, spoken in a sort of petulant monotone. Slowly his head nodded back and forth. Then his chin rested upon his breast, his hands relaxed their grip on the arms of the chair, his eyelids dropped and he sank into a deep unnatural slumber. Half an hour passed, and again the musical whirr of the electric bell brought Rudolph to the door, this time to admit two men who entered quickly and with a certain wariness of manner, as if something of importance was about to be done surreptitiously. 242 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "I say, Brent," blustered he who had entered first, "you cer-tainly get some beastly weather up here in the north states." And he rubbed his hands briskly. The other lifted a cautious finger and turned to Rudolph. "Has Carson come yet ?" "Yessir. He's in there now fast asleep," and Rudolph ges-tured toward the door of the smoking-room. Brent gave his companion a glance of mingled surprise and gratification, and the Southerner replied with a shy wink and a sinister smile. "You may go, Rudolph," said Brent, lifting his hand with a wave of dismissal, and the two passed into the apartment where Carson's regular breathing could be heard from the depths of a big easy chair. "There he is," whispered Brent, as he paused suddenly and laid a hand upon the Southerner's arm. That gentleman there-upon leaned over to get a better view of Carson's face, and nodded to the other. "The same fellow," he said. "One would not think, to look at him, that it would have been so easy to 'dope' him with a morphine tablet under the pretense that it was for his stomach's sake." "You did work it cleverly, though," observed Brent, with a ■complimentary accent. "How long do you think it will last?" "Oh !" was the careless rejoinder, he's good for a couple of hours anyway. And now, Brent, since I just got into the city this evening and went right to the hotel, so that we had no chance to talk, would you mind telling me what your idea was in getting me to assist you in what looks to me like the begin-ning of a dirty piece of work ?" "Steady, now, old man," said Brent, reassuringly. "I'll explain the whole affair if you give me time, and you'll agree that I am only exacting a just vengeance for a wrong which this man Carson did me years ago, and but for which I should now be a wealthy man, instead of being compelled to follow a meagre law practice, and scarcely able to keep up my membership in this club." THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 245 "Yes, I understand," interrupted his auditor, impatiently, "But what are you going to do with him now ?" "I'm coming to it," Brent replied hastily. "In order to understand the why and wherefore of what is going to happen tonight you must first know something of this man Carson's past, and, incidentally, a little of my own." He glanced at the sleeping figure in the easy chair, assured himself once more that the victim of his contemplated treachery was yet in the land of dreams, nonchalantly lighted a cigar, and settled himself to begin the narration of his tale. The little Southerner seated himself also, but with a reluc-tance which indicated that he was beginning to regret having taken a hand in this business, and was anxious to have it over with. "We were good friends at college," Brent began, "until—well,, it was the same old story. Two men and one woman. Her father was one of the wealthiest cotton planters of the South. By judicious manceuvering I succeeded in creating such a favor-able impression on the old man that he once told me himself that he thought I would make a good son-in-law. "But here steps in this fellow, Carson, and wins the affections of the heiress so completely that, from the time of his advent upon the field, I was gradually compelled to recede into the back-ground. In order to circumvent him I was obliged to concoct several false reports, which, by cleverly concealed methods, I managed to convey to the old gentleman's knowledge. The result was that her father forbade Carson the house. But the daughter, after several passionate scenes, declared her inten-tion to marry him, if she had to elope to do it. Finally, her father put her under the rigid surveillance of a strict spinster governess, and so the matter seemed to rest. Carson accepted his dismissal with an apparent good grace, and I gave the case up as hopeless. Thus the affair ended, neither of us gaining anything by it, and our former close friendship was replaced by a bitter enmity, which years seemed only to accentuate." "But how," ventured the other, "do you come to be members of the same club ?" 244 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "I was coming to that," hurriedly asserted Brent, "and when I have told it you must give me credit, or rather discredit, for a piece of the most diabolical cunning. After we had gradu-ated from college I did not hear of Carson for some years. Meanwhile, I came here, built up a small law practice, and joined the Bachelors' Club. What was my surprise, one even-ing at our meeting, on learning that a certain Robert Carson was a candidate for membership. When I discovered that this prospective member and my old enemy were one and the same person, I hesitated. But it occurred to me that here was a splendid opportunity for revenge. I would vote him into the club, pretend to forgive and forget all that had formerly passed between us, and await my chance to strike the blow." "Yes, yes," said the Southerner impatiently, "that brings us up to the present time. I understand the circumstances now completely. But what do you intend to do with him ?" For answer a long, low whistle sounded from the street and Brent started in his chair and sat bolt upright. After some seconds the signal was repeated and he rose and went to one of the large windows. The Southerner heard the clicks of a latch, felt a draught of cold, outside air, and then the window was lowered and he turned to see a figure, muffled in a large storm coat and wearing fur driving gloves. The newcomer was talk-ing to Brent in an undertone and the listener could just catch the words: "Come near fergittin', Guv'nor, was just goin' ter ring th' bell when I minded as how you was t' let me in by th' winder, so as not t' rouse th' nigger." "Yes, yes," Brent whispered hurriedly. "But we must be quick, now. It's getting on toward morning and the thing must be done in time for me to catch the early train." He motioned his confederate toward the sleeping figure in the easy chair and, to the Southerner's astonishment, the burly fellow picked up the unconscious Carson as if he had been a child and carried him to the window. The perfidious Brent again raised the sash, revealing a cab in waiting at the curb-stone. The cabby lowered his burden to the sidewalk, slid THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 245 through the window and dropped below then again lifted the helpless form, carried it over and deposited it in a dark corner of the conveyance. Brent and his companion resumed their hats and coats and made their exit by the window, closing it after them. Crossing the sidewalk, with stealthy glances up and down the street, they entered the cab, the driver mounted his box and gave a sharp "cluck" to the horses. Only the faint crunching of the wheels in the snow was heard, as the vehicle rolled away into the darkness. Five minutes later the front door of the Bachelors' Club opened, a figure in dark blue livery stepped forth and a dusky face peered out into the gloom with an anxious and excited look. Rudolph had come into the smoking room, found Mr. Carson missing, his hat and coat left behind, the window-catch unfastened and many foot prints in the snow on the sidewalk just beneath. Hastening down to the curb, he observed, with a gleam of satisfaction, the tracks of wheels in the snow. In another moment he was hurrying back into the house, and up stairs to the servants' quarters, a grim determination written on his swarthy features. In a small, upper room of a low tenement house, on an obscure street of the slum district, an old man was sitting at a rough table, reading a week-old German newspaper by the light of a tallow dip. He was the common type of naturalized im-migrant of the lower classes. Teutonic features, snub-nose, double chin and ample girth were all present as the recognized signs of his nationality. He was clad in coarse, threadbare garments of antiquated pattern, the waistcoat unbuttoned for greater ease, and his feet slipped into loose goloshes with which he shuffled across the floor when, at frequent intervals, he arose and went to the window to peer with expectant gaze up the dark, narrow street. The room was scantily and poorly furnished, and gave evi-dence of those straitened circumstances which oftentimes force 246 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. honest and well-meaning folk to participate in deeds of rascality for the sake of the bare means of subsistence. And such was the case here. The old German had hesitat-ed, upon being approached by a refined-looking stranger with the offer of a handsome remuneration, if he should do just as the person dictated, for the space of a few days; but, when the al-luring proposition was reinforced by the guarantee of absolute safety from detection or punishment on the part of the German, the old man had consulted with his wife and, after sundry ar-guments pro and con, had accepted the offer. And now he was awaiting the arrival of the man to whom he had pledged himself to act as a tool. For the twentieth time, it seemed, he had gone to the window to watch for any sign of life up the de-serted thoroughfare. The fussy little clock in the corner pointed to five minutes of four, and the old man, weary of his vigil, re-sumed his chair and began to go over in his mind the plans which he and his unknown employer were about to carry into execution. It was three days, he mused, since he had been accosted on the street by a well-dressed gentleman, who, after some preliminary talk, conducted him to an obscure restaurant and, in the seclusion of a curtained booth, had made him the proposal which he had so reluctantly accepted. A wealthy young lawyer was to be kidnapped, smuggled into his humble quarters in the tenement, kept there against his will and forced to sign certain papers which the German's employer would turn into money and make good his escape before the victim of the plot could be located and rescued. It was all very neatly arranged, the old man thought, but was he not a fool to let the other fellow get away while he would have to remain and per-haps feel the strong arm of the law? He was just beginning to-regret his bargain and to wonder whether the pay justified the risk, when his attention was attracted by a noise in the street outside. Starting up, he snatched the candle from the table and rushed to the door. In the strong, upward draught from the steep stairway the feeble taper winked and spluttered and finally went out, leaving him in utter darkness. He groped his way down the dingy flight, in a tension of nervous" dread, THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 247 I . tore open the door and stepped out upon the front stoop. A cab was standing in the middle of the street, a short distance away. The horses were stamping the snow impatiently, the driver's box was vacant, the fur robe dangling from the seat and trailing upon the ground, and the door of the vehicle stood wide open. In the gloom about him the old gentleman heard the sounds of a scuffle, and could just make out the figures of half a dozen men who seemed to be engaged in a free-for-all fight. A familiar voice shouted dreadful oaths above the bab-ble of the melee, and a lithe, active little figure mingled in the struggle with furious vigor, hissing fierce invectives with a Southern accent. The battle royal lasted for some moments. Now and then one of the combatants would lose his footing and flounder about in the drifted snow, then regain his feet and plunge again into the conflict with redoubled fury. Finally, just as the terrorized witness was about to turn back and flee terror-stricken up the stairs, one of the factions in the contest seemed to gain the mastery. Three of the struggling forms broke away. Two of them sprang into the carriage and banged the door after them. The other clambered to his perch on the box, snatched up the reins, belabored the horses with vicious lashes of his whip, and, smarting with baffled rage, turned his head and hurled back a parting shot that was a veritable bomb-shell of besmirching epithets, as the cab rolled away. Some of those who remained on the sidewalk attempted to overtake the retreating vehicle, but, giving up the pursuit as fruitless, return-ed to join the little group which was now holding a hurried consultation. After a moment or two they picked up a limp figure and started away down the street, bearing the uncon-scious form as the trophy of their victory. ****** At a special meeting of the Bachelors' Club the next even-ing, a full account of the affair was given by one of the mem-bers, who gathered his information from those who had been most directly concerned in the disgraceful episode. From his disclosures it appeared that Rudolph, after noting the suspic-ious circumstances of Mr. Carson's disappearance and fearing 248 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. foul play, had aroused a half dozen of the servants and begun a search. The rescuing party tracked the cab to the street in the slum district by following the wheel marks in the snow. After overcoming the resistence of Mr. Carson's would-be ab-ductors, they had brought that gentleman back to the club-house, sent for a physician to resuscitate him from the effects of the drug and the rough handling he had received, and reported the affair to the police. When Brent's shameless duplicity became generally known, the assembly room of the Bachelors' Club was in a turmoil of indignation. A bitter, crushing letter of dismissal was drawn up and despatched to his law office, in case he should have the audacity to return and attempt to explain by some elaborate falsehood, as many of the members believed he would do. But the letter remained unopened upon the desk of Brent's deserted office and the shrewdest detectives of the city failed to obtain a single clew as to his whereabouts. Nelson Brent and his ac-complice, the little Southerner, had completely disappeared. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 249 THE NEED OF RENEWED INTEREST IN THE LITERARY SOCIETIES OF OUR COLLEGE. THE subject of the advantages of membership in a literary society andof general literary discipline is an aggravatingly old one, and one which has been preached from the college ros-trum ever since the literary society found place as an appendage to an institution of learning. Notwithstanding, it is, with all its ponderous burden of repetition, a most vital and important phase of collegiate training, and its importance needs all the more to be emphasized in lieu of the widespread lack of ap-prehension among students in general of the highly beneficent results which it confers. At'Gettysburg the existing state of affairs needs considera-tion. The reason as to why our literary societies are so lethar-' gic demands investigation. As to the why and wherefore of this depression in the field of literary effort let us briefly in-quire, and try to recognize the necessity for improvement. It is quite in harmony with a reasonable supposition to in-fer that the chief cause of this apathy is to be discovered in a failure to realize just what the literary society means to the student. To start with, it offers a chance for development in composition. Writing, in an intelligent way and with the use of good diction, is an accomplishment every college man should own. To be able to write what one thinks and offer it to be read by others is as much a demand on the college man as to be able to carry on an intelligent conversation. If a man has a reasoning intellect, descriptive ability, poetic sentiment, or thought-power and observant faculties along any particular line—which we all have in greater or less degree—he should surely appreciate his endowment to an extent great enough to insure its permanency and highest efficiency by a proper amount of use. This state of affairs would be conclusively guaranteed by an occasional essay, poem, or story, which a keen interest in his society and college monthly should unhesitatingly lead him to construct with a gratifying result to both writer and reader or listener. 250 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. The aptitude to compose one's thoughts, which ability is also a thought-training process, is an accomplishment which no stu-dent of Gettysburg College will ever disdain.' Secondly, and somewhat interwoven with what we have just said, is to be recognized the happy knack of being able to stand before an audience and do clear thinking. This is a something that is of incalculable importance. Not one man in one hun-dred can do it. Every college graduate, to be worthy of the name, ought to be that one man. To face with self-poise a congregated mass of people and address them with a calm dig-nity and a smooth-working brain is a modern requirement of the college man, and justly so. The world insists upon and demands this qualification. He who possesses this proficiency will always cherish it, and he who lacks it will ever be sensible of a lost opportunity. With this showing, as manifested in two main ways, of what the student of our college, in many cases, is foregoing in his educational career, let us give heed to one or two phases of our literary society work which are sore in need of a rectifying remedy forthwith, and the existence of which implies another cause for general unprogressiveness. The literary contests between the Phrenakosmian and Philo-mathean societies should be the means by which a great and lasting enthusiasm would be aroused in and a powerful impetus given to general literary work in the college. The approach of these competitive performances should instigate a rival zest between the members of the respective societies which would be satisfied only after having placed him, whom it has ani-mated, on the program, or upon the accession thereto of some more competent person, whose position was gained only by dili-gent and effective work. Such conditions would conduce to a mighty good. They would establish a propensity for literary practice certain to be wholesome for both societies. But how different? This year there is scarcely a little bit of interest manifest. Neither society seems to consider the issue worth more than a meagre amount of preparation. As the time for the contests draws nigh a sort of stringent necessity does impel a preparation which has the appearance of a greater or less THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 251 amount of haphazardness. The training for these programs, instead of having been systematic, steady and critical, has par-taken too much of an abrupt, spasmodic and thoroughless course, which is bound to assert itself, we are afraid, in their rendition. Before this paper has appeared the literary contests shall have taken place. By them let our society members judge their tactics henceforth. To be sure, these programs are going to support some kind of success, but how much better might they not have been had they been subject to a more ap-propriate preparation by harder individual work, more enthusi-astic collective energizing? Who dares set the limit? Within the precincts of each society the indifference of in-. dividuul members to the success of a program of the usual routine order is most exasperating. Every society member is entitled to a performance at certain intervals. Each society member anticipates that privilege when he joins his society. Deny it him and he resists. Henceforth it becomes his duty as well. But at present the inclination to slight this duty and privilege is quite ad extremiun. If a member be posted for an appearance on any particular program, the liability of the actual reality of his presence for the purpose of doing his duty and enjoying his privilege is, in so many cases, quite remote. Nowadays the president of Philo, the president of Phrena never knows, with any degree of certainty, what his program is going to be until rt is over. Indeed sometimes doesn't know if it is going to be at all or not. A member if unable to be present, whether on account of unavoidable circumstances, or on account of an acute indisposition to move aggravated by an attack of voluntary brain inactivity, instead of procuring a substitute, which is certainly the only proper course, simply lets the affair drift until it produces its ruinous effect on some program, whose purpose to please gives way to a decided reactionary effect. When will you realize your duty to yourself and your society, my inactive friend? How will you retrieve your loss? And now, fellow-student, having been made conversant with the facts, will you avail yourself of this offer; this lasting and essential advantage extended to you ? You who are going to 252 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. become ministers and lawyers—will it pay you to wait until you are in the pulpit or before the bar to learn how to handle your faculties, to control your thoughts and temper your actions ? And you, doctor and man of science, can you afford to descry the work because it is beyond your immediate province ? The truth is that whatsoever we be—professional men, business men, or scientific men—we are going to be called upon to per-form certain functions in life because of the significant fact that we are college men. The college man stands in such vast pro-portion to his fellow-men that, with his superior ability, he will be compelled to assume certain obligations within the field of .his active life. Suppose, for instance, you should be asked to make an address, you who are so negligent in society work, at a certain place, after your college days have passed and you are in the great fight of the world whose finish is victory or defeat, or that you are prevailed upon to preside at some meeting, in both of which cases you could positively not escape, unless on the plea of inability, would it not be your sincere desire that your success, in either instance, should be somewhat commen-surate with what would be expected of you, and would it not be of vast humiliation, and even perhaps a check on your ma-terial advancement, to confess inability, or to fail in the under-taking? Such cases as this are not improbable ; on the other hand they are both very probable and almost certain. Prepare now, fellow-student, and escape the penalty of the future. With such conditions at Gettysburg we should try and im-prove. At the same time we may find relief, over against this depicted "depression, in the fact that ours is not the only insti-tution wherein there is a lack of concern for literary discipline. In looking over the magazines of many of our contemporary schools we find, apparently, just as deplorable a situation. In brief, the American college might conveniently stand a "renais-sance." But the fact that an analagous disinterest is prevalent in other colleges should lead us to recognize more fully the greater necessity for a revival. The necessity is becoming a stern one and our duty it is to set in operation causes that will be productive of more satisfying results. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 253 Lastly, the welfare of Gettysburg demands that we get to work. Gettysburg College, we have reason to believe, is on the eve of a new departure. Nothing can long remain inactive. It must either advance or retrograde. For some time our col-lege has been in a state of comparative inactivity, but the spell is bound to be broken, and, judging from recent movements, we may judiciously conclude that the election of a president will soon be assured, and that such a step will be attended with success for Alma Mater. Anticipating such progressiveness, in no place can the student body initiate its expanding interest more appropriately than in literary society work. If we can make our two societies flourish, the influence will be far-reach-ing and the end worth the beginning. A few days ago the writer casually chanced upon the follow-ing : "Without good literary societies a college is certainly not worthy of patronage." This passage clearly defines the merit of the literary society. It is a necessary adjunct to the equip-ment of any institution of learning. Some of our neighboring colleges have valued this importance so highly as to make a certain amount of literary society membership compulsory. Our own school even has provision in its regulations for such membership with an alternative of certain extra work to be provided by the faculty. This rule, however, has not of recent years been subject to a rigorous enforcement, nor do we advo-cate its active operation after years of dormancy. Literary work should be voluntary. The student should find pleasure in it. The reward it offers should be its stimulus. No stu-dent is going to gain much from that into which he is forced. Now, if this work is so superlatively requisite, it certainly is worthy of support. It deserves a proportionate share of our labor. Recognizing the significence of our literary societies, let us upbuild them again, improve them by active work and by performing when called upon to do so. L. A. G. 254 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. CONVERSATION AS AN ART. HARRIET A. MCGILI;, '06. AGROUP of girls were talking about the expected visit of some college students to their town. The first and chief topic of their conversation was that pertinent to dress, and on all sides might be heard the statement, "I must have a new gown made for the occasion." The second, and by no means unim-portant consideration, was, "How shall we feed them; what shall we give them to eat?" This phase of the anticipated event was discussed in many ways, and with a due considera-tion of the fact that the appetite of the average college student is not easily satiated, but craves an abundant variety. After more or less of time had been indulged in this manner, it was suddenly discovered that by far the most attractive and intelli-gent girl in the company had been strangely quiet. She also happened to be of wealthy parentage and it was well known that she could easily afford many new gowns and tender many elaborate parties. " What are you thinking about?" asked her friends, almost in concert. "Why girls," was the reply, "to tell you the truth, I was just pondering as to how to formulate some scheme to put an intellectual edge on my ideas, in order to be able to entertain the boys when they are here with something interesting to talk about." Now, all girls like fine and beautiful dresses, and the elim-ination of hunger from the nature of the guest friend is, by no kind of argument, a meagre consideration, yet, despite these two pending necessities, the quiet girl, who had been thinking of interesting topics for conversation, had, without doubt, the proper conception about entertaining guests. We do not care about addressing statues, no matter how beautiful they may be; we gaze upon them for a while with admiring interest, and then pass on into contact with our liv-ing, breathing fellow-beings, less beautiful, it may be, but cer-tainty more attractive to us. The analogy finds its comple-ment in those persons who exist apparently for the sake of ap- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 255 pcarance; to see and be seen; to attract attention by every device and to pass on their face value. They have no in-dividuality. They may be admired, but never loved, or even scarcely liked by those with whom they come to be associated. Such is the person, for the most part, who is unable to employ the conversational art. The cultivation of conversational abil-ity has suffered by an undivided attention to the superficial. But let such individual recognize the relative importance of conversational power and seek to attain it, and his or her per-sonality will assert itself; vanity will subside. Education is a great factor in advancing conversation as an art. However, it is only a factor; it cannot do all. One must, first of all, be unselfish and amiable, must have a real desire to please, and not have feelings tending to provoke the state-ment: "Well, I have been put here to.talk with this person, and I presume I must make the best of it." Conversation to be worth the time and effort must be a pleasure. To be in-structive it must be conducted with mutual interest. The re-moval of the selfish element is always advantageous. Some people are naturally somewhat bashful or reserved. Such an one the considerate talker will address with careful thought- He will use tact in endeavoring to draw him out, and in having him speak of himself, to a certain extent, his work and aims, friends, and those things which seem to savor of interest for him. Under such circumstances time will pass rapidly for all ■coucerned, and the intellectual intercourse will be thoroughly enjoyed and appreciated. Among the educated conversation certainly flows with great-er ease than among those who have had fewer advantages. It is a fact that, no matter where one lives, who has been well ed-ucated, the world's interests are his interests and, as a result, he is acquainted with those interests. He is more at ease, broad-er- minded than his less fortunate brother, since he has studied about the great deeds of men and has seen " Footprints on the sands of time." All these superiorities assert his greater abil-ity in conversational art. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter Vol. XII GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1904 No. 8 Editor-in-ch ief LYMAN A. GUSS, '04 Exchange Editor M. ROY HAMSHER, '04 Business Manager F. GARMAN MASTERS, '04 Asst. Business Manager A. L. DlELENBECK, '05 Associate Editors JOHN B. BOYER, '04 BRUCE P. COBAUGH, '05 C. EDWIN BUTLER, '05 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT. D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Busi-ness Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. SOME PARTING Upon the appearance of this issue of the WORDS. MERCURY the duties of the present editorial staff and management cease. We have performed the tasks incident to the publication of one volume of this paper and herewith surrender all obligation, together with the good will of the journal, to our successors. During our supervision we have tried to labor with a due sense of the responsibility rest-ing upon us, not only for the continuance of the heretofore es-tablished literary plane of the MERCURY, but for the constant exaltation of its general tone. We have felt strongly the neces-sity of unremitting, vigorous effort in the interest of the charge entrusted to us, and we have made it our particular concern to employ appropriate methods in our work. In short, our aim THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 257 INDIFFERENCE. has been not mediocrity but perfection. To be sure, we have fallen short of this aim, and our ideal has been but imperfectly-realized, yet we feel we have done all possible in our desire to evolve improvement in our college monthly. That our exer-tions have been productive of good results at times we modestly admit, but that they have likewise borne barren fruit is beyond doubt. This lack of what might have been gain under different cir-cumstances is happily explainable, and a brief indulgence in the facts pertaining thereto may avail to remove the exigency henceforth. The first great drawback during the past year has been a manifestation of indifference, or lack of co-operation. This is one reason why the MERCURY has not been as creditable to the college as we conceive it should have been. There has been a general disinterestedness in its pages. Some one may say that there hasn't been such a great deal contained within its covers tending to inspire inter-est. This, we grant, is, in part, true. But, criticising friend, if you would remedy the situation you must set to work on the cause, not the effect. As every subscriber knows, this paper is published by the literary societies of the institution, and in them as publishers it expects to find hearty supporters and loyal contributors. In-stead it has found apparently hearty non-supporters and dis-loyal contributors. True it is that the articles appearing on the MERCURY'S pages from time to time have been mostly written by society men, yet there has been no united effort or obvious interest displayed by either society on behalf of this paper's general improvement. If it succeeds, good; if not, good again. Concern in and for it is dormant, dead. The very fact that it is the organ of the societies should cause every man interested in his society to subscribe for it; should make it the duty of each and every member so to do, but, to the contrary notwithstanding, a great many members of both Philo and Phrena do not take it. They are unaware, one would think, that financial support is absolutely a requisite to the ex- 258 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. istence of a college journal, even if they are deaf to the fact that a large subscription list gives editorial encouragement, and will later stand for merit. But if society men themselves, by general disregard, show no disposition to aid the paper, how can we expect a new initiate to voluntarily sink a dollar in something, which from a fellow" member's action is, according to indications, a losing game; so much of money wasted ? We are not given entirely to pessimism, but inflated optimism cannot long be floated on a stream of adverse conditions. These may seem to be strong statements. So we intend them, and we believe the means justifies the end, and if we hope to continue a monthly strictly creditable to Gettysburg something will have to happen. Therefore, let us take things as they are, and try to adminis-ter an antidote. Show more interest in this paper, member of Philo, member 'of Phrena, then we will seek other means of heightening its influence. It will pay an effort so expended, both in good to the college and individual development. DEARTH OF A second salient cause for non-progressiveness MATERIAL. lies in a deficiency of material, both in quan-tity and in variety. At the present time we are generously thankful to get almost any kind of a contribution. "Anything prints just now" is a sorry statement for the editor of a college magazine. By no means do we propose to disparage the pro-ductions of those who have aided us during the past year with their compositions. To them is due our grateful thanks. The point we wish to make is simply that the staff of such a paper as this purports to be, instead of being compelled to go a-beg-ging, should have some right to choice; instead of being forced to take what it can get, it should have the privilege, to a cer-tain extent at least, of selecting what it wants. When will you give us a chance, fellow student ? And further, we should not only have more than just enough to print in each issue, but some variety. Point out the student and general reader who doesn't tire of the forced essay—that which is produced as so much task work. "Dry as punk," he THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 259' says and flings away the paper containing it, and thereby all that is good therein goes unnoticed and unread. Indeed, some such essays are good and commendable, but they so often lack in spirit and enthusiasm, both of which are necessary traits of a good essay. No student can write anything worth reading on a subject in which he feels no concern. He may draw out a few facts and truths for argument's sake, but that is not the substance of a good literary production. What we need is good, solid, substantial essays to start with, full of life and con-viction, enthused with the personality of the writer. Again, give us something of fiction. This is, indeed, a form of variation of which we feel the sorest need. The short story is a powerful factor in adding to the charm ot a college maga-zine's pages. The creation of a healthy bit of romance is in-vigorating to the reader and beneficial to the author. It relieves the stern ruggedness of a journal otherwise filled, perchance,, with bleak prosaic composition. Fact and fancy will mix to advantage on the pages of the college paper if intermingled in the proper proportion. And, yet more, let us have an occasional poem. Poetry lightens the soul and stirs the reader to better things. We do not reckon upon an outpouring of full-toned poetry akin to that of the masters, but we do find justification in asking for poetic sentiment in verse such as many students are, without doubt, capable of contributing. Our exchanges contain it. Are we so much farther down the scale as to preclude all possibility of anything similar? Surely not. We can have poetry, fiction, and good essays, if you will, fellow-student. FOOD FOR Our monthly can be made better and must be THOUGHT. made better. Remember that to our Alumni and to other colleges this paper is the chief measure by which they judge our literary standard. That standard must always be kept high. A college displaying but meagre literary ability in its representative magazine is certain to feel the disadvan-tageous effects. And, last of all, remember that a paper can always be improved externally as well as internally by making it more attractive and elaborate, and that a full treasury, through 26o THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY the agency of a large subscription list, is the only way to gain this end. The foregoing has been written—a large proportion of its substance not for the first time—we believe, under the impulse of the right motive. Although, as said previously, we are about to relinquish active relations with the MERCURY, we are, under no circumstances, going to cast aside all interest in it. In fact, the contrary shall be the case. Its advancement will be our pleasure, and its prosperity our lasting desire. If you will but co-operate with us, student-friend, and if we let our good inten-tions take the form of material aid, all will be well. The pres-ent stringency will slacken. The MERCURY will improve and we shall indulge a just pride in our college monthly. ^^-^-^ EXCHANGES. THE Touchstone came out in January, clothed in a pretty gray and silver cover. We noticed at the foot of the cover-page—it may have been because of its attractive appear-ance— this sentence: "Published in the interest of Literary Lafayette." A sermon would be forthcoming on a theme which that sentence suggests, were it not for certain suggestions we have previously made concerning "much speaking." We would make that theme—"The Literary College." However, all honor to Lafayette if she is as thoroughly imbued with the literary spirit as she seems to be. There is one note to which most of our exchanges seem to be keyed : the warning of literary en-thusiasm. One comes out with an editorial declaring that at that particular institution literary spirit is dead. Another is continually appealing to the student body for poems and stories and essays. Were the productions of such a magazine as The Georgetown College Jo7irnal less worthy of praise, we might notice that the same group of men are the contributors month after month, and might draw our own conclusions. But we will not preach. Let us pray the oracle to send a great revival of literary spirit (f\ THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 26l upon our colleges, to make them centers of American literature. May the dead come io life again ! From the unassorted heap on our desk, we pick up the Mani-ton Messenger. We are made glad, as we read an announce-ment for the February number. It does not bewail a lack of material, but it announces such interesting subject material for the coming month that one becomes anxious to see next month's issue. We are not quite so pessimistic now. The article in the January number which warrants us in our expectations is a study of the leading character in "The Mer-chant of Venice." The author's interpretation of Shylock, as actuated by love for his persecuted race, places him in a some-what new light. "Side by side with the epithets, the Avarici-ous, and the Avenger, let us place the epithet, the Martyr." In a well-written article on "Panama," a rather partisan view is taken. The story of Herbert Spencer's life, with a statement of his theory, is very clearly shown. There is, however, a lack of the short story, and the poet does not venture to show him-self. Some of the ex-men have been quoting specimens of the college man's poetry. With apologies to the ex-man of the University of Va. Magazine, we quote: "The twilight palls The shadow falls And round me like a massive shawl The night descends." Author unknown. It may be better to lack poetry than to give the poet's Pegassus a chance to roam in such a way. But the magazine which carries something of this nature has at least the credit of having variety. We wish to acknowledge a new exchange, the Brown and White. It is a sprightly paper from Brown Preparatory School, Philadelphia. We wonder what the Dickinsonian might mean in her ex^ change notes, referring to the seven articles in the December number of The Gettysburgian, which is characterized as " a mediocre college weekly." No doubt the printer is at fault. 262 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Last night I held a little hand, So dainty and so neat, Methought my heart would burst with joy So wildly did it beat. No other hand into my heart Could greater solace bring, Than that I held last night, which was Four aces and a king. —Tlie Courant. The author of the following effort is nameless. Perhaps sometime he may come to college, and we can only hope that that time will be soon (for his own good). " The mouth is the front door to the face. It is patriotism's fountain and a tool-chest for pie. Without the mouth the pol-itician would go down to an unhonored grave. It is the gro-cer's friend and the dentist's hope. It has put some men on the rostrum and some in jail. It is temptation's lunch counter when attached to a maiden; tobacco's friend when attached to a man." The Review, edited by the students of Washington College,, has just arrived at our desk for the first time. " Why Brer Rabbit Has No Tail" seems to be an elaborate attempt at dia-lect. There is a tendency with some of the exchanges to arrive at least a month late. The St. Johns Collegian for January is at hand for the first time in several months. The issue, how-ever, is worthy of perusal, and the short story, although not particularly interesting as offered in this issue, unites with the essay to form a well-balanced college paper. The article on " The St. John's Spirit" should stir one's blood for his alma mater. "Spirit of Old-Fashioned Roses," Breathing the air of the spring, Spirit of far-away roses, Sweet as a song you sing. Now in the dusk of the twilight, As evening softly falls, Kiss the farewell of forever, Ere the thought of forever appalls ; Touch his lips gently and sweetly As leaves touch a castle's walls. —The Haverfordian. ma® PATRONIZE Ol'R ADVERTISERS. EAGLE HOTEL Rates $2.00, $2.50 and $3.00 per day. HAS A CAPACITY OF 400 GUESTS —=. FRANK EBERHART, PROP'R. Dealer in F Picture Frames of All Sorts. Repair work done promptly. Wl will also buy or exchange any second-hand furniture 40hanibersburgSt., - GETTYSBURG, PA. Buy Your^^^^s SUMMER SUIT -_A_T-IT FITS. IS STYLISH, LOOKS WELL, WEARS WELL. CLOTHING We mean Hand~TailoPed Ready-to-uuear Nobby Dress Hats, Swell Neckwear, Fancy Shirts, Men's Underwear. YORK, PENN'A. LWatch for his Representative when he visits the College j PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Geo. E. Spacer, PIANOS, ORGANS, MUSIC/LL MERCHANDISE Music Rooms, - York St. Telephone 181 GETTYSBURG TEACHERS! TEACHERS! Teachers wishing to prepare for Examination should write im-mediately for our Teachers' Interstate Examination Course, as taught by mail. This course is endorsed by many leading educators, and every progressive teacher who wishes to advance in their profession should begin work immediately. Address nearest office, with stamp, for reply. AMERICAN TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION, 174 Randolph Building, 1423 Arch Street, Memphis, Tenn. Philadelphia. k M. ALLrEMAN, Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, Faints and Qieqiwar Gettysburg, Pa. THE ONLY JOBBING HOUSE IN ADAMS COUNTY W. F. Odori, -DEALER IN^ Beef, fork. Lamb, Veal, and Sausage, SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS. York Street, Gettysburg:, Pa. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. ECKENEOBE & BEGKER CHAMBERSBUBG ST., Dealers in Beef, Veal, Lamb, Pork, Sausage, Pudding, Bologna, Hams, Sides, Shoulders, Lard, Prime Corned Beef. The Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia! DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE Offers exceptional facilities to graduates of Gettysburg College, especially to those who have taken a medical preparatory orbiological course. The instruction is thoroughly practical, particular attention being given to laboratory work and bed-side and ward-class teaching. Ward-classes are limited in size. A modified seminar method is a special feature of the Course. Free quizzing in all branches by the Professors and a special staff of Tutors. The College has also a Department of Dentistry and a Department of Pharmacy. All Gettysburg College students are cordially invited to inspect the College and Clinical Amphitheatre at any time. For announcements or information apply to SENECA EGBERT, Dean of the Department of Medicine, 17th & Cherry Streets, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Wright, %j \ Co. 140-144 Woodward Avenue, DETROIT, MICH. Manufacturers of high grade Fraternity Emblems Fraternity Jewelry Fraternity Novelties Fraternity Stationery Fraternity Invitations Fraternity Announcements Fraternity Programs Send for Catalogue aad Price List. Special Designs on Applicatisn THESE FIKMS ARE O. K. -PATRONIZE THEM. DO YOU KNOW WHERE The Choicest Candies, The Finest Soda Water, The Largest Oysters, The Best Ice Cream, Can be found in town? Yes, at Young's Confectionary On Chambersburg Street, near City Hotel, Gettysburg, Pa. IF YOU CALL OH C. A. Bloehef, Jeuuelet*, Centre Square, He can serve you in anything you may want in REPAIRING or JEWELRY. SEFTON & FLEMMINGS LIVERY Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, Pa. Competent Guides for all parts of the Battlefield. Arrangements by-telegram or letter. Lock Box 257. J. I. 41 Baltimore St., Gettysburg, Pa, The improvements to our Studio have proven a perfect success and we are now better prepared than ever to give you satisfactory work. TEACHERS WANTED. We need at once a few more Teachers, both experienced and in-experienced. More calls this year than ever before. Schools supplied with competent teachers free of cost. Address, with stamp, AMERICAN TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION, 174 Randolph Building 1423 Arch Street, Memphis, Tenn. Philadelphia. HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. t Tie IntereoIIeglafe Bnrean of Academic Costume. Chartered igo2. Cotrsll S^ Leonard* jPs.lba.rxv, 3NC. IT. ffiakefs of the Caps, Gouuns and Hoods To the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Cornell, Columbia, University of Chicago, University of Min-nesota, Leland Stanford, Tulape, University of the South, Wel-esley, Bryn Mawr, Wells, Mt. lolyoke and the others. Illustrated Bulletin, Samples, Etc., upon request. A. B. BLACK, Gettysburg College Representative. E. A. Wright's Engraving House, 1108 Chestnut St. PHILADELPHIA We have our own photograph gallery for half-tone and photo engraving. Fashionable Engraving and Stationery. Leading house for College, School and Wedding Invitations, Dance Programs, Menus. Fine engraving of all kinds. Before ordering elsewhere com-pare samples and prices. GET THE BEST The TEACHERS' AMD PUPILS' CYCLOPAEDIA. ANEW, RELIABLE and BEAUTIFUL WORK OF KhFEKENCE in three volumes, edited by B. P. Holtz, A.M., for the homes, schools and colleges of America. It has over 2,200 pages, quarto size, is absolutely new, and treats thousands of selected topics. Many prominent educators have already recommended it for gener-al use. Sample pages furnished on ap-plication. AGENTS WANTED. The Hoist Publishing Co., Boone, lo-wa,- PATRONIZE OUR ADVEKTIZERS. FURNITURE Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. # Telephone No. 97. IE3:_ IB. ZBen.d.ex 73 Baltimore St., Gettysburg, Pa. THE STEWART & STEEN CO. College JEngrcuners and (Printers 1024 Arch. St., Philadelphia, Pa. MAKERS AND PUBLISHERS OF Commencement, Class Day Invitations and Programs, " Class Pins and Buttons in Gold and Other Metals, Wedding Invitations and Announcements, At Home Cards, Reception Cards and Visiting Cards, Visiting Cards—Plate and 50 cards, 75 cents. Special Discount to Students. d. §. ipalding & (Bros., * * OFFICIAL J» * FOOT BALL SUPPLIES Are Made in Accordance With Official Stiles. Spalding's handsomely illustrated cata-logue of Fall and Winter Sports contain-ing all the new things in foot ball will be sent free to any address. Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide, containing the new rules. Per copy, 10 cents. How to Play Foot Ball. By Walter Camp. New edition. Per copy, 10cents. A. G. Spalding & Bros. New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco Host011 Luttalo Kansas City St. Louis Minneapolis Denver London, England. Baltimore MontrealjCan. I
PRIZE ESSAY NUMBER. i i ~ JUSTE, 1904 IY6L, XIII. HO. i GETTYSBURG COLLEGE GETTYSBURG, PA. i w. V N. C. UARBKMENH, OCTTTOBUflS II n w i HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume. Chartered igoz. Cottrell & Leonrard Albany, N. Y. AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA WWWWWWWWWWWW Makers of Caps, Gowns, Hoods AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A. B. BLACK, Gettysburg College Representative. Come and Have a Good Shave, E. A. Wright's or HAIR-CUT at Engraving House, Naffy B. SeftOll's 1108 Chestnut St. PHILADELPHIA We have our own photograph gallery for half-tone and photo engraving. Fashionable Engraving and Stationery. Leading house for College, School and Wedding Invitations, Dance Programs, Menus. Fine engraving of all kinds. Before ordering elsewhere com-pare samples and prices. New Tons:)rial Parlor's, 35 Baltimore St. BARKERS' SUPPLIES A SPECIALTY. Also, choice line of fine Cigars. Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, *^ A, L, Menbeck, Agent, COLLEGE. IF YOU CALL ON C. A. Bloehef*, JemeleF, Centre Square, He can serve you in anything you may want in REPAIRING or JEWELRY. rffWHipwjPii^jj ifwPBjmHHMP! WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. The Pleased Customer is not a stranger in our estab-lishment— he's right at home, you'll see him when you call. We have the materials to please fastidious men. J. D. LIPPY, lxle;reiaa-rit Tailor, 29 Chambersburg Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. CITY HOTEL, Main Street, - Gettysburg, Pa. Free 'Bus to and from all trains. Thirty seconds' walk from either depot. Dinner with drive over field with four or more, $1.35. Rates, $1.50 to $2.00 per Day. Livery connected. Rubber-tire buggies a specialty. John E. Hughes, Prop. T1PT0H M Now in 1 THE .PHOTOGRAPHER. new Studio 20 and 22 Chambersburg Street, Gettysburg, Pa. One of the finest modern lights in the country. C. E. Barbehenn THE EACLE HOTEL ZB-A-ISIBIEIK Corner Main and Washington Sts. 1905 SPECTRUM Now in Printer's hands. Order from M. M. METZGEE. BEILLHAKT & PARKEE Students' Supply Rooms! Everything You Want. Fine Stationery a Specialty. NO. 5 AND 7 EAST. i r PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. I WE HI A COMPLETE LI Of Novelties for the Spring Season, including Latest Suiting, Coating, Trousering and Vesting. Our Prices are Right. SPECIAL CARE TAKEN TO MAKE WORK STYLISH AND EXACTLY TO YOUR ORDER. tUill Ol. Seliman, T^, 7 Chambefsfaufg St., Gettysburg, Pa. R. A. WONDERS Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, etc. Scott's Corner, opp. Eagle Hotel GETTYSBURG, PA. Pool Parlors in Connection. D. J. Swartz Dealer in Country Produce Groceries Cigars and Tobacco GETTYSBURG. Established 1867 by Allen Walton. Allen K. Walton, Pres. and Treas. Robt. J. Walton, Superintendent. Hummelstown Browq Stone Company and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING, and TILE, WALTOMLLE DAUPHIN COUNTYj: PENNA. Contractors for all kinds of cut stone work. Telegraph and Express Address, BROVVNSTONE, PA. Parties visiting quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station, on the P. & R. R. R. DO YOU NEED PNEY TO GO TO COLLEGE ? [FROM COPYRIGHTED STEREOGRAFH BY UNDERWOOD AND UNDERWOOD] Happy Land of t :e R* staff Sun where Song Unceasing Flows. Stereoscopes * and * Stereographs K\ can furnish it fo.' you during the Summer Vacation, Many New Subjects for this season: Russian-Japanese War, Panama Canal, Balti-more Fire, President Roosevelt, Gettysburg Battlefield: New Comic Series; Stereo-scopic Tours, accompanied by patent maps and interesting descriptive books- Write for particulars- Underwood & Underwood 3 AND 5 W. NINETEENTH ST., COR. FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. REPRESENTED AT PENN'A COL. BY E- G- HESS- The CDcFGury. The Literary Journal of Gettyburg College. VOL. XIII. GETTYSBURG, PA., JUNE, 1904. No. 4 CONTENTS "DE SAPIENTIAE PROFESSORIBUS "—POEM, . . 128 ANDROMACHE ET DECIDIANA. RUSSIAN AGGRESSION—Pen and Sword Prize Essay, . 130 PAUL B. DUNBAR, '04. A MODERN FAUST, 136 "X. Y. Z.'' SOCIALISM ,137 JOSEPH E. ROWE, '04. THE SABBATH AS A CIVILIZER, 144 Miss HELEN WAGNER, '06. THE COURSE OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT IN CONNECTION WITH THE PANAMA REVOLUTION, . 146 CHAS. W. HEATHCOTE, '05. A HUNTER OF MEN—POEM, 148 "BRIDGET." .'THE PATH OF DUTY IS THE WAY TO GLORY," . 151 POEM, 154 EDITORIALS 155 EXCHANGES, . 157 w 128 . THE MERCURY. «DE SAPIENTIAE PROFESSORIBUS." ANDROMACHE ET DECIDIANA. HOW dear to our hearts are those days when at college We studied and wept o'er the classics of yore; The Latin, the Greek, and the terrible German, And brain-splitting ''Math" which we used to deplore. To-night as we sit in the glow of our fire-side, And think of those days and the pleasures of old, Our hearts fain would turn to our former professors, Who gave to us learning, much better than gold. The fire burns low in its smouldering ashes, The faces appear that we once knew so well, Some pleasant and jovial, and others more solemn, But of each, in his turn, we will .now try to tell. Oh Muse ! pray be kind and remain standing by us, And give to us freely and with no restraint, That much sought for gift, the true power of description, So each one may know whom we're trying to paint. The first who appears in the fast dying embers, Is one who made culprits shake clear to their toes ; He'd rap on the desk with a frowning expression, And quell all confusion, just how, no one knows. His eyes were as blue as the azure of Heaven, His hair was inclined to a faint auburn shade, His stature was tall, and this mighty Apollo Was reverenced alike by each man and each maid. And now we behold one so tall and so handsome, Who led our young minds 'round the fair walls of Troy, Who oft would propound his fav'rite assertion That 'there should be guardians for maidens so coy.' And next to him standing, a man of small stature, Whom feline protectors all look on with dread; He bears in his right hand a tight-covered basket, Just lift up the cover ! Out pops a cat's head. Our dear 'Roman Senator' now looms before us, As tall as a dignified 'senex' of old. He too bears a basket, but it's full of good things, And as a 'rear guard' he has 'Waggles,' the bold. The next that appears to our far-seeing vision Is one who seemed stern tho' at heart he was ki-nd. His friends the}' were num'rous, his travels were many, But ever to "Dutchland" his heart was inclined. THE MERCURY. 129 Scarce had his form disappeared in the ashes, When two more professors came into our sight. A halo of gas, (H2S), was around them, Which ever had been their fond joy and delight. How often we shivered when into their class-room We went in dread fear that we might not come out. A "fiss" and a "bang" and a "crash" would oft greet us; And then the stern question, "What are you about?" And now comes a face that so quietly greets us, He led 'little boys' in the way they should go. He taught them politeness as well as sound doctrine, And stirred to high ideals instead of to low. And last but not least comes that jolly, good "Sap'ens" Who once taught us "Math" and a great deal beside, For he used to tell all the jokes of the season, And solved weighty problems discussed far and wide. The fire dies out and we sit there reflecting On those pleasant days and our teachers of old, And we would not sell our fond recollections For all the rich treasures the deep sea could hold. And so let us close while the dark shadows gather, Which hide from our vision each loved noble face. We hope they still walk through those fair halls of learning, And for many years yet each may keep his old place. 130 THE MERCURY. " RUSSIAN AGGRESSION." [Pen and Sword Prize Essay.] PAUL B. DUNBAR, '04. THE discussion of a subject of world-wide importance can-not fail to be influenced by preconceived prejudices. It seems to be natural for Americans as a whole to entertain strongly such a prejudice against Russia. This is probably the result of our instinctive sympathy for the weak in a contest with the strong. The attempt will be made in this paper, how-ever, to set forth as impartially as possible the facts of the Rus-sian Advance. Having studied these carefully, Russia's motives will be discussed, and finally the probable results of these ag-gressive movements will be briefly summed up. A glance at the map of Russia, her possessions and spheres of influence, shows over how vast a region the Empire of the North holds sway. From the Baltic on the west to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Behring Sea on the east, the Russian territory extends in an unbroken stretch—five thousand miles of steppes and mountains, rivers and inland seas, burning deserts and bar-ren tundras. On the broad plains of Siberia are sections of wonderful fertility practically undeveloped and in its mountain ranges are untouched stores of boundless mineral wealth. This entire region is subject to the most diverse climatic conditions, seasons of extreme cold alternating with intervals of almost tor-rid heat. Such is the Empire of the Czar, embracing more than one seventh of the land surface of the globe and support-ing a population of one hundred and thirty millions. Today we see the Great Bear reaching out ready to seize in his powerful clutch territory after territory. The stress of pres-ent events draws our attention especially to the Far East. There we see the Muscovite pressing relentlessly upon the territory of China, and now by the test of battle it must be decided whether Korea also shall be Russian. The Far East is not the only object of Russia's advance. Slowly, silently, by stealth of di-plomacy, plans are being laid, forces set to work to widen Asi-atic Russia to the southward. During the last forty years; THE MERCURY. 131 , •% . — Britain has watched with apprehension the southward advance of the Bear toward her Indian border. Never for an instant dare she relax her vigilance against the encroachment of the Czar. Russian advisers ever ready to advance the interests of their master hold the ears of many of the native border princes. But yesterday came rumors of Russian influence in Tibet, of a treaty of that country with Russia, and the presence of envoys in the Tibetan capital whose purpose is to forward Russian in-terests in opposition to those of England. Turkey and the Balkan States feel this powerful hand and Sweden and Norway look with alarm toward the borders of Finland. What is the history of the growth of this giant among nations ? Three hundred and twenty years ago Russia was a small and semi barbarous state whose advance posts were scarcely eight hundred miles east of St. Petersburg. In the closing years of the sixteenth century, however, there came to the throne a ruler distinguished for severity even in that stern age. Ivan the Ter-rible, by the very cruelty of his rule, inaugurated the eastward movement of that Slavic invasion which now after three cen-turies of alternate advance and retreat is now approaching so terrible a crisis. Rebellious subjects of the Czar fleeing from pursuing troops were forced to take refuge in the unknown, frigid wilderness to the eastward. As they retreated, they easily overcame the scattered nomads who inhabited these regions. Then by turning over the conquered territory to Russia, they obtained the pardon of the Czar Ivan. This was the first step —the entering wedge—in Russia's eastward advance. The tide thus setting toward the Pacific flowed on slowly but resist-lessly, unopposed by rival nations, for the region was to them unknown. A century passed and another mighty figure ascended the Russian throne. Under Peter the Great came further aggres-sive expansion. The northern ocean presented an insurmount-able barrier but in other directions the advance continued. Southward the Muscovite ruler forced his way and to the west-ward Sweden and Poland felt the force of Russian aggression. Thus year after year, under ruler after ruler, the slow policy of 132 THE MERCURY. expansion has gone on. Wherever opportunity offered the Great Bear forced his entering wedge. West and south felt the advance, but it was toward the east that he moved most steadily. As has been said, Russia aims to follow the line of least re-sistance. The vast plains of Siberia, frozen in winter, parched in summer, were a part of the world's surface uncoveted by the earth-hunger of Europe. So while other nations fought and wrangled over other portions of the globe, the Empire of the Czar silently absorbed this mighty region. Thus by slow movements or sudden leaps, by treachery or by diplomacy, by fair means^or foul, Russia at last reached the Pacific—the ocean outlet which she has always desired. Here was encountered an unsurmountable difficulty. Russia, having apparently overcome all obstacles in her march to the sea, was now met and held by the strength of perpetual winter. The ice bound harbors of northern Asia were valueless. Warmer waters must be reached and, having come thus far, Russia was not to be baffled. By a sudden, bold move the Amur was made the southern boundary. Then in i860, subtle diplomacy obtained from China the strip of coast upon which is built the port of Vladivostok. It is significant that the name of this city is the Russian phrase for " Control of the East." As a seaport Vladivostok is a vast improvement over Petropaulovsk, the first Russian port in Kamtchatka, but still there is not en-tire freedom from the disadvantages of winter. Russia still hungered for a warm-water port. The Trans-Siberian Railway was built—five thousand miles of single track reducing the in-terval of transit between Moscow and Vladivostok to only fif-teen days. Events now began to move rapidly in the Far E^ast. In 1894, the close of the Chino-Japanese war left Japan in possession of the valuable harbor of Port Arthur. On the plea that the possession of this port by Japan threatened the in-tegrity of China, Russia forced the retrocession of Port Arthur to its original owner. Two years later, a Russian squadron entered this harbor ostensibly to winter there. Ere many months the world was startled to learn that Russia had leased Port Arthur from China. The integrity of the latter country THE MERCURY. 133 seemed no longer a consideration. Immediately came military occupation of the city and the erection of tremendous defensive works. Russia had obtained her warm-water harbor; but was she satisfied ? Between Port Arthur and the Siberian frontier lies the rich Chinese province of Manchuria. In it have settled many native Russians. What could be more natural than that the Great Bear should covet this prize also to make his possessions com-plete? Asa preliminary step, a Chinese concession was ob-tained for shortening the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok by a line across Manchuria. Russia had at last obtained a foot-hold south of the Amur. The erection of branch lines to the borders of Korea and the very gates of Pe-kin was but a short stride. In every case the right of garri-soning the railroad was included in the concession. In 1900, came the Boxer Rebellion. Its close saw Manchuria held by an immense Russian army of occupation. In concert with the allies, Russia agreed to withdraw from Chinese territory, but months went by and the Manchurian'army lingered., The wily Muscovite concluded a treaty with China providing for the long-promised withdrawal, but it soon became evident that before this would be carried out new concessions were expected. The Russian representative in Pekin even went so far as to demand that all the Manchurian concessions be granted to Russians. This was but one of Russia's diplomatic attempts to gain a controlling voice in Chinese affairs. China, however, was al'ive to the true state of affairs and refused to commit herself to any further agreements. As a consequence, Russia is still in mili-tary possession of Manchuria. Nominally her troops were kept there solely in pursuance of the treaty-right of protecting her railroad interests. In reality, the whole line was turned into an armed camp by the establishment of forts garrisoned by all branches of the Russian army, and today Manchuria is practically a Russian province. • We now reach the final chapter in the history of Russian aggression—final because it brings us to the present time, cer-tainly not because it marks the end of the advance. With hr's 134 THE MERCURY. grip firmly fixed on Manchuria, the Bear now turned a longing eye to the little kingdom of Korea. The possession of this choice bit of the world was now his aim. Even before the Chino-Japanese war Russia was laying her subtle plans to this end. In 1893 or early in 1894, she made a generous present of rifles to the Korean army and even furnished a Russian drill-master to train Korea's seven thousand soldiers in European tactics. At the same time swarms of Russian agents entered the country. The fruit seemed almost ripe for plucking. But now an opponent faced Russia. Japan had long watched this onward march with jealous eye. In this move toward Korea she saw a positive menace to her existence. Nothing remained but to throw down the guage of battle and to begin the contest whose result is being awaited by the entire world. What are Russia's motives and what her ultimate policy ? Her statesmen would have us believe it is a simple one. Says M. Witte, the former chief of Russian finances and now presi-dent of the Committee ot Ministers : " History measures not by years, but by centuries ; and from this point of view, by the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway to Port Arthur and Dalny.a mighty work is completed, a historical problem is solved, and one of the last steps is taken in the advance of Russia to the Far East, in her effort to find an outlet to the open sea, to the ice-free shores of the Pacific ocean." This is indeed Russia's principal object, but its fulfillment means also the control of northern Asia. And since the de-velopment of her railroad policy has done so much already for the advance of Russian territory, there is no reason to believe that it will not be made the occasion of further advance. We have the word of M. Witte that Russia's object is to obtain a warm-water port. This is in the main a legitimate object and has been partly fulfilled by the acquirement of Port Arthur. But it must be remembered that Port Arthur is not wholly a Russian possession. It is, therefore, obvious that the Russian wishes will not be entirely satisfied until that port is Russian beyond a doubt. The same is equally true of the whole pro- THE MERCURV. 135 vince of Manchurfa. Then, too, it is more than probable that the desire is to reserve the acquired territory for Muscovite trade alone. It is true that Dalny is an open port, but Port Arthur is closed and foreign merchants find much difficulty in meeting Russian competition in Manchuria. As a recent writer puts it: The Russian motive may be viewed from two stand-points. Russia herself would have us believe that it is benevo-lent. She is building a railroad through unopened territory, erecting modern cities and valuable mills in the wilderness, and setting up an orderly government in the place of misrule. The outsider acknowledges all this, but what, lie a;ks, will Russia demand in return for these enormous expenditures? The an-swer is apparent. It has already been given. She has the right of protecting her interests and now demands a complete monopoly. Such are Russia's complex motives. What will the outcome be? If Russia be successful in the present contest, will her aggressive plans be concluded without opposition ? Will the world witness the spectacle of Korea and China absorbed or will the Powers step in to fix a limit to further expansion ? If they do so, will their strength be sufficient to restrain the Bear already flushed with victory ? If Russia be vanquished, will the settlement thus arrived at be permanent ? Will little Japan continue to be an efficient barrier, or will returning strength again put in motion the tide setting toward the Orient with overwhelming volume ? Will the gallant Island Kingdom perish or may it look for help to Europe and America? Time alone can bring an answer. Here prophecy has often failed and will fail again, for as has been well said: "Russia's state-craft is not of the months or of the years; it is of the ages. It is not of monarchs, but of a dynasty, and it is less the policy of the dynasty than it is the need of a people and of a land." 136 THE MERCURY. "A MODERN FAUST." (BEING A BIT OF TRUTH MASQUERADING AS NONSENSE.) ONCE upon a time—during the twentieth century—there lived a young man who had been but three years out of college. Having entered the greater University of the World, he had been hailed by his fellow Freshmen as a comrade, had been hazed by Sophomores, patronized by condescending Juniors, and deluged with advice by venerable Seniors, even as he had been in college. But he was a restless and adventure-some youth. The monotony of the office palled upon him, and, for relief, he experimented in Mysticism and Christian Science. One momentous evening he conceived the idea of putting his knowledge to the supreme test, by summoning be-fore him the Prince of Darkness. Thereupon he took down his LeConte and. his Mary Baker Eddy from the shelf and set to work. And in very truth, gentle reader, in less than half the run-ning of an hour glass, Mephistopheles himself stood before him. faultlessly attired in evening clothes—for the red cap and mantle had succumbed to the spirit of progress in Hades even as the simple sins of our forefathers have given place to the more delicately refined and ingenious vices of to-day. But in this one respect was the Devil unchanged. For no sooner had the usual conventionalities been exchanged than lie attempted to purchase the soul of the youth in the most approved man-ner. He showed him visions of fair women, even as he had shown them to the Faust of old. But the youth was unmoved; he smiled and shook his head, for he was a wise youth. And the Devil promised him great riches and power. But the youth, for he was wise, replied, "If these things were worth while, O Lucifer, I could attain at a lesser price, even hard work. It is not enough." T,hen did the Devil promise a most miraculous thing, "For," said he, "if thou wilt give thyself to me, Grover Cleveland and William J. Bryan shall make a truce and be as brothers. Shoulder to shoulder they will fight for thee and nominate thee for the Presidency on the Democratic THE MERCURY. I 37 ticket. Thou wilt be the most talked-of man in the Nation." But the youth, being wise, replied : "Am I not own cousin to the Proprietor of Pennsylvania, and is it not agreed that I shall be the next State Treasurer? And is not this better than to be President, much less a candidate for President mid on the Democratic ticket? Go to, it is not enough." Now the Devil was almost vanquished, but he was also wise and he thought deeply, and he said, "I can then offer thee nothing more than again to make thee a reckless, carefree Sophomore among thy former classmates. Think! Is it not enough?" And the youth meditated within himself; he knew there were no days like those days; he longed again to be carefree and thought-less, recognizing no higher authority than his own sweet will and the majority action of his class; his heart called out for those friends who, too, had dwelt in Arcady. And he replied, "It is enough." For he was a wise youth withal. MORAL—Eat, drink, and be merry, ye Seniors, for to-mor-row ye die. "X. Y. Z." • SOCIALISM. ( Written for the Pen and Sword Prize Essay Contest.) JOSEPH E. ROWE, '04. THE word socialism was first used in 1835 in connection with an organization founded by Robert Owen of Eng-land. This society was given the grandiloquent appellation of the Association of all Classes of all Nations, and its purpose was to secure "Social improvement and reconstruction." Since that time the word socialism has been applied rather incautiously, and,as a consequence, it is an exceedingly difficult word to define with precision. According to some writers there is a growing tendency to regard as socialistic any inter-ference with property undertaken on behalf of the poor, or any measure promoted by society to limit or modify the working of the economic principle of laissez-faire. Roscher defined socialism "as including those tendencies which demand a greater regard for the common-weal than consist with human 138 THE MERCURY. nature." John Raeof our day declares that it is common to describe as socialistic "any proposal that asks the State to do something lor the material well being of the working class, or any group of such proposals, or any theory that favors them." Janet defines it as "every doctrine which teaches that the State has a right to correct the inequality of wealth which ex-ists among men, and to legally establish the balance by taking from those who have too much in order to give to those who have not enough, and that in a permanent manner, and not in such and such a particular case—a famine, for instance, or a public calamity." But these definitions and all others describe only phases of the question. For instance, in order for any measure to be socialistic it need not proceed from the State; it may emanate from individuals just as well; in fact the earliest socialistic measures proceeded from individuals. There was socialism in colonial times when they had a common storehouse from which each one received his equal share of goods; the instituting of a wider system of public schools is a highly socialistic measure ; an equal distribution of profits between two partners, or among the many members of a company is also socialistic; and yet it is just as proper and usual to describe as socialistic the so-called "strikes," or the assassination of million-aires by dynamite. It is, therefore, evident that socialism em-braces a great deal; at the same time, we must remember that all these are only different phases of the same great question. All socialists are alike in attempting to secure a more equit-able distribution of wealth, or in endeavoring to equalize op-portunities for acquiring it; but the salient points upon which they differ are the ways and means of accomplishing their ends. Some maintain that the State, by managing industry and controlling land, could best promote the commonweal; others very emphatically declare that there should be no cen-tral government at all. The more radical of the first class try to get control of the government; those of the latter class en-deavor to destroy it. Unfortunately in the present age the most influential forrfl of socialism is of the most radical and revolutionary character— THE MERCURY. 139 that which desires no government at all. Alexandria II. of Russia and our late President McKinley fell victims to this outrageous doctrine. Nihilism and anarchism are its more specific names. Yet we cannot afford to consider as danger-ous all socialistic measures of today. Upon exactly this prob-lem a great amount of useless discussion has taken place. Politicians of late years have made very effective use of the ambiguity in the word socialism. Whenever an opponent could accuse a candidate for public office, of promoting socialistic measures, no matter how benevolent or beneficial they might have been to the people, the mention of that word together with the prevalent misconception of it in its better sense, was generally the most derogatory charge brought against him in the eyes of the ignorant working classes—the very persons whom worthy socialistic principles would benefit. Although every writer has made his own classification of so-cialists, they all directly or indirectly acknowledge the four following classes: (1) large-hearted and thoroughly benevo-lent men whose feelings have been touched by the unjust op-pression of laborers ; (2) those who are revolting against cruel oppression; (3) those who are discontented with their positions in life, principally because they fail to realize their limitations; (4) the lowest class whose adherents are characterized by a covetous, selfish, and utterly lawless spirit. The first of these classes consists principally of nothing more than ardent sympathizers with the socialistic movement in its better meaning. According to good authority more than a half million of such men are found in the United States. Many ministers of the gospel and other benevolent men as well as the members of philanthropic and humanitarian orgini-zations belong to this class. They sympathize deeply with the oppressed laborer and endeavor to alleviate his misery by every peaceable means. Others of this class" become so impressed with the necessity of social and industrial improvements that they have devoted their lives entirely to the cause. These are quite liable to be-come extremists, and notwithstanding the fact that their inten- 140 THE MERCURY. tions are of the most noble character, more harm than benefit results from their efforts, chiefly because the lower moral and mental capacities of those whom they influence are not vigor-ous enough to prevent the latter from becoming radical, desper-rate, and fanatical. Hall Cane has pictured such a man in his "Eternal City" in the person of Dr. Roselli or of David Rossi, especially in the latter; but the futility and evil consequences of their efforts are also portrayed in a striking manner. It is only natural that there should be such men especially in a Christian nation. When one considers the extremely low wages for which laborers had to work at certain periods of our history, the condition of some of their homes even in our day, the company store and the extortion ot overwork from them by overseers, it is not very strange that large hearted men should bestow their symapthy. No doubt, these conditions have been vastly exaggerated by some writers, but that they exist to a reasonable extent cannot be doubted. The oppressed or those who imagine themselves to be in such a condition, constitute the second class of socialists. Only men who work come properly under this divisicjp; those who become discontented and quit work will be considered later. Labor Unions consist almost entirely of such men; if they suspend labor, it is only temporarily, and is for the purpose of bringing about better conditions. Occasionally the labor union-ists content themselves by merely putting a stop to production, but more frequently, almost invariably, they manifest quite "an omnivorous spirit of destruction." The whole cause of the unreasonable demands made by Labor Unions seems to arise out of ignorance. They claim that the whole production of their labor belongs to them, on the ground that wealth belongs to those who make it. In a certain sense this is true, but not according to the interpreta-tion of it given by these laboring men. They understand it to mean that the entrepreneur, landlord and capitalist have no natural right to a portion of the wealth produced, forgetting that in the modern differentiated and specialized form of in-dustry these—especially, the entrepreneur and capitalist—are THE MERCURY. 141 absolutely indispensable. The socialistic idea of the State's ownership of land could probably do away with the landlord, but to attempt the abolition of entrepreneur and capitalist in our present industrial system is absurd. Another very prevalent kind of socialism arises out of the fact that a great many men, failing to realize their limitations, complain of the more advantageous opportunities of other in-dividuals. They claim that the world owes them a living, but as some one has said, "are too lazy to collect the debt." It is this sort of socialism which is the "besetting sin" of our age. Ambitious people now-a days are so thoroughly imbued with the spirit of "sticktoitiveness" that only a few failures leave them practically undaunted. Having been taught, as Dr. Furbae says, such precepts as "There is always room at the top," encouraged by such maxims as "Try, try again," and cautioned to aim high instead of directly at the mark, they continue to strive for positions to which it is impossible for them to attain and for which, if they did reach, they would find themselves wholly unfitted. Many a proud father and fond mother, either because they have wished to encourage a son, or because of the blindness of paternal love, are respon-sible for a young man's superabundance of self-esteem by their having told him that he is not like the average person, and then he goes forth into the world only to consider his efforts unsuccessful because he cannot do as much as some one else who probably has much greater talent. It is this tendency of the individual's failure to realize his true place in life and his proper relation to others that has produced in our age so many dissatisfied, petulant, and cynical socialists. The last and most dangerous sort of socialism is that which manifests itself in murder, vandalism, and other lawless practices. It is exactly synonymous with anarchism. The number of such persons in the United States is as astounding as the awful doctrines which they promulgate. Some years ago President Seelye of Amherst College, declared: "There are probably 100,000 men in the United States to-day whose animosity against all existing social institutions is hardly less than bound- 142 THE MERCURY. less.' In 1881 their press consisted of 19 journals with a cir-culation of about 80,000, and since that time their numbers and the powers of their press have vastly increased. The fol-lowing are statements from some of their papers. "Religion, authority, and state are all carved out of the same piece of wood—to the Devil with them all!" "Dynamite is the power which in our hands, shall make an end of tyranny." "War to the palace, peace to the cottage, death to luxurious idleness." "You might as well suppose the military orginizations of Eu-rope were for play and parade, as to suppose labor orginizations were for mere insurance and pacific helpfulness. They are organ-ized toprotect interests, for which, if the time comes, they would fight." This last, taken from a socialistic paper of Chicago, pro-bably shows, to a great extent, the true relation between Labor Unions and socialistic tendencies of the most awful character. Such socialists probably began their careers as oppressed working men, or as men who failed to realize their true posi-tions in life, and later under the influence of violent socialistic journals or the lectures of an Emma Golden, became fanatical. A great number of them are foreigners who, having become disgusted with the absolutism of Europe, have come to Amer-ica to carry out their nefarious designs. Several great movements of the past two centuries have conspired to inspire socialistic propensities in men. The foun-dation of the American Republic, with the annunciation of her principles—-such as, "all men are equal and possessed of cer-tain inalienable rights such as, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"—paved the way for ideas which, carried to extremes by the ignorant and mischievous, resulted in socialism. In the same way, the French Revolution radiated its evil influences; and the Proclamation of Emancipation by Abraham Lincoln had its baneful as well as its worthy effects. But more influential than any of these has been the greatly increased profits of the rich. How would a poor down-trodden laborer look upon the following statement which occurred in a paper of 1880 ? "The profits of the Wall Street Kings the past year were enormous. It is estimated that Vanderbilt made THE MERCURY. 143 $30,000,000; Jay Gould $15,000,000; Russel Sage $10,000,- 000; Sidney Dillon $10,000,000; and James R. Keene $8,- 000,000. Is it strange if the working man thinks he is not getting his due share of the wonderful increase of national wealth ?" How do men to-day regard a rise in the price of coal-oil and the next week read in all the papers that the larg-est stockholder of the Standard Oil Company has made a be-nevolent gift of several million dollars ? The assassination of rulers and millionaires, the wanton des-truction of property by strikers, and the inconvenience accru-ing from a stoppage of production are not the only bad results of socialism. It tends to ruin the Church as well as the State. Infidelity and skeptacism follow closely in its tracks. In a so-cialistic convention at Pittsburg not many years ago the follow-ing nefarious resolution was unanimously adopted: "The church finally seeks to make complete idiots of the mass, and to make them forego a paradise on earth by promising them a fictitious heaven." "Truth, a socialistic journal of San Fran-cisco says : "When the laboring men understand that the heaven they are promised is but a mirage, they will knock at the door of the wealthy robber, with a musket in hand, and de-mand their share of the goods of this life now ! " What could have a more disasterous effect upon discontented humanity than to read such doctrine ? The socialist of this order denies the existence of God on the ground that if there would be one, wealth, happiness and opportunities would be more equally shared ; they forget to see that the rich are as often unhappy as the poor, and that God sends "his rain upon the just and unjust." Although an attempt to solve a problem of such magnitude may appear absurb, there is, at least one, feasible solution— a more general acceptance and use of the principles ot Chris-tianity. "Socialism attempts to solve the problem of suffering without eliminating the factor of sin." That all suffering caused by our industrial system is the result of sin, either on the part of employer or emplyee, or of both, there can be no doubt. If the spirit of the Golden Rule were put into practice, it "would 144 THE MERCURY. dictate such arrangements between capitalist and laborer as will secure to the latter a fair return for his toil." As Dr. Fisher says, "It will check the accumulation of wealth in a few individ-uals. And the Christian spirit, as in ancient days, will inspire patience and contentment, and a better than earthly hope, in the minds of the class whose lot in life is hard." THE SABBATH AS A CIVILIZER. Miss HELEN WAGNER, '06. WHEN God said, " The seventh is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God, in it thou shalt not do any work, thou nor thy man servant—," He surely had more ends in view than the mere refreshing of man and His own glorification. Besides achieving these results the Sabbath has other far-reaching in-fluences. Chief among these influences we see its power as a civilizer, as an educator and a refiner. It has long been an ac-knowledged fact that Christianity pnd education go hand in hand. In the accomplishment of one we necessarily attain the other. The influence of the Sabbath is like the atmosphere—it sur-rounds every one it touches, whether with that one's approval or not. The most violent atheist would be no more likely to scorn the influence of the day set apart chiefly for the worship of the God he ignores than would our staid old deacons. It has been proven that no civilized country can exist without the aid of the soothing influence of the Sabbath on the passions ot men, in the observance of its laws. Because the influence of the Sabbath is so all-prevailing and must be felt everywhere, no man can or does escape it. Christians, of course, are those most directly affected by the Sabbath. They come into immediate contact with some of its most potent influences. A true Christian never misses the Sabbath—he spends . it in the worship of God and for rest as was commanded. And so he reaps not only the physical bene-fit but the intellectual as well. One of his chief duties and THE MERCURY. MS '* pleasures is a regular attendance upon divine worship. Thus while being spiritually fed and elevated he assimilates some of the best literature and art of the world as it radiates from the pulpit and the organ loft and the temple of God itself. But the people who do not come into direct contact with the Sabbath influence, feel it just as surely. They must breathe it with the very air. One cannot go anywhere on the Sabbath Day without being made very conscious that this day differs from all others. In the cities and towns the stillness imparted to the streets, noisy and hustling on other days, by the aspect of the closed stores and shops and the absence of the clattering dray and shouting venders, and the quietly passing inhabitants with their peaceful, serene countenances and their fresher, more artistic raiment, and the sweet music of the church bells—all have a subduing, refining influence on the sensibilities and pas-sions of men, not easily thrown off. And out in the open country away from church bells and changed surroundings one feels an unwonted peace and calm—one breathes with the very air which draws one a little nearer Mother Earth—and thus is made to appreciate her beauties and truth a little more fully. Besides these maternal, physical influences there is another, more subtle, ever advancing influence—the influence of man upon man. Usually the Christian does not need the Sabbath environment for purposes of self-education and refinement, but those with whom he associates or with whom his friends come in contact may and are more helped, as they imperceptibly absorb from him a finer sense of right and wrong and a better general knowledge, than they would be by any numbers of over-zealous instructors and noisy evangelists. I46 THE MERCURY. THE COURSE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERN-MENT IN CONNECTION WITH THE PANAMA REVOLUTION. ( Written for the Pen and Sword Prise Essay Contest.) CHAS. "VV. HEATHCOTE, '05. PANAMA has an area of about 31,500 square miles and a population of almost 300,000. When Panama revolted a short time ago, it was not the first time she attempted to throw off the yoke of Columbia. In 1885 a similar revolution took place. Columbia promised various reforms which checked the revolution. However, Columbia failed to carry out these reforms. Columbia established a centralized form of govern-ment which caused Panama to lose the privilege of a state. For years the idea of building a canal across the isthmus has been in vogue. The French Company, which attempted it a few years ago, failed miserably. It remains for the United States to carry out the plan. The Panama and Nicaragua routes were suggested. The need of the canal is very evident. If the canal had been built when the Oregon made her long run around Cape Horn the United States government would have been saved much expense. Then, the American interests in Porto Rico, Cuba and the Pacific possessions strongly urge the construc-tion of this canal. For a time the Nicaragua route was favored. A bill was drawn up and unanimously ratified by both Houses of our Na-tional Legislature. The main idea of this bill was that when the canal was completed it was to remain neutral under the protection of the great European powers. However, delay over this part led the people to favor the Panama route. Fi-nally, upon the recommendation of the Walker Commission, the Panama route was chosen providing it could be bought from the old French Company for $40,000,000. However, to keep our word with Nicaragua, the Spooner compromise was passed which instructed the President to select the Panama route pro-viding the necessary arrangements could be made. If, not the Nicaragua route was to be chosen. About this time Columbia became very much interested in THE MERCURY. 147 the canal affairs. They gave the United States every assurance that a treaty favoring the Panama route would be ratified by their Senate. However, after much delay, it was unanimously rejected. Columbia was to receive $10,000,000 for certain con-cessions. Columbia thought the United States was an easy mark and refused to ratify the treaty unless $20,000,000 was given to them. In all these proceedings the Columbian politi-cians refused to consult the wishes of Panama. Panama knew the value of the canal. That the Columbian politicians were working for their own interests was very evident. Conse-quently Panama's hatred for Columbia grew more intense. When the revolution broke out the world was not surprised. The revolution was virtually bloodless. The republic was soon recognized by the United States, France, Germany, Russia and many other powers. In a short time a treaty was drawn up and signed. By this treaty the United States gained complete ownership of the canal and received much more territory than she would have received had Columbia-not acted in such an ugly manner. The course of the United States government has met with general approval by all well-thinking people. All the foreign powers sanctioned the action. Many people tried to condemn the course of the government because the warships were or-dered to prevent any of Columbia's troops being landed to bring Panama to time. How often in the South American rev-olutions the lives of our citizens and likewise their property have been endangered. Many times before this the United States marines and sailors were landed to protect the property of our citizens. American interests are better developed in Panama than in any other South American state. American capital runs the whole railroad system on the isthmus. What good is a government to its people if it fails to protect them ? Then again Panama had been recognized by the United States and for that reason alone her action was justifiable. Some people in criticizing the government forget the action of Presi-dent Polk in the way he started the Mexican War. His action cost the United States' thousands of lives and dollars in order to maintain the national honor. Today all people recognize 148 THE MERCURY. that the addition of Texas to United States territory is a blessing. The idea that the government's course is a stain up-on the history of our country is erroneous. The government has upheld our traditions by being the champion of the weak and helping young republics maintain their standing. "A HUNTER OF MEN." "BRIDGET." WITHIN the forest depths I wandered far, O'er the great battlefield, where bloody war Had made upon our land a loathsome sore, Healed now, but still retaining its deep scar. At last, upon a wooded hill was found, what I had sought, A monument, commemorating strife With victory and loss of life, The boon God-given, A monument for heroes, dearly bought, A witness unto Heaven. Upon a natural rock, like those which on the hillside lay, Was carved the figure of a man; Not as the Knights of old, with upright pose, And fearless eyes, he faced his foes, at bay, But crouched and hid him, midst the trunks of trees, And with a deadly purpose, did the hillside scan. 'Twas here I rested me, A dream I dreamed, Which, to my wand'ring fancy, even seemed A waking dream, a reverie. Within the homestead of an old Virginian farm, A mother sat one sunny summer morn, Holding, within the shelter of her arm, A little babe, her son, her own first born. Oh! what a wondrous grace was in those words,, "her own," What sword could pierce the soul of such a one ? A soul, so full of hopes, before unknown, The deed too cruel, to be planned or done. THE MERCURY. 149 A glorious future lay before her boy, All fashioned with her mother love and care, A future, full of happiness and joy, Devoid of sin, the bait of Death's dread snare. "Her own," but ever since the earth wastrod By her, above all women blest of God, In honor of her wondrous motherhood, The soul of womankind has felt the sword. He grew into a handsome, stalwart youth, Beloved by many, and disliked by few, Then came the blow; her soul was pierced in truth, And he went forth to die, as sons of all brave mothers do. To die, but could he kill his fellow-man? This was the question that had haunted him, Upon the day of march, and in the nightly din Of dreadful dreams, bloody with warfare's ban. A marksman of sure eye, and hand unfaltering, Far-famed was he, And many a woodland voice had cased to sing Through death, from him, its untaught melody. So, when night's dreams were changed to day's reality, Not placed in ranks that fought an open war was he, But called of men, a sharpshooter, lay low, Upon the hillside's brow, to slay the unwary foe. #**#*#***♦* The sun comes flickering through the whispering leaves, Casting their shadows on green moss and fern, A birdling, from a nest above, moves restlessly, and grieves, In dismal chirpings, for its mother's late return. The noonday calm is over hill and glen, Save for the distant sound of battle's roar, There, where a multitude of bravest men, Fight onward for their country's noble fame, for honor more. Then with a rustling sound, the calm is broken, The underbrush is parted by a man in blue, A moment's pause; no warning word is spoken, To tell him "Death is waiting now for you." And he, whom destiny ordained to give to Death her prey, One instant hesitated, in his covert lay Sickened by fear, of his dread deed alone, Then aiming fired and it was done. ISO THE MERCURY. Quickly his weapon casting on the ground, He bounded fearless, down the wooded slope, His boyish eyes, all bright with unshed tears, For in his soul remorse fought hard with hope. And Hope, how soon 'twas vanquished in the fray, A boy, scarce older than himself, his victim lay, Dying in agony upon the sod ; No word he spoke, but with great eyes of pain, Looked up into his face, who had his brother slain, And then, just as the birdling fell to earth, His spirit met his God. 'Twas then a red mist rose before his eyes, a mist of blood ; Concealing the poor body of the slain, from which the soul had fled, He climbed once more the hillside's weary road, Determined to repeat his deed of dread. At sunset, when the wounded mother-bird Returned, to find her nestlings gone, No sound, upon that dark hillside she heard, To tell her of the deeds that there were done. Yet, 'midst the underbrush, there silent lay What had been seven brave men, And he, who watched the little bird's dismay, Red-eyed and haggard, envied each of them. But God is good, his day of darkness o'er, A wandering bullet claimed him for its own, And his sad soul, its struggles knew no more, No more did yearn for murder to atone. As from my dream I woke, my heart was torn With pity, for the " Man of Sorrows " who, Upon another hill, in distant clime, Gave up his life " hunter" for such as you. " Oh, God Omnipotent! " aloud I cried, " For His dear sake forgive the crimes, Committed in the name of Liberty, and dyed With heroes' blood, the curse of warlike times." THE MERCURY. 151 "THE PATH OF DUTY IS THE WAY TO GLORY." NO one will deny me the fact that our present age with all its hurry and hustle, its energy and propelling-force, its competition and its competitors, is an age for the success of in-dividual purpose. Having granted this concession, it follows that individuals must exist with specific purposes, carrying out and fulfilling the obligations which are imposed on them. Be-lieving that no man has ever been created without a purpose, which results in a duty or obligation to his Creator, and when he fulfills this obligation or carries out this duty he has a for-tune worth more in realistic and spiritual value than all the Rockefellers, Carnegies, Vanderbilts or any other gods of gold that ever lived—believing this, I ask you to come with me to the rich meadow-lands of Connecticut, where on Oct. 5, 1703, a man was born who graduated from Yale University at the early age of 16 and set out into the world following the paths of duty and therein was his fortune, a legacy far richer than any earthly inheritance the world could have given him. It was during his boyhood days that a problem of extreme importance began to trouble him, and the solution of this was the determining of his course in after life. From that time he became a man that had an end in view, a something to say and he said it. A bold, fearless, ardent and consistent advocate of his belief; a man with a conscience so clear, so pure, and so unbiased that all the world loved him though he sought not for their favor; a man with iron-clad precepts, not for others, but for himself and he lived them; a man that has come down through two centuries, spotless, to live in the hearts of all man-kind, and who dares to say that his glory shall not live till the sun shall cease to rise and set and until time shall be no more ! This man of purpose or duty has been the father of a very illustrious progeny. Among his descendants more eminent men have been numbered than have been recorded of any other man in American history. They have been most promi-nent in the ministry, in education, in law and a number have sat on the bench. Let me mention some of them: Dr. Jo-nathan Edwards, Aaron Burr, Vice-President, Prof. Park, of Andover, President Woolsey and President Uwight, of Yale, 152 THE MERCURY. not forgetting the elder President Dwight. Three Presidents of Yale are his descendants. Could any man be more signally blessed or have a richer inheritance in the hearts of his child-ren ? He was also a born naturalist, and there is hardly any doubt that had he not become our greatest theologian he would have been our father of Natural Philosophy. As a boy he dis-covered facts which have been handed down to the naturalist of today as most valuable information. Who can set the limit for his discoveries had he devoted himself to this branch of science with his purpose and ambition ? Jonathan Edwards as a man, as a theological and philosophi-cal writer, as a naturalist and as the broadest and grandest man the American pulpit has ever produced, stands out in lines so bold, in verse so tender, and in character so spotless as to thrill with admiration and awe every American youth of today. Who would not love to be what he has been ? Who would not exchange all the wealth he possesses—I care not whether it be millions—for the place Jonathan Edwards holds in the hearts of the people and in the history of his country ? His life is a story that should make any young man enthusiastic and his success has been such as would turn the heads of thousands had it been theirs, but not his for he had a purpose, a convic-tion, a duty to the world and his fellow-man and until that should be accomplished his labor was with him incessantly. Truly he knew the paths of duty and just so surely his glory followed. In two centuries from today how many men's 'names of the present generation, lives and characters do you suppose will have been handed down to posterity ? Where are our Long-fellows, our Emersons, Whittiers, Bryants, Lincolns and Far-raguts of today ? Are we producing any such ? Indications from the past decade and more do not show them and it is believed that unless a change in the ambitions of the young of today is brought about, America will have none to record in her history. The lust for gold is the keynote to this dearth of noble manhood. Men are willing to sacrifice anything—prin-ciple, creed, honor, friends, self, anything—no matter what to obtain the riches of a Carnegie or Morgan. THE MERCURY. 153 Says B. O. Fowler, "if this, our republican form of govern-ment is to stand we must have men" and he means more men like Jonathan Edwards. The U. S. Senate has grown to be a rich man's club, the offices of the government are filled and controlled by political graft with men who are unable to cope with the issues demanded of them. Oh for a few fearless preachers of duty and loveliness, for a few men like Jonathan Edwards; men with purposes, men with a sense of duty and honor, men with the love of a superior being in their hearts ! Our nation must have these men and she is going to get them. Whether they come from Connecticut or from Florida, from California or from Pennsylvania it matters not; they must come. Would you have this, your free form of government turned into a monarchy? Indications point us to the fact that it is gradually being done and there is only one sure method of making the wrong right. This threatening evil can only be averted by finding men who are willing, if need be, to die for a correct principle. Nothing counts so much as principle and nothing tells in a man like purpose. If you would have a for-tune, have a principle, and if you would have the love and esteem of your fellow men live a principle. In all the history of the world there never was a grander period in which to live than the present. Never was there so much to do, so many chances, so bright an outlook, but it is only for the man with a sense of duty. The nation wants men, but she wants them stern, tender and fearless, full of duty and loneliness as was this missionary to the savages, this first of American naturalists, this explorer of philosophy and theology. If for no other vir-tue we should love and revere the memory of Jonathan Edwards today because of his devotion to stern duty and to no other cause can we attribute his success and glory. If asked to write his epitaph I would have inscribed on his monument the sub-stance of his acts done on earth : "The part of duty is the way to glory." "C. E. B. '05." 154 THE MERCURY. POEM. ( Written by a quondam High School pupil.) We come before you this evening, To tell of our High School days, And while our stories we relate, Don't criticize our ways. We started the fourth of September The ladder of knowledge to climb, While the months were rapidly passing, Marking the flight of time. While our work was thus progressing. The holidays drew near, And through all the glad and happy days Were pleasures, unbedimmed by tears. We studied hard to reach the goal, We scholars of Number Ten, And now to the fullest we realize " Laborum Dulce Lenimen." The friendships, sympathies and all That were our life in school, Are meshed with memories of the hall, Which was our working tool. 'Tis sad to part with friends so dear, With whom so long we've been. Try as we will, the briny tears Will come, and sight bedim. School life, so dear, is over now, On life's broad wave we speed, May God 'ere guide our journey through, And we His warnings heed. To one and all we bid farewell, As now are separated The many friends who proved us well, And joys anticipated. Farewell to many undone tasks, To victories not yet won ; May all unfinished work In heaven, if not on earth, be done. * f THE MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter VOL. XIII GETTYSBURG, PA., JUNE, 1904 No. 4 Editor-in-ch ief C. EDWIN BUTTER, '05 Exchange Editor CHARI,ES GAUGER, '05 Business Manager A. L. DILLENBECK, '05 Asst. Business Managei E. G. HESS, '06 Associate Editors H. C. BRILLHART, '06 ALBERT BILLHEIMER, '06 H. BRUA CAMPBELL, '06 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Busi-ness Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. LOYALTY TO Probably no force, power or influence among ALMA MATER, the graduates of a college is felt so much as Loyalty. We all believe that a college can be only what her Alumni wills her to be. If she is to spread her influence through-out many states; if she is to wax strong and command a place among the leading universities and colleges of the world; if she is to grow and prosper as she should, and as so many col-leges are doing, she must have your support, Alumni. Loyalty to Alma Mater must be your watch-word day and , night. Be eager, ready and enthusiastic at all times and you will be surprised beyond measure how much you can do for her. The very fact that you are a graduate is proof of your obligation and should be a sufficient incentive to rouse your earnest endeavors on her behalf. I56 THE MERCURY. Every college, no matter where or how situated, has its own reasons for producing loyal Alumni. It is, indeed, a sad day for the old mother when liar son turns his back on her, and it is a sorry day for Gettysburg when an Alumnus forgets her love and devotion. Perhaps a true indication of the success a man will make in the world is the spirit and vehemence with which he accomplishes his college work. If the undergraduate does his very best and is loyal to the core, the college cannot be without loyal Alumni. He who sings most lustily his Alma Mater'a songs, who has again and again made his throat raw with a "heike" for the orange and blue, who fervently loves every spot of this historic ground, he is the fellow who usually counts for something. Tis to the devotion and love and in-terest of such men that Gettysburg pays tribute. Loyalty to Alma Mater means the preaching of her charms to every boy who expects to go to college, and to many more who have never had a thought of a college course. Loyalty to Alma Mater means doing one's best and a keen and lively interest in all her affairs. Loyalty to Alma Mater means your unbounded support, Alumni, to your college publications. Gettysburg wants love and devotion and loyalty from every Alumnus. How much will you do for her in the next year ? Shall we, undergraduates, believe your efforts to be commen-surate with your love ? It is the only criterion we have with which to take your measure. Are you one of the many who are always so busy that when an appeal comes you must beg to be excused ? If you are made of such stuff, Gettysburg has no use for you, and the noise you will make in the world will never cause a disturbance. Our dear old college has many loyal alumni who have fought, bled and died in her interests, and to them, we, her sons, give all the honor and reverence for what she is today and for what she gives promise of in the not far distant future. Sooner or later in the life of many a young person the ques-tion comes, "To what college shall I go after I have prepared myself in the academy or high school?" It is thrusting itself upon a great many young people in this month of June, as the THE MERCURY 157 colleges and universities are sending out their scores and hun-dreds of graduates and the preparatory schools are finishing up the share of- the work that properly belongs to them. It is a serious question, one that will mean much in the life of the in-dividual, one that should not be decided without grave con-sideration. Shall he go to the college having the most successful ath-letic teams ? or to the one having the greatest reputation ? or to the one which makes the greatest promises ? These are some of the questions usually taken into consideration by pro-spective college students. But how many stop to ask them-selves and to consider the vastly more important question, "Which college lays the greatest emphasis upon the training of its students in the duties of good citizenship and the devel-opment of Christian character?" This, after all, is the important consideration. Not how great a reputation do the athletic teams have, not how much does it seem to promise, but how much importance does it attach to the development and training of that which really makes character ? H. C. B. -^> EXCHANGES. " Criticism is essential to good work. True criticism is both appreciative and corrective, but it is not so essential that a writer receive perfect criticism after all. Public judgment, fav-orable, adverse or perverse, is instructive and leads us to correct our errors, improve our style, sharpen our wits and pay more attention to the perfecting of our work, line by line. Have you a thought, the plot of a story, the idea of a poem ? Write it in your best and freshest moments and lay it by until the frost of cool evenings has chilled it, and it has become a thing apart from yourself. Then criticize it, remodel it, with your best impartial judgment. Never doubt that the English lan-guage has the right word ; and the right words rightly and ar-tistically constructed, make famous literature of the thought of men."—The Bowdoin Quill. I58 THE MERCURY. V The Otterbein Argus contains a rather interesting story en-titled " Character Painting." It pictures quite vividly the con-dition of many a poor child in the mining districts of our coun-try and portraying the effect produced by refinement and wealth upon so uncultured a mind as that of the heroine. While this story is good in the main, it is the only article of a literary nature in the journal. We cannot feel that such a meagre amount of literary matter does justice to a school which styles itself an university. The editorial pointing out why students should remain for commencement, whenever it is at all possible, is timely and well worth putting into practice. Commence-ment exercises are the crowning events of the year, and cer-tainly, whenever possible, the student should avail himself of this privilege to enjoy the happy closing of the school-year and also to bid farewell to the graduating class for whom it means so much. Remember that you yourself expect to be in a similar position some day, then perhaps you can better appreci-ate its significance. The best part of the World's Fair number of The Wabash is its "exchange pickings." The exchange editor is to be com-mended^ for his judgment and selection of clippings. We quote a few of them. " Are you Hungary ? Yes; Siam. Well, come along ; I'll Fiji." Again : " It is said some girls are pressed for time ;—others for the fun of it." " If college bred is a four-year loaf (The Smart Set says its so.) Oh tell me where the flour is found For us who need the dough !" —The Acorn. TEACHER—Johnny, repeat after me " Moses was an austere man and made atonement for the sins of his people." JOHNNY—" Moses was an oyster man and made ointment for the shins of his people." MM » "THE MERCURY. 159 "Usefulness is the rent we are asked .-to pay for room on earth. Some of us are heavily in debt." The May number of the Manitou Messenger \s a credit to the new staff. The oration "The Public Service of Church and School" is a well written and logical development of the power exerted upon the state by church and school. " Chaucer's Hu-mor" is a terse estimate of one side of his nature, as seen in "The Canterbury Tales." We are glad to welcome the Bucknell Mirror to its long va-cant place on our table. The only literary article, "The Col-umn to the Right of the Doorway," is an interesting and amusing reminiscence of a college prank fifty years ago. An increase in amount of literary matter would greatly improve the paper. The Buff and Blue contains a number of short articles. Among them "The Assassination," while an interesting recital of an imaginary college joke, it might be much improved by a smoother style, less abrupt and " choppy " sentences. The article on "Fiction" gives a brief history of its beginning, de-velopment, present use and abuse. " Ninety-Seven," an episode of an undergraduate who was determined to win his race in an indoor meet, is well written and worth reading. The Red and Blue is always among the best journals of fic-tion on our table. The June number is no exception. Roses bloom and roses fade, Flowers bloom and die. Life is made of sun and shade, ' Laughter and a sigh. Heigh-o ! sun and shade, Laughter and a sigh. Love is like the roses red, Fading in a day ; Soon 'tis dead, its sweetness fled On the wind away. Heigh-o ! soon 'tis dead— Pluck it while you may.— The Haverfordian. ■ The Susquelianna contains a well written article on Jonathan Swift, setting forth his true character. It calls attention to the fact that the vulgarities in his writings, on account of which he ■ i6o THE MERCURY. is not read, are no index to his real character. The spirit of the age demanded writings of such a nature, hence his contri-bution. "The Midnight of the Revolution" gives us a good resume of the condition of affairs in our own country during its struggle for birth. The writer has well digested the his-torical facts relating to this period and gives them to us in terse and unbiased form. In The Western Maryland College Monthly, "Old Man Knowl-ton's Greenbacks " is quite an interesting narrative of how an old miser was robbed of his greenbacks by rats. We think the story might have been told in a more interesting way. The break in the story, caused by shifting the scene to events in the court room, detracts from the narrative; while, on the other hand, were the style in which the story is begun continued, the produc-tion would be much better. The other articles are good. On the whole, the paper is worthy of commendation. The Pharetra contains a sort of parody on " The Raven " (under the title of " Easter Vacation "), which begins well, but soon loses rythm and at times whole lines are entirely devoid of any claim to poetry. However, considering the production as a whole and its probable intent, it is fairly good. SPRING TIME. The cro- cusses As the bull rushes O'er the grass-blades 'Neath the " bloomin' shades ' Of trees which are short For the cro-cusses frolicking sport. —Ex. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Weaver Organs Weaver Pianos Used by Gettysburg College Y. M. C. A. Used by Druid's Society Gettysburg College. of Further recommendation unnecessary. Close Prices, Easy Terms, Old Instru-ments Exchanged. Satisfaction Abso-lutely Guaranteed. WEAVER PIANO AND ORGAN CO., MANUFACTURERS, YORK, PA., U. S. A. I|. \ Ec^eil Latest Styles in HATS, SHOES AND GENT'S FURNISHING .Our specialty,. WALK-OVER SHOE M. K. ECKERT Prices always right The LutfieM putting |Ioiige,. No. 1424 Arch Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Col-leges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and devel-op one of the church institutions with pecuniary advantage to yourself. Address H. S. BONER, Supt. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. FURNITURE Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. * Telephone No. 97. H_ E. Bender 73 Baltimore. St., Gettysburg, Pa. THE STEWART & STEEN CO. College 'EngTcuueTs ctnd (pTi/nteTs 1034 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. MAKERS AND PUBLISHERS OF Commencement, Class Day Invitations and Programs, Class Pins and Buttons in Gold and Other Metals, Wedding Invitations and Announcements, At Home Cards, Reception Cards and Visiting Cards, Visiting Cards—Plate and 50 cards, 75 cents. Special Discount to Students. A. G. Spalding «S Bros. Largest Manufacturers in the World of Official Athletic Supplies. * * * * * * ^ Plans'and Blue Prints of Gymnasium Parapherna-lia furnished on request. BASE BALL, LAWN TENNIS, FOOT BALL, GOLF, xs^sa^. FIELD HOCKEY, AST TRADE JSM, BASKET BALL, TOW OFFICIAL ATHLETIC ^ajjjgj^ INPLEMENTS. Spalding's Catalogue of all Athletic Sports Mailed >^» «^V *^V #^ T) TT others of the popular OLD FAMILIAR TUNES; be- Ti sides OLD FAVORITES; and also many NEW SONGS. ifrWJf ff ft SONGS OF ALL THE COLLEGES. fTff £Mt CopjriEhv, Price, ?f .JO, postpaid, «0u. uuu HINDS & NOBLE, Publishers, New York City, ui^, *T ft Schoolbooks of ail publishers at one store, ff^f p^q^t :**= :«=:«: :«= :\*= :**= :«= :**: =*5fc =**: Rig 1^2 ^tr *^ 3A= ^Srt: :**: ;**: :**: :**= :\*= :**: =**: ELJ mm mm m m. w mm m 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE TRADE MARKS - DESIGNS r , . , - COPYRIGHTS &C. Anyone sending a Fleet oh nnd description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica-tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Oldest ngency for securing patents. Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive gpecialnotice, without charge, in the Scientific American. A handsomely illustrated weekly. Lnrcest cir-culation of any scientific Jrrarnu'. Terms, $3 a year: four months, tl. Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN & Co.361Broadwa>- New York Branch Office, 625 F St., Washinuton, D. C. You will find a full line of Pure Drugs and Fine Stationery at the People's Drug Store Prescriptions a specialty. FOR HOMES, Schools, Colleges and Libraries,. . . The Underwood Stereoscopic Tours. A marvel in the educational world! Endorsed by prominent American and European Educa-tors. E. G. HESS 37 E. Penn Hall, Gettysburg, Pa. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. EAGLE HOTEL Rates $2.00, $2.50 and $3.00 pr day. HAS A CAPACITY OF 400 GUESTS— ~-^ GEO. F. EBERHART, PROFR. Picture Frames of All Sorts. Repair work done promptly. &g"I will also buy or exchange any second-hand furniture 4ChambersburgSt., - GETTYSBURG, PA. Bujj pur Summer Suit at |upp' It fits. Is stylish, looks well, wears well. We mean hand-tailor-ed, ready to wear clothing-. "* Nobby Dress Hats, Swell Neckwear, Fancy Shirts, ivlen's Underwear. • • TDTTppJO CENTRE SQM -1- -*" v-^ "^ -1" »—'f IS.-u.pp Building, YORK, PENN'A. Watch for his Representative when he visits the College. TX3::E3 sn^^^eo: SET. A MACAZINE OF CLEVERNESS Magazines should have a well defined purpose. Genuine entertainment, amusement and mental recreation are the motives of Tlie Smart Set, the most successful of magazines. Its novels (a complete one in each number) are by the most brilliant authors of "both hemispheres. Its short stories are matchless—clean an I full of human interest. Its poetry covering the entire field of ve :se—pathos, love, humor, tenderness—is by the most popular poets, men and women, of the day. Its jokes, witticisms, sketches, etc., are admittedly the most mirth-provoking. io3 pages delightful reading. No pages are wasted on cheap illustrations, editorial vaporings or wearying essays and idle discussions. Every page will interest, charm and refresh you. Subscribe now—$>.s° per year. Remit in cheque, P. O. or Express order, or regis-tered letter, to The Smart Set, 452 Fifth Avenue, New York. N. B.—Sample copies sent free on application. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Geo. E. Spacer, PIANOS, ORGANS, MUSICAL MERCHANDISE Music Rooms, - York St. Telephone 181 GETTYSBURG C. B. KITZMILLE,R DEALER IN HATS,'CAPS, BOOTS AND DOUGLAS SHOE. M*53£wJfc'* Gettysburg, Pa. k M. AIxIxEMAN, Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, Paints and Queensware Gettysburg, Pa. THE ONLY JOBBING HOUSE IN ADAMS COUNTY W. F. Codori, ^DEALER IN - SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS — York Street, Gettysburg:, Pa.
Speeches Delivered In Other Languages. ; United Nations S/PV.8182 Security Council Seventy-third year 8182nd meeting Wednesday, 14 February 2018, 3 p.m. New York Provisional President: Mr. Alotaibi. . (Kuwait) Members: Bolivia (Plurinational State of). . Mr. Inchauste Jordán China. . Mr. Zhang Dianbin Côte d'Ivoire. . Mr. Tanoh-Boutchoue Equatorial Guinea. . Mr. Ndong Mba Ethiopia. . Ms. Guadey France. . Mrs. Gueguen Kazakhstan. . Mr. Umarov Netherlands. . Mrs. Gregoire Van Haaren Peru. . Mr. Meza-Cuadra Poland. . Ms. Wronecka Russian Federation. . Mr. Polyanskiy Sweden . Mr. Skoog United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Mr. Clay United States of America. . Ms. Tachco Agenda The situation in Guinea-Bissau Report of the Secretary-General on developments in Guinea-Bissau and the activities of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (S/2018/110) This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned to the Chief of the Verbatim Reporting Service, room U-0506 (verbatimrecords@un.org). Corrected records will be reissued electronically on the Official Document System of the United Nations (http://documents.un.org). 18-04195 (E) *1804195* S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 2/20 18-04195 The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m. Adoption of the agenda The agenda was adopted. The situation in Guinea-Bissau Report of the Secretary-General on developments in Guinea-Bissau and the activities of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (S/2018/110) The President (spoke in Arabic): In accordance with rule 37 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representatives of Guinea-Bissau and Togo to participate in this meeting. In accordance with rule 39 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite the following briefers to participate in the meeting: Mr. Modibo Touré, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau, and His Excellency Mr. Mauro Vieira, Permanent Representative of Brazil to the United Nations, in his capacity as Chair of the Guinea- Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. Mr. Touré is joining the meeting via video-teleconference from Bissau. The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda. I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2018/110, which contains the report of the Secretary-General on developments in Guinea-Bissau and the activities of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau. I now give the floor to Mr. Touré. Mr. Touré: I thank the Security Council for this opportunity to introduce the report of the Secretary- General (S/2018/110) on the situation in Guinea-Bissau and the activities of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS). As the report already presents a detailed outline of recent events in Guinea-Bissau, my intervention will focus on updating the Council on political developments since its issuance, while analysing present challenges and making proposals for the way forward. This briefing takes place against the backdrop of a rapidly evolving political situation in Guinea-Bissau. Over the past several weeks, a series of key events have occurred with important ramifications. At the country level, President José Mário Vaz dismissed former Prime Minister Umaro Sissoco Embaló and replaced him with Mr. Artur Da Silva. The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) finally held its party congress despite attempts by national authorities to block it, and re-elected Domingos Simões Pereira as its leader. At the regional level, on 4 February, the Authority of Heads of State and Government of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), pursuant to its decision of 27 January, imposed targeted sanctions on 19 individuals deemed to be obstructing the implementation of the Conakry Agreement. Those individuals and their family members are subject to travel bans and assets freeze. They have also been suspended from ECOWAS activities. The ECOWAS Authority also requested the African Union (AU), the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries, the European Union, the United Nations and other partners to support and facilitate the enforcement of the sanctions. Since the imposition of the sanctions, the reaction of national stakeholders has been mixed. Those upon whom the sanctions were imposed have described them as unsubstantiated and unjust, while those in favour of the sanctions have characterized them as a necessary measure to safeguard the country's democratic course. Meanwhile, national reactions to the appointment of Mr. Artur Da Silva as the new Prime Minister have been generally consistent. On 31 January, the PAIGC issued a statement denouncing Mr. Da Silva's appointment as not being in conformity with the Conakry Agreement. Last week, the Party for Social Renewal, the second largest party in Parliament, and the group of 15 dissident parliamentarians of the PAIGC also issued public statements stressing that they would participate only in a Government formed under a consensual Prime Minister, in strict compliance with the Conakry Agreement. Thus far, the Prime Minister's efforts to consult with political parties represented in the National Assembly on the formation of an inclusive Government have not borne fruit. Under my leadership, the group of five regional and international partners, comprised of representatives of the African Union, the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries, ECOWAS, the European Union and the United Nations, has continued 14/02/2018 The situation in Guinea-Bissau S/PV.8182 18-04195 3/20 to harmonize efforts and messaging at opportune moments with the aim of creating a stable and enabling environment for dialogue among political leaders. So far this year, I have convened three meetings of the group. My efforts, together with those of the partners, have focused on engaging national authorities and key political stakeholders in Guinea-Bissau to defuse escalating tensions, encourage political dialogue in order to ease the political gridlock, call for the protection and respect for the human rights of Bissau-Guinean citizens, and urge all aggrieved stakeholders to pursue their grievances through legal and constitutional means. Furthermore, under my direction, UNIOGBIS continues to play a central role in supporting and facilitating the regional mediation efforts of ECOWAS by, inter alia, ensuring the participation of Bissau- Guinean stakeholders at the ECOWAS Summit in Abuja in December 2017, providing substantive and logistical support for the ECOWAS high-level delegations during their missions to Bissau and regularly sensitizing regional leaders to ongoing political developments within the country, while encouraging them to exert their influence on protagonists in order to reach compromises. The absence of a functioning and stable Government for more than three years has limited the ability of UNIOGBIS to effectively and sustainably implement some of its mandated tasks. As recommended by the strategic review mission headed by the Department of Political Affairs in 2016 and endorsed by the Council last year, I have streamlined the UNIOGBIS leadership and structure to promote better integration and complementarity with the United Nations country team and other international partners, while boosting the Mission's political capacities, which has enabled me to exercise my good offices more effectively at the national level. Those changes have also assisted the broader United Nations system in Guinea-Bissau in delivering more focused and integrated peacebuilding support to national authorities and civil society, including women and youth. In this regard, the support provided by the Peacebuilding Fund has been critical. Going forward, UNIOGBIS will need to focus its energies on supporting national leaders in their efforts to appoint an acceptable Prime Minister, establish an inclusive Government, organize and conduct timely elections, and implement the priority reforms outlined in the Conakry Agreement and the ECOWAS road map. Until the completion of the electoral cycle in 2019, Guinea-Bissau remains more than ever a country that requires a dedicated United Nations presence to prevent a further deterioration in the political and security situation at the national level and avoid any negative consequences in the subregion. In this context, my good offices, political facilitation, advocacy and mediation roles, alongside my efforts aimed at promoting respect for human rights and the rule of law and at carrying out integrated peacebuilding support, will continue to be critical. As the Secretary-General has indicated in his report, it is vital that the United Nations remain engaged in peacebuilding efforts in the country while supporting ECOWAS involvement in resolving the political crisis for at least one more year. The Secretary-General has expressed his intention to authorize an assessment of the current mission at the end of that period and to present options to the Security Council for a possible reconfiguration of United Nations presence in the country. It is my hope that the Council will give favourable consideration to this recommendation. The African Union Peace and Security Council (AUPSC), through its communiqué of 13 February, has fully endorsed the measures taken by ECOWAS on 4 February, including the application of sanctions against political obstructionists. It has also requested the African Union Commission to coordinate with the ECOWAS Commission to ensure the effective implementation of these measures. Moreover, it has requested that the Security Council endorse the AUPSC communiqué that endorsed the ECOWAS decision. At this critical juncture, it would be important for the Security Council to continue to reaffirm the centrality of the Conakry Agreement and reiterate its full support for ECOWAS in its mediation efforts and for the measures that it has taken against political stakeholders deemed to be obstructing the resolution of the political crisis. I would further seek the Council's support in underscoring the importance of urgently organizing and holding legislative elections within the constitutionally mandated timeline. Lastly, throughout the past year, the presence of the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau (ECOMIB) has consistently acted as a stabilizing factor in the country. I would therefore call on members of the Council and international donors to support the continued presence of ECOMIB through to the holding of a presidential election in 2019, including by advocating for the renewal S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 4/20 18-04195 of its mandate and the provision of the financial support needed to maintain its deployment. I would like to express my gratitude to the Council for its continued interest in promoting peace and stability in Guinea-Bissau. I would also like to commend ECOWAS and its current Chair, President Faure Gnassingbé of Togo, and the ECOWAS Mediator for Guinea-Bissau, President Alpha Condé of Guinea, for their tireless mediation efforts. Finally, I would like to express appreciation to all multilateral and bilateral partners, especially to the AU, the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries and the European Union for their commitment to promoting peace and prosperity in Guinea-Bissau. After several years of long-term investment in the stability of Guinea- Bissau, it is time to consolidate and reap the dividends of our concerted efforts. It is vital that we accompany this process to its completion. The President (spoke in Arabic): I thank Mr. Touré for his briefing. I now give the floor to Mr. Vieira. Mr. Vieira (Brazil): I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for the invitation to address the Security Council in my capacity as Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC). Since my last briefing to the Security Council, on 24 August last year (see S/PV.8031), there have been several important developments in the country. The situation in Guinea-Bissau is rapidly evolving, and the PBC is following it closely. At the most recent Summit of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), held in Abuja on 16 December, the Heads of State and Government gave a 30-day deadline for political actors of Guinea-Bissau to implement the Conakry Agreement. The situation was discussed again by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union, held in Addis Ababa on 27 January, in the context of its thirtieth ordinary session. After 15 months as Head of Government, Prime Minister Umaro Sissoco Embaló tendered his resignation to President José Mário Vaz, who accepted it on 16 January. On 31 January, Artur Da Silva took office as the new Prime Minister. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Togo, Robert Dussey, led two ECOWAS missions to Bissau this year. On 1 February, the ECOWAS mission issued a final communiqué stating that the nomination of a Prime Minister by consensus, as determined by the Conakry Agreement, had not taken place and that the ECOWAS Commission would start applying sanctions against those who create obstacles to a political solution. On 4 February, ECOWAS issued a decision listing 19 names that will be subject to sanctions, consisting of the exclusion from the activities of the community, a travel ban, and the freezing of assets of the sanctioned persons and their families. The Guinea-Bissau configuration is actively engaged in following the situation in Guinea-Bissau and in providing support for the country through different initiatives. I am also in permanent contact with the Brazilian Ambassador in Bissau, who maintains excellent relations with national authorities, political actors and United Nations representatives. I would remind Council members that Brazil was one of the first countries to recognize Guinea-Bissau in 1974. In that same year we opened an embassy in Bissau. In 2017, I organized a working breakfast with the members of the PBC and four ambassador-level meetings of the Guinea-Bissau configuration. We issued three press statements last year on the situation in the country. I also briefed the Security Council on two occasions, on 14 February (see S/PV. 7883) and on 24 August. Between 25 and 28 July 2017, I conducted my first visit to Bissau in my capacity as Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration. I met many political actors, including President José Mário Vaz, then-Prime Minister Sissoco, a number of ministers, members of all parties in the Parliament, and representatives of the United Nations. On my return, I stopped in Lisbon, where I met with the Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries, Ms. Maria do Carmo Silveira. On 15 December 2017, the Peacebuilding Fund (PBF) approved six new projects for Guinea-Bissau, totalling $7 million, to be implemented between January 2018 and June 2019. These projects are designed to help stabilize the country by providing support to the media and the justice sector, as well as support for national reconciliation efforts and the participation of young people and women in peacebuilding and in politics. The Guinea-Bissau configuration of the PBC discussed and 14/02/2018 The situation in Guinea-Bissau S/PV.8182 18-04195 5/20 supported these projects in a meeting held in November last year. The PBC will continue to support Guinea-Bissau not only through the PBF, but also through consultations with different partners, including the World Bank and other international financial institutions. In this context, I am planning a visit to Washington in the coming weeks in order to talk to representatives of the World Bank about possibilities for cooperation with Guinea-Bissau. On Monday, 12 February, I convened a meeting of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the PBC to discuss the most recent developments in the country. On that occasion, we heard a briefing from the Under- Secretary-General for Political Affairs and Head of the Department of Political Affairs, Mr. Jeffrey Feltman. I would like to thank Under-Secretary-General Feltman for his presence there. It was a positive sign of engagement and trust in the role of the PBC. It also showed his commitment to contributing to a solution to the current impasse in Guinea-Bissau. During that meeting, the participants had the opportunity to discuss the recent developments in the country, including the decision of ECOWAS to impose sanctions. They underlined the need for dialogue and mentioned the role of the region, including the importance of the implementation of the Conakry Agreement. Member States also commended the work of the PBF in Guinea-Bissau. Many participants stressed the relevance of respecting the constitutional framework in organizing elections. Member States welcomed the non-involvement of the armed forces in the political crisis. Many delegations mentioned the positive presence of the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea- Bissau (ECOMIB). Delegations also supported the renewal of the mandate of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS), which is expected to happen by the end of this month, and underlined the importance of the good offices of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Modibo Touré. Finally, I also would like to inform the Council that it is my intention to visit Guinea-Bissau in the coming months to consult with a broad range of stakeholders on how the PBC can support peacebuilding efforts in the country and help the political actors find a solution to the current impasse. The exact date of the visit will depend on developments on the ground and will be scheduled in consultation with local authorities. I would like to recall that Brazil is currently the Chair of the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries (CPLP). As was done when I previously briefed the Council, the CPLP has endorsed my remarks. I would like to conclude my statement by reaffirming that the PBC will continue to make every effort to support Guinea-Bissau and I would like to outline the following recommendations in that regard. I reiterate the support of the configuration for the Bissau six-point road map and the Conakry Agreement as the framework for the resolution of the crisis. I call upon the authorities of Guinea-Bissau and key political actors to show leadership and determination by engaging in actions that would lead to the implementation of those agreements. I take note of the efforts of the region to resolve the political impasse in the country. I stress the importance of holding free and fair elections, in accordance with the Constitution of Guinea- Bissau, and call upon the international community to support that process. I underline the importance of renewing the mandate of UNIOGBIS for another year, as recommended by the Secretary-General. I also recognize the effective, preventive and deterrent role of ECOMIB. Finally, I would like to commend the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Modibo Touré, for his efforts to help ensure an enabling political environment in the country. The President (spoke in Arabic): I thank Ambassador Vieira for his briefing. I now give the floor to those Council members who wish to make statements. Mr. Tanoh-Boutchoue (Côte d'Ivoire) (spoke in French): I would like to begin my statement by thanking the Special Representative of the Secretary- General, Mr. Modibo Touré, for his insightful briefing on the situation in Guinea-Bissau and the activities of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau. I will focus my statement on two main points: the implementation of the Conakry Agreement by the Guinea-Bissau signatories and the activities of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau. S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 6/20 18-04195 Guinea-Bissau is going through a new phase in the serious and deep political and institutional crisis of recent years. My country and West Africa are concerned about this situation, which is characterized by a political impasse and requires the Council to act with greater firmness alongside the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union to bring the political actors of Guinea-Bissau to honour their commitments. Indeed, despite the signing on 14 October 2016 of the Conakry Agreement, which was supposed to favour the appointment of a consensus Prime Minister and the establishment of an inclusive Government, the country is again without a Government and confronted by a blockage of Parliament and a deep lack of trust between the President of the Republic and his party, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde. The stalemate heightens raises concerns not only of a detrimental delay in the electoral calendar, which calls for the holding of legislative elections in May 2018 and presidential elections in 2019, but also of the exacerbation of political tensions and the growth of the criminal economy linked to drug trafficking. My country welcomes the ongoing efforts of ECOWAS to definitively resolve the crisis in Guinea-Bissau, in strict compliance with the communal arrangements and constitutional framework of the country. The current deadlock in Guinea-Bissau is the culmination of a prolonged deterioration of the political situation and the manifest lack of will on the part of the political actors to commit themselves to a consensual settlement of the crisis, despite the appeals and efforts of ECOWAS. Côte d'Ivoire calls on the parties to implement the Conakry Agreement in good faith and without delay. My delegation once again commends ECOWAS for its leadership and the ongoing commitment of its leaders, the Chairperson of the ECOWAS Authority, President Faure Gnassingbé of Togo, and the ECOWAS Mediator for Guinea-Bissau, President Alpha Condé of Guinea, in the quest for a solution to the political impasse in Guinea-Bissau. Côte d'Ivoire also commends the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau for its invaluable contribution to stability in the country. ECOWAS, after a lengthy process of futile warnings, decided to adopt individual sanctions against 19 persons considered to be hostile to the process of ending the crisis in Guinea-Bissau. The sanctions are a strong signal of the resolve of ECOWAS to bring the country out of a crisis that has persisted too long. Those measures — which specifically involve the suspension of the participation in the activities of ECOWAS of all persons concerned, a travel ban on travel, the denial of visas to them and their families, and the freezing of their financial assets — must be applied with utmost rigour. The sanctions, I recall, are based on the Supplementary Act of 17 February 2012, which imposes sanctions on Member States that fail to honour their obligations vis-à-vis ECOWAS, and article 45 of the Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance. My country congratulates ECOWAS on taking those courageous measures, which will serve as a wake-up call to the Guinea-Bissau political class, and looks forward to their effective endorsement by the African Union. Côte d'Ivoire invites the Council to fully support ECOWAS in the interests of peace and national cohesion in Guinea-Bissau. To that end, my country calls on the Security Council to adopt by consensus the draft resolution on the renewal of the mandate of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau, which also requires the endorsement of those sanctions. Furthermore, my delegation urges the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries (CPLP), the European Union and the United Nations to also support the efforts of ECOWAS to effectively implement measures that seek to ensure that the Conakry Agreement be upheld. Institutional and political stability, peace and security in Guinea-Bissau depend primarily on the people of Guinea-Bissau themselves. To achieve that, we call on them to take ownership of the Conakry Agreement. Without the involvement of the parties themselves, the prospects for finding a solution to the crisis and for restoring lasting peace to Guinea-Bissau will remain illusory. With regard to the activities of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau, my delegation welcomes the various initiatives to support the political dialogue and the national reconciliation process. Furthermore, we encourage ongoing consultations in order to make progress on security sector reform and to meet the needs of the peacebuilding mechanism under way in Guinea-Bissau. My delegation thanks the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Guinea-Bissau for his efforts in mediation, promoting the rule of law and building the capacity of the Guinea-Bissau institutions. Côte d'Ivoire encourages its international partners, in 14/02/2018 The situation in Guinea-Bissau S/PV.8182 18-04195 7/20 particular the United Nations, the African Union, the European Union, the CPLP and ECOWAS, to cooperate more closely with regard to their work on the ground to ensure greater effectiveness. My country also welcomes the strong involvement of Guinea-Bissau women in the political process, and in particular their role in facilitating dialogue between the parties. With regard to the renewal of the mandate of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau, I would like to inform the members of the Council that Côte d'Ivoire will soon submit a draft resolution for adoption on that issue. At the same time, if it is acceptable to all members of the Council, a draft press statement will also be submitted for adoption. My country reiterates its appeal to all stakeholders in the crisis in Guinea-Bissau to participate fully in the efforts of the international community, in particular of ECOWAS, to promote the comprehensive implementation of the Conakry Agreement, which guarantees a way out of the political impasse that the country has long suffered. I would like to finish by thanking Ambassador Mauro Vieira of Brazil, Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission, for all the information that he has kindly provided to the Council. Ms. Tachco (United States of America): I wish to thank Mr. Touré, Special Representative of the Secretary-General, for his briefing and Ambassador Vieira not only for his briefing but also for his leadership of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. Recently, the Security Council has witnessed significant success in West Africa in places that have experienced years or even decades of violence and tragedy. Such success includes the first democratic transfer of power in Liberia in more than 70 years and the continued consolidation of democracy in The Gambia, as well as strong economic growth in countries across the region. However, there remain many serious and profound challenges, such as the terrorist threat posed by Boko Haram and the Islamic State in West Africa, elections and reform challenges facing countries with upcoming democratic transition, and humanitarian crises and displacement, all of which merit the continued attention of the Security Council. Given the urgency and magnitude of such problems, the United States believes that a self-inflicted 30-month political impasse, such as that in Guinea-Bissau, is unacceptable. For too long we have gathered to hear updates on fits and starts of political progress that eventually fade to obstruction and obfuscation from the country's leadership. The United States is profoundly disappointed by the decision of President Vaz to ignore the Conakry Agreement by failing to appoint a consensus Prime Minister and to create an inclusive Government. President Vaz must take urgent steps towards a unity Government that will pave the way for peaceful legislative elections in May. The people of Guinea-Bissau are understandably frustrated at the failure of their Government to make progress on the implementation of the Agreement. They deserve better. Time is running out. We have witnessed rising tension. Political gatherings in Bissau have provoked clashes as the people of Guinea- Bissau publicly express their frustration at the skeletal political process. Those clashes led to a crackdown by the Guinea-Bissau leadership. The Government must respect the people's right to peaceful expression and protect that right. On 4 February, the Economic Community of West African States took the ambitious step of sanctioning 19 spoilers of the Conakry Agreement, including their family members. The United States applauds such efforts to hold those in power accountable and to compel them towards finally doing what is right for the people of Guinea-Bissau. We also applaud the renewal of the mandate of the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea- Bissau and encourage the Guinea-Bissau military to continue its political non-interference, while playing its constitutional role. For years, the international community and the United Nations have put resources into Guinea-Bissau to do important things for the benefit of its people. However, with a Government at an impasse, important issues such as security sector reform and combating transnational organized crime, narcotics and human trafficking cannot be adequately addressed. That is unacceptable. As Ambassador Haley noted in the peacekeeping context, the United Nations cannot operate effectively in environments with uncooperative Governments. That also applies to political missions such as the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea- S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 8/20 18-04195 Bissau (UNIOGBIS). For UNIOGBIS to continue on that path would not be the continuation of a partnership with a willing Government but would simply enable its obstruction. Elections must take place on time and will require support. However, first, the Government must first end the impasse to convince its partners that international support will build on established political progress and a willingness to overcome differences to enable the Government to function again. In conclusion, we once again draw attention to the ordinary people of Guinea-Bissau who, for the better part of their lives, have not known the stability of sustainable democratic governance. The Security Council must keep them in mind as we take steps to put pressure on leaders to abandon their self-serving wilfulness and to take action to better the lives of their people. They should know that our patience has now run out. Ms. Guadey (Ethiopia): I wish to thank Mr. Modibo Touré, Special Representative of the Secretary- General, for his briefing on the latest developments in Guinea-Bissau and the activities of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS). I would also like to express appreciation to Ambassador Mauro Vieira in his capacity as Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) for his remarks. The continued political stand-off and institutional paralysis in Guinea-Bissau remain a source of serious concern. The consequent socioeconomic difficulties over the past two years have impacted the people of Guinea-Bissau and will eventually undermine the peace and stability of the country. We appreciate the important role of the PBC and welcome the approval of useful projects to be financed under the Immediate Response Facility of the Peacebuilding Fund to the amount of $7.3 million. Such projects will certainly contribute to easing the socioeconomic difficulties of women and young people, as well as to promoting stability. The centrality of the Conakry Agreement to sustaining peace, security and development in Guinea- Bissau cannot be overemphasized. We reiterate our call for all stakeholders in Guinea-Bissau to respect and to comply with the Agreement in addressing their differences and the challenges facing their country. We urge them to create conditions for the holding of legislative and presidential elections in 2018 and 2019, respectively. All parties should also refrain from actions or statements that could escalate tensions and incite violence. It is indeed vital that the security and armed forces of Guinea-Bissau continue to uphold the country's Constitution and desist from interfering in the political and institutional crisis. Those who continue to obstruct the implementation of the agreement must be given clear signals that their actions will not be tolerated. In that regard, we commend the role of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the high-level delegation it dispatched to Guinea-Bissau two weeks ago. We support its decision on restoring democratic governance and ensuring respect for the rule of law in Guinea Bissau, as endorsed by the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council communiqué issued today. The Council should reinforce the decision by ECOWAS and the African Union and convey a clear and united message to all the parties in this regard. We believe the concerted efforts by ECOWAS, the African Union, the United Nations and other relevant partners continues to be indispensable to finding a durable solution to the political crisis in Guinea-Bissau. We express our support to UNIOGBIS for its continued provision of necessary support to Guinea- Bissau, with the objective of resolving the current political impasse and creating an environment for of dialogue among all of the country's actors. Accordingly, we fully agree with the recommendation of the Secretary General that the current UNIOGBIS mandate be extended for another year, until 28 February 2019. Finally, we echo the appeal of the AU Peace and Security Council for financial support towards the continuation of the mandate of the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau — whose mandate has been extended to 31 March — until the necessary training of the national security forces of Guinea-Bissau is completed. I wish to conclude by supporting the draft press statement proposed by Côte d'Ivoire, and express our readiness to work closely on the draft resolution that will renew the UNIOGBIS mandate. Mrs. Gueguen (France) (spoke in French): I thank Mr. Modibo Touré, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau, for his clear and precise briefing, which reminds us of just how critical this point is for Guinea-Bissau. I also thank Ambassador Mauro Vieira for his efforts as Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding 14/02/2018 The situation in Guinea-Bissau S/PV.8182 18-04195 9/20 Commission and for his insistent appeal for support to regional initiatives and for respect for the electoral cycle in Guinea-Bissau. France is concerned about the non-implementation of the Conakry Agreement since October 2016. The Agreement, which provides for the appointment of a consensus Prime Minister, has remained a dead letter, even though it provides a plan to resolve the conflict. This political impasse has consequences on the ground. There have been several clashes between the police and opposition political parties. Respect for human rights is also not assured in Guinea-Bissau. The latest developments on the ground show that the authorities of Guinea-Bissau no longer hesitate to limit the freedom of assembly and the right to protest. The establishment of a robust compliance framework with regard to respect for public freedoms is an essential precondition to the resolution of the crisis in Guinea-Bissau. We therefore call upon the international community to be particularly vigilant in that regard. Due to the risk of a deterioration in the political and security situation, it is high time for all parties to honour their commitments to reach national consensus, all the more so because the window of opportunity is narrowing, as legislative elections are slated for this spring. In that regard, it is particularly important to ensure that the legislative and presidential time table is adhered to. I would like to emphasize three essential points with regard to the renewal at the end of the month of the madate of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS). First, we must increase our support for regional initiatives. In that regard, France welcomes the ongoing efforts of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), especially the work of the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau and the recent adoption of the sanctions list of people obstructing the implementation of the Conakry Agreement. That is an important step forward and a clear sign to the relevant local actors. We are convinced that the solution to the conflict will require consultation among local actors and the international community. In that connection, the group of five international partners based in Guinea-Bissau, which comprises the African Union, the European Union, the United Nations, ECOWAS and the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries, provides a special coordination platform that ought to be supported. Secondly, it is crucial for the Security Council to fully assume its role in resolving the current political impasse in Guinea-Bissau. The Council should increase pressure on local actors, particularly President Vaz, and should direct the parties in Guinea-Bissau to shoulder their responsibilities. Sanctions were adopted in 2012 through resolution 2048 (2012), and additional measures could be taken in conjunction with those taken by ECOWAS. Thirdly, it is essential to renew the mandate of UNIOGBIS, which ends 28 February, and thereby signal the commitment of the United Nations to continuing to participate in the process of resolving the conflict. We should also contemplate restructuring UNIOGBIS following an assessment of the impact of its activities on the ground. It is time for the parties in Guinea-Bissau to move from words to action. Their commitments must now give way to concrete action. Mr. Meza-Cuadra (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation welcomes the holding of this meeting and thanks Mr. Modibo Touré, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea- Bissau, for his briefing. We also thank Ambassador Mauro Vieira for his commitment and leadership as Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. Peru is monitoring with concern the situation in Guinea-Bissau. Despite efforts by the international community and regional organizations to reach a solution to the political crisis, little progress has been made in the implementation of the Conakry Agreement, concluded in October 2016. We would like to make three main points. First, Peru deems the successful holding of 2018 and 2019 elections to be crucial to achieving sustainable peace. In that regard, we are concerned about the nomination of a Prime Minister who does not enjoy consensus among all parties, as called for in the Conakry Agreement. That undermines the credibility of the Government. Additionally, four of the members of the National Electoral Commission, including its President, could not be nominated for the National Assembly, which has not convened since S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 10/20 18-04195 January 2016. Such conditions complicate the holding of legislative elections slated for May. That is why we believe it is necessary and urgent for all parties to resume inclusive dialogue with a view to implementing the commitments undertaken. We welcome the efforts of the Economic Community of West African States, which include imposing sanctions on those who obstruct the implementation of the Conakry Agreement, in line with regional rules and regulations. We believe that it is important to increase the participation of women and youth in the necessary dialogue and subsequent elections. That is why we highlight the efforts of the Women's Facilitation Group, which seeks to increase the participation of women in the country's political processes. Secondly, we are concerned that, despite the current relative stability, a stalled political process could lead to renewed violence and rampant crime, especially considering that the country is vulnerable to threats such as terrorism, organized crime and human trafficking. In that connection, we highlight the launching of the Network of National Human Rights Defenders. As the Secretary-General noted in his report (S/2018/110), reform is needed in this area, including strengthening the armed forces and the professionalization of the police. Similarly, we call for full respect for the fundamental right to freedom of expression in Guinea-Bissau. Thirdly, with regard to socioeconomic development, we would like to highlight the fact that, although the World Bank has reported economic growth of 5 per cent over the past year, it should be borne in mind that such growth is primarily attributed to the country's main exports being sold at a higher price on the international market. Nonetheless, a country whose poverty rate is approximately 70 per cent is socially and economically vulnerable. That is why we believe that peacekeeping and peacebuilding require greater investment in social development, and in particular in Peacebuilding Fund projects aimed at empowering women and young people, promoting national reconciliation and strengthening the judiciary. We underscore the importance of ensuring the predictability and stability of the Fund's financing. We also believe that it is important that the activities promoted by the Peacebuilding Fund be coordinated with the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS) and the United Nations country team. In conclusion, we support the renewal of the UNIOGBIS mandate for an additional year, in line with the recommendation of the Secretary-General. We thank the Economic Community of West African States, the African Union, the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries, the European Union and other international actors committed to assisting Guinea-Bissau for their valuable efforts. Mr. Ndong Mba (Equatorial Guinea) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, on behalf of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, let me thank the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Guinea- Bissau and Head of Mission for the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNOGBIS), Mr. Modibo Touré, and his team for the detailed and important briefing on the situation in Guinea-Bissau. We also thank Mr. Mauro Vieira, Permanent Representative of Brazil to the United Nations, in his capacity as Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission, for his briefing, in which he underscored the configuration's commitment to the various initiatives in Guinea-Bissau. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea has followed very closely and with great interest the developments in the political and institutional crisis in Guinea-Bissau. It has paid even closer attention since the country joined the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries (CPLP) in 2014, and now that Equatorial Guinea chairs the Committee established pursuant to resolution 2048 (2012), concerning Guinea-Bissau. In my capacity as Chair of the 2048 Committee, I would like to voice our concern about the deadlock in the peace process in Guinea-Bissau, which is hindering the country's national reform programme, thereby threatening to undermine progress in the country since constitutional order was restored in 2014. Equatorial Guinea lauds the commitment and considerable effort made, as well as the human and financial resources made available by international multilateral partners, in particular the Guinea- Bissau group of five, comprising the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the CPLP, the European Union and the United Nations. Undoubtedly, the synergy among international actors with regard to the issue in Guinea-Bissau attests to the desire and willingness of the international community to find a peaceful and 14/02/2018 The situation in Guinea-Bissau S/PV.8182 18-04195 11/20 consensus-based solution in the interests of Guinea- Bissau. The Conakry Agreement must continue to be the fundamental reference for national political actors. The Agreement not only outlines the appointment of a Prime Minister who is trusted by the President of the Republic, but whose appointment is the result of consensus among all national stakeholders. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea has taken note of the rejection of the appointment of Mr. Augusto Antonio Artur Da Silva by ECOWAS and the main political actors in Guinea-Bissau, in particular of the two main political parties — the Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde and the Partido para a Renovação Social. Given the lack of consensus surrounding the appointment of the Prime Minister, the Republic of Equatorial Guinea calls upon all political actors in the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, including the President of the Republic, as well as the leaders of the two main political parties, to work together to form an inclusive Government that would create the right conditions ahead of upcoming legislative elections to be held later this year, and presidential elections in 2019. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea supports the electoral calendar as outlined in the country's Constitution. That is why the Republic of Equatorial Guinea believes that an international support mechanism for the electoral process should be put in place for the purpose of updating the electoral rolls and assisting the Independent National Electoral Commission to effectively shoulder its responsibility, and with all other preparations that would allow for the holding of transparent, democratic elections whose results would put a definitive end to the political maze the country has had to navigate over the past few years. The extension of the mandate of UNIOGBIS is a key element in resolving the crisis. As announced, ECOWAS has decided to extend the mandate of the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau until 31 March. The actions of the United Nations must be part of that undertaking. The Security Council's vote, scheduled for 27 February, must allow the Mission to be extended for a year or more, until presidential elections are held in 2019. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea believes that international partners should continue to focus primarily on mediation, good offices, dialogue and direct negotiations as the only viable paths to breaking the current political and institutional deadlock. The most recent report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Guinea-Bissau and the activities of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (S/2018/110) concludes that the population's latent frustration with an uncertain political environment could foster instability and crime. Equatorial Guinea reiterates its gratitude to the defence and security forces that have chosen to adopt a neutral, republican position. Therefore, we urge all political actors in Guinea-Bissau to put the interests of the country and its people, love of State and their responsibility above all other considerations so as to create the right conditions for the holding of free, fair and transparent elections. Stability in the country must not be disassociated from economic recovery. In that regard, we welcome the support of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission, through the Peacebuilding Fund, in financing various multisectoral projects. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea will take part in good offices and negotiations. Equatorial Guinea, as a member of the CPLP and Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 2048 (2012), concerning Guinea- Bissau, will support and take initiatives that it believes are necessary to assist in efforts under way to find a solution to the situation in the brotherly country of Guinea-Bissau. Mr. Skoog (Sweden): I would like to begin by thanking the Special Representative of the Secretary- General, Mr. Modibo Touré, for his briefing. I commend him and his team for the valuable work being undertaken in support of the people of Guinea-Bissau. Let me also extend my thanks to the Permanent Representative of Brazil, Ambassador Mauro Vieira, in his capacity as Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. As Ambassador Vieira mentioned his country's long-standing relations with Guinea-Bissau, I thought that I would take this opportunity to point out that Sweden recognized Guinea-Bissau in 1974, and we began supporting General Assembly resolution 2911 (XXVII), concerning its self-rule, in 1968. In the 1970s and 1980s, Guinea-Bissau was one of our largest development partner countries. There is therefore a deep and historic friendship between Sweden and the people of Guinea-Bissau, and it is in that spirit of friendship that we are engaging in support for Guinea- Bissau in meeting its current complex challenges. S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 12/20 18-04195 Moreover, we welcome the opportunity to draw upon the strategic advice of the Peacebuilding Commission and its longer-term perspective, which are essential for sustaining peace in Guinea-Bissau. The activities financed by the Peacebuilding Fund to that end are also important. An integrated approach from the United Nations family in Guinea-Bissau can contribute positively to overcoming peacebuilding challenges. Accordingly, we welcome the efforts outlined in the report of the Secretary-General (S/2018/110). We are concerned by the ongoing and increasingly protracted political crisis in Guinea-Bissau. A lack of progress in resolving the stalemate undermines peacebuilding efforts and is holding the country's social and economic development hostage. Resolving the crisis is therefore a prerequisite for the consolidation of peace in the country. The six-point Bissau road map and the Conakry Agreement remain the only legitimate way forward, and must be implemented. The appointment of a consensus Prime Minister, as stipulated in the Agreement, is essential. National leaders must live up to their commitments and meet their responsibilities. We strongly commend the efforts of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to mediate among the parties to find a solution to the political crisis. ECOWAS is playing an essential role on behalf of the region, and we welcome its continued efforts to reach a consensual implementation of the road map and Conakry Agreement. We welcome the ECOWAS decision to impose sanctions on those impeding the Agreement's implementation. It is important that the international community fully support regional efforts in a concerted and coherent manner. In that regard, we welcome the statement issued yesterday by the African Union in support of ECOWAS, including regarding sanctions. Long-term peace and security in Guinea-Bissau will be achieved only when the root causes of the conflict are addressed. Constitutional reform, reconciliation and political dialogue, strengthening the rule of law through strong and inclusive institutions, and ensuring equal access to economic opportunities are all critical in that regard. It is also essential that all parts of society have their voices heard. In particular, ensuring the full and effective participation of women is crucial. We agree with the Secretary-General that the promotion of, and respect for, human rights is fundamental to sustaining peace and ensuring long-term stability and development in Guinea-Bissau. We echo the Secretary- General's call on national authorities to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and to refrain from any further acts that undermine the rule of law. Let me also take a moment to welcome the military's neutrality and its posture of non-interference in the political process. Concerning the role of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS), it has a crucial role to play in coordinating international efforts to support Guinea-Bissau, not least of which is supporting preparations for the holding of elections. There is a need to immediately refocus the Office's resources where they can be used most effectively, particularly with regard to resolving the political deadlock and supporting the electoral process so that it moves forward. We strongly support the Office's work to strengthen women's participation as active peacemakers in resolving the political crisis, including by encouraging women's mediation efforts. We welcome in particular that the integration of gender-sensitive perspectives into the work of UNIOGBIS and the United Nations country team has been accorded the highest priority by the United Nations in Guinea- Bissau. We look forward to hearing more about how that process is being taken forward. During the Peacebuilding Commission's meeting on Guinea-Bissau on Monday this week, all key actors, including Guinea-Bissau, expressed the view that the Secretary-General's recommendation for a one-year extension of the UNIOGBIS mandate should be authorized. A one-year extension would allow for longer-term planning and more effective support for the implementation of the Conakry Agreement and the holding of elections. The political crisis in Guinea-Bissau has gone on for far too long. It is now time to move forward with the full implementation of the Conakry Agreement and preparations for the holding of inclusive elections. The international community, together with the region, must stand ready to support the country on its path towards long-term peace and development. Mr. Clay (United Kingdom): I thank Special Representative of the Secretary-General Touré and Ambassador Vieira for their informative briefings. The situation in Guinea-Bissau is concerning. It is not the first country in the world to experience a political impasse, but it is a country that continues to emerge from the serious instability and violence 14/02/2018 The situation in Guinea-Bissau S/PV.8182 18-04195 13/20 of its recent past. The political impasse has prevented progress on reforms that are critical to addressing key conflict risks in Guinea-Bissau. The situation is only likely to become more volatile as we move towards elections. We have already seen violent confrontations between demonstrators and police, and witnessed worrying efforts to curb political freedoms. Economic growth is at risk, and a serious deterioration in stability would be deeply damaging for development and human rights. The illicit economy and transnational organized crime risk becoming further entrenched, with global implications. More broadly, instability in Guinea- Bissau would affect the wider region, which over the past year has been, for the most part, the site of positive political progress. The United Kingdom welcomes the leadership shown by the West African region, particularly through the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). It has shown persistence and patience. This is a crisis that began in 2015. It brokered the Conakry Agreement 15 months ago. It has agreed to countless communiqués and published innumerable statements. It has sent numerous high-level delegations to Guinea- Bissau, including three over the past six months alone. But those most responsible for Guinea-Bissau's crisis have responded with stubborn refusal to give ground and find compromise. Therefore, it is understandable that the region's patience has worn thin. ECOWAS has now been driven to impose sanctions against individuals deemed responsible for impeding the implementation of the Conakry Agreement. The African Union Peace and Security Council has endorsed that move. The United Kingdom supports the ECOWAS decision, and we urge the Security Council and the entire international community to remain united in support of ECOWAS efforts. We also believe that it is important to recognize the bold efforts of civil society in Guinea-Bissau to resolve the crisis. In particular, the mediation efforts launched by the Women's Facilitation Group were an encouraging initiative, and we welcome the support given to them by the United Nations. As set out in resolution 2343 (2017), political support for efforts towards the implementation of the Conakry Agreement should be a priority for the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea- Bissau. The key next step remains the appointment of a consensus Prime Minister so that preparations can proceed for legislative elections in 2018, as per the country's Constitution. As we open discussions on its renewal, the United Kingdom will focus on ensuring that the Mission's mandate responds to today's political reality on the ground, that it is realistic and that it is focused on the highest priority needs. Guinea-Bissau's people watched the country emerge from a period of instability but then found their hopes for democracy obstructed by a political knot that their own leaders tied. Support from the region and the international community to prevent the country from backsliding further will not succeed until those who tied the knot untangle it. We hope that good sense, compromise and the commitment to Guinea-Bissau's future will prevail. Ms. Wronecka (Poland): First of all, I thank Special Representative of the Secretary-General Modibo Touré and Ambassador Mauro Vieira, Permanent Representative of Brazil to the United Nations, in his capacity as Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission, for their useful briefings. Poland is following with growing concern the current situation in Guinea-Bissau. We support the efforts of the international community aimed at peacefully resolving the political crisis in the country. We therefore call on all political and civil society actors, regardless of their personal differences and ambitions, to engage in dialogue in a spirit of compromise. In that context, we take note that the army is not interfering in the political process. The implementation of the 2016 road map and the Conakry Agreement is crucial to maintaining peace and stability in the country. We appeal to the Guinea- Bissau authorities to complete their implementation and carry out the parliamentary elections scheduled for May in a peaceful atmosphere that guarantees political pluralism and impartiality. We think that women and young people should be included in all decision-making structures related to security sector reform, the national reconciliation process and institution-building. In this regard, we urge the Guinea-Bissau authorities to ensure the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of speech and information. Poland commends the important role of the Peacebuilding Commission in Guinea-Bissau in promoting good governance, political dialogue and national reconciliation. We also welcome the significant S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 14/20 18-04195 financial support of the Peacebuilding Fund (PBF) under the PBF Immediate Response Facility. Since the PBF began its activities, Poland has provided financial support to the Fund. Poland also supports the efforts of the Economic Community of West African States Mission in Guinea- Bissau (ECOMIB) as it is an important factor in reaching consensus solutions and cooperation. The decision of the ECOWAS Heads of State and Government, published on 4 February, imposing sanctions on those responsible for non-implementation of the Conakry Agreement is a step towards holding responsible those who are impeding a peaceful, consensus solution to the crisis. Due to the fragile security situation in the country, the presence of ECOMIB is most important. In this regard, we welcome the decision to extend ECOMIB's mandate until the end of March. Its role is essential, especially in view of the upcoming legislative elections. The mandate of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS) expires at the end of this month. The United Nations should remain engaged in efforts towards peace in the country and support ECOWAS efforts to resolve the political crisis. In conclusion, Poland encourages all the parties in Guinea-Bissau to engage in dialogue. We also express our full support for the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Modibo Touré. We look forward to the upcoming UNIOGBIS mandate renewal. Mr. Umarov (Kazakhstan): We commend Special Representative of the Secretary-General Modibo Touré and Ambassador Mauro Vieira for their comprehensive briefings on the situation in Guinea-Bissau, and extend our full support for their commitment to facilitating a political solution to the crisis. Kazakhstan is deeply concerned by the protracted political stalemate in the country. We join others in calling on all stakeholders to engage in an inclusive political dialogue and immediately implement the Conakry Agreement and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) road map to end the deadlock and restore institutional viability. It is therefore necessary to avoid differing interpretations of the Agreement. We commend the mediation efforts of ECOWAS, under the leadership of Presidents Faure Gnassingbé of Togo and Alpha Condé of Guinea, as well as by the other members of the group of international partner organizations on Guinea-Bissau. We have taken note of the decision of ECOWAS to impose targeted sanctions on those obstructing the implementation of the Conakry Agreement. We express hope that this decision will contribute to finding a solution to the crisis and strengthen democratic institutions and capacity-building for State organs. We welcome the extension until April of the mandate of ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau (ECOMIB), which plays a crucial role in ensuring stability in Guinea-Bissau, and urge international partners to continue supporting ECOMIB. The importance of peacebuilding, good offices and coordination efforts of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau cannot be underestimated. We therefore support the Secretary-General's recommendation to renew the mission's mandate for one more year. We also agree with his proposal to assess the mission, should the political impasse continue. We note the importance of holding legislative and presidential elections according to the constitutional time frame, and call on international partners to provide the necessary technical, logistical and financial support for the electoral process. The current political crisis may further fuel transnational organized crime, drug trafficking and terrorist activities. Therefore, increased national engagement and international support are critical to enhancing and extending reforms in the security, judicial and law enforcement sectors. In addition, the most effective measures must be sought to ensure the country's stability and resilience by increasing support for the education and health sectors, as well as the existing development plans, including Terra Ranka and the United Nations peacebuilding plan. In conclusion, we welcome the active engagement of the Women's Facilitation Group, and impress upon the national authorities the importance of ensuring the participation of women and young people in the political process at every stage and at all levels. Mrs. Gregoire Van Haaren (Netherlands): I would like first of all to thank the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Modibo Touré, and the Permanent Representative of Brazil, Mr. Mauro Vieira, who spoke in his capacity as Chair of the Guinea- Bissau country configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC), for their briefings. 14/02/2018 The situation in Guinea-Bissau S/PV.8182 18-04195 15/20 For years now, Guinea-Bissau has been marked by a protracted political crisis. In a region characterized by increasing attention to and respect for the rule of law, human rights and democracy, Guinea-Bissau continues to be out of step, as indicated once again in the latest report of the Secretary-General (S/2018/110). In the light of this, the Kingdom of the Netherlands wishes to underscore the following three points with regard to the situation in Guinea-Bissau. First, the Conakry Agreement of 2016 and the six-point road map should remain the basis for a political solution in Guinea-Bissau, and its provisions should honoured. Secondly, the diplomatic and political efforts of the region through the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) deserve the steadfast support of the United Nations, and particularly the Security Council. Thirdly, the role of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS) in the country at this critical juncture, with elections around the corner, is as important as ever. It is therefore imperative that its mandate be extended. First, with respect to the Conakry Agreement, almost a year and half has passed since the Agreement was concluded. The Kingdom of the Netherlands reiterates the centrality of the Agreement in peacefully resolving the current crisis, and urges the parties to abide by its contents. It is clear that an important roadblock with regard to its implementation is the appointment of a consensus Prime Minister. The need for this appointment has become increasingly urgent. With parliamentary elections on the horizon, it is imperative that these elections be held in a timely, transparent and inclusive manner. Secondly, with regard to support for ECOWAS, while the past six months were mainly characterized by the same intransigence as in previous reporting periods, concerted action and increased pressure on the part of the region, and ECOWAS in particular, could actually lead, when given the necessary support, to tangible progress in resolving the Bissau-Guinean crisis. Yesterday's decision of the African Union Peace and Security Council to support the efforts of ECOWAS is a case in point. The Secretary-General rightly observes in his report that the continuing efforts of ECOWAS to resolve the crisis are commendable. The Kingdom of the Netherlands would like to clearly point out that it supports and endorses ECOWAS mediation efforts and its imposition of sanctions. We welcome the ECOWAS unified action and believe that the presence of the ECOWAS Mission in Guinea-Bissau is vital to the stability of Guinea-Bissau. ECOWAS has shown before that, when united, it has the ability to act as the region's power broker, for example as it did in The Gambia. Like it did then, the Council should firmly support ECOWAS in taking up this role and responsibility, as it should in the case of any other regional organization in Africa that takes the lead in maintaining peace and security in the region. My third point is that ECOWAS cannot do this alone. We commend the African Union and the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries for their collaboration with the European Union and for the support they have brought and the constructive role they play. From the report of the Secretary General, it is evident that UNIOGBIS plays a vital role in Guinea- Bissau. With legislative elections scheduled for 2018 and presidential elections in 2019, the role of UNIOGBIS is more crucial than ever. We therefore call for a renewal of its mandate for no less than one year, in addition to allowing for longer-term planning, including setting more concrete priorities for the mission and making adaptations to meet specific needs. UNIOGBIS's convening power in Bissau remains essential, as will be its role in ensuring peaceful, free and democratic elections in Guinea-Bissau, as well as a smooth post-election process. Renewing the mandate for less than 12 months would send the wrong signal. In conclusion, sustained pressure to implement the Conakry Agreement, the maximum possible support to ECOWAS's ongoing efforts and measures and UNIOGBIS's continued support to the political process will be crucial factors in ending the deadlock in Guinea- Bissau, particularly in the light of the constitutionally mandated elections. Mr. Inchauste Jordán (Plurinational State of Bolivia) (spoke in Spanish): We appreciate the report of the Secretary-General (S/2018/110) presented by Mr. Modibo Touré, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS), and the briefing by Ambassador Mauro Vieira of Brazil in his capacity as Chair of the Guinea- Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. There has been no significant progress or visible improvement in the situation in Guinea-Bissau, where the general instability seems almost impervious to S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 16/20 18-04195 change, thereby jeopardizing the full implementation of the Conakry Agreement, which is unquestionably the fundamental framework for a peaceful solution to the crisis and for achieving sustainable and lasting peace there. In our view, the negative effects are likely to exacerbate matters if the parties cannot definitively condemn sectarian interests and contribute effectively to the mediation efforts and good offices of the relevant international, regional and subregional organizations. Bolivia firmly repudiates any action that could destabilize or jeopardize the ongoing dialogue and reconciliation process that has been established with the participation of all the parties concerned. We urge that the agreements be definitively consolidated in line with the inclusive national dialogue, which would enable Government members, the political parties represented in the National Assembly and every sector of civil society to arrive at a consensus and implement the agreements constructively through a legitimate commitment to achieving a lasting political and social solution whose sole aim is benefiting the people of Guinea-Bissau, in strict respect for their sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. We acknowledge the active participation of the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States and its Mission in Guinea- Bissau, the European Union, the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries and UNIOGBIS, through its Special Representative, and their ongoing efforts to achieve a rapprochement between the conflicting parties. We believe that UNIOGBIS's work, focused on initiatives aimed at creating opportunities for dialogue and facilitating cooperation in the security and political sectors with the goal of forming an inclusive Government, must be reinforced. It will be crucial to increase the Office's capacity to use peaceful means to deal with the crisis if it is to have more effective and efficient results. We therefore support the recommendation in the Secretary-General's report that the mission's mandate be renewed for another year. We also commend the work being done by the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission, appropriately chaired by Brazil, and we emphasize the importance of strengthening its coordination, information exchange and active collaboration with the Security Council, in accordance with the relevant General Assembly and Security Council resolutions. We continue to encourage the initiative of the Women's Forum for Peace. The efforts of women in Guinea-Bissau to achieve a political solution shows that a gender perspective and female participation in mediation and dialogue at all levels are essential. In conclusion, we would like to reiterate once again that in a time of political, institutional and social crisis, ensuring the welfare of the population and especially its most vulnerable sectors should be the overriding interest guiding Guinea-Bissau on a path to permanent stability. Mr. Zhang Dianbin (China) (spoke in Chinese): China would like to thank Special Representative Touré and Ambassador Vieira, Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission, for their briefings. The situation in Guinea-Bissau has been generally stable in recent months, but it will still require all the parties to work together to meet each other halfway if they are to resolve the political impasse peacefully and as soon as possible. China hopes that the parties in Guinea-Bissau will consider the country's interests, intensify their dialogue and communication in order to bridge differences quickly, implement the Conakry Agreement as soon as possible, form an inclusive Government and resume nation-building efforts. Meanwhile, the international community should continue to follow the situation in Guinea-Bissau. China will continue to support the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau in exercising its good offices and conducting mediation efforts under Mr. Touré's leadership, with the aim of coordinating international support for Guinea-Bissau, promoting political dialogue and advancing the country's economic and social development. The international community should continue to support regional and subregional organizations such as the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States and the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries in their role as mediators, while maintaining respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Guinea-Bissau and supporting the countries of the region in settling African issues through African means. Mr. Polyanskiy (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): We thank Mr. Modibo Touré, Special Representative of the Secretary-General, for his briefing on the evolving political situation in Guinea- Bissau. We take note of the report of the Secretary- 14/02/2018 The situation in Guinea-Bissau S/PV.8182 18-04195 17/20 General (S/2018/110) and the briefing by Mr. Mauro Vieira, Permanent Representative of Brazil and Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. Russia supports the efforts of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries to normalize the situation in Guinea-Bissau, which is undergoing a prolonged political, social and economic domestic crisis. We are concerned about the lack of tangible progress in implementing the Conakry Agreement. We want to emphasize how crucial the Agreement is to mitigating the political hostility and reducing Guinea- Bissau's potential for conflict. We urge the country's executive and legislative representatives to focus on forming an inclusive Government, introducing reforms, especially in the security sector and the Constitution, and increasing their joint efforts to prepare for parliamentary and presidential elections. It will be vital to strengthen the constitutional order and the rule of law and resolve the accumulating socioeconomic issues. We are pleased that the country's political forces continue to act with regard for the law and that the military has remained neutral. We have taken note of the ECOWAS communiqué of 4 February on imposing targeted sanctions on 19 members of Guinea-Bissau's political elite. Regarding the possibility of imposing similar measures based on the provisions of Security Council resolution 2048 (2012), we would like to point out that the resolution's main aim was restoring constitutional order, which in practical terms was achieved several years ago now. The result is that the resolution's sanctions measures are very outdated. In our opinion its listing criteria have little to do with Guinea-Bissau's current political situation, and in any case would not be usable against participants in the political process who are acting within the law. We are compelled to conclude that the opinions of the Secretary-General's report on the security sector situation give the impression that things have been left unsaid. It would have been more logical to discuss how the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS) is implementing the provisions of its mandate with regard to building Guinea-Bissau's capacity to combat transnational crime and drug trafficking, after describing the actual state of affairs in those areas. In general, given the overall situation in Guinea- Bissau, we are willing to consider the Secretary- General's proposal to extend UNIOGBIS's mandate. However, we believe that the Special Representative should focus not only on helping the people of Guinea-Bissau emerge from their political deadlock and preparing for the parliamentary elections in May but also on effectively addressing the root causes of the problems in Guinea-Bissau, which lie in its Constitution's structural contradictions. If the work of constitutional reform is not completed by the start of the next electoral cycle, the country risks encountering the same problems with the new parliament and President. The President (spoke in Arabic): I shall now make a statement in my capacity as representative of Kuwait. At the outset, I join other Council members in thanking the Special Representative of the Secretary- General, Mr. Modibo Touré, for his valuable briefing. I would also like to express my appreciation to Ambassador Mauro Vieira for his briefing as the chief of Guinea-Bissau Configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. We commend their efforts to support security, stability and socioeconomic development in Guinea-Bissau. We have been following the recent political developments there and regret the fact that none of the provisions of the Conakry Agreement have been implemented since signing it in October 2016. It is unacceptable that there has so far been no appointment of Prime Minister who enjoys consensus by the relevant two parties, which is critical to implementing other items of the Agreement. The situation in Guinea-Bissau differs from other cases before the Security Council in having no security aspects. Unfortunately, however, the impasse has lasted more than a year, and it is the people of Guinea-Bissau who are suffering the consequences. In that regard, we commend the steps that the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has taken to advance the political process, including measures for the imposition of sanctions on those obstructing the implementation of the Conakry Agreement, as well as the decision to extend the mandate of its Mission in Guinea-Bissau until the end of March. We want to emphasize the relevance of the role of such regional organizations in resolving regional issues. The efforts of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS) S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 18/20 18-04195 deserve support, since it is dealing with a difficult and complicated political situation. However, we hope that it will be able to make progress during the coming period with respect to conducting legislative elections this year and presidential elections next. The legislative and presidential elections, to be held in 2018 and 2019 respectively, must take place within the specific time frame. We therefore call on the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau, along with all stakeholders in Guinea- Bissau, such as the European Union, the African Union, ECOWAS and the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries, to spare no efforts towards that end. We also call on the Government of Guinea-Bissau to ensure its citizens' full participation in the elections, as well as security and freedom of expression and assembly for all. The cooperation between UNIOGBIS and civil-society organizations in promoting and developing the role of women in Guinea-Bissau is very positive. We hope that UNIOGBIS will make a greater effort to guarantee the full participation of all components of the society, especially women and young people, in the next political process and will continue to promote other aspects of its mandate until the current impasse is resolved. In conclusion, we reiterate the importance of the Conakry Agreement as the basic reference for resolving this political crisis in Guinea-Bissau, and the efforts of ECOWAS and President Alpha Condé of Guinea to advance the political process in order to maintain the security and stability of Guinea-Bissau and the region. We stand ready to cooperate with Côte d'Ivoire in preparing a draft resolution for the extension of the UNIOGBIS mandate, in response to a request by the Secretary-General. We also support the issuance of a Press Statement to clarify the unified position of the Council regarding the situation in Guinea-Bissau. I now resume my functions as President of the Council. I give the floor to the representative of Guinea-Bissau. Mr. Delfim da Silva (Guinea-Bissau) (spoke in French): I thank you, Mr. President, for inviting my delegation to the Security Council table and for giving me the floor. I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate your country, Kuwait, on its assumption of the presidency of the Security Council for the month of February. We wish you success in your work. I would like to thank Mr. Modibó Touré, Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Guinea- Bissau, for his presentation today of the report of the Secretary-General (S/2018/110). I would also like to thank Ambassador Mauro Vieira of Brazil once again for his constructive statement on behalf of peacebuilding and constitutional and democratic order in Guinea-Bissau. And I would like to express our gratitude to all the Ambassadors of States members of the Security Council for their attention to my country, Guinea-Bissau. The political crisis in Guinea-Bissau did not begin with the signing of the Conakry Agreement in October 2016, but much earlier. The Conakry Agreement represents a step in the right direction for resolving the crisis by consensus. In the past 15 months, the two main parties — the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) and the Party for Social Renewal (PRS) — have repeatedly and publicly expressed their disagreement on a crucial point of the Agreement, which is having consensus on choosing a candidate for the post of Prime Minister. If a consensus was reached, the agreed candidate would then be appointed by the President of the Republic, in line with the Constitution. The PAIGC states that there was such a consensus in Conakry. The PRS, for its part, affirms that there was not. Fifteen months later, the lack of consensus has prevented the appointment of a Prime Minister, which must be consensus-based. How can the President appoint a consensus Prime Minister without, at the very least, the prior agreement of the two largest political parties? In short, the crisis over the consensus is really what has paralysed the Conakry Agreement and is prolonging the stalemate in the 15-month political crisis in Guinea-Bissau. The question is how to overcome the crisis concerning the consensus. Some believe that the imposition of sanctions will be conducive to it. We are not sure of that. Sanctions are unlikely to defuse a crisis and can even be counterproductive. It is important to bear in mind that while it is easy to adopt sanctions, it is much more difficult to impose a consensus. In any case, continuing to seek a solution to the crisis is clearly the most important thing that we must do. We need a compromise solution, a credible name, a person whose academic, political and professional 14/02/2018 The situation in Guinea-Bissau S/PV.8182 18-04195 19/20 background can bring about such a compromise. We need someone who, without being the favourite candidate of the PAIGC or the PRS, has a background that would enable him to bring the parties together and thereby reach a compromise. The recent appointment to the post of Prime Minister of a PAIGC leader, the engineer Artur Silva, a former Minister of four Government departments — Fisheries, Defence, Education and Foreign Affairs — suggests that he is the right person to help bring about such a compromise. Moreover, after his appointment, Silva was re-elected to the higher bodies of the PAIGC, its Central Committee and Political Bureau — at the party's most recent congress, which ended a few days ago, proving that he has earned the political confidence of the party's most important bodies. Prime Minister Silva has already held working meetings in Bissau, which I would say are encouraging, with all the parties to the Conakry Agreement — the Ambassadors of Nigeria, Senegal, China, the Gambia and the representative of the Economic Community of West African States in Guinea-Bissau. Finally, through the appointment of a senior PAIGC leader, justice can be done to the party that won the last legislative elections. But above all, there will be no losers, since the PRS will be guaranteed strong representation in a Government of inclusion. This is not a zero-sum game. Under this principle of compromise, which allows a certain degree of flexibility regarding the principle of consensus, there will undoubtedly be a winner — my country, Guinea-Bissau. In conclusion, I reiterate our thanks to the members and want to assure the Council that Guinea-Bissau will continue to count on their support in these difficult times for the sake of civil peace, political stability and solidarity. The President (spoke in Arabic): I now give the floor to the representative of Togo. Mr. Kpayedo (Togo) (spoke in French): I would first like to thank you, Mr. President, for the opportunity to address the Council once again on the situation in Guinea-Bissau, in my capacity as Coordinator of the Ambassadors of the member countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) that are accredited to the United Nations. I also want to thank the Secretary-General of the United Nations for his report on the situation in Guinea- Bissau (S/2018/110), presented today by Mr. Modibo Touré, his Special Representative, whom we welcome here, along with his team, and whose briefing has provided us with a thorough picture of the situation in that country. Lastly, I would like to thank Mr. Mauro Vieira for his commitment and efforts in his capacity as Chair of the Guinea-Bissau configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. Since it began, the crisis in Guinea-Bissau has continued to be a source of great concern for the Heads of State of West Africa, who are therefore sparing no effort to arrive at a favourable and lasting outcome. This issue has been on the agenda of every recent meeting of our subregional organization's Summit. In my last statement to the Council in August (see S/PV.8031), I discussed the trampling of the implementation of the Conakry Agreement, which led to the possibility of having recourse to the ECOWAS sanctions. Since then, the impasse is still there, despite the proposal for a new road map by President José Mário Vaz at the conclusion of the fifty-second Ordinary Session of Authority of Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS, held in Abuja on 16 and 17 December 2017, and reaffirmed in Addis Ababa at the ECOWAS Extraordinary Session held on 27 January, on the margins of the 30th Ordinary Session of the African Union Assembly. In that regard, the President-in-Office of ECOWAS, Mr. Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé, in consultation with his peers, dispatched a mission of the ministerial sanctions committee to Guinea-Bissau on 31 January and 1 February 2018, led by Mr. Robert Dussey, Togo's Minister for Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and African Integration. Its purpose was to assess the progress made by the parties to the crisis in implementing the Agreement and to report to the ECOWAS Heads of State on the potential consequences if the stalemate persisted. Following that report, the Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS, in view of the fact that no significant progress has been seen in the implementation of the Conakry Agreement despite ongoing mediation and calling on all of Guinea-Bissau's political leaders to show their sense of responsibility and respect for their country's Constitution through a frank and inclusive dialogue, decided to activate the sanctions mechanisms against individuals and organizations that are hindering a settlement of the crisis, with the aim of promoting the restoration of democratic governance and respect for the rule of law in Guinea-Bissau. As a result, 19 political figures have been subject to sanctions since 4 February, in accordance with our S/PV.8182 The situation in Guinea-Bissau 14/02/2018 20/20 18-04195 decision 01/2018, on individual sanctions designed to promote the restoration of democratic governance and respect for the rule of law in Guinea-Bissau. The list is not exhaustive,and the monitoring committee for the implementation of sanctions — composed of Togo, Guinea and the ECOWAS Commission — therefore reserves the right to revise it as the situation on the ground changes. Here I should point out, as the representative of Côte d'Ivoire noted earlier, that these sanctions were established through ECOWAS's Supplementary Act of 17 February 2012 concerning sanctions regimes against Member States that do not honour their obligations to the Community, and are based on article 45 of the ECOWAS Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance. They include suspended participation in Community activities, and a travel ban and financial assets freeze for those listed and their families, wherever they may be. The sanctions cannot be effectively implemented without the assistance of the United Nations and other multilateral and regional organizations. In that regard, I would like to take this opportunity to call for multifaceted support to ECOWAS in implementing these measures, which we hope will help to create an atmosphere conducive to the restoration of dialogue among the people of Guinea-Bissau, with a view to resolving this political and institutional impasse, which has lasted too long. In conclusion, I would once again like to invite all the parties to the Guinea-Bissau crisis to show a spirit of compromise, responsibility and openness to a peaceful, negotiated and lasting solution to this dispute, which hampers development efforts in the country and therefore in the entire subregion, which is still dealing with persistent security challenges. The meeting rose at 5 p.m.
The Mercury February, 1902 R. ST. Cl.AIK POFFENBARGER. J. F. NEWMAN. MISS ANNIE M. SWARTZ. CURTIS E. COOK. E. C. RUBY. A. B. RICHARD. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY The Literary Journal of Pennsylvania College Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter VOL. X GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1902 No. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS My Heart, Be Not Dismayed 241 Significance of the Insignificant 242 Hasty Judgments 248 His Two Girls 249 Wit That Wounds and Wit That Cheers 250 The Most Interesting Man That I Have Known 252 Editorials 257 The Record of a Notable Year 259 Causes of the Decline of Poetry 260 The Crowning Event 262 Money 265 The Gains and Losses from a Territorial Division of Labor 270 Exchanges 273 Book Reviews 275 MY HEART, BE NOT DISMAYED [TRANSLATION FROM HEINE] E. C. R., '02. Oh my heart, do not be in dismay, But bear thou thy destiny. New Spring will give back to thee, What the Winter has taken away. How much unto thee is remaining! How pretty the world, indeed! My heart, in love may'st thou feed, On all that to thee may be pleasing. ■ The tongue is prone to lose the way, Not so the pen, for in a letter We have not better things to say, But surely say them better. —EMBRSON. 242 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY i SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INSIGNIFICANT HERBERT FINCH, '98. " T F anyone should write the history of decisive loves that have * materially influenced the world in all its subsequent stages it would be an astonishing history." This is the observation of Sir Robert Palgrave in his "History of Normandy and England." The thought is striking. Because it calls attention to those little happenings, which we have all seen, yet have never taken the time to trace out in their true bearing. The significance of the insignificant. It is the operation of the principle, not a particular example, or instance of its operation to which we would call attention. A principle operating not only in the "amiable feelings" but every1 where and at all times. The play of what seems to be mere chance in the physical world, as well as in that more subtle sphere, the sphere of life and conduct. It is a common observation that the precise forms which mat-ter takes is determined by the accidents of location, environment, and the multitude of its disturbances; likewise that the most care-fully arranged plans of conscious conduct are defeated in the ex-ecution by the unforseen and unexpected contingency which shapes things to its own ends, not to our plans. This is the truth that gives the "little falls of fate," as we call them, a new setting, and brings out their real significance. A significance which is simply startling. We need not fancy that this is the first time in the ages that the gleams of this open fact have beeu seen under the dust and tangle of affairs. If you so fancy, take up your Roman and Greek mythologies, the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Aeneid, and read again. The votive horse to Minerva—a ruse of a wily Greek—was the fertile source of calamities and adventures enough to form the subject of the tragedies and epics of Greek and Roman literature. And I doubt not is the inspiration of three-fourths of the imaginative literature since. That strategy of Sinon, fatally believed, ended a siege of ten years, and ac-complished what arms, bloodshed and the heroism of demigods could not. That deception succeeded where the wisdom of Nestor failed, and his maturest plans were mocked by a skillful lie. All this is the thrilling development of a contest for the I THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 243 prize of beauty, so insignificant in itself and so foolish. Yet it set Aeneas on his wanderings ; it founded the Roman State; and to that State the world owes most of that which is of value in religion, politics, law, art, and literature. It was only a pebble thrown in the water by a careless hand, but that pebble is the beginning of circles of influence, gliding quickly the one after the other, and spreading till the face of the vast sea is transformed by the turmoil. The shifting fortunes of war and peace, the rise and fall of nations, and the uncertainty of individual achievement were facts with which these men saw that they had to deal, and life became the more intensely interesting to them thereby. Our science is not so ingenious as that of the Greek's. We are not always ready to give as definite a reason for each thing that happens, as they. The storm that rages and dashes the boats against the rocks is not necessarily the divine wrath wreak-ing vengeance for some act of impiety or neglect. Cassandra's wisdom of foresight and prophecy may be the innate quality of a naturally gifted mind, and not the gifts of a divine lover. He who goes through the battle unhurt may never have heard of the invulnerable mail of Vulcan. We do not expect to find some personalty or agency so imme-diately behind every act. It belongs to the child age to imper-sonate the forces and materials about them. Yet, who will deny that there is a great truth at the heart of this childlike simplicity? "Alice and little Dot are sisters, and very fond of each other. So' when Alice went away over the great sea, Dot was very sad and restless and went about, looking in all the corners as if she could find Alice in them. At last she came and said, 'Is Alice gone over the great deep sea ?' Yes, she has gone over the great, deep sea, but she will comeback again some day. Some water poured out in a basin was standing on a chair nearby. Dot ran to it, and got up on a chair, and dashed her hands through the water again and again ; and cried, 'Oh, deep, deep sea ! send little Allie back to me.' " There's a dear little heathen for you. The whole heart of Greek mythology is in that prayer. And how natural and beautiful it all seems. Yes, before the modern nations of Europe and America were born, the paradox of the vast influence of little things was ap-" parent to the ancient peoples. And the fact of the matter is, we ■ I ■ -'■ I I ■ 244 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY cannot escape seeing this paradox if we will but open our eyes to what is every moment going on about us. The little crystal of snow embodies the laws and forces of the universe to the mind that can see it. The filthy mud under his feet has wonderful possibilities in it to the mind of the seer. "When left to itself this mass of mind will cease its anarchy and competition, and will be mud no longer. The clay in it will whiten and crystalize and harden into a beautiful gem, to gather and concentrate the azure blue of the sun's rays, and you call it a sapphire. The sand will gather in rows, wash off its soot, and look real nice and clean. Then if you will just leave it to itself for a little while, it will crystalize into that beautiful drop of the aurora, called opal. The soot under the same law of co-operation loses its blackness, and obtains in exchange the power of reflect-ing all the rays of the sun at once in the most vivid rays any solid can shoot. This we call a diamond. And what is left of the mud ? A drop of water. If you wish it will become a dew-drop, glistening like orient pearl on your favorite flower. Yet, if you insist it will crystalize into a star." And for the ounce of slime—by a single accident—the accident of rest, we have a sap-phire, an opal, and a diamond set in the midst of a star of snow. The mud in the foot-path will always be mud. Why? Be-cause it was placed in a bad environment. An environment in which there is an eternal broil among the members. By a differ-ent chance and a nobler fate, the sand, the clay, the soot, andthe water, in rest and co-operation, reach their true destiny in the opal, the sapphire, the diamond, and the crystal of snow. But the importance of this truth, which we shall call the "significance of the insignificant" is of far greater moment and in-terest in the influence on life, character and conduct; and es-pecially the direction given by it to the great movements of life, which we call history. A great historian begins a chapter on a famous battle by say-ing, "Arietta's pretty feet twinkling in the brook made her the mother of William the Conqueror. Had she not thus fascinated Duke Robert of Normandy, Harold would not have fallen at Hastings. No Anglo-Norman Dynasty could have arisen, no British Empire;" and we may bring it still nearer to our own hearts and say, no English speaking America. What is brought out in this statement? Only the play of ac- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 245 cident, the effects of which we saw in the mud and the gems. But the idea has gained a new significance, because its objects are no longer stones, but men and women. To state that the quality of blood which flows in the veins of the great English peoples, was determined by the chance view of a peasant girl's pretty feet, dangling from the bank of a brook, or "twinkling in the water," looks like an impious burlesque of serious history. A play of the imagination for effect only. A dramatic situation to set events in a bolder relief. It is none of these, but the statement of a great and eternal truth. "There is no great and no small To the Soul that maketh all." 14fe, with all that word means, is changed by just such chance occurrences. Eed off in a new direction, reaching a different goal, changed eternally by an act, which, at the time, was a mat-ter of indifference. Life is comparable to a busy highway, with opeu doors all along its course. Entering one of these doors quite accidentally one day—only for rest and refreshment—an idea, a purpose, sprang to your mind ; that purpose did not rest till it became an act; the act has long since become a habit ; that habit is a part of your character. You will pardon the digression if I ask the nature of that habit; whether it sets in your character like a beautiful jewel. Is it a jewel beautiful and priceless, of which you are proud ? Does it blend in color and symmetry with the other gems into something exquisitely lovely and precious ? Or is it a coal needing only the torch to destroy it and the others as well? Oh, the power for weal or woe in the little things of life ; in the indifferent thought, word and deed. And what is the testimony of History ? What does its per-spective show to be the turning point in great national and world crises? Some trifling circumstance, the miscarriage of a message, the choice of the wrong path ! These are the small hinges on which turn the immense doors that open into destiny. When the racial domination of Europe and America was the issue of a contest between Carthage and Rome ; and the question of oriental superstition and sloth, or Christian hope and industry was being decided in that questionable balance-war ; it is awful to trace the fortune of a single mission on which hung the decision of the momentous contest. ■■ w 246 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Hannibal, the prince of generals has carried his arms from the deserts of Africa, over the steep and frozen Alps into the very-heart of Italy. He has not only maintained them there on his own resources, but has won a series of magnificent victories : the battles of Trebia, Thrasymene and Cannae. Rome is reduced to extreme exhaustion and desperation. The flower of her sons has fallen in battle, her treasure is spent, her fields are unsown, her commerce is destroyed. And with all this sacrifice, nothing has been accomplished against her born enemy, the eldest of the "lion's brood." Can you imagine her dismay then, and the terrible realness of the danger, when Hasdrubal, the second of the "lion's brood," a general scarcely inferior to his great brother, appears in Italy with an army of veteran soldiers, trained in the wars of Spain ? The brothers are now within two hundred miles of each other. Should they succeed in forming a juncture of their forces, a terri-ble fate awaits Rome. The necessity of acting in concert with the other Carthaginian army, in the South, is evident. Hasdrubal therefore sends a message to Hannibal, announcing his line of march, and the place where they would unite their armies, to wheel round on Rome. The message traveled in safety the greater part of the distance to Hannibal's camp ; but when near the goal, fell into the hands of a detachment of Roman soldiers, and Hasdrubal's letter, detail-ing the plans of the campaign, was laid, not in his brother's hands, but in the hands of the enemy. The victory so nearly won! a hairsbreadth ! Three thousand miles traveled in safety, only one more to go, then to fall in the hands of the enemy ! Through the failure of a messenger boy to deliver his message, the plans, the toils, the travels of years dashed to the ground ! It is tremendous. Yet, when we look down the vista of the years from our van-tage ground, and see the beneficence of the accident, we marvel not at Hannibal's defeat, but that such beneficence should ap-parently be left to the hazard of a messenger to accomplish its mission. We marvel that so small a thing as a letter discovered on the person of a spy, should be the means for wresting the dominion of the Western World from the Phoenician, and of giv-ing it to one "better fitted to receive and consolidate the civiliza-tion of Greece ; by its laws and institutions to bind together bar- MPHW|Ni«TOWJA**rr THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 247 barians of every race and language into an organized Empire ; and to prepare them, when that Empire is dissolved, to become the free members of the commonwealth of Christian Europe and America." No less striking is the turn of events, when all Europe was convulsed by the ambitions of the modern Hannibal, when institutions and governments were crushed under the colossal stride of him who aspired to the throne of all Europe, and came dangerously near achieving his aspiration. When neither arms nor bloodshed, coalitions, nor council, nor even his island fastness, could tame the restless spirit of Napoleon. The lying words of a peasant boy to a French General, "Go this way and not that," decided Waterloo and Napoleon's fate. The fall of Napoleon, but the liberation of Europe, is in that sentence of the peasant lad. Grouchy was expected and Bliicher came up. Destiny has its turn in the road. A rustic lad is the mouthpiece, or sign-board, if you choose. "The throne of the universe was looked for and St. Helena's islet-prison loomed up !" These are a few instances in which we see the significance of little things, the insignificant, and the way they become the hinges on which the great changes in nature, individual destiny, and the world movements are made to turn. And when we think what these contingencies entail—injury of body and dis-tempers of mind, their influence on charac ter and destiny, the way they make for war and peace—weak and helpless in the face of these uncertainties, we cry in the words of Tennyson : " Are God and Nature then at strife, That Nature lends such evil dreams ? So careful of the type she seems, So careless of the single life ; " That I, considering everywhere Her secret meaning in her deeds, And finding that of fifty seeds She often brings but one to bear, " I falter where I firmly trod, And falling with my weight of cares Upon the great world's altar-stairs That slope through darkness up to God, " I stretch lame hands of faith, and grope, And gather dust and chaff, and call To what I feel is Lord of all, And faintly trustithe larger hope. " 248 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY MASTY JUDGMENTS M. R. HAMPSHER, '04. TVTEBSTER defines a judgment as an act of the mind in com- w paring ideas or examining facts to ascertain the truth. We easily perceive that there can be different methods by which the mind ascertains the truth : by a careful study of the facts, or by a superficial view of them. We also know that a hasty decision is sometimes made necessary by the attendant circumstances ; for instance, in the case of a man in imminent danger of death. But, since hasty judgments are formed on the spur of the moment and without due deliberation, they are usually inaccurate or incorrect and are productive of more harm than good. The evil^effect of hasty judgments may be considered in three aspects : social, in-tellectual and moral. It seems somewhat irrational to make the statement that hasty judgments are an evil in society. Yet they have created discord and confusion in social life. They have been the means of sep-arating good friends; for many times have persons made state-ments concerning the character of their friends which they would not have made after some reflection, and friends have often fallen into controversy over a matter which careful consideration could settle immediately. How careful, then, one should be in express-ing his judgment, in order that he may not cut asunder the bond of friendship ! Again, the hasty distribution of justice is often the cause of discord in government. A rash judgment of a law court creates confusion and establishes unlawful precedents ; and, therefore, national and international relations should be the object of care-fully weighed judgments. All treaties, agreements, etc., should be examined in every detail ; for a single mistake often plunges both nations into a dispute more bitter than before. It is very important then, to take time to consider the question under dis-cussion, before one expresses his judgment of it. The Schley Court of Inquiry furnishes us a good illustration of this statement. Review its proceedings, its investigation of de-tails, one by one, and contemplate the effect, if the inquiry had been conducted in any other way. The intellectual phase of this evil presents itself in the injury to the mind of the man who indulges in it. He becomes careless THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 249 in his habits of thinking; his reasoning power is weakened and his will is under the influence of other men. He gradually grows narrow-minded, and the amount of knowledge he receives is ma-terially lessened. His whole intellectual growth is retarded much more than if he had formed the habit of investigating things and finding their true meaning. If in no other way, however, hasty judgments are morally wrong, both towards God and man. Ever since the great teacher gave the command "Judge not, lest ye be judged," this truth has been evident. We wrong our fellowmau by misjudging the intention of his deeds. Almost all the slanders and gossip that help to injure a man's reputation arise from hasty judgments of his actions. All past history teaches us that such judgment is a moral injury to our neighbor. But we wrong our God, also, when we do not investigate his teachings, and when we pass hasty judgments on certain doctrines and beliefs. Infidelity, the greatest foe to Christianity, wins the most of its adherents through their own hasty and impulsive judgment. The evil of hasty decisions, therefore, is very great, socially, intellectually, and morally. And we should exert our utmost efforts to overcome the habit in ourselves, and to form the habit of expressing our opinion only after a long and careful judgment. HIS TWO GIRLS THE GIRI, HE WANTED. She must be fair as summer skies, With cheeks of crimson gloam, And the light that lies in her starry eyes, Outshine the twinkling- dome. Her lips like roseate bowers must coat The pearly gates of song, And the notes that float from her liquid throat, Must match an angel's tongue. Her locks like silken mist must fall Adown their Albion steep, Her dainty ears smile out through all, Like atolls of the deep. i She must be crowned with fortune's gold, Lead on the social row, Her graces must the blending hold, Of heaven's ethereal bow. I I■ I i 250 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Her heart, whene'er it leaves its cage To wing- love's fragrant air, Must find in mine its foliage, And nestling, warble there. THE GIRL HE GOT. She is deaf as Egypt's mummied kings, And blind as tawny owls, No song her dry tongue ever sings, No smiles erase her scowls. Her nose stands out, a parrot beak, Her ears they are no pair, Her toothless mouth is sadly weak, And fiery is her hair. Of gold she has no single grain, Of sense no fool's estate. No power has she o'er hearts to reign, Can neither love nor hate. You wonder how it happened thus, 111 fortune's quick decline, I'll tell you friends, the damsel was A comic valentine. —J. B. BAKER. WIT THAT WOUNDS AND WIT THAT CHEERS MAY T. GARLACH, '04. '"PRUE wit, that subtle "flavor of the mind," is just what man *■ needs to bring him out of himself, and add the zest and spice and relish to the life that is apt to be dull and prosy, if taken too seriously. It is, indeed, "the salt" that makes life palatable and keeps it from being stale, flat and unsatisfying. Wit is just the ingredient needed to give the proper seasoning of mirth, cheerfulness and lightness to a life that would otherwise be heavy and sad. But, like every other good thing, wit can be and often is, abused. It is too often used as a lash to wound and hurt and torture. Its cruel scorn and withering contempt are blighting in their effects, and its underlying impulse of hatred and malice makes it doubly disagreeable and hurtful. In this capacity wit is a dangerous weapon. Sydney Smith says: "When wit is combined with sense and information, when softened by benevolence and restrained by THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 251 principle ; when it is in the hands of a man who can use it and despise it, who can be witty and something more than witty, who loves justice, good nature, morality and religion ten thousand times more that wit—wit is then a beautiful and de-lightful part of our nature. Genuine and innocent wit like this is surely the flavor of the mind." And herein lies the secret of true wit. The keen delicate thought that is quick to detect the hidden or absurd connections between remote ideas; the wit that shows the old idea in a new and entirely different light, that creates only pleasant surprise and goodnatured laughter, is truly the wit that charms and cheers. The gentle humor, which is without hostility to anything or anybody, stimulates and amuses by its sprightly life and spicy repartee. Its brightness in making old thoughts new, its keen-ness in criticising without giving offence, its sparkle and flash in illuminating and making sunshine, all minister to man's innate love of fun and laughter and happiness. The irresistible humor that can point out the imperfections and peculiarities of men and at the same time appeal to their sense of the ludicrous, is indeed a boon to over-sensitive mankind. We have examples of this delightful wit in Shakespeare, Dickens, Irving, Lowell and Holmes. Of these each wrote in his own peculiar style, sometimes criticising with sharp sarcasm the follies and frailties of mankind; sometimes delightfully humorous, simply witty in a good-natured way. Their apt power of attributing to their fictitious characters such faults and im-perfections as the reader recognizes to be his own, and their sharp yet ludicrous criticism of these same failings, has a tendency toward good, for while men laugh and are amused, they will yet try to remedy the weaknesses thus pointed out, and which they feel to be their own. On the other hand stands the wit that wounds. Here sarcasm and ridicule hold full sway, and are adepts in the art of wound-ing, while irony stalks, sometimes unattended, sometimes hand in hand with these, its co-workers of pain. Malicious, biting sarcasm puts the knife into its victims heart and twists it, and laughs with fiendish glee. Cruel, relentless ridicule uses the lash of derision, and flays its subject in full sight of the heartless, mocking crowd. Irony, with veiled hatred, hurls its "boome-rang which goes in a different direction from that which it is I 252 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY thrown, and does not strike the one at whom it is seemingly aimed." Truly, in all the world, there are no surer implements for wounding than these three qualities of wit. There is, however, just one field in which their cruelty may serve to good purpose, and that is where they attack the pre-teutions and follies and faults of maukind in general. Here their stinging, biting humor may rouse men to a sense of their weakness, and stimulate them to better action. Considered in its best sense wit is invaluable, since it not only tends toward reforming the manners and customs of the times, and correcting the faults of mankind; but also, by its brightness, sharpness and sparkle brings man out of his prosy self and gives him room for laughter, which, although it is "considered a weakness in the composition of human nature, still it breaks the gloom that is apt to damp the spirits of man, by gleams of mirth, and therefore he should take care not to grow too old for laugh-ter." " Laugh, and the world laughs with you, Weep, and you weep alone. This sad old earth must borrow its mirth, It has trouble enough of its own. " *$&> THE MOST INTERESTING MAN THAT I HAVE KNOWN F. L., '04. '"THREE miles southeast of the town ofW , along the line of ■*■ the H. & B. railroad, a high ridge rises almost precipi-tously from the flood plain of the little Antietam. This ridge, higher than any part of the surrounding country, extends in an unbroken line for mile after mile in a southern direction. Twenty feet above the level of the stream, at the end where the ridge takes its abrupt rise, yawns a black cavern almost large enough for a man to enter without stooping. A short distance within, this passage opens into a large room twenty feet high and forty in width. This subterranean passage, like the ridge in which it lies, extends for mile after mile and has never been explored to the end. Almost directly in front of the mouth of this cave, and on a lower plane, stands (or rather stood, for lam now writing what a boy often years heard and saw) a neat cottage built of limestone. Well do I remember the ivy clinging to its walls, its neatly kept THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 2S3 little lawn with boxwood-bordered walks, and farther on the gar-den where flourished the grandma wonders of the olden time. At the rear of the house was the orchard in a beautifully level, green meadow extending back to the creek and away from the foot of the ridge to a point where a railroad bridge spans the creek. Follow this creek two hundred yards in a northeastern direc-tion, look across a narrow meadow and you see a large farm house, likewise of stone. Here for two brief years, happy, happy days all of them, they now seem, lived my younger brother and I, the privileged sons of an industrious farmer. Those days, with their marvelous experiences, their soul thrills, I shall never for-get. We were at an age when our young souls were just open-ing to nature's wonders, when stories of adventure had a won-drous charm, when from the few books we had read life was ap-pearing superbly grand and beautiful, when imaginations were most active, and when in the overpowering feeling of some moments we tried to blend into one comprehensive whole all we knew of the past, the marvelous wonders of the present, and the vaguely comprehended aspirations for the future, and in such times how the soul did pant and leap and swell till we were more than earth or sky or sea. We had read Scottish Chiefs, Pilgrim's Progress, Robinson Crusoe, and a Child's History of the United States, full of Indian stories. The sorrows, the struggles, the sufferings, the triumphs of the chief characters of these books were made our own, and any strange phase of nature would present one or another to us. How unbearable was the steady, persistent croak, croak of the frogs down by the big spring pool on an April evening, or the chirp, chirp of those nameless crea-tures in the thicket beyond ! Why was it that those sounds so rasped on my soul and filled me with such shuddering ? One summer evening our mother strolled with us along the bank of that ever murmuring Antietam. I dipped my bare feet in the water, a little duck swam by alone, and all at once I was afraid and urged an immediate return across the meadow to the house. What was it that made me afraid, and why do I remember that? And I remember how the moonlight used to come down on the fog along the creek between our house and the high ridge oppo-site. What that put into my soul I cannot describe nor will I ever forget. And so the nights were strange, weird, mysterious,something 1 254 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY of another world. But the days how different, how rich, how full! That shallow stream was our Mississippi, that bit of thicket the endless forest, the timid rabbit, the fleet deer. With bows and arrows of our own handicraft we hunted him, or climbed the hills and stormed the fortresses of Scotland. Following down that bit of forest we met with all the adventures of Crusoe on his island, or skirmished with Indians hidden behind trees and stumps. Our wanderings in this direction brought us to the rail-road, and beyond we saw the stone cottage. But little we knew of it yet. In May, 1889, came the memorable Johnstown flood. Our little stream was swollen beyond its banks, and all night long it surged, and groaned, and roared down by the bridge. When the waters subsided, it was found that the bridge had been weakened and a new one was ordered built in itsstead. The workmen came, and many an afternoon we watched them digging out for the foundation, and swinging the ponderous stones in place. But more than this we saw. Below the bridge, the flood had cut away the left bank of the stream, and the water had overflowed the orchard meadow, carrying away the top soil and leaving the surface covered with sandstones. Here we saw an old man at work day after day, carrying the stones from his meadow and with them building a high new bank for the creek. We gradually made his acquaintance, and, children-like, gave proof of our de-sire to be friends by helping him in his work. The physical appearance of the man had caught our eyes at the very first. Still tall and broad-shouldered, though now some-what stooped, he gave evidence of having been a powerful man in his day. He was quite active for his age, being then as he told us in his ninety-first year. He had personal recollections of three wars, being a boy in 1812, and having served as a private in the Mexican war and as a corporal in the Civil war. This was enough to make him a hero in our sight. So we visited him from day to day. He took us with him to the cottage sometimes, and we learned that its only other inmate was a spinster daughter, who seemed nearly as old as himself. Sometimes we sat with him in the shade, back of the house by the little spring, whose waters we drank from a cocoanut shell. At such times what conversations we had ! For us he was an oracle. What questions we asked him about his life and experi- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 255 ences, about this spring, that stream, that hill, about the Indians who once drank where we did then, about the thousand other things which the imaginations of boys of that age will suggest! He answered us with all patience. In fact he seemed to enjoy our prattle. For us life lay beyond with all its sunshine and promise. It was an ideal world and we longed for a fuller knowl-edge of it. For him life was a thing of the past. He had with-drawn from the interests and conflicts of the world. So neither he nor we were in the great whirl of life, and though we were at its opposite barriers, still we felt that we stood on common ground. He certainly felt this, or why would he have chatted with us so long and so pleasantly ? The memories of his own life were streaming down to him across the years, some sad, some happy, and so he strove to have us know what was good and noble and brave in life. In our simple way, he made us feel the great basal principles of manliness. The man, the time, the circumstances were so blended that those lessons can never pass from my memory. Once or twice we climbed the hill together to the great dark cave. On a smooth stone at its entrance were cut the names with dates of its earliest visitors. One I remember was 1775. That carried us back to the Revolution when, as we thought, all men were good and brave. The Indian legends counected with the cave had come down through the earliest settlers in that com-munity to our old friend as a boy, and now he related them to us. How we wondered at their strangeness ! How our hearts leaped as he told of the brave deeds of war performed there by the forest children. How we listened with bated breath as he told us how the pale faces had been tortured in this place. But he did not frighten us. He tempered the stories to our years, and made us rejoice in the better times in which we lived. Still, I remember, how we stood one quiet afternoon in October at the mouth of that cave. We looked down at the trees scattered along the stream and in the bit of woods yonder. The sun, just one hour high, was touching their drapery into gold, and flashing from the rip-ples in the creek. Then all my soul welled up in me. Life was offering such grand possibilities, and I was longing for the time to take advantage of its opportunities. And turning to the old man, whose face was turned pensively toward the sinking sun, I felt that somehow he was causing these impulses in me. 256 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY One evening in November we went with our father to spend an hour with this friend by his fireside. It was one of those stormy, blustering days heralding the advent of winter, and this evening a wood fire blazed on the hearth as the custom was in that house. He and father talked on various subjects for a time. The fire gradually died down, suffusing a soft mild light through the room. His interest began to flag in matters of neighborhood concern, his face took on a more sweetly pensive expression, and he looked at brother and me sitting at his feet in a manner that was all tenderness. Then he told us of other happenings spent around that hearth in the long ago, and, for the first time, of the two little boys long since lost, whose places we seemed to be filling that night, and of the mother whose headstone we hadseen in the burying ground on the next farm. Finally he ceased, the fire burned lower still, but no one dared speak, for we felt that the place was sacred with the presence of the long-departed. At length we rose to go, and "goodnight" was said in a reverent hush. As we crossed the meadow path, what thoughts came into my mind ! How strange life seemed ! What is death ? Why do some live so long, and others die so early ? These are scattered reminiscences of a man intensely interest-ing to me then, and one whom I shall never forget. What makes him so interesting and so long remembered ? I cannottell unless it be because he came into my life at such an impressionable time, bringing the very things which keen perceptions and an active imagination were ready to lay hold of. \ DVICE is a good thing, but it will always be something of a **■ nuisance until the givers of it accept responsibility for the bad as readily as they take credit for the good. —Saturday Evening Post. Christian faith is a grand cathedral, with divinely pictured windows. Standing without you see no glory, nor can possibly imagine any; standing within, every ray of light reveals a harmony of unspeakable splendors. —Ha-wthorne, THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Entered at the PosioJJlce at Gettysburg as second-class matter Voi,. X GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1902 No. 8 E. C. RUBY, '02, Editor-in- Chief R. ST. CUAIR POFFENBARGER,' 02, Business Manager J. F. NEWMAN, '02, Exchange Editor Advisory Board TROF. J. A. HIMES, A. M., LIT. D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M. D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D. D. Assistant Business Manager CURTIS E. COOK, '03 Assistant Editors Miss ANNIE M. SWARTZ, '02 A. B. RICHARD, '02 Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price. One Dollar a year in advance; single copies Fifteen Cents. Notice to discontinue sending- the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors, and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS "VVTITH this issue of the Mercury we complete its tenth volume " and shift the duties and responsibilities belonging to the publishing and editing of the same upon the shoulders of our successors. We would bespeak for them a successful year. The journal is in excellent condition financially, and, as far as we were able, we tried to maintain its literary position. There is plenty of room for improvement and no doubt we shall see some of this improvement before another year shall have passed by. Among the first of these improvements which we are sure the editorial staff will heartily favor ought to be a greater liberality on the part of the student body in furnishing material for the journal. This step could not help but encourage the staff iu making other improvements. That this suggestion may not be in vain is the wish of the retiring staff. "Heaven helps those who help themselves," is an old proverb, truer than most proverbs are. No race, no nation, no tribe has ever been civilized by the mere outside application of ■ I■ ■ Im 258 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY the forms of civilized life. No amount of philanthropy has done more than make a miserable loafer of the American Indian, who seems less capable than most other races of taking into his soul the minor virtues of Christian culture. And so no man has ever risen to eminence except by his own efforts, while too many have fallen short of greatness, or of what is better, usefulness, merely by the superabundance of means at their command. " The right man in the right place" is not such an accident as most good-natured people suppose, but the legitimate result of perseverance, energy of purpose, patience, courage, and self-control, applied in the proper direction, or, indeed, in any direction, one might say; for the man who has these qualities is pretty sure to work himself out of the woods somewhere. It is not the man who cries lustily to Hercules that gets out of the mire, but he who puts his shoulder to the wheel and does not fear to soil his Sunday clothes—in fact, perhaps, has no Sunday clothes. RESOLUTIONS BY PHILO SOCIETY. "Death touched him and he slept." The merciful angel of death has taken from Philo society a much esteemed member, Paul Cover ; therefore be it Resolved, That, as in him we have lost a most faithful member, our devotion to the society may be strengthened by his example. That we emulate his modest disposition and gentlemanly character. That we as a society express our appreciation of his life and services by extending to the bereaved family our sincere sym-pathy. That a copy of these resolutions be recorded on the minutes of the society and published in the college and town papers. HAROLD S. L,EWARS, FRANK LAYMAN, WILBUR H. FLECK, Committee. RESOLUTIONS OF RESPECT BY THE CLASS. WHEREAS, It has pleased Almighty God in his infinite wis-dom to call from our midst to his home on high, Paul Homer THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 259 Cover, whom we have always regarded with the utmost esteem as a classmate and student. Therefore, at a meeting of the class of '05, Pennsylvania Col-lege, January 7, 1902, be it unanimously Resolved, That by the will of God one of the most worthy members of our class has been removed, whom we always knew as being upright and noble in character, faithful in his studies and Christian duties, whose pleasant disposition gained for him many friends during his short career at college ; and also Resolved, Although our class has been saddened by the un-timely death of a fellow-student at the beginning of our college course, we humbly submit to the will of God, believing that he in his mysterious ways doth all things well ; be it further Resolved, That we extend our heartfelt sympathies to the af-flicted family, and that we implore God's blessing upon them in their dark hour of trouble, and also Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the sor-rowing family, and to the college journals and town papers. CHARLES W. HEATHCOTE, HARRY R. RICE, BENDER Z. CASHMAN, Committee. THE RECORD OF A NOTABLE YEAR TNTJRING the year just closed the two greatest nations of the *~* world changed rulers. Queen Victoria died at 6:30 P. M., January 22, and the Prince of Wales became king, with the title of Edward VII. On the sixth of September Leon Czolgosz twice shot President William McKinley, and the victim lingered until 2:15 o'clock, Saturday morning, September 14. The afternoon of the same day Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt took the oath of office. The Ameer of Afghanistan died on October 3, and five other deaths notable in the politics of the world were those of Ex- President Benjamin Harrison on March 13 ; Hoshi Toru, Japa-nese statesman, assassinated June 21 ; Prince von Hohenlohe, who died on July 6 ; Signor Crispi on August 11, and L,i Hung Chang on November 6. The war in South Africa dragged along at an expense to the British of millions a week. So far the cost is about a billion dol- I I 260 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY lars, and the English losses in men have been about 20,000. In the Philippines Aguinaldo was captured by the brilliant Funston, and the effort was made to inaugurate civil government in the islands, but the pacification is by no means complete, and the year ended with fears of a general uprising, and with a message from General Chaffee that he would need all his 60,000 soldiers for twelve months or more to come. Matters improved in Cuba, and a President will be elected on the twenty-fourth of February next. The Powers withdrew from China and the Court began its return to Peking. In our national affairs important progress was made. The re-apportionment based on the census of 1900 increased the mem-bership of the House of Representatives to 386. The army can-teen was abolished. The centennial anniversary of the elevation of John Marshall to the head of the Supreme Court was celebrated. The count of the electoral votes gave McKinley and Roosevelt 292 each, Bryan and Stevenson 155 each. The most important de-cision of the Supreme Court concerned our relations with our new possessions. By narrow majorities it was held that the Constitu-tion follows the flag, subject to the action and regulation of Con-gress. This led to special legislation for Porto Rico and for the Philippines. President Roosevelt urged reciprocity with Cuba. The various reciprocity treaties which have been hanging fire for more than a year are still unacted upon. The Pan-American Congress in the City of Mexico was a social success and a politi-cal failure. The great international fact of the year was the Hay- Pauucefote treaty, by which Great Britain allowed to this country the right to go ahead and build the Isthmian canal. The treaty was ratified by an overwhelming vote. —Saturday Eve?ii?ig Post. CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF POETRY JOHN A. MAUGHT, '04. TN the treatment of this subject it may be well first to state what •*■ I believe poetry to be, and especially poetry such as this subject requires. True poetry is the concrete and artistic ex-pression of the human mind in emotional and rhythmeticai language. If all verse, which bases its right to be called poetry merely upon its rhythm and rhyme, should be adjudged as such, my THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 261 conviction that poetry is upon the decline could not exist, since, at the present time there is nolack of attempts at poetizing, which accomplish only what is least essential in poetry, namely rhyme. Poetry as it shall be considered here is that lofty and sublime language which carries with it universal truth and convictions. The cause for the decline of poetry may be classified under four heads, ist. The present manner of living. 2nd. The absence of an inspiring cause. 3rd. The literature of a nation is first made manifest in poetry and for that reason less attention is given to poetry after prose is introduced. 4th. The present preference of brevity and clearness to beauty and style. First, I shall try to show what is meant by the present manner of living. The growing inclination to mass in cities and towns is disadvantageous to poetic thought and passion, for what pro-duction of any consequence, either of poetry or of prose, was ever composed amid the unceasing noise and bustle of a city ? Poetic passion to materialize most needs quiet and repose. Again, men are engaged in too persistent a chase after wealth to allow themselves to be inspired either by the beauties of nature or by the embellishments of daily life. In time past, dating from the founding of Rome to the dis-covery of America, men were content with sufficient wealth to comfortably maintain life, whereas to-day opulence is apparently the highest ambition. Has a true poet ever lived who was avaricious? The absence of an inspiring cause shall next be considered. In order to produce poetry the soul must for the time being have reached that state of exultation, that state of freedom from self-consciousness, which is most beautifully por-trayed in the following quotation from Tennyson : "I started once, or seemed to start, in pain, Resolved on noble things, and strove to speak As when a great thought strikes along the brain And flushes all the cheek. " Into this mood the poet must always pass before he can write a truly poetic line. But in order that this mood may exist must there not be first a cause ? Paradise Lost, that famous epic of Milton, would never have been written had it not been for the English Revolution. If Dante had not been banished from Florence by the relentless Charles of Valois his memory would never have been perpetuated by the Inferno. We now come to I wMiiMiwiiMfflinn 262 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY the third head. Since the literature of a nation is first manifested through poetry, as the language grows older its style changes from that of a purely poetic strain to a more matter-of-fact way of expression. The literature of France was first introduced by the Trouleadours and Trouviurs, the poets of Southern and Northern France. But after fifty years prose began to share the literature with poetry and from that period dates the preference for prose in France. And so it has been in the case of the literature of ancient Greece and Rome, Arabia, China, Germany, and of other nations needless to mention. The fourth and last reason now confronts us—the now prevalent preference of brevity and clearness to beauty and style. In this the 20th century a composition accurate in detail and replete with poetic sentiment is not desired nor is it greatly appreciated. This lack of preference for lofty composition may be attributed to two causes. 1st. The great popularity of the newspaper. 2nd. In this age of activity men have not time to read a detailed and difficultly comprehended article when a clearer and more concise style may be had. And in conclusion, I may say that as the world advances in years, poetry, like a time-worn structure, shall eventually pass into oblivion. THE CROWNING EVENT CHARLES W. HEATHCOTE, 'OS. 'THE crowning event or turning point comes earlier or later in *■ every man's life. Will he be ready to meet it as did Christ? Or will he succumb to his baser passions as did Mohammed ? A man's morals is one of the essential things which lead up to the crowning event. There have been very many men who have gained power in various countries ; but their morals have been very base. Too often the morals are overlooked. It is a shame that such a man who has gained power is considered to be smart, the people therefore overlook his morals. He must have the stamp of honesty and purity in his face. Benedict Arnold, the traitor, had no stamp of honesty about him. Suppose Arnold had been allowed to go on with his schemings, he would have succeeded. Then the weak minded would have apologized for him and said, "Oh, suppose he was dishonest and tricky, he suc-ceeded." Strong will power and moral courage is needed not to 1 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 263 succumb to the weaker passions. The theorists tell us that Christianity is good to keep up the nation in morals. The people themselves are required to do this by having strong will power and not yielding to dishonest passions. For a man to succeed in life it is essential that he should have a stable character. Character is not formed in a day. It is formed day by day as we grow. The crown of life is character. Charac-ter is nature in the highest form. There is no use to ape it. True, a young man in forming his character does meet with obstacles, temptations and discouragements ; but with a strong will power he can overcome them- Each battle will make him stronger. He will be able to develop a character without suspicion or reproach. A character that will be an example for others. When the turn-ing point does come he will be ready to meet the storm calmly. Energy is the secret of success. Energy exerted in the proper sphere becomes a second nature or habit. Mr. James, in his Psychology, says, "Let no youth have any anxiety about the up-shot of his education, whatever the line of it may be. If he keep faithfully busy each hour of the day, he may safely leave the final result to itself." Be full of enthusiasm and ardour in whatever you may under-take to do. 'Are you in earnest ? Seize this very minute ; What you can do, or dream you can, begin it! Boldness has genius, power, magic, in it ! Only engage and the mind grows heated ; Begin it, and the work will be completed.' The one thing mankind mostly desires is action of some kind, something which has life in it; and the more mankind receives, the more their pleasure and satisfaction. For a number of men are dull and weary. Think out some rich thought and commu-nicate it to mankind. We are born to communicate ourselves to our fellow mortals. Above all let there be no delay in beginning, no more dreaming. The value ofself confidence is also necessary in going on toward the crowning event. Many a young student has failed because he lacked tenacity and persistency. They decide that luck or fate is against them, and that it is of no use to try further. Outside of character itself, there is no loss so great as that of self-confi-dence ; for when this is gone, there is nothing to build upon. It 264 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY is impossible for a man to stand erect without a backbone, es-pecially when he has much weight to carry. Nothing can keep a man down when he has grit and determination. Self confidence makes men gods, whose wills must be obeyed. The victor who wins life's battles wears the air of a conqueror. His manner, gait, and voice show that he is a conqueror. It is vivifying. It makes the weaker assume a stronger role of self-confidence. The crowning event came to Christ's life when he was tempted by Satan. As a man he met the temptations. His morals, pure-ness of life, character, determination and self-confidence had so implanted themselves in his life, that he was able to meet the storm calmly. At that moment he flung the power of the world from him. Mohammed on the other hand after the "Heigira" found that he had the balance of power in his hand. This was the turning point of his life. Previous to the "Heigira" he was content to preach his religion peaceably ; now he determined to spread it with fire and sword. Mohammed was willing to suc-cumb to his baser passions, to satisfy his own selfish desires at the cost of Arabia. Christ did not forget his mission on earth. Therefore the pureness of his life shines out. The crowning event generally comes to a college man after he has graduated from college. Then is when he must make his de-cision. How quickly an undecided, vascillating man communi-cates his uncertainty and vascillation to those about him. Every-one who comes in contact with him, unless he is well poised, catches the disease ; it is as contagious as small-pox. Everything about him drags, the whole atmosphere is loaded with indecision. A young man as he starts out on life's journey should always keep his ideal in sight. He starts out fresh from college, his mind charged with fine ideals and expectations. He is not out long before his lofty sentiments give way to the pursuit of wealth or position. If one will only read, for a few moments each day, one of the great masterpieces of literature, he will be able to keep his ideal before him. The more Christ is patterned as an ideal the more that ideal will be able to be realized. To live an ideal life is to associate with pure and noble souls. The potent personality of our divine Master draws us to follow him as an ideal. Christ believed in an ideal life and strove to in-culcate that ideal in man. A man's ideal is his guiding star. All those who struggle are able to reach their ideal. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 265 As to failure the less we think of it, the better. In thinking of failure, men lose the power of action. They will not work with the same view. Whatever they do, the shadow of failure shrouds them. Their ardour is gone. True our work does often seem to fail; and the world cries out, "He is defeated ; he saved others, himself he cannot save." These were the same words the crowds hurled at Christ when he was crucified. But Jesus, who lost himself in his work, knew that he had not failed. "I have finished the work.': "Consummatum est," he cried. It was the cry of triumph. In the end when we lay down the work assigned us we also can say as did the Christ. MONEY ROBERT W. LENKER, '03. TWJONEY is the most important factor of the world's activity. ■*■*■*• It is the boy's essential to procure his spinning top or sail-ing kite. It is the power that connects Continents with Suez Canals, and spans oceans with cables, tunnels mountains, and sends through their bowels speeding trains of human freight. It has annihilated space and brought Nations together in speaking distance. It has wrested from nature the wings of lightning. It has conjured into wedlock Niagara's waters and electric fire. Money is the food that sustains the world's commerce, whether the purchase of the feathers in a lady's hat or a line of railroads or ocean steamers, the one gives satisfaction to pride, the other to the millionaire's greed. Both are led by the same impulse which phrenologists call the organ of acquisitiveness, and which we possess respectively in a higher or lower degree. Cultivated by benevolent motives, it sends messengers on wings of healing and charity, perverted, it goads the criminal to murder, and a Judas Iscariot to betray his Savior for thirty pieces of silver. Money is the synonym for the possession of the good things of the world, for it will procure them. Persons may preach of the discipline and advantage of poverty, but, practically, men will not listen to the arguments against the pursuit of silver or gold, when they are out at the elbows, and their children are crying for raiment and food. Lord Bacon says "Believe not them that seem to despise riches, for they despise them who despair of 266 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY them." Who has ever seen a scowl upon the minister's face on a Sunday morning when he found a twenty dollar gold piece in the contribution box ? Who has ever known any one to do violence the universal craving for the good things of the earth, and refuse an unexpected windfall by the death of a rich old uncle or aunt ? Men will make any sacrifice for money. For it they will delve in the deep and dangerous mines of the earth, work at un-healthful labor, making matches or powder. The galleons of Spain ploughed the stormy ocean in search of gold. Not so much the love and teaching of the cross led Cortez to murder the rulers of the Montezumas, and Pizarro the Incas of Peru ,as the lust for gold. A problematical silver or gold mine, of supposed fab-ulous wealth and magnificetit distance, has many a time been the key which unlocked the hoarded savings to sink them in the stocks of the bogus mines. Likely there is danger in loving money too much. The love of money has seared or hardened the soul of the rich man, it has caused the giddy wife to leave her husband, it has filled the land with thousands of rum-holes, which fill our poorhouses and jails with paupers and criminals, and burden us with taxes. But the love of money is not the root of all evils. There are many other evils that do not radiate from a silver or golden stump or tree. The use of money and the possession of riches may in themselves be all right, while their abuse may be all wrong. Solomon, Abraham and Job did not lose their favor in the sight of the Lord on account of their riches, but on the contrary, they were ap-proved of. No one seeks poverty from choice, as the dangers of poverty are manifold greater than the dangers of riches. When one lacks the luxuries, yes, the necessaries of life, and is exposed to want, sickness, and disease, discouragement and despondency, he is in no condition to exercise the highest function of mind and soul. It is true that the ennobling virtues are sometimes practiced in spite of poverty, but not because of it. Job was an exception, but his faithful wife could not bear the pressure of affliction and wanted her husband to curse the Lord. The girl that makes shirts for six cents apiece and lives in a garret, and the boy without work, money or home, are driven to temptations of which the rich know nothing. The philosophy which teaches a contempt for money is not very deep. We THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 267 should all seek to lay up something for old age, and keep us from want in sickness and out of the poorhouse. It is true that the Saviour taught his followers not to be over anxious about to-morrow, but like many of his sayings, this teaching was prompted by local influences and surroundings. This was the case in the genial clime of Jordan, where the earth brought forth food spontaneously and required little effort from man. The want of money is the stimulant to our work and the appetizer to the business nerve. It is that which gives stimulus to ingenuity, invention, intellect and ambition. It is this want of money and the constant struggle for it that keeps society and the world in equilibrium. L,et each one have a few dollars more than he is sure he needs for a life time, and anarchy would follow. His effort of mind and brain would be spasmodic. The very labor a man has to put forth to obtain money brings out his self denial, economy, energy, tact, it is his education. It will bring out his practical qualities as well as his mental and moral qualities. A writer has said "The soul is trained by the ledger as much as by calculus and gets exercise in the account of sales as in the account of the stars." The provident man must of necessity be a thoughttul man; living as he does not for the present but for the future. Knowledge is power, but it is not all power. Money is power. It brings comfort, it brings influence, sometimes unworthy influence. Shakespeare says "The learned pate ducks at the golden fool." With many the intellectual pigmy becomes a giant of influence. In our country the only title seems to be based upon greenbacks, and the young dude who is still struggling with his embryo side whiskers beneath his ears and a few millions to his name, is con-sidered the catch of the season, while some of our millionaires' daughters sell themselves to the scrofulous owners of foreign titles. The love of money and the abuse of wealth have their evils, but the present age is blest witii great opportunities and enjoy-ments. Science has done much for the luxuries and comforts of the working class and those of moderate circumstances. Money is the magicians' wand which places at their disposal the means of cultivation and refinement. It means gas, electric light, and cheap travel. It means warm, well ventilated, 1 ■I I 268 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY \ commodious houses, filled with pictures, aud music, and books. It helps to make the home the earthly heaven of the family. Money sends our ships to bring to the washer woman's table the teas of China, and the fruits of southern climes. From sunny Italy it brings the costly fibre from the silk worm's looms to clothe our factory girls in silken garments. It gives us choice seats in the cars and lecture rooms. It comforts us in sickness and necessary idleness. The want of it produces cheerless and comfortless homes, haggard and pinched features, distressed looks and pale cheeks such as may be seen any day in our great cities. What causes this difference in worldly condition ? On the one hand men are endowed by nature with the instinct of making money and how to save it. Their dollars come regularly and multiply rapidly, by shrewd bargains, and judicious invest-ments. They would be untrue to their gift of nature if they did not accumulate money, for the talent and inclination to make money, is as strongly worked and uncontrollable in them as the power and desire of Beethoven and Mozart to produce the beautiful symphonies, and that which led Phidias and Michael Angelo to bring forth their immortal statues of marble and of gold. The mission of each is pointed out by the faculties which the Creator has given him. Hugh Miller, though a poor boy, while playing truant in the caves on the coast of Scotland, received his inspiration from the surrounding rocks, and revealed their history in his grand works. So our Peabodys, Pordees and Girards followed only the promptings and guidings of their nature; and to do violence to them by turning away, would be wrong. Their accumulations have left rich blessings in hospitals, colleges, and railways to make thousands happy. It does not necessarily follow that a millionaire should dwarf his spiritual nature and turn his brain into a ledger and his heart into a millstone; if he does he perverts his gifts. The owner of capital often reaps the least reward of it and it often gives as much power or pleasure. He can occupy only one house at a time, each member of his family but one seat in cars, or theatre, or church. He can eat, drink and wear only a man's portion of the good things of the world. To be healthy he must eat like a poor man. If he eats more than a man's portion, he will have a perverted aud dis-tended stomach, conjested liver, and sleepless nights. Stephen IHE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 269 Girard wrote to a friend "As to myself I like to live like a galley slave, constantly occupied, and often passing the nights without sleeping. I am wrapped up in a labyrinth of affairs and worn out with cares. The love of labor is my highest motive. I work during the day so that I can sleep soundly at night." No one should worship the golden calf or mortgage his soul to mammon. The love of gold has starved every other affection. Let us then get the true estimate of money. Let us neither love it nor despise it. We should earn a little more than we spend. We should avoid debt. The class that toil the hardest spend most recklessly the money they earn. The man that spends twenty cents a day for beer and tobacco spends that, which with its compound interest, in fifty years would amount to twenty thousand dollars. Some say that is a long time ; but many men live to be seventy-five, and they can begin to save long before they are twenty-five. It is not so much what one earns as what he saves that brings comfort. Every man should acquire the habit of saving. We may practice economy without being miserly; God himself does not waste. Every atom that He created still exists. He does not destroy, but only changes. Herculaneum and Pompeii were not destroyed ; they were only buried. Ice melts into water, water is made into steam, and one has as much matter as the other. "Go and gather the frag-ments" said the divine teacher, after the feast on loaves and fishes. The autumn leaves have fallen for centuries to enrich the soil. The bodies of the dead fatten the wheat fields of Gettysburg and Antietam. Nature knows no waste, she saves every action. Let us do likewise. We have no right to enjoy that for which we do not pay. Many a youth blows away his brain and prospective manhood in cigarette smoke, while he rides an unpaid or installment bicycle—better walk. To drink unpaid beer or champagne is the act of a cheat. To sing loud hymns, and repeat loud prayers from an unpaid pew, is the act of a hypocrite. Let us resolve to be in no man's debt, to earn all we can and spend it in the way it was intended by the one who put coal into our mountains, diamonds into our rivers, and gold into our rocks. ■ I I 270 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY THE GAINS AND LOSSES FROM A TERRITORIAL DIVISION OF LABOR rx IVISION of labor as applied to tbe individuals in a communi- *-* ty is a principle which greatly increases the productive capa-bility of that community, ist. By shortening the term of ap-prenticeship. 2nd. By developing dexterity on the part of the laborer. 3rd. By obviating the loss of time and the distraction of thought which would be involved in passing from place to place and exchanging tools. 4th. By facilitating invention and leading to the discovery of improved processes and new material. 5th. By giving employment to women and children and partially disabled men. 6th. By placing the most efficient men in such an order where they can labor to the best advantage. These gains, however, are not secured without any losses. There is a degradation of the laborer, who, by the repetition of one single movement, which is as simplified as possible, is reduced to play a purely mechanical part. Indeed, as soon as the work has been so simplified as to become mechanical, it will not be long before the workman is replaced by a machine. There is also an extreme dependence of the workman who is incapable of doing anything except the fixed and special operation to which he has become accustomed. In an organized society where division of labor is firmly established, man becomes so dependent upon his fellows that if he is separated from them, it is almost impossible for him to live. But serious as these losses may seem theoretically, they are practically of little consequence when compared with the great gains in production in the community where the principle of division of labor is fully carried out. Since this principle is so advantageous to the productive capability of a single community, many are disposed to think that by analogy the same principle will apply equally as well to communities and nations, or in other words, that territorial division of labor would be just as advantageous in the same proportion. This idea can be accepted or rejected only by comparing its gains with its losses when thus extended. So then let us consider what the gains and losses to the economic world would be by extending the principle to communities and nations. When the principle of division of labor is extended to different communities in the same nation it must assume a some- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 271 what different form. We can no longer speak of divisions in one industry into individual laborers, but of division into industries, and of these as occupying their places so as to bring about the most efficient and economical productiveness. This form of division in a single nation certainly has some advantages which must not be overlooked. There are very few nations which do not have within their boundaries sections which are peculiarly adapted to certain industries. It may be that the mineral resources are in one section, the best physical conditions necessary for agriculture in another, the greatest economical advantages for manufacturing in another, and thus these in-dustries can be carried on in their respective sections with far greater gains in the productiveness of the nation than if they were all equally distributed throughout each community. The people in each section as a group will become more and more efficient in their work and thus increase the produce and in all probability lower the price of that product There are also gains arising from the production of the various commodities on a larger scale where the entire group of laborers can be em-ployed in those places of greatest advantage. Thus we see that the gains from a division of labor among communities are some-what similar to those obtained from a division in a single industry. Now let us see whether the losses under this extension of the principle are in the same proportion. It would hardly be fair to speak of groups of individuals as becoming degraded because they are engaged in the same industry all their lifetime, nor as being in danger of displacement by machinery, for it would mean the degradation or displacement of the industry itself. But when we come to the question of dependence upon others we find that there would be a very serious loss, if the principle were strictly enforced. Those who engage in one industry exclusively become dependent upon all the other industries in at least two ways, ist. For the sale of their own product in excess of their own consumption. 2nd. For the purchase of the commodities produced by the other industries. For the bringing about of these transactions to the greatest advantage there must be a market as close as possible. The nearer this market the greater the economy. This fact has caused the various industries to group themselves together as closely as possible. Hence we find nearly all the industries sometimes confined within a very 272 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY small circle. Of course, this loss from inconvenience to market is gradually becoming less on account of the increasing facilities for transportation and the national security in the freedom of exchange carried on between different sections of the same nation. Another loss might arise from the fact that many small sections would remain undeveloped because the industry could not be profitably carried on there and those people who have preferences in employment would crowd certain localities and exhaust them in a shorter time and thereby endanger the existence of that particular industry. Take for instance coal mining. If the smaller and less profitable mines were allowed to remain un-worked until the larger ones were exhausted it is hardly likely that the same industry would be continued. In such a case how would it effect those who are dependent upon this industry ? In the case of some of the other industries the dependents may also be seriously affected by local calamities. Thus we see that the proportion between the gains and losses is changing as the principle of division of labor is extended to communities. In-deed, the gains and losses under this extension of the principle are approaching each other very closely. It now remains to be seen whether they continue to approach or begin to diverge when the same principle is extended beyond the limits of a nation. That there would not be some gains in a further extension of the principle of division of labor so as to include nations no one attempts to prove. For if we consider the fact that there is a great difference between the efficiency in workmanship in different kinds of work among the different nations we must admit that there would be a gain in the production of wealth if labor were so divided as to place these different nations in their proper workshops. Then again, there are some nations which have better physical conditions for production of a certain kind. In fact nearly all the gains which are secured in the consecutive division of labor in a single industry or the contemporaneous division in a nation can be attributed to a national division. But since the division is not as complete in the last instance the sum of the gains will not be in the same proportion. These gains would all depend upon a strict adherence to theoretical rather than actual conditions. If the natural agents and physical conditions were all so distributed upon the earth as to have definite boundary lines coincident with the national boundary THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 273 lines the proportion existing between the gains and losses in a single industry would still be slightly different from that under these conditions, because of the necessary separation from all marketSj This fact is serious enough under the existing circum-stances. As it is many misunderstandings arise between the manufacturer and the consumer so that the production of wealth is often retarded because of a failure to supply the demand at the proper time. If the consumers of the world would be dependent upon one nation for some particular commodity it would mean a very expensive commodity to those nations farther away, and besides, that nation may be engaged in the production of commodities which are of a relatively greater value and necessity. Thus even under a freedom of trade in exchange the great difference in the kinds of products would cause nations to discriminate in their exchange and so bring the nation which might be engaged in the production of luxuries to ruin. The prices of some commodities would be higher because of the necessity of transporting the raw material from a country where it can be produced best to the country where it can be best turned into manufactured goods. Would it not also destroy the com-petition between nations, a factor in the production of wealth which holds a very important relation ? Without the action of competition the productive capabilities of the nation will not reach its highest degree. This would result in very great loss when the spirit of indifference would exist in all the industries. Continuing the figure of the two lines approaching each other, I would express my conclusions by saying that these lines keep on approaching each other as the principle of the division of labor is extended until they intersect at a very short distance beyond the boundary line of a nation and after the intersection we find that the gains and losses have entirely exchanged places. EXCHANGES TN reply to a query in a recent edition of the Georgetown College *■ Journal, we wish to state that after duly examining the records we find that Messrs. Pope, Dryden and Byron have not matricu-lated at this institution ; neither could we discover that any of our students have ever made a reputation by asking impertinent questions. r:^mmmmmimmmmi 274 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY The Amulet, of West Chester Normal School, is a welcome addition to our exchange list. The Lesbian Herald continues to hold its position among the best magazines which visits our table. We are highly pleased with the Christmas number of the Kee MarJournal. It will always find a welcome place on our desk. J* It is unfortunate when a young man or a young woman has ambitions far beyond his or her powers of achievements. It is a fortunate day in our lives when we can recognize our limitations and we are doubly fortunate if we are able to abide cheerfully by the consequences of this discovery. There is sometimes some-thing fine and heroic in the giving up of one's high aspirations because it has been made clear that they are beyond one's power of achievement. Ambition without ability and intelligence, with-out force of character, has been the ruin of young men who had not the good sense, nor yet the good grace, to recognize their limitations and abide by them. —The Midland. THERE'S NOTHING LIKE A LETTER FROM MY SWEETHEART 30METIMES I get the blues, and in life all interest lose, And all the world seems somehow going wrong ; But the postman comes around, and my heart gives one great bound When he says "Will, here's a—" something just in season. Oh, there's nothing like a letter from my sweetheart. How I wish that I might get one every day ; For there's nothing sweeter, better, than just to get a letter From my sweetheart far away. And now I sing some song, or whistle all day long, How swiftly now the moments slip away ; Now my heart again is light, and everything's as bright, I've a letter from my sweetheart, that's the reason, Oh, there's nothing like a letter from your sweetheart, Don't you wish that you might get one every day ; For there's nothing sweeter, better, than just to get a letter From your sweetheart far away. —St. yohtt's Collegian. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 275 "A college contest in oratory is open to the diffident that he may learn of his own ability. It is open to the bashful that he may stand before men and exhibit his nerve. It is a benefit to the egotist if defeat draws him to the plane of his fellow students and teaches him that ordinary ability is common to man. It is a benefit to all participants when defeat is a stimulus to greater effort, and victory is followed by a modest conception of one's own ability." —Central Collegian. We acknowledge the receipt of the following :—Nassau Lit, University of Virginia Magazine, Dickinson Literary Monthly, Bucknell Mirror, Washington-Jeffersonion, Haverfordian, Susqne-hanna, Phoenix, Buff and Blue, College Student, Ursinus College Bulletin, Touchstone, Juniata Echo, Philomathean, Monthly, Mountaineer, et all. BOOK REVIEWS "The Art of Teaching." By E. E. White. American Book Co., New York. 'T'HE; author of this work is an acknowledged master of both *• the sciences and art of teaching. In this work he gives a clear and helpful discussion of the fundamental principles and practical methods which pertain to teaching as an art. He care-fully marks out the true value and limitations of all special methods in order to guard teachers against the common error of accepting them as general methods. This book will doubtless meet with a hearty reception among all active and progressive teachers. "Tales." By Edgar Allen Poe. The Century Co., New York. TN this attractive volume we have a collection of Poe's best ■*■ prose. In reading these tales, one is especially struck both with their ingenious plot and with their felicitous and often brilliant diction. His characters strike one, however, more as phantoms than as real and companionable personages. They are part of the machinery of horror and phantasmagoria which Poe loved to make use of to effect his weird purpose. They help to create that haunting atmosphere which enshrouds his characters and makes for the mystery of his stories. The ingenuity of his I 276 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY plots is no less remarkable than the skill with which they are wrought out, while the artifices of his style marvellously heighten their effect. Among the writers of the age few have excelled him or have more effectively enlisted the art of the literary conjurer for the purposes of ingenious prose narration. "Birth A New Chance." By Columbus Bradford. A. C. Mc- Clurg & Co., Chicago. Pries $r.jo. IN this book the author has posited a theory which resembles in *■ some respects that of Theosophy, and in his arguments to prove his hypothesis shows considerable skill in turning and twisting scriptural passagesto suit his own views. If the same personality reappears in another body in due time according to the conditions which the author supposes, it may not be impossible that we have in our midst in the body of the author himself the old Greek philosopher, Empedocles, with his ancient views slightly modified. As to the correctness of this theory of having more than one chance to aid in the perfection of the human race we feel that the author has not succeeded in presenting adequate proof. F. Mark Bream, Dealer in Fancy and Staple Groceries Telephone 29 Carlisle St., GETTYSBURG, PA. COLLEGE EMBLEMS. EMIL ZOTHE, ENGRAVER, DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER. 19 S. NINTH ST. PHILADELPHIA SPECIALTIES: Masonic Marks, Society Badges, College Buttons, Pins, Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. All Goods ordered through A. N. Beau. No. 3 Main St., GETTYSBURG, PENNA. Our new effects in Portraiture are equal to photos made anywhere, and at any price. Weikert $ Crouse Butchers EVERYTHING IN THIS LINE WE HANDLE GIVE US A TRIAL Balto. St. Gettysburg PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. E. H. FORAE3T gather Beef, Veal, Pork, Lamb, Sausages. Special rates to Clubs. P .i85o-igoi. Our Name has stood as a guarantee of Quality for over fyalf a Century C. K. P>oas JEWELER and dlWERSttlTH 214 and 216 Matket St. Harrisbutg, Pa. Latest Designs Prices Reasonable CHAS. S. MUMPER (Formerly of Mumper & Bender) Furniture Having- opened a new store opposite W. M. R. R. Depot, will be pleased to have you call and examine goods. Picture Framing promptly attended to. Repair Work a Specialty Students' Trade Solicited I For a nice sweet loaf of Bread call on J. RAMER Baker of Bread and Fancy Cakes, GETTYSBURG. PA. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. The Century Double-Feed Fountain Pen. Fully Warranted J6 Kt. Gold Pen, Iridium Pointed. GEO. EVELER, Agt. for Gettysburg College PRICE LIST. No. 1. No. 1. No. 3. No. 3. Chased, long or short $2 00 Gold Mounted 3 00 Chased 3 00 Gold Mounted 4 00 Spiral, Black or Mottled $2 SO Twist, " 2 50 Hexagon, Black or Mottled 2 SO Pearl Holder, Gold Mounted S 00 THE CENTURY PEN CO., WHITEWATER, WIS. Askyour Stationer or our Agent to show them toyou. Agood local agent-wanted in every school &mmmmmmmmmvmmwwmwt£ PrittitigandBitidhij We Print This Book THE MT. HOLLY STATIONERY AND PRINTING CO. does all classes of Printing- and Binding-, and can furnish you any Book, Bill Head, Letter Head, Envelope, Card, Blank, or anything pertain-ing to their business in just as good style and at less cost than you can obtain same elsewhere. They are located among the mountains but their work is metropolitan. You can be convinced of this if you give them the opportunity. Mt. Holly Stationery and Printing Co. *SPRINGS, PA. ^ H. S. BENNER, .DEALER IN. Groceries, Notions, Queensware, Glassware, Etc., Tobacco and Cigars 17 CHAMBERSBURG ST. WE RECOMMEND THESE BUSINESS MEN. Pitzer House, (Temperance) JNO. E. PITZER, Prop. Rates $1.00 to $1.25 per day. Battlefield a specialty. Dinner and ride to all pointsof mterest,including the tb ree daj-s' fight, $1.25. No. 127 Main Street. R. A. WONDERS, Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, Etc. Scott's Corner, Opp. Eagle Hotel. GETTYSBURG, PA. You will find a full line of Pure Drugs and Fine Sta- People's Drug Store Prescriptions a Specialty. W. F. CODORI, StoonTcodort Dealer in Beef, Pork, Lamb, Veal, Sausage. Special rates to Clubs. York St., GETTYSBURG. J. A. TAWNEY »" Is ready to furnish Clubs and Bread, Rolls, Etc. At short notice and reasonable rates. Washington and Middle Sts., Gettysburg .GO TO. CHAS. E. BARBEHENN, Barber Eagle Hotel, Cor. Main and Washing-ton Sts. L. D. Miller, GROCER Confectioner and Fruiterer. Ice Cream and Oysters in Season. 19 Main St. GETTYSBURG The Pleased Customer Is not a stranger in our establish-ment— he's right at home, you'll see him when you call. We have the materials to please fastidious men. J. D. LIPPY, Merchant Tailor 39 Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. CityHote, ggjj? Free 'Bus to and from all walk from either depot Dinner with drive over field ■• with four or more, SI.35 Rates $1.50 to $2.00 per day- John E. Hughes, Prop. S. J. CODORI, arber C3f)op For a good shave or hair cut. Bar-bers' supplies a specialty. Razor Strops, Soaps, Brushes, Creams, Combs, Mugs, and Coke Dandruff cure will cure Dandruff. .No. 38 Baltimore Street. GryrT
This study investigated approaches to the elementary social studies methods syllabus from instructors of courses across the United States. Using qualitative content analysis, we explored 48 methods syllabi using a deductive framework of Information Based Systems d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:13:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:13:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:14:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:14:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20492\ssr_2014_38_1\spssr_38_1_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:12:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:12:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:13:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:13:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20493\ssr_2014_38_2\spssr_38_2_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:10:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:10:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:11:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:11:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20494\ssr_2014_38_3\spssr_38_3_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:12:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:12:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:13:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:13:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:19:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:19:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:19:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20495\ssr_2014_38_4\spssr_38_4_meta_issue.xml:19:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:13:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:13:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:14:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:14:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20496\ssr_2015_39_1\spssr_39_1_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:14:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:14:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:15:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:15:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20497\ssr_2015_39_2\spssr_39_2_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:13:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:13:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:14:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:14:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20498\ssr_2015_39_3\spssr_39_3_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:10:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:10:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:11:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:11:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20499\ssr_2015_39_4\spssr_39_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:13:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:13:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:14:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:14:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:19:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:19:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:19:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20500\ssr_2016_40_1\spssr_40_1_meta_issue.xml:19:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:16:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:16:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:17:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:17:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:19:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:19:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:19:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:19:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:20:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:20:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:20:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20501\ssr_2016_40_2\spssr_40_2_meta_issue.xml:20:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:10:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:10:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:11:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:11:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:18:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:18:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:19:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:19:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:20:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:20:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:20:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:20:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:21:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:21:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:21:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:21:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:22:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:22:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:22:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:22:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:23:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:23:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:23:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20502\ssr_2016_40_3\spssr_40_3_meta_issue.xml:23:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:14:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:14:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:15:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:15:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:19:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:19:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:19:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:19:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:20:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:20:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:20:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:20:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:21:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:21:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:21:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:21:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:22:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:22:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:22:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:22:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:23:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:23:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:23:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:23:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:24:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:24:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:24:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20503\ssr_2016_40_4\spssr_40_4_meta_issue.xml:24:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20504\ssr_2017_41_1\spssr_41_1_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:15:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:15:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:16:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:16:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20505\ssr_2017_41_2\spssr_41_2_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:15:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:15:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:16:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:16:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20506\ssr_2017_41_3\spssr_41_3_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:15:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:15:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:16:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:16:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:19:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:19:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:19:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:19:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:20:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:20:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:20:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20507\ssr_2017_41_4\spssr_41_4_meta_issue.xml:20:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:14:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:14:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:15:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:15:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:19:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:19:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:19:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:19:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:20:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:20:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:20:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:20:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:21:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:21:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:21:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20512\ssr_2019_43_1\spssr_43_1_meta_issue.xml:21:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:16:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:16:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:17:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:17:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:19:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:19:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:19:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20513\ssr_2019_43_2\spssr_43_2_meta_issue.xml:19:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:17:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:17:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:18:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:18:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:19:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:19:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:19:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:19:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:20:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:20:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:20:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:20:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:21:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:21:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:21:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:21:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:22:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:22:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:22:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:22:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:23:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:23:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:23:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:23:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:24:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:24:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:24:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:24:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:25:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:25:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:25:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20514\ssr_2019_43_3\spssr_43_3_meta_issue.xml:25:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:15:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:15:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:16:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:16:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:17:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:17:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:18:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:18:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:18:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:18:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:19:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:19:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:19:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:19:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:20:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:20:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:20:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20515\ssr_2019_43_4\spssr_43_4_meta_issue.xml:20:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:13:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:13:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:14:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:14:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:15:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:15:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:15:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:15:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20520\ssr_2021_45_1\spssr_45_1_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:149:111:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:149:111: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:221:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:221:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:225:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:225:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:226:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:226:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:245:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:245:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:249:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:249:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:250:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:250:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:279:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:279:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:283:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:283:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:284:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:284:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:313:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:313:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:318:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:318:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:319:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:319:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:362:6:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:362:6: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:368:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:368:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:369:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:369:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:398:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:398:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:402:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:402:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:403:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:403:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:439:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:439:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:442:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:442:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:471:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:471:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] p[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:481:763:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:481:763: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:512:490:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:512:490: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:533:412:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:533:412: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:549:313:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:549:313: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:560:381:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:560:381: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:567:407:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:567:407: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:594:396:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:594:396: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:606:289:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:606:289: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:608:358:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:608:358: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:616:430:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:616:430: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:630:287:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.001.xml:630:287: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:197:35:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:197:35: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:197:73:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:197:73: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:198:72:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:198:72: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:198:127:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:198:127: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:199:37:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:199:37: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:199:66:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:199:66: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:199:115:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:199:115: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:295:28:E: ID "list1-j.jssr.2020.07.002" already defined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:74:29: ID "list1-j.jssr.2020.07.002" first defined here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:295:28: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:422:319:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:422:319: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:423:320:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:423:320: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:426:421:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:426:421: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:496:280:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.002.xml:496:280: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.003.xml:170:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.003.xml:170:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] thead[1] tr[1] th[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.003.xml:171:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.003.xml:171:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] thead[1] tr[1] th[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.003.xml:172:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.003.xml:172:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] thead[1] tr[1] th[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.003.xml:173:17:E: element "ce:underline" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.07.003.xml:173:17: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] thead[1] tr[1] th[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:30:107:E: document type does not allow element "surname" here; assuming missing "name" start-tag d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:30:107: open elements: article front[1] article-meta[1] contrib-group[1] contrib[1] (contrib-id[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:34:107:E: document type does not allow element "surname" here; assuming missing "name" start-tag d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:34:107: open elements: article front[1] article-meta[1] contrib-group[1] contrib[1] (contrib-id[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:98:2:E: document type does not allow element "p" here; missing one of "boxed-text", "fig", "supplementary-material", "open-access", "disp-quote", "statement", "fn" start-tag d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:98:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] p[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:99:2:E: document type does not allow element "p" here; missing one of "boxed-text", "fig", "supplementary-material", "open-access", "disp-quote", "statement", "fn" start-tag d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:99:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] p[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:474:16:E: document type does not allow element "table-wrap-foot" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:474:16: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] (table[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:494:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:494:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:499:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:499:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:503:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:503:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:507:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:507:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:511:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:511:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:516:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:516:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:517:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:517:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:518:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:518:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:519:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:519:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:524:5:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:524:5: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:614:323:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:614:323: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:628:364:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:628:364: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:646:312:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.08.003.xml:646:312: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:30:107:E: document type does not allow element "surname" here; assuming missing "name" start-tag d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:30:107: open elements: article front[1] article-meta[1] contrib-group[1] contrib[1] (contrib-id[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:36:107:E: document type does not allow element "surname" here; assuming missing "name" start-tag d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:36:107: open elements: article front[1] article-meta[1] contrib-group[1] contrib[1] (contrib-id[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:41:107:E: document type does not allow element "surname" here; assuming missing "name" start-tag d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:41:107: open elements: article front[1] article-meta[1] contrib-group[1] contrib[1] (contrib-id[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:91:27:E: ID "fn1-j.jssr.2020.09.002" already defined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:51:27: ID "fn1-j.jssr.2020.09.002" first defined here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:91:27: open elements: article body[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:224:16:E: document type does not allow element "table-wrap-foot" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:224:16: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] (table[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:272:29:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:272:29: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:273:152:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:273:152: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:274:158:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:274:158: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:280:124:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:280:124: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:280:330:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:280:330: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:281:230:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:281:230: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:284:29:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:284:29: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:285:67:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:285:67: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:287:44:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:287:44: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:291:96:E: element "br" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:291:96: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:385:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:385:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:528:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:528:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:545:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:545:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:562:2:E: element "b" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:562:2: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:570:16:E: document type does not allow element "table-wrap-foot" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:570:16: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] (table[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:661:357:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:661:357: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:665:438:E: document type does not allow element "italic" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.002.xml:665:438: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] publisher-name[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20521\ssr_2021_45_2\spssr_45_2_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.004.xml:234:278:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.004.xml:234:278: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.004.xml:278:273:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.004.xml:278:273: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.004.xml:280:287:E: document type does not allow element "italic" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.004.xml:280:287: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.004.xml:280:302:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.09.004.xml:280:302: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.10.001.xml:252:8:E: ID "table-fn1-1-j.jssr.2020.10.001" already defined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.10.001.xml:251:8: ID "table-fn1-1-j.jssr.2020.10.001" first defined here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.10.001.xml:252:8: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] table-wrap-foot[1] (fn[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.10.001.xml:456:12:E: there is no attribute "nameend" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.10.001.xml:456:12: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] thead[1] tr[1] (th[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.10.001.xml:456:26:E: there is no attribute "namest" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.10.001.xml:456:26: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] thead[1] tr[1] (th[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.001.xml:33:19:E: value of attribute "ref-type" cannot be "bio"; must be one of "aff", "app", "author-notes", "bibr", "boxed-text", "chem", "contrib", "corresp", "disp-formula", "fig", "fn", "kwd", "list", "plate", "scheme", "sec", "statement", "supplementary-material", "table", "table-fn", "other" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.001.xml:33:19: open elements: article front[1] article-meta[1] contrib-group[1] contrib[1] (xref[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:33:19:E: value of attribute "ref-type" cannot be "bio"; must be one of "aff", "app", "author-notes", "bibr", "boxed-text", "chem", "contrib", "corresp", "disp-formula", "fig", "fn", "kwd", "list", "plate", "scheme", "sec", "statement", "supplementary-material", "table", "table-fn", "other" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:33:19: open elements: article front[1] article-meta[1] contrib-group[1] contrib[1] (xref[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:37:19:E: value of attribute "ref-type" cannot be "bio"; must be one of "aff", "app", "author-notes", "bibr", "boxed-text", "chem", "contrib", "corresp", "disp-formula", "fig", "fn", "kwd", "list", "plate", "scheme", "sec", "statement", "supplementary-material", "table", "table-fn", "other" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:37:19: open elements: article front[1] article-meta[1] contrib-group[1] contrib[1] (xref[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:222:8:E: ID "table-fn1-j.jssr.2020.11.002" already defined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:145:8: ID "table-fn1-j.jssr.2020.11.002" first defined here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:222:8: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] table-wrap-foot[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:537:8:E: ID "table-fn1-1-j.jssr.2020.11.002" already defined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:146:8: ID "table-fn1-1-j.jssr.2020.11.002" first defined here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:537:8: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] table-wrap-foot[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:899:317:E: document type does not allow element "italic" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:899:317: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] publisher-name[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:925:308:E: document type does not allow element "italic" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.11.002.xml:925:308: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] publisher-name[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.12.002.xml:443:322:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.12.002.xml:443:322: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20522\ssr_2021_45_3\spssr_45_3_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.12.001.xml:283:13:E: there is no attribute "morerows" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.12.001.xml:283:13: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.12.001.xml:486:299:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2020.12.001.xml:486:299: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:206:13:E: there is no attribute "morerows" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:206:13: open elements: article body[1] sec[1] sec[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] (td[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:335:19:E: ID "table1-j.jssr.2021.03.001" already defined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:167:16: ID "table1-j.jssr.2021.03.001" first defined here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:335:19: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:364:18:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:364:18: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:373:150:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:373:150: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:425:84:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:425:84: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:436:172:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:436:172: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:447:149:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:447:149: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:467:83:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:467:83: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:511:103:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:511:103: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:519:143:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:519:143: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:519:319:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:519:319: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:526:72:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:526:72: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:549:80:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:549:80: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:556:79:E: element "ce:small-caps" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:556:79: open elements: article back[1] app-group[1] app[1] p[1] table-wrap[1] alternatives[1] table[1] tbody[1] tr[1] td[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:587:582:E: document type does not allow element "italic" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:587:582: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:587:597:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:587:597: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:625:387:E: document type does not allow element "italic" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:625:387: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:625:402:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.03.001.xml:625:402: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:643:327:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:643:327: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:646:309:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:646:309: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:647:270:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:647:270: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:648:394:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:648:394: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:680:322:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:680:322: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:695:301:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:695:301: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:705:306:E: document type does not allow element "sup" here d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\10.1016_j.jssr.2021.05.003.xml:705:306: open elements: article back[1] ref-list[1] ref[1] mixed-citation[1] edition[1] (#PCDATA[1]) d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:14:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:14:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:15:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:15:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:16:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:16:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:16:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20523\ssr_2021_45_4\spssr_45_4_meta_issue.xml:16:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:3:18:E: there is no attribute "volume" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:3:29:E: there is no attribute "issue" d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:3:32:E: element "MetaIssue" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9:E: element "Provider" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:4:9: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4:E: element "TOC" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:5:4: open elements: MetaIssue d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11:E: element "TocSection" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:6:11: open elements: MetaIssue TOC d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8:E: element "Heading" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:7:8: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:8:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:8:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:9:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:9:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:10:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:10:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:11:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:11:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:12:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:12:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:12:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:12:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:13:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:13:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:13:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:13:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:14:9:E: element "Resource" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:14:9: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:14:14:E: element "DOI" undefined d:\Sarjeet_Work\2023\Apr-2023\15apr\lot1\j-saib0004-20524\ssr_2022_46_1\spssr_46_1_meta_issue.xml:14:14: open elements: MetaIssue TOC TocSection Resource of education, Transformation Based Systems of Education, and Inquiry Based Systems of education. Ultimately, we determined that over half (n = 27) of the collected syllabi reflected an Information Based System of education meant to prepare students for certification, lesson and unit planning, and best practice social studies instruction. Fewer (n = 14) prepared pre-service teachers to challenge official knowledge and position social studies instruction within socio-political realities of students and fewer still prepared pre-service teachers to center inquiry-based instruction guided by the C3 Framework (n = 11). We position these findings within dominant trends in elementary social studies scholarship and conclude that too few methods courses reflect the scholarly trend toward transformative, justice-oriented, or inquiry-based elementary social studies.
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Herausgeber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie diese Quelle zitieren möchten.
Texto finalizado el 15 de diciembre de 2023. Esta Nota Internacional es el resultado de la reflexión colectiva del equipo de investigación de CIDOB. Coordinada y editada por Carme Colomina, en el proceso de redacción ha contado con aportaciones de Inés Arco, Anna Ayuso, Ana Ballesteros, Pol Bargués, Moussa Bourekba, Víctor Burguete, Anna Busquets, Javier Carbonell, Carmen Claudín, Francesc Fàbregues, Oriol Farrés, Agustí Fernández de Losada, Marta Galceran, Blanca Garcés, Seán Golden, Berta Güell, Julia Lipscomb, Bet Mañé, Ricardo Martínez, Esther Masclans, Óscar Mateos, Sergio Maydeu, Pol Morillas, Diego Muro, Francesco Pasetti, Héctor Sánchez, Reinhard Schweitzer, Antoni Segura, Cristina Serrano, Eduard Soler i Lecha, Alexandra Vidal, Pere Vilanova. 2024 será un año de urnas y armas. Las elecciones celebradas en más de 70 países, que actuarán como un test de estrés para el sistema democrático, y el impacto de la multiplicidad de conflictos que alimenta la inestabilidad global definirán un mundo en plena transición de poder y en claro retroceso humanitario y de derechos fundamentales.Se acentúa la erosión de las normas internacionales vigentes y aumenta la imprevisibilidad. 2024 empieza totalmente abierto, marcado por un mundo cada vez más diverso y (des)ordenado, definido por alianzas e intereses cambiantes en cuestiones como la competición geopolítica, las transiciones verde y digital o la seguridad internacional.Las consecuencias económicas de las sucesivas crisis serán más visibles que en años anteriores: el crecimiento económico será débil y el frenazo chino reverberará en las economías emergentes, cada vez más tensionadas por el endurecimiento de las condiciones financieras y la fortaleza del dólar.2024 será un año de urnas y armas. Un test de estrés tanto para el sistema democrático como para la multiplicidad de conflictos que alimenta la inestabilidad global. Seguimos ante un mundo desordenado, convulso y contestado, pero, esta vez, cualquier análisis pende del gran interrogante que supone el intenso ciclo electoral que marcará el próximo año. Con guerras abiertas en Ucrania, Palestina, Sudán o Yemen, el mundo concentra la mayor cantidad de conflictos activos desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por eso, la agenda geopolítica de los próximos meses se entreteje a partir del impacto mutuo entre los distintos conflictos bélicos y el veredicto que lanzarán los más de 70 procesos electorales marcados en el calendario.Hay elecciones que pueden definir guerras. Las consecuencias políticas de la brutal ofensiva israelí en Gaza o el estancamiento del frente de guerra ucraniano también dependen de la carrera presidencial en Estados Unidos. Las grietas en la unidad transatlántica y las cada vez más categóricas acusaciones de doble rasero en las lealtades de Occidente no son ajenas a lo que ocurra el 5 de noviembre de 2024 en las urnas estadounidenses. Un retorno de Donald Trump a la Casa Blanca modificaría por completo las relaciones de fuerza y la posición de Washington en cada uno de estos conflictos, desde el suministro de armamento al Gobierno ucraniano, al apoyo a Israel, o en la confrontación con Rusia o China.Pero no se trata solo del futuro de la democracia en Estados Unidos: más de 4.000 millones de personas irán a las urnas en más de 70 países. La Unión Europea (UE), India, Pakistán, Indonesia, México, Taiwán, Venezuela o Senegal… grandes actores con peso demográfico e influencia geopolítica protagonizarán un año de una intensidad electoral sin precedentes, que definirá un mundo en plena transición global del poder y en claro retroceso humanitario y de derechos fundamentales. Sin embargo, tanta concentración de elecciones no significa más democracia. Estamos en tiempos de inteligencia artificial (IA) y de sofisticación extrema de la manipulación que amenazan la fiabilidad de las urnas. Los sistemas híbridos ganan terreno, y está por ver si el ciclo electoral de 2024 acaba siendo un momento de profundización de la degradación o de resistencia democrática. La sensación de desorden no es nueva, ni siquiera su aceleración. Pero cada año se acentúa la erosión de las normas internacionales vigentes y aumenta la imprevisibilidad. El mundo es cada vez más descentralizado, diversificado y multidimensional. Se consolida este «orden múltiplex» –como Amitav Acharya lo describió ya en 2017– porque todo ocurre simultáneamente. Y, sin embargo, seguimos ante un rediseño del mundo todavía abierto porque esta simultaneidad de cambios concentra distintas pugnas en liza. 1. Más conflictividad, más impunidad2023 ha sido uno de los años más conflictivos en el mundo desde el fin de la Segunda Guerra mundial. En solo doce meses, la violencia política ha aumentado un 27%. Crece en intensidad y en frecuencia. La guerra en Gaza ha marcado el final de 2023, con sus más de 17.000 víctimas mortales contabilizadas hasta el momento, las advertencias por parte de Naciones Unidas del riesgo de colapso humanitario y de genocidio de la población palestina atrapada en la Franja, así como el pulso entre el primer ministro Benyamín Netanyahu y el secretario general de la Naciones Unidas, António Guterres, para intentar lograr un alto el fuego. En esta crisis continuada del orden liberal y en plena discusión sobre la validez del derecho internacional, Israel ha asestado un golpe profundo a la credibilidad de Naciones Unidas. El Consejo de Seguridad se ha convertido en un instrumento para la parálisis; una tenaza al servicio de los intereses de viejas potencias que han llevado a Guterres a admitir públicamente la frustración de la impotencia. Unas Naciones Unidas que, debilitadas políticamente, se aferran a su acción humanitaria sobre el terreno para intentar marcar la diferencia entre la vida y la muerte. Más de 130 trabajadores humanitarios de Naciones Unidas han perdido la vida en Gaza desde el 7 de octubre, el mayor número de fallecidos entre su personal en un conflicto de su historia. 2023 ha sido un año violento. Se estima que 1 de cada 6 personas en el mundo ha estado expuesta a un conflicto en los últimos doce meses. La sensación de impunidad y de menosprecio por la legislación internacional se ha agravado. No solo en Gaza. El enquistamiento de la guerra en Ucrania; la expulsión de la población de origen armenio de Nagorno Karabaj; o la sucesión de golpes de estados vividos en seis países africanos en los últimos 36 meses dan buena cuenta de este momento de «desregulación del uso de la fuerza», que se ha ido fraguando durante años de erosión de las normas internacionales. Y si a finales de 2023 asistimos a la retirada de las tropas internacionales del G-5 Sahel desplegadas en Burkina Faso y Níger, como ya ocurrió un año antes con la expulsión de los soldados franceses de Mali, en 2024 será la misión de Naciones Unidas en Sudán (UNITAMS) la que tendrá que abandonar el país antes del 29 de febrero. Una retirada que Human Rights Watch ha calificado de «abdicación catastrófica» porque aumenta el riesgo de atrocidades y abusos a gran escala en un escenario de guerra civil, limpieza étnica y hambruna que ya ha provocado más de siete millones de desplazados internos, convirtiendo Sudán en el país con un mayor número de desplazados internos de todo el planeta.Y, sin embargo, el combate internacional por poner límites a la impunidad se dotará de nuevos instrumentos en 2024. A partir del 1 de enero, la Convención Liubliana-La Haya en cooperación internacional para la investigación y persecución del crimen de genocidio, lesa humanidad, crímenes de guerra y otros crímenes internacionales podrá ser firmado (y ratificado) por los estados miembros de Naciones Unidas que deseen adherirse. Se trata del mayor tratado para la lucha contra la impunidad internacional, que facilita la cooperación interestatal en la investigación judicial de estos crímenes, garantiza la reparación para las víctimas y agiliza la extradición. En paralelo, Naciones Unidas también está elaborando una Convención contra los crímenes contra la humanidad con el objetivo de crear un tratado vinculante de derecho internacional, especialmente en un contexto marcado por el aumento de estos crímenes en países como Myanmar, Ucrania, Sudán o Etiopía. En otoño de 2024, la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas tendrá que valorar el progreso de las negociaciones. Todo ello ocurrirá coincidiendo con los 30 años del genocidio de Rwanda.En marzo de 2023, la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) emitió una orden de arresto contra el presidente ruso Vladímir Putin por crímenes de guerra en Ucrania, hasta ahora sin consecuencias. Sin embargo, si en noviembre de 2024 Putin decidiera asistir a la próxima cumbre del G-20 en Brasil, eso supondría un desafío para el país anfitrión ya que, a diferencia de India, Brasil sí es parte del Estatuto de Roma de 1998, el tratado internacional que condujo a la creación de la CPI. Si en un principio el presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva aseguró que Putin no sería detenido en caso de acudir a la cumbre, después matizó que la decisión recaería sobre la justicia brasileña y no en el Gobierno. A pesar del pesimismo que pueda generar la eficacia de estos tratados, en los últimos meses hemos visto como, tras la ofensiva militar azerí en Nagorno Karabaj, Armenia ratificó en noviembre el Estatuto de Roma de la CPI, adquiriendo el estatus de país miembro a partir de febrero de 2024. Además, a finales de 2023, Sudáfrica, Bangladesh, Bolivia, las Comores y Djibouti reclamaron una investigación de la Corte Penal Internacional por crímenes de guerra, crímenes de lesa humanidad y genocidio en Palestina. Asimismo, en noviembre de 2023, las autoridades judiciales francesas emitían una orden de detención internacional contra el presidente sirio Bashar al-Assad –rehabilitado este mismo año con su retorno a la Liga Árabe, más de una década después de su expulsión– y varios generales sirios por el uso de armas químicas contra su población civil en 2013.2. La democracia, a examenMás de 4.000 millones de personas están llamadas a las urnas en 76 países, casi el 51% de la población mundial. Mientras la mayoría de la ciudadanía de estos países votará en democracias plenas o con imperfecciones, uno de cada cuatro votantes participará en comicios en regímenes híbridos y/o autoritarios. Países como Rusia, Túnez, Argelia, Bielorrusia, Rwanda o Irán instrumentalizarán estos procesos electorales para tratar de fortalecer a los liderazgos en el poder y ganar legitimidad ante sus ciudadanos, mientras que casi la otra mitad del electorado ejercerá su derecho a voto en países que, en los últimos años, han mostrado una erosión democrática o tentaciones iliberales, como en Estados Unidos o India.2023 se cierra con la toma de posesión del «anarcocapitalista» Javier Milei a la presidencia argentina, que confirma la profunda crisis de los partidos tradicionales y el auge de las agendas radicales: desde el agresivo punitivismo penal de Nayib Bukele en El Salvador ―que aspira a la reelección en 2024―, a la irrupción electoral de Renovación Popular en Perú, refundada por el hoy alcalde de Lima, Rafael López Aliaga. Respuestas extremas a los distintos escenarios de crisis político-económicas y de seguridad. En Europa, las urnas europeas dieron una de cal y otra de arena, con la victoria de la oposición polaca, por un lado, y los buenos resultados del islamófobo Geert Wilders en los Países Bajos, por el otro. Pero el intenso ciclo electoral de 2024 será decisivo para saber si se consolida la contestación, la fragmentación y el auge del extremismo político que han transformado las democracias a nivel global, o bien si el sistema resiste.En este test democrático, el voto de las mujeres y los jóvenes será clave. Lo fueron en Polonia, como castigo a las políticas reaccionarias del Partido Ley y Justicia (PIS). En Brasil o Austria, por ejemplo, el apoyo de los hombres a fuerzas de extrema derecha es 16 puntos superior al de las mujeres. En México, las presidenciales de junio de 2024 elegirán, por primera vez a en su historia, a una mujer como presidenta del país. Las dos candidatas son Claudia Sheinbaum, exalcaldesa de la capital y representante del gubernamental partido de izquierdas, Morena, y Xóchitl Gálvez, en nombre de una coalición opositora de Frente Amplio por México, que agrupa, entre otros, al derechista Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN) y al Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). En Estados Unidos, la movilización de las juventudes de origen latino será especialmente relevante. En los últimos años, más de 4,7 millones de jóvenes hispanos han obtenido el derecho a voto y su papel va a ser significativo en estados claves como Nevada o Arizona. Si bien esta cohorte tiende a mostrar una actitud e inclinación progresista, su perspectiva sobre los partidos dominantes es complicada: cuestiones identitarias, de discriminación o racismo suelen marcar su relación tanto con los Demócratas como con los Republicanos, y rechazan la identificación política, lo que refuerza la idea de que la polarización en Estados Unidos es más evidente entre los políticos que entre sus votantes. A pesar de ello, el miedo a unas elecciones injustas ha aumentado dramáticamente (del 49% en 2021 al 61% en 2023). Aunque la desigualdad económica sigue siendo la principal amenaza percibida (69%) entre los votantes estadounidenses, el mayor desafío en esta carrera electoral es, probablemente, la presencia de Donald Trump, no solo porque su futuro inmediato está en manos de los tribunales, sino también porque si su candidatura llegara a materializarse significaría que el Partido Republicano habría decidido entregar su futuro al hombre que intentó revertir los resultados electorales de hace cuatro años y que el propio comité del Congreso, que investigó la toma del Capitolio del 6 de enero de 2020, acusó de «insurrección». A partir de enero empezarán las elecciones primarias y los caucus estatales; sin embargo, a falta de concretarse los candidatos definitivos, el imaginario de un posible duelo electoral entre octogenarios se resuelve, de momento según las encuestas, a favor de Trump. Mientras tanto, la fecha del juicio al expresidente se acerca peligrosamente al supermartes del 5 de marzo, el día en que 13 estados votan en las primarias republicanas.Una investigación de The Guardian con la Universidad de Chicago afirma que un 5,5% de los estadounidenses, es decir, 14 millones de personas, creen que el uso de la fuerza está justificado para restaurar a Donald Trump en la presidencia, mientras que otro 8,9%, unos 23 millones de estadounidenses, creen que la fuerza está justificada para impedirlo. No se trata de una tendencia aislada. El riesgo de inestabilidad política y de violencia vinculada a procesos electorales va al alza, así lo confirma la Fundación Kofi-Annan.También el futuro de una Unión Europea, que afronta este invierno con dos guerras en su vecindario, se decidirá en las urnas. Además de las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo, que se celebrarán entre el 6 y el 9 de junio de 2024, 12 estados miembros también tienen comicios. Las elecciones generales en Bélgica, Portugal o Austria serán un buen termómetro para medir la fuerza de la extrema derecha, que aspira a salir reforzada de las elecciones a la Eurocámara. Si los comicios de 2019 determinaron el fin de la gran coalición que, desde los orígenes del Parlamento Europeo, había garantizado a socialdemócratas y democristianos una mayoría de escaños en el pleno de Estrasburgo, ahora el gran interrogante está en saber dónde quedarán los límites de la derechización de la UE. Las últimas proyecciones en intención de voto muestran resultados importantes para el grupo Identidad y Democracia (ID) –hogar de partidos de extrema derecha como el Reagrupamiento Nacional (RN) de Marine Le Pen o Alternativa para Alemania (AfD)– que llegaría hasta los 87 escaños y superaría a la otra familia de derecha radical, los Conservadores y Reformistas Europeos (ECR), que preside la primera ministra italiana Giorgia Meloni, que pasaría de los 66 eurodiputados actuales a 83. Sin embargo, y a pesar de la pérdida de escaños que sufrirían las fuerzas tradicionales, el Partido Popular Europeo (PPE) seguiría como la principal familia política de la Unión. Por eso, unos de los interrogantes de este 2024 es saber si ¿estaría dispuesto el PPE, que preside el bávaro Manfred Weber, a buscar una posible mayoría con la derecha radical?Las nuevas mayorías en la UE serán cruciales para decidir el futuro de los compromisos climáticos, la continuidad de la ayuda a Ucrania y las urgentes reformas institucionales que deben facilitar la entrada de futuros miembros. La ampliación tiene que pasar de ser una promesa a una realidad, pero la UE está cada vez menos preparada para llevarla a cabo. En 2024, cuatro países candidatos a la Unión celebrarán elecciones: Bosnia y Herzegovina, Moldova, Macedonia del Norte y Georgia, además de la incógnita que pende sobre la convocatoria de elecciones en Ucrania. Según su Constitución, Ucrania debería celebrar comicios en marzo de 2024. Pero, bajo la ley marcial, impuesta tras la invasión de Rusia en 2022, con una parte del electorado reticente a ir a las urnas en plena excepcionalidad, y con ocho millones de refugiados ucranianos fuera del país, Volodímir Zelenski ya apuntó en noviembre que no era «el momento adecuado».También un Reino Unido en plena crisis política y social podría avanzar elecciones generales, previstas para enero de 2025. Con un escenario desafiante para los conservadores frente al Partido Laborista encabezado por Keir Starmer, el actual primer ministro, Rishi Sunak, tiene discreción para elegir la fecha de los comicios. Otro de los interrogantes es Libia que, tras quedar pospuesto indefinidamente en 2021 el plan de Naciones Unidas de celebrar elecciones, la incapacidad de alcanzar un acuerdo entre los miembros de los dos gobiernos en el este y el oeste del país ha vuelto a mover la fecha de una posible celebración de comicios a 2024.En África, se celebrarán 16 elecciones, aunque solo seis de ellas tendrán lugar en países considerados como democracias. Treinta años después de las elecciones de 1994 en Sudáfrica, que marcaron el inicio de un viaje democrático dominado desde entonces por el Congreso Nacional Africano (CNA), el panorama político empieza a cambiar. Las elecciones generales de 2024 pueden confirmar el debilitamiento del poder y de los apoyos al CNA, mientras los principales partidos de la oposición buscan alianzas para presentar una alternativa. Además, la complicada situación económica, unida a otros factores como la corrupción, ha hecho que crezcan en popularidad partidos extremistas.También en India la oposición se presenta más unida que nunca ante un Narendra Modi que aspira a renovar un tercer mandato en primavera. Aupado en el nacionalismo, la polarización y la desinformación, Modi exhibirá los logros económicos y geopolíticos del país que en 2023 superó a China como el más poblado del mundo.Finalmente, está por ver qué grado de participación podrá tener la oposición venezolana en las elecciones presidenciales pactadas por Nicolás Maduro para la segunda mitad del año. De momento, el panorama interno se ha enrarecido todavía más con la intensificación del conflicto territorial con Guyana y la movilización del ejército. 3. De la saturación informativa a la desconexión social Nos encontramos ante unas sociedades cada vez más cansadas. Abrumadas por la saturación de contenidos y exhaustas por la velocidad de los cambios que deben digerir. La incertidumbre política y electoral, así como la multiplicidad de conflictos que marcarán el 2024 alimentarán todavía más el desfase entre sociedad, instituciones y partidos políticos. La cantidad de personas que declara «evitar» ver las noticias permanece cerca de máximos históricos, y es especialmente visible en Grecia (57%), Bulgaria (57%), Argentina (46%) o el Reino Unido (41%). ¿Las razones principales? La repetición excesiva de algunas informaciones y el peso emocional que pueden comportar para la salud mental de la población. En concreto, esta fatiga apunta, según el Reuters Institute, a cuestiones como la guerra en Ucrania (39%), la política nacional (38%) y a acontecimientos relacionados con la justicia social (31%) con altos niveles de politización y polarización. Los ecos de la pandemia de la COVID-19, las imágenes de la violencia bélica y su impacto económico sobre unas condiciones de vida cada vez más adversas para la población han amplificado esta tendencia a la desconexión social, agravada por el sentimiento de soledad y la polarización. No obstante, esta reducción del consumo periodístico se ha dado en paralelo a un mayor uso de redes sociales: las nuevas generaciones, por ejemplo, cada vez prestan más atención a influencers que a periodistas. A su vez, crece la fragmentación de las redes sociales. La migración de usuarios hacia Instagram o TikTok también ha alterado la forma de consumir la actualidad, con una priorización del contenido de ocio en lugar del informativo. No se trata solo de una renuncia voluntaria a la información, sino que esta tendencia de desconexión también ha llevado a una reducción en la participación social y en los debates en redes tal como se vivieron durante las primaveras árabes en 2011, en la movilización del MeToo o en el Black Lives Matter. Casi la mitad de los usuarios de redes sociales abiertas (47%) ya no participa ni reacciona a las noticias. Pero, además, la desconexión informativa también está vinculada a la desconexión política y a las transformaciones sociales que han alterado claramente los comportamientos electorales. Los cambios demográficos relacionados con el uso de la tecnología y el contexto de volatilidad permanente también se han traducido en una menor fidelización del voto, lo que ha contribuido a la crisis de los partidos tradicionales. El elemento identitario de pertenencia a un partido ha mutado entre los más jóvenes. La identificación se construye desde el posicionamiento en cuestiones como el cambio climático, la inmigración, el racismo, los derechos de las mujeres o el colectivo LGTBI+, o incluso el conflicto de Israel y Palestina. El 65% de los adultos estadounidenses declara que se siente agotado, siempre o con frecuencia, cuando piensa en política. Según el Pew Research Center, 6 de cada 10 estadounidenses en edad de votar admite tener muy poca o ninguna confianza en el futuro del sistema político de su país. Y este descontento se extiende a las tres ramas del gobierno, a los actuales líderes políticos, y a los candidatos a cargos públicos. Cuando se les pide que resuman sus sentimientos sobre la política en una sola palabra, el 79% se muestra negativo o crítico. Las más repetidas son los adjetivos «divisiva», «corrupta», «caótica» o «polarizada», y lamentan la sobreexposición mediática de los conflictos entre republicanos y demócratas, y la poca atención prestada «a los problemas importantes que enfrenta el país». La paradoja, sin embargo, es que este descontento ha coincidido, en estos últimos años, con niveles históricamente altos de participación electoral. La duda es si se repetirán en las presidenciales del próximo noviembre, especialmente cuando coinciden con otro elemento de desafección generacional como es la gerontocracia. En 2023, la media de edad de los líderes mundiales ha sido de 62 años. Para los jóvenes, los partidos políticos tradicionales han sido incapaces de articular una forma de comunicación directa, aumentando la sensación de desconexión entre sociedad, políticos e instituciones. En este contexto, una reedición de la confrontación Biden-Trump en 2024 enfatizaría la extrema polarización entre republicanos y demócratas en un ciclo electoral considerado de riesgo. El derecho al aborto y la seguridad siguen siendo puntos fuertes de movilización para los votantes.Por otra parte, la desconexión también puede ser forzada y, en ese caso, el bloqueo informativo se convierte en un arma de represión y censura de la libertad de expresión. Irán, India y Pakistán fueron los tres países con más restricciones al acceso de Internet en la primera mitad de 2023, y los tres celebrarán elecciones en 2024. Con el auge y la consolidación de la IA, la desinformación será uno de los retos adicionales de este superaño electoral, ya que su rápido progreso, especialmente en el ámbito generativo, puede proyectar una sombra todavía mayor sobre la confianza en la información y en los procesos electorales. El perfeccionamiento de los deepfakes, la rápida y sencilla creación de imágenes, textos, audios o propaganda por IA, así como la creciente dependencia de las redes sociales para consultar e informarse de la realidad, representan un caldo de cultivo para la desinformación en un momento en el que aún no existe un control efectivo de estas tecnologías. Quizás por eso la palabra del año de 2023 para el diccionario Merriam-Webster ha sido «auténtico». Con el preludio de aquella «posverdad» de 2016, la capacidad tecnológica de manipular hoy la realidad no tiene precedentes, desde la autenticidad de una imagen a la redacción de un trabajo académico. Por eso, más de la mitad de los usuarios de redes sociales (56%) dudan sobre su propia capacidad de poder discernir aquello que es falso de la realidad en las noticias de Internet. 4. Inteligencia artificial: explosión y regulación 2023 fue el año de la irrupción de la IA generativa; el año de la presentación en sociedad de ChatGPT que, en enero, solo dos meses después de su lanzamiento, ya contaba con 100 millones de usuarios y, en agosto, llegó a los 180 millones. Pero, la revolución también trajo consigo una nueva consciencia de los riesgos, aceleración y transformación que supone una tecnología que aspira a compararse con la inteligencia humana, o incluso a mejorarla o superarla. Por eso, 2024 será un año fundamental para la regulación de la IA. Las bases ya están puestas y solo hay que repasar las distintas iniciativas en marcha. La más ambiciosa es la de la UE, que está decidida a convertirse en la primera región del mundo que se dota de una ley integral para regular la inteligencia artificial y liderar el salto adelante que hay en ciernes. La Unión ha optado por categorizar los riesgos (inaceptables, elevados, limitados o mínimos) que supone el uso de sistemas de IA y obligará a realizar una «evaluación de impacto en los derechos fundamentales» antes de que un sistema de IA de «alto riesgo» pueda ser sacado al mercado. El acuerdo alcanzado el 7 de diciembre se ratificará en el primer trimestre de 2024 y dará paso a un período de dos años hasta su implementación total en 2026.Casi también en tiempo de descuento, el G-7 adoptó el 1 de diciembre de 2023 una guía internacional para desarrolladores y usuarios de la inteligencia artificial, especialmente para la IA generativa, que menciona la necesidad de introducir medidas para gestionar la desinformación, considerada uno de los principales riesgos para los líderes del G-7 por su impacto en la manipulación de la opinión pública a las puertas de un año de sobreexcitación electoral global.Pero el debate de la gobernanza va de la mano de la carrera geopolítica por liderar la innovación tecnológica y, a diferencia de la UE, en el caso de Estados Unidos y China eso significa, además, el desarrollo de su aplicación militar. Ambos países buscan afianzar su liderazgo, y la primera cumbre mundial sobre seguridad de la IA, convocada por el primer ministro británico, Rishi Sunak, se convirtió en el punto de encuentro de los grandes poderes globales –públicos y privados; tecnoautoritarios o abiertos– intentando regular o influir en los debates sobre regularización en curso. La cumbre tendrá una segunda edición en Seúl y una tercera en París, ambas en 2024. De momento, deja sobre la mesa la «Declaración Bletchley», firmada por 28 países, que recoge un compromiso para abordar las principales amenazas de la IA, un acuerdo para examinar los modelos de IA de empresas tecnológicas antes de su lanzamiento, así como un pacto para establecer un panel global de expertos sobre inteligencia artificial, inspirado en el Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) de Naciones Unidas. Además, en la embajada de Estados Unidos en Londres, 31 países firmaron, en paralelo, una declaración (no vinculante) para establecer límites al uso militar de la IA. Por su parte, China continúa avanzando hacia su objetivo de alcanzar un 70% de autosuficiencia en tecnología crítica para 2025, mientras va aumentando claramente su presencia en los principales organismos internacionales de estandarización relacionados con la tecnología.A toda esta hiperactividad normativa, se sumará la adopción, en septiembre de 2024, de un Pacto Digital Mundial, durante la Cumbre del Futuro que organizará Naciones Unidas. Este pacto supondrá la creación de un marco de cooperación multiactor y multisectorial entre gobiernos, empresas privadas y sociedad civil, que debería establecer unas reglas comunes que guíen el desarrollo digital en el futuro. La aplicación de los derechos humanos en Internet, la regulación de la IA y la inclusión digital serán algunos de los temas principales a discutir.Esta necesidad de regular la IA se verá acentuada también, en los próximos meses, por una creciente democratización de las herramientas de IA, lo que comportará una mayor integración en distintos sectores profesionales. El foco en una IA responsable se intensificará a escala local (más ciudades desplegando estrategias o marcos regulatorios de la IA), nacional y transnacional. Y es que, a medida que la IA adquiere un papel más importante en la toma de decisiones en toda la sociedad, la seguridad, la confiabilidad, la equidad y la responsabilidad son fundamentales. El informe anual de McKinsey sobre el uso de herramientas de IA generativa señala que un tercio de las empresas encuestadas han empezado a utilizar este tipo de programas. El sector tecnológico y de comunicaciones (40%), así como el financiero (38%) y el legal (36%), se encuentran a la cabeza en su uso y aplicación. Sin embargo, este mismo estudio también señala que justamente los sectores laborales que dependen en mayor medida del conocimiento de sus empleados serán los que verán un impacto más disruptivo de estas tecnologías –si este impacto es positivo o negativo es aún incierto–. A diferencia de otras revoluciones que han transformado el mercado laboral, son los llamados «trabajadores de cuello blanco» los que pueden sentirse más vulnerables ante la IA generativa. En cambio, un estudio del Banco Central Europeo asegura que la IA no está suplantando a los trabajadores, pero sí está reduciendo ligeramente sus sueldos, especialmente en empleos considerados como poco o medio cualificados, más expuestos a las herramientas de automatización, y entre las mujeres.En el marco de esta aceleración reguladora de la revolución digital, 2024 también será el año en que la UE desplegará, con todo su potencial, la nueva legislación de servicios y mercados digitales para fijar límites y obligaciones al poder monopolístico de las grandes plataformas y a su responsabilidad en la propagación algorítmica de desinformación y contenido dañino. A partir del 1 de enero, las Big Tech se enfrentan al imperativo de cumplir con estas regulaciones, con multas potenciales por incumplimiento que alcanzan hasta el 6% de la facturación global, según la DSA (Digital Services Act), y entre el 10% y el 20% de la facturación mundial según la DMA (Digital Markets Act). También aumentará en 2024 el flujo de datos internacionales, en particular las transferencias entre la UE y Estados Unidos, en virtud del nuevo Marco de privacidad de datos aprobado en julio de 2023. Veremos también un nuevo escrutinio por parte de ONG y grupos de defensa de los derechos digitales para determinar la legalidad y el respeto a la privacidad individual en estos intercambios.5. Resaca económica y sostenibilidad de la deudaEn 2024 serán más visibles las consecuencias económicas de la sucesión de crisis experimentadas en los últimos años, especialmente el impacto del aumento de los tipos de interés para hacer frente al mayor repunte de la inflación en cuarenta años tras la crisis energética de 2022. Asimismo, el endurecimiento de las condiciones de financiación limitará la política fiscal, tras el rápido aumento del endeudamiento para hacer frente a los impactos de la COVID-19 y la guerra en Ucrania.En este contexto, el crecimiento será débil. El Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) no espera que la inflación se sitúe en el objetivo de la mayoría de bancos centrales hasta 2025, lo que augura tipos de interés elevados durante un largo período de tiempo, sobre todo si se vuelve a tensionar el precio del petróleo en un contexto de elevada incertidumbre geopolítica. La previsión de crecimiento del FMI para 2024 es del 2,9%, una tasa muy similar a la estimada para 2023 e inferior a las tasas de crecimiento prepandemia.Sin embargo, el enfriamiento será dispar por economías. Estados Unidos parece haber evitado la recesión gracias a la fortaleza de su mercado laboral y a los estímulos fiscales, por lo que se enfrentaría a un aterrizaje suave. En ese país, las políticas de relocalización industrial, como la Inflation Reduction Act, los beneficios empresariales récord poscovid, así como la extraordinaria pérdida de poder adquisitivo causada por la inflación han sido algunos de los ingredientes que explican el renacer del movimiento sindical estadounidense, sin precedentes desde los años setenta del siglo pasado. Su éxito puede ser contagioso a otros sectores y economías con mercados laborales tensionados. Así, en 2024, el descenso de la inflación y el alza de los salarios podría proveer de cierto alivio económico.En la UE habrá un mayor escrutinio sobre las cuentas públicas, especialmente de países con un menor margen financiero como Italia, tras el rápido aumento del endeudamiento para hacer frente a la pandemia y el impacto de la guerra en Ucrania, debido a las condiciones de financiación y la entrada en vigor de la reforma de las reglas fiscales. La «disciplina fiscal» estará también muy presente en la negociación del nuevo marco presupuestario de la UE (MFF, por sus siglas en inglés), donde la UE confrontará sus mayores deseos (apoyo a Ucrania, respaldo a la política industrial, la transición verde y aumento de las partidas para defensa, migración o el Global Gateway) con la realidad (falta de recursos y acuerdo para ampliarlos). La adopción de la Estrategia Europea de Seguridad Económica y el resultado de la investigación antidumping contra las subvenciones chinas al vehículo eléctrico determinarán en buena medida si en el frente económico la UE opta por alinearse con Estados Unidos en su competición estratégica con China o intenta mostrarse como paladín de una globalización reformada.También habrá que seguir de cerca la evolución de una China que se enfrenta a su menor crecimiento económico en 35 años, exceptuando los años de la COVID-19, lastrado por sus desequilibrios, especialmente en lo que concierne a una excesiva acumulación de deuda y a su dependencia del sector inmobiliario. El cambio de las reglas de la globalización impulsadas por la competencia estratégica de Estados Unidos lastrará también sus exportaciones y capacidad de atraer capital en un contexto en el que el liderazgo chino prioriza la seguridad económica al crecimiento. Con una demografía adversa, el país aún no ha conseguido erigir el consumo interno como motor de crecimiento.Por su parte, los países emergentes sentirán con fuerza el frenazo chino, especialmente aquellos con una mayor dependencia comercial y financiera. El éxito en términos de volumen de inversión de la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta se ha visto ensombrecido por los problemas en la devolución de hasta el 60% de los préstamos, lo que ha llevado a Xi Jinping a anunciar una nueva etapa de inversiones con proyectos más pequeños. En 2024, el nuevo papel de China como prestamista de última instancia y su participación en los procesos de reestructuración de deuda de países en dificultades tendrán una creciente importancia en cómo es percibida y en su influencia geoeconómica sobre el Sur Global.Y es que un elevado número de países emergentes se encuentran en una delicada situación fiscal que, en un contexto de rápido tensionamiento de las condiciones financieras y de fortaleza del dólar, agrava también su vulnerabilidad externa. Aunque algunos de ellos, como México, Vietnam o Marruecos se están aprovechando de la reconfiguración del comercio y de las cadenas de valor (nearshoring), la mayoría de países emergentes pueden verse perjudicados por un escenario de mayor fragmentación económica. Según la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), el comercio de bienes entre dos bloques geopolíticos hipotéticos –basados en los patrones de votación en Naciones Unidas– ha crecido entre un 4% y un 6% más lento que el comercio dentro de estos bloques desde la invasión de Ucrania.En este contexto de escaso margen monetario y fiscal, el colchón para amortiguar otra crisis es muy reducido, lo que puede exacerbar la volatilidad y el nerviosismo de los mercados ante episodios de incertidumbre. El principal foco de atención puede pasar de Ucrania a Oriente Medio, ya que los shocks de petróleo se transmiten a la economía de manera más amplia que los del gas natural. Esto podría afectar, directamente, a la UE y a España, especialmente dependientes porque importan más del 90% del petróleo que consumen. Además, las reservas estratégicas de petróleo en Estados Unidos se encuentran en mínimos equivalentes a los de 1983, y los pocos países con margen para incrementar su producción de crudo (Arabia Saudí, Emiratos Árabes Unidos y Rusia) puede que no estén por la labor de hacerlo sin concesiones políticas significativas.6. Sur(es) y Norte(s)tSi en nuestro ejercicio para 2023 anunciábamos la consolidación del Sur Global como espacio de confrontación y liderazgo, y apuntábamos a la presencia estratégica de India, Turquía, Arabia Saudí o Brasil, en 2024 esta reconfiguración dará una vuelta de tuerca más. Las contradicciones y fragmentaciones de esta lógica dicotómica Norte-Sur quedarán más expuestas que nunca. El Sur Global se ha consolidado como un actor clave en la contestación a Occidente bajo lógicas antiimperialistas o de doble rasero. La imagen más simbólica de este momento de expansión geopolítica la veremos en octubre de 2024, cuando los BRICS se reúnan en Rusia para formalizar su ampliación. Brasil, Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica suman a su club a Arabia Saudí, Egipto, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Etiopía e Irán. Juntos suponen el 46% de la población mundial, un 29% del PIB global, e incluyen a dos de los tres mayores productores de petróleo del mundo. De esta forma, los BRICS ganarán una voz todavía más potente, aunque inevitablemente también es posible que integren más contradicciones internas y agendas propias. No obstante, la elección de Javier Milei como presidente de Argentina, que ha confirmado su decisión de no unirse a los BRICS, también alimenta la idea de este choque de agendas e intereses en el Sur Global: Arabia Saudí e Irán son competidores por la influencia estratégica en el Golfo Pérsico, e India y China tienen sus propias disputas fronterizas en el Himalaya. El Sur Global seguirá ganando influencia, pero también heterogeneidad. Más allá de una retórica poscolonial compartida, su acción es muy diversa. El Sur Global es multirregional y multidimensional y está compuesto por regímenes políticos diferentes. Pero también es el espacio geográfico donde se consolidan los flujos comerciales globales como consecuencia de la reglobalización. El último informe anual de la OMC confirma que, a pesar de que las economías avanzadas siguen siendo actores clave del comercio mundial, ya no son dominantes. Sin embargo, si en 2023 hablábamos de la aceleración geopolítica de los «otros» con India como símbolo de este potencial liderazgo del Sur Global, en 2024 será América Latina quien tratará de adoptar un papel protagonista. Brasil será el país anfitrión del G-20, mientras que Perú acogerá la Cumbre de Cooperación Económica en Asia Pacífico (APEC).Y en esta superación de dicotomías, también el Norte Global puede sufrir una fractura interna profunda si se confirma el retorno de Donald Trump a la Casa Blanca. La distancia transatlántica se ha impuesto como el nuevo marco de unas relaciones con más carga transaccional que de alianza tradicional. El desencuentro entre Washington y Bruselas se agravará en 2024 cuando Estados Unidos pida a la UE aumentar su contribución al Gobierno de Volodímir Zelensky y la propia lógica de divisiones internas entre socios comunitarios lo impida. Especialmente tenso será el segundo semestre de 2024, cuando Hungría –el país más reticente de la UE sobre la ayuda militar y la futura adhesión de Ucrania– asuma la presidencia rotatoria de la Unión. Será también paradójico que esta brecha en el Norte Global se ensanche por la guerra de Ucrania. Precisamente, en 2023, la invasión rusa fue el mortero que cimentó la unidad transatlántica y confrontó a la UE y a Estados Unidos con los límites de su capacidad de influencia ante un Sur Global que cuestionaba el doble rasero de Occidente. En 2024, en cambio, la guerra en Ucrania puede aumentar la distancia entre Washington y Bruselas.A pesar de esta lógica de confrontación, la miopía geopolítica del binarismo está cada vez más fuera de lugar. Y, sin embargo, cuesta de superar. El hecho de que Estados Unidos y la UE sigan planteándose su relación con América Latina solo como espacio de explotación de recursos y de disputa geopolítica con China es parte de esa miopía. De momento, el fracaso reiterado de las negociaciones para un acuerdo UE-Mercosur alejan una vez más el sueño suramericano de poder reforzar su presencia comercial en el mercado único europeo. Las negociaciones se retomarán en el primer semestre de 2024, después de que Paraguay tome el relevo de Brasil en la presidencia de Mercosur.7. Retroceso en los compromisos internacionales2023 deja la cooperación internacional en la cuerda floja. Con un lenguaje cada vez más contundente, António Guterres declaraba que el mundo está «lamentablemente fuera de rumbo» en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), que en 2023 llegaron al ecuador de su implementación. 2024 tiene que demostrar si la comunidad internacional todavía es capaz y quiere consensuar respuestas coordinadas a problemas globales compartidos, a través de órganos de gobernanza colectiva. No será fácil. Estamos ante una aceleración de la crisis ecológica, ante un récord de migraciones y desplazamientos forzosos, así como ante una clara involución de la agenda para la igualdad de género.Por primera vez, la Agencia Internacional de la Energía (AIE) proyecta que la demanda mundial de petróleo, carbón y gas natural alcanzará su punto máximo en esta década basándose únicamente en la configuración de políticas actuales, según World Energy Outlook 2023. A corto plazo, los países productores de combustibles fósiles ignoran las alertas climáticas y planean aumentar la extracción de carbón, petróleo y gas. La elección de un Estado petrolero, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, como anfitrión de una cumbre climática y el nombramiento de un ejecutivo de combustibles fósiles para presidirla, ya era, como mínimo, un mal augurio. Y, sin embargo, la COP28 de Dubái ha sido la primera que ha conseguido sacar un texto que reconoce explícitamente la necesidad de «dejar atrás» los combustibles fósiles: el petróleo, el carbón y el gas, como principales responsables de la crisis climática. Si bien el acuerdo final ha sido celebrado como histórico por hacer referencia a esta necesidad de iniciar una transición (transitioning away from) para garantizar unas emisiones cero netas en 2050, el grado de ambición demostrado no es suficiente para cumplir con los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. Asimismo, si bien la creación de un Fondo para Pérdidas y Daños para compensar a los países más afectados por el cambio climático también es un paso positivo, la recaudación inicial de 700 millones de dólares queda muy por debajo de lo necesario. Cada año, los países en desarrollo hacen frente a 400.000 millones de dólares de pérdidas vinculadas a la acción climática. En este contexto, no solo se corre el riesgo de empeorar los impactos climáticos, sino que también veremos emerger, todavía con más fuerza, tensiones sociales y políticas entre gobiernos y sociedades por la explotación de los recursos. En Europa hay una creciente insatisfacción con las políticas de transición climática de la Unión, y el previsible ascenso de las fuerzas euroescépticas y de derecha radical en las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo de junio de 2024 puede aumentar todavía más esta presión. La hiperactividad regulatoria en cuestiones climáticas e industriales está aumentando la politización de este tema, avivando el malestar social en ciertos estados miembros. Italia, Polonia, los Países Bajos y ciertos sectores de Alemania, en especial del partido de extrema derecha Alternativa para Alemania (AfD), están tratando de limitar las ambiciones de la UE en materia climática. La llegada del nuevo Gobierno sueco, apoyado por la derecha radical, ha frenado de golpe los compromisos climáticos que lideraba uno de los países de la UE que más ha contribuido a las políticas medioambientales comunitarias. Un retorno de Donald Trump a la Casa Blanca también haría tambalear de nuevo algunos de los limitados avances domésticos e internacionales en este ámbito.Según una encuesta realizada por Ipsos, mientras una gran parte de los hogares europeos continúan dando prioridad al medio ambiente frente al crecimiento económico, esta proporción está en declive: si en 2019 un 53% de los hogares preferían la protección del medio ambiente, en 2022 esta cifra se había reducido cinco puntos, pese al impacto evidente de los fenómenos climáticos. Sin embargo, esta tendencia de «no en mi patio trasero» no se limita a Europa. A finales de 2023, hemos visto la resistencia de los panameños contra la ampliación de contratos de minería. Algunos expertos hablan de «choque de ambientalismos» para referirse a la confrontación que surge entre aquellos que quieren proteger los recursos naturales de su país y el deterioro de los ecosistemas, y los intereses de gobiernos que buscan recursos para alimentar su transición energética. Lo mismo puede ocurrir en la UE. A principios de 2024, entrará en vigor la Ley de Materias Primas Críticas que quiere garantizar el suministro de níquel, litio, magnesio y otros materiales esenciales para la transición verde y las industrias estratégicas, vitales para los coches eléctricos y las energías renovables, los equipos militares y los sistemas aeroespaciales, así como para los ordenadores y los teléfonos móviles. Y, en este contexto, la UE prevé revivir la minería en el continente. Una decisión que puede movilizar protestas ecologistas en la Unión en los próximos meses.También en 2024 se espera que los estados miembros de Naciones Unidas lleguen a un acuerdo global para acabar con la contaminación por plásticos. Será un tratado internacional, jurídicamente vinculante, considerado como el pacto medioambiental multilateral más importante desde el Acuerdo de París, y que fijará un plan de actuación hasta 2040.Sin embargo, son las políticas de género y las políticas migratorias las que están más expuestas a esta ola radical que ha transformado las agendas gubernamentales, sobre todo, en la UE y en América Latina. Si bien es verdad que la igualdad de género durante 2023 se ha recuperado a niveles previos a la pandemia, el ritmo de progreso se ha desacelerado. A este paso, se necesitarán 131 años para alcanzar la plena paridad. Aunque la proporción de mujeres contratadas para puestos de liderazgo ha aumentado de manera constante en aproximadamente un 1% anual a nivel mundial durante los últimos ocho años, esta tendencia se revirtió en 2023, retrocediendo a los niveles de 2021. Las emergentes políticas exteriores feministas, que definían aquellos países con un claro compromiso de promover la igualdad de género en las relaciones internacionales, han sumado cuatro bajas importantes en los últimos meses: Suecia, Luxemburgo, los Países Bajos y Argentina. Los cambios de Gobierno, junto con la creciente politización y polarización de las cuestiones percibidas como «feministas», han demostrado el fácil abandono de estas iniciativas, dependientes de las orientaciones progresistas de los gobiernos en el poder. México, otro de los países que ha adoptado estas políticas, se enfrentará a unos comicios en junio que también marcarán la continuidad o el abandono de su compromiso con la igualdad de género en la acción exterior. Y, pese a no tener una política exterior feminista, el retorno de Trump a la Casa Blanca podría llevar al restablecimiento de políticas restrictivas sobre el aborto y de recortes de financiación contra las ONG internacionales que promueven los derechos sexuales y reproductivos.Además, el Instituto Internacional para la Democracia y la Asistencia Electoral (IDEA) denuncia el resurgimiento de tendencias antifeministas en países como Croacia e Italia, destacando discursos sexistas y homófobos por parte de líderes europeos como Viktor Orbán, Andrzej Duda o Giorgia Meloni, que justifican ataques a los derechos de las mujeres y de las personas LGBTQIA+ y socavan años de esfuerzos para lograr avances en la ruptura de los estereotipos de género. Si bien el Plan de Acción en materia de Género III de la UE tiene vigencia hasta 2025, un cambio de orientación política en Bruselas también diluiría los compromisos de uno de los actores más implicados en este ámbito. En una nota más positiva, será interesante seguir en 2024 los avances de Naciones Unidas respecto a la Convención contra los crímenes contra la humanidad, ya que movimientos feministas y de la sociedad civil de todo el mundo aprovecharán esta oportunidad para tratar de codificar el apartheid de género como crimen contra la humanidad –especialmente debido a la continua discriminación y opresión del régimen talibán hacia las mujeres afganas y a la situación de las mujeres iraníes.También las políticas migratorias europeas han formalizado un retroceso importante. El Pacto Europeo de Migración y Asilo, que está previsto que salga adelante antes de las elecciones europeas de 2024, supone una legitimación de las políticas antiinmigración de la UE. Dicho pacto permite retrasar el registro de los solicitantes de asilo, instaurar procedimientos de asilo fronterizos de segunda categoría y ampliar el tiempo de detención en frontera; es decir, rebaja estándares y legaliza lo que hasta ahora era directamente ilegal. Este acuerdo en ciernes refleja los niveles de polarización y politización que marcan el paso de la respuesta europea a las migraciones. Y, en plena precampaña electoral, la utilización política del debate migratorio será todavía más evidente en los próximos meses. Ello forma parte, además, de otro proceso más de fondo: las políticas de externalización de la migración de la UE, que han alimentado también la estigmatización de los inmigrantes y refugiados en la región de Oriente Medio y Norte de Africa (MENA por sus siglas en inglés). 8. Desbordamiento humanitarioLas guerras y la violencia impulsaron el desplazamiento forzado a escala mundial hasta una cifra récord estimada de 114 millones de personas a finales de septiembre de 2023, según ACNUR. Los principales generadores de estos desplazamientos forzados fueron la guerra en Ucrania y los conflictos en Sudán, la República Democrática del Congo y Myanmar; además de la sequía, las inundaciones y la inseguridad que azota Somalia; así como una prolongada crisis humanitaria en Afganistán.Solo en los primeros seis meses de 2023, se presentaron 1,6 millones de nuevas solicitudes individuales de asilo a nivel mundial, la cifra más alta jamás registrada. No se trata de una situación excepcional. La reactivación de conflictos olvidados ha aumentado los niveles de volatilidad y violencia. En octubre de 2023, más de 100.500 personas –más del 80% de los 120.000 habitantes estimados de Nagorno Karabaj– huyeron a Armenia tras la toma de control del enclave por parte de Azerbaiyán. También hubo miles de desplazados en el norte de Shan, por la escalada de combates entre las Fuerzas Armadas de Myanmar y varios grupos armados. A finales de octubre de 2023, casi dos millones de personas se encuentran desplazadas internamente en Myanmar, en condiciones precarias y necesitadas de asistencia vital. Y las imágenes de más de un millón de palestinos huyendo de sus hogares por los bombardeos israelíes, que se iniciaron tras el brutal ataque de Hamás del 7 de octubre, reflejan la crisis humanitaria que azota Gaza.Sin embargo, este incremento en el número de refugiados y desplazados no ha ido acompañado de un refuerzo de la ayuda internacional necesaria para cubrir sus necesidades. Más de un millón de refugiados rohingya en Bangladesh deberán hacer frente al menguante compromiso internacional. En 2023, Naciones Unidas redujo un tercio la asistencia alimentaria y la ayuda humanitaria a este colectivo. La falta de financiación internacional disminuyó considerablemente los niveles de asistencia en 2023, y el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA) se vio obligado a recortar entre un 30% y un 50% el tamaño y el alcance de la asistencia alimentaria, monetaria y nutricional que ofrece. 2.300 millones de personas, casi un 30% de la población mundial, hoy están al límite de una situación de inseguridad alimentaria moderada o grave. El alza continuada del precio de los alimentos en 2024 y el impacto de las condiciones meteorológicas adversas en la producción agrícola pueden empeorar todavía más esta situación. La Oficina para la Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios (OCHA) de Naciones Unidas prevé que entre 105 y 110 millones de personas necesitarán asistencia alimentaria al menos hasta principios de 2024, con un aumento de las necesidades en las regiones de África Austral y América Latina y el Caribe, y una disminución neta en África Oriental.De momento, los expertos alertan sobre el riesgo de una nueva crisis del arroz en 2024, como consecuencia de la restricción en las exportaciones que impuso India para intentar contener los efectos del descenso de producción interna. La ola expansiva de esta prohibición ha provocado también el encarecimiento de los precios del arroz en Tailandia y Vietnam, segundo y tercer mayor exportador de arroz después de India, que han visto aumentar los precios un 14% y un 22%, respectivamente. A ello se suman los efectos del fenómeno climático de El Niño, asociado con el calor y la sequía en todo el Océano Pacífico, que puede dañar la producción de 2024. Por todo ello, los expertos advierten que, si India mantiene las restricciones actuales, el mundo va camino de repetir la crisis del arroz de 2008. El fenómeno de El Niño, que no se disipará hasta mediados de 2024, suele estar asociado, por una parte, a un incremento de las precipitaciones en algunas zonas meridionales de América del Sur, del sur de los Estados Unidos, el Cuerno de África y Asia central; pero, por la otra, también puede provocar graves sequías en Australia, Indonesia y partes del sureste asiático. El último episodio de este fenómeno, en 2016, significó el año más cálido jamás registrado, con unos récords globales de calor que todavía no se han superado.Los gobiernos donantes y las agencias humanitarias deben prepararse para un 2024 de grandes necesidades de asistencia en múltiples regiones. 2023 ya nos ha dejado varias muestras de ello: sequía extrema en el Amazonas y restricciones del tráfico marítimo en el canal de Panamá; incendios forestales en Bolivia y cortes de luz diarios en Ecuador debido a la baja producción de electricidad que proviene en más del 80% de centrales hidroeléctricas; las peores inundaciones registradas en el noroeste de Argentina, que provocaron además deslizamientos de tierra que afectaron a más de 6.000 personas; y un devastador huracán de categoría 5 en México que sorprendió a autoridades y científicos, los cuales no pudieron prever la intensidad del fenómeno. 9. Securitización versus derechosEl conflicto entre seguridad y derechos fundamentales ha sido una constante en 2023, y la incertidumbre electoral de los próximos meses fomentará, todavía más, la tentación de las políticas de control y mano dura. El debate público en toda América Latina, sin excepción, ha quedado copado por la seguridad, con efectos directos sobre otras crisis como la migratoria, que desde hace una década afecta a todo el continente, y que en 2024 se prevé todavía más intensa. El bukelismo gana adeptos. El nuevo presidente argentino, Javier Milei, ha declarado su admiración por las políticas de mano dura del presidente salvadoreño, Nayib Bukele. También la campaña electoral en Ecuador estuvo muy marcada por el debate de la seguridad. El continente lucha contra una nueva ola de criminalidad que se ha extendido a países tradicionalmente más estables, que ahora forman parte de rutas rentables del narcotráfico, como son los casos de Paraguay y Argentina. El tráfico de personas, sobre todo la explotación criminal de la crisis migratoria venezolana, también ha crecido en toda América Latina. En este contexto, Naciones Unidas y la Interpol han puesto en marcha una iniciativa conjunta contra la trata de seres humanos. Está por ver el impacto que las elecciones venezolanas puedan tener en esta crisis migratoria, que ya ha provocado la salida de más de siete millones de personas desde 2014.Asimismo, con el aumento de la impunidad, también ha crecido el riesgo de la tentación autoritaria por parte de los gobiernos de la región latinoamericana, con la militarización de la seguridad pública y el debilitamiento democrático en todo el continente. También en la UE. La sensación de vulnerabilidad se ha convertido, desde hace tiempo, en un revulsivo político para determinadas fuerzas en Europa. Desde el inicio de la guerra en Gaza, algunos países europeos han extremado la seguridad por miedo a atentados, hasta el punto de prohibir manifestaciones de apoyo a la población palestina, como fue el caso en Francia. En este sentido, la securitización de los movimientos sociales también emerge como una estrategia que seguirá ganando peso en 2024. Cada vez más, los gobiernos democráticos están extremando la presión sobre los movimientos de protesta: multas, prohibiciones de la libertad de expresión o persecución judicial están empequeñeciendo el espacio de la protesta civil. En este contexto, la UE ha llegado a un acuerdo en 2023 para legislar contra las demandas estratégicas que pretenden desincentivar la participación pública o silenciar a medios independientes (las llamadas SLAP, en sus siglas en inglés) que debería ratificarse antes del final de mandato.Finalmente, el debate de la seguridad y su efecto sobre los derechos individuales marcará también los meses previos a los Juegos Olímpicos de 2024 en París. Grupos de derechos humanos han denunciado los planes del Gobierno francés para la utilización de cámaras de reconocimiento con IA para detectar en tiempo real actividades sospechosas en las calles de la capital durante los juegos. La tecnología es un elemento crucial de la transformación que vive el binomio seguridad y conflicto. Los drones se han convertido en un arma clave para la resistencia en Ucrania, como también lo fue en el arsenal de Hamás utilizado en su ataque del 7 de octubre contra Israel. Precisamente unos Estados Unidos en pleno recorte presupuestario han asignado, en cambio, una inyección de dinero extra, en 2024, al Pentágono para el desarrollo de la llamada «guerra electrónica». 10. Desacoplamiento entre intereses y valoresHay un hilo conductor en muchos de los puntos anteriores que hilvana un mundo cada vez más diverso y (des)ordenado a través de intereses y alianzas cambiantes. En su informe de prospectiva estratégica de 2023, la Comisión Europea reconoce que la «batalla de narrativas» que durante tanto tiempo utilizó como argumento de la confrontación geopolítica entre democracia y autoritarismo está quedando obsoleta. Ello va más allá de la constatación de que Occidente ha perdido la batalla por el relato de la guerra de Ucrania y de que su doble rasero ante los conflictos del mundo empequeñece la capacidad de influencia de la UE. El caso de Sudán es el ejemplo más claro de cómo Occidente puede comprometerse con guerras que considera existenciales para la supervivencia de sus propios valores, como la de Ucrania, mientras ignora el genocidio que se está cometiendo, con asesinatos casa por casa, en los campos de refugiados de Darfur.El mundo se ha transformado en una «batalla de ofertas» que configura tanto la opinión pública como la acción de los gobiernos. Crece la diversidad de opciones y de alianzas. Las narrativas hasta hace poco hegemónicas o están contestadas o ya no sirven para explicar la realidad. En esta «multipolaridad desequilibrada» (unbalanced multipolarity), con potencias medianas marcando agendas regionales, los grandes actores tradicionales están obligados a buscar su propio espacio. La competición global por los recursos que deben alimentar las transiciones verde y digital acentúa, todavía más, esta geometría variable de acuerdos y alianzas. Y los resultados del ciclo electoral de 2024 pueden acabar reforzando está transformación. La tentación aislacionista de Estados Unidos es una realidad. Vladímir Putin revalidará en las urnas su capacidad de resistencia, después de haber sorteado los efectos de las sanciones internacionales y de haber construido un andamio económico para resistir una guerra larga en Ucrania. En India, la popularidad de Narendra Modi permanece intacta y alimenta el dominio de su partido. El interrogante electoral dibuja un 2024 que empieza totalmente abierto. La crisis del orden liberal, agudizada por la reacción internacional a los últimos conflictos, y la erosión del multilateralismo –con el desafío explícito a Naciones Unidas– alimentan todavía más esta sensación de dispersión del poder global hacia una variedad de potencias medianas dinámicas, capaces de ayudar a moldear el entorno internacional en las próximas décadas.Arranca un año clave para evaluar la capacidad de resistencia de unos sistemas democráticos sometidos, desde hace tiempo, a una profunda erosión. Estaremos pendientes del resultado de las urnas, así como de los límites de la impunidad con que actúan, cada vez más desacomplejadamente, las armas.Calendario CIDOB 2024: 75 fechas para marcar en la agenda1 de enero – Renovación Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas. Argelia, Guyana, la República de Corea, Sierra Leona y Eslovenia empezarán a formar parte del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU como miembros no permanentes en sustitución de Albania, Brasil, Gabón, Ghana y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos que finalizan membresía. 1 de enero – Disolución de la República de Artsaj. La autoproclamada república de Nagorno Karabaj dejará de existir a comienzos de año, después de más de tres décadas de control del territorio. En septiembre de 2023, Azerbaiyán emprendió una ofensiva militar con el objetivo de reintegrar este enclave de población mayoritariamente armenia. Esta ofensiva llevó a la autoproclamada república a anunciar su disolución. 1 de enero – Ampliación de los BRICS. Arabia Saudita, Egipto, Etiopía, Emiratos Árabes Unidos e Irán se unirán como miembros de pleno derecho en los BRICS (Brasil, Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica). Finalmente, el nuevo presidente de Argentina, Javier Milei, ha descartado el ingreso de su país. 1 de enero – Presidencia belga del Consejo de la UE. Bélgica asumirá la presidencia rotatoria de la UE en substitución de España y hasta el 30 de junio. El semestre belga marcará el fin de este ciclo institucional en la Unión Europea. 7 de enero – Elecciones parlamentarias en Bangladesh. Estos comicios tendrán lugar en un contexto de una profunda división política del país. Esta división ha llevado a manifestaciones multitudinarias por parte de la oposición a finales de 2023 para reclamar un gobierno interino que supervise las elecciones. La actual primera ministra, Sheikh Hasina Wajed, aspira a renovar su mandato tras 15 años en el poder, mientras su principal contendiente, la líder del Partido Nacional de Bangladesh, Khaleda Zia, se encuentra actualmente en arresto domiciliario por cargos de corrupción. 13 de enero – Elecciones generales en Taiwán. Por primera vez desde la democratización de Taiwán, tres candidatos compiten por la presidencia tras el fracaso de la oposición para establecer un frente común: el actual vicepresidente, Lai Ching-te del gobernante Partido Democrático Progresista; Hou You-yi del Kuomintang; y Ko Wen-je, exalcalde de Taipéi y líder del Partido Popular Taiwanés. El resultado de estas elecciones marcará el curso de la política de Taiwán respecto a China, con la mirada puesta en Estados Unidos, en un momento de crecientes tensiones entre Taipéi y Beijing. 14 de enero – Toma de posesión de Bernardo Arévalo como presidente de Guatemala. La victoria del candidato del Movimiento Semilla en las elecciones de 2023 supuso una sorpresa general. Desde la celebración de los comicios, la tensión política y social se ha intensificado en el país debido a los esfuerzos de la fiscalía guatemalteca por impugnar los resultados electorales y evitar que Arévalo asuma el cargo. 15 – 19 de enero – Foro de Davos. Cita anual que reúne a los principales líderes políticos, altos ejecutivos de las compañías más importantes del mundo, líderes de organizaciones internacionales y ONGs, así como personalidades culturales y sociales destacadas. Esta edición se enfocará principalmente en examinar las oportunidades proporcionadas por el desarrollo de las tecnologías emergentes y sus repercusiones en la toma de decisiones y la cooperación internacional. 15 – 20 de enero – 19ª Cumbre del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados. Uganda será la sede de la próxima Cumbre formada por los 120 países pertenecientes a esta agrupación de estados. El lema de esta edición es «Profundizar la cooperación para una riqueza global compartida» y está previsto que se aborden múltiples retos globales actuales con el objetivo de fomentar la cooperación entre los estados miembros. 21 – 23 de enero – Tercera Cumbre del Sur del G-77 + China. Uganda será la anfitriona de este foro que, bajo el lema «No dejar a nadie atrás» busca promover la cooperación Sur-Sur. Los 134 países miembros de Asia, África, América Latina y el Caribe se focalizarán en ámbitos como el comercio, la inversión, el desarrollo sostenible, el cambio climático y la eliminación de la pobreza. 4 de febrero – Elecciones presidenciales en El Salvador. Nayib Bukele, quien encabeza el partido Nuevas Ideas y ocupa actualmente la presidencia de El Salvador, se perfila como el claro favorito para su reelección. Desde marzo de 2022, el país se encuentra en estado de excepción, como respuesta a los desafíos de seguridad que afectaban a la nación. 8 de febrero – Elecciones generales en Pakistán. Desde la destitución de Imran Khan como primer ministro en abril de 2022, Pakistán se encuentra en una situación de inestabilidad política, una profunda crisis económica y un aumento de la violencia por grupos armados. Los comicios serán supervisados por un gobierno interino creado tras la disolución del Parlamento pakistaní en agosto de 2023. 14 de febrero – Elecciones presidenciales y legislativas en Indonesia. Tres aspirantes compiten por suceder al actual presidente, Joko Widodo, que, después de dos mandatos, no puede presentarse a la reelección. El próximo líder se enfrentará al desafío de impulsar el crecimiento en una economía dependiente del consumo interno, impulsar el desarrollo de la industria tecnológica y gestionar las presiones de China y Estados Unidos para proteger sus intereses nacionales. 16 – 18 de febrero – 60ª Conferencia de Seguridad de Múnich. Con carácter anual, es el mayor foro independiente sobre políticas de seguridad internacional que reúne a figuras de más de setenta países con cargos de alto nivel. El fortalecimiento de un orden internacional basado en reglas, el impacto de las guerras en Ucrania y Gaza, la resistencia frente a tendencias revisionistas o las implicaciones del cambio climático para la seguridad serán algunos de los temas principales en la agenda de este año. 17 – 18 de febrero – Cumbre de la Unión Africana. Etiopía, quien ostenta la presidencia de la Unión Africana, será la organizadora de la cumbre. Este año se examinarán algunos de los numerosos frentes abiertos en el continente. Estos ejemplos incluyen: la situación de inestabilidad en el Sahel, la creciente inseguridad alimentaria mundial, los desastres naturales en el continente o el retroceso democrático. Además, las tensiones entre Marruecos y Argelia serán centrales ya que ambos países aspiran a la presidencia. 25 de febrero – Elecciones presidenciales en Senegal. Tras múltiples olas de protestas, el actual presidente senegalés, Macky Sall, anunció su decisión de no presentarse a un tercer mandato. Ha sido la primera vez en la historia democrática del país que un presidente incumbente no se presenta a la reelección. La necesidad de garantizar puestos de trabajo para la población joven del país será una de las cuestiones centrales en la campaña electoral. 26 – 29 de febrero – Mobile World Congress. Barcelona acoge el mayor evento de telefonía móvil del mundo donde reúne a las principales empresas tecnológicas y de comunicación internacionales. Esta edición estará dedicada a la tecnología 5G, la conectividad, la promoción de una inteligencia artificial humanista, o la transformación digital, entre otros temas. 1 de marzo – Elecciones parlamentarias en Irán. Con la mirada puesta en la sucesión del ayatolá Ali Jamenei por cuestiones de edad, los iraníes elegirán a los representantes de la Asamblea Consultiva Islámica y la Asamblea de Expertos; esta última encargada de elegir al nuevo líder supremo en los próximos años. No obstante, estos comicios se encontrarán marcados por la escalada de tensiones en Oriente Medio, y la profunda crisis económica y social que ha aumentado la desafección popular con el régimen. 8 de marzo – Día internacional de la mujer. Se ha convertido en una fecha clave en la agenda política y social de muchos países, como lo demuestran las movilizaciones masivas que han tomado impulso en los últimos años especialmente en América Latina, Estados Unidos y Europa. El objetivo común es la lucha por los derechos de la mujer y la igualdad de género en todo el mundo. 10 de marzo – Elecciones parlamentarias en Portugal. El país afronta elecciones anticipadas después de la crisis institucional abierta por la dimisión del primer ministro socialista António Costa. El exjefe de gobierno portugués fue objeto de una investigación judicial por presuntos delitos de corrupción que afectaron directamente a varios miembros de su gabinete. 17 de marzo – Elecciones presidenciales en Rusia. Aunque se presume que Vladímir Putin logrará la reelección manteniéndose en el poder hasta 2030, Rusia acude a las urnas en un contexto marcado por múltiples desafíos de seguridad interna. La retirada rusa de la región ucraniana de Járkov, el impacto de la guerra en Ucrania, el fallido levantamiento por parte de Wagner el pasado junio y los disturbios antisemitas en el Cáucaso Norte en octubre de 2023, podrían forzar a Putin a realizar profundas remodelaciones de la cúpula política y militar aprovechando el calendario electoral. 18 de marzo – Décimo aniversario de la anexión rusa de Crimea. La anexión de Crimea por parte de Rusia, país que había invadido la región semanas antes, fue formalizada mediante un referéndum sobre el estatus político de Crimea que sucedió sin reconocimiento internacional. La anexión se produjo tras la caída del entonces presidente ucraniano, Víktor Yanukóvich, de orientación prorrusa, tras una serie de protestas que exigían una mayor integración europea. 21 – 22 de marzo – Cumbre sobre Energía Nuclear. La Agencia Internacional de la Energía Atómica junto al Gobierno belga reunirá en Bruselas a más de 30 jefes de Estado y de gobierno de todo el mundo, así como a representantes de la industria energética y de la sociedad civil. La cumbre busca potenciar la energía nuclear frente a los desafíos que suponen la reducción del uso de combustibles fósiles, la mejora de la seguridad energética y el desarrollo económico sostenible. 31 de marzo – Elecciones presidenciales en Ucrania. Según la Constitución ucraniana, las elecciones presidenciales deben celebrarse en el último domingo de marzo durante el quinto año del mandato presidencial. Sin embargo, no es seguro que se acaben convocando ya que la ley marcial, impuesta desde el inicio de la invasión rusa del país en 2022, no permite su celebración. La falta de fondos y la oposición popular de los ucranianos a la celebración de los comicios en tiempo de guerra son factores a destacar. 31 de marzo – Elecciones locales en Turquía. El Partido Republicano del Pueblo (CHP), principal partido de la oposición, aspira a conservar el control de los municipios clave que obtuvo en 2019. Entre ellos, la capital, Ankara, Estambul, y otras ciudades significativas. La reelección de Recep Tayyip Erdoğan y la retención de la mayoría parlamentaria en las elecciones de 2023 han motivado a su formación, el Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo (AKP), a tratar de recuperar terreno a nivel municipal. 7 de abril – 30 aniversario del inicio del genocidio en Rwanda. Tras la muerte de los presidentes de Burundi y Rwanda al estrellarse el avión en el que viajaban, se inició una campaña de exterminio sistemático organizada por el gobierno hutu contra la población tutsi que duraría 100 días. El 15 de julio de 1994, el Frente Patriótico Rwandés estableció un gobierno interino de unidad nacional en Kigali que pondrían fin al genocidio. Se estima que entre 500.000 y 1.000.000 de personas fueron asesinadas. Abril – Mayo – Elecciones generales en la India. Pese a las crecientes tendencias iliberales, la «mayor democracia del mundo» acude a las urnas entre abril y mayo. El actual primer ministro indio, Narendra Modi, aspira a un tercer mandato frente a una oposición más unida que nunca bajo la Alianza Inclusiva de Desarrollo Nacional de la India (INDIA por sus siglas en inglés). 2 de mayo – Elecciones locales en Reino Unido. Las elecciones para renovar los consejos locales y alcaldías en Inglaterra, incluyendo Londres y el condado de Gran Manchester, serán un indicador del nivel de apoyo tanto para el Partido Laborista como para los Conservadores, anticipando las elecciones generales previstas para enero de 2025. 5 de mayo – Elecciones generales en Panamá. La sociedad civil panameña elegirá nuevos representantes para la presidencia, Asamblea Nacional, alcaldía y otros representantes locales. Este proceso electoral tiene lugar en un contexto de marcada polarización y creciente tensión social, acentuadas por temas relacionados con la seguridad interna, disputas políticas y la gestión de los recursos naturales. 19 de mayo – Elecciones presidenciales y legislativas en la República Dominicana. El actual presidente, Luis Abinader, líder del Partido Revolucionario Moderno, busca la reelección en unas elecciones en las que la mayoría de los partidos de la oposición se unirán bajo la Alianza Opositora Rescate, RD. Las tensiones territoriales, migratorias y económicas con la vecina Haití serán temas centrales durante la campaña electoral. Junio – Elecciones presidenciales en Mauritania. El actual presidente, Mohammed Ould Ghazouani, buscará la reelección después de cuatro años de un gobierno continuista que comenzó tras la salida del expresidente Mohammed Ould Abdelaziz en 2019, quien hoy enfrenta acusaciones de múltiples delitos de corrupción. El ganador de las elecciones deberá afrontar crecientes tensiones sociales, así como conflictos geopolíticos en toda la región. 2 de junio – Elecciones generales y federales en México. Claudia Sheinbaum, precandidata a la presidencia de México por el Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional (Morena), parte como clara favorita frente a la principal candidatura opositora del Frente Amplio por México, integrado por los partidos Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), Acción Nacional (PAN) y de la Revolución Democrática (PRD). En estas elecciones no solo se elige a la presidencia y el gobierno, sino también a senadurías y diputaciones federales, así como miles cargos estatales y/o municipales en 30 de las 32 entidades federativas. 6 – 9 de junio – Elecciones al Parlamento Europeo. Las elecciones se llevarán a cabo de manera simultánea en los 27 países que conforman la Unión Europea. Una de las mayores incógnitas será conocer el avance de los partidos populistas y de extrema derecha, el peso de las familias tradicionales socialdemócrata y conservadora, y las posibles alianzas que puedan surgir para la elección posterior de los principales cargos europeos. 9 de junio – Elecciones federales en Bélgica. Coincidiendo con la presidencia belga de la Unión Europea, el país celebrará elecciones federales, europeas y regionales el mismo día. Una de las incógnitas más significativas será el resultado del partido de ultraderecha Vlaams Belang, que aspira a aumentar considerablemente su apoyo hasta poner a prueba la resistencia del cordón sanitario que los ha mantenido hasta ahora apartados del poder. 13 – 15 de junio – 50ª Cumbre del G-7 en Italia. Savelletri, un pequeño pueblo en la región italiana de Apulia será el escenario de una nueva edición del G-7. En esta reunión, se abordarán los principales desafíos geopolíticos a nivel mundial y su impacto en la economía internacional, junto con otros temas fundamentales para la agenda italiana, como la inmigración y las relaciones con África. 20 de junio – Día Mundial del Refugiado. El número de personas desplazadas por la fuerza en 2023 ha alcanzado cifras récord. Los impactos de la guerra en Ucrania, los numerosos conflictos en Oriente Medio y en el continente africano, así como las catástrofes naturales vinculadas al cambio climático, han llevado a un mayor número de desplazados internos y refugiados. Durante esta semana de junio, se dará a conocer el informe anual de ACNUR de tendencias de desplazamientos forzados en todo el mundo. Primer semestre – Despliegue de la Misión Internacional en Haití. Kenia liderará el despliegue de un contingente de seguridad en el cual participarán diferentes países. El objetivo es hacer frente a la violencia de las pandillas haitianas que han provocado una importante crisis de seguridad y de gobernabilidad. El Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, previa solicitud del secretario general y del primer ministro haitiano, autorizó una misión multinacional de seguridad con un año de duración, en octubre de 2023. Primer semestre – Cumbre del Diálogo de Seguridad Cuadrilateral (QUAD). India acogerá una nueva edición de este foro estratégico del Indo-Pacífico del que forman parte Australia, India, Japón y Estados Unidos para abordar cuestiones comunes en materia de comercio, tecnologías críticas, derechos humanos o cambio climático.Julio – 24ª Cumbre de la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghai. Kazajistán asume la presidencia anual del principal foro regional de Asia Central en materia de seguridad, economía y política, compuesto por China, India, Irán, Kazajistán, Kirguistán, Pakistán, Rusia, Tayikistán y Uzbekistán. Los ejes de la presidencia kazaja estarán centrados en cuestiones de seguridad y unidad regional, así como en el desarrollo económico y el comercio regional. Además, se espera que Bielorrusia ingrese en la organización este año. 1 de julio – Hungría asume la presidencia rotatoria del Consejo de la UE. Durante el segundo semestre del año, Hungría asumirá la presidencia rotatoria del Consejo de la Unión Europea, en plenas tensiones con la Comisión Europea y el Parlamento Europeo por sus incumplimientos de la legislación comunitaria. 8 – 18 de julio – Foro Político de Alto Nivel sobre Desarrollo Sostenible. Líderes y representantes mundiales se reunirán en Nueva York para realizar el seguimiento y monitoreo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), además de presentar Informes Nacionales Voluntarios de los ODS. El lema de esta edición será «Reforzar la Agenda 2030 y erradicar la pobreza en tiempos de múltiples crisis: la adopción eficaz de soluciones sostenibles, resilientes e innovadoras». 09 – 11 de julio – Cumbre de la OTAN. Washington será la sede de la cumbre de la Alianza Atlántica donde se prevé la presentación de una estrategia de seguridad para el flanco sur en respuesta al mandato surgido de la cumbre de Vilna de 2023. Además, en 2024 se cumple el 75 aniversario de la fundación de la OTAN. 26 de julio – 11 de agosto – Juegos Olímpicos de Verano en París. Francia acoge la XXXIII edición del principal acontecimiento deportivo mundial que se realiza cada cuatro años; una buena oportunidad para el país anfitrión de dinamizar una economía estancada en los últimos años. Agosto – Elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias en Ruanda. El actual presidente de Ruanda, Paul Kagame, en el cargo desde 2000, opta a la reelección tras sucesivas elecciones en las que ha obtenido más del 90% de los votos. Septiembre – Elecciones parlamentarias en Austria. La mayor incógnita radica en si la actual coalición gobernante de los conservadores (ÖVP) y los verdes (Die Grünen) podrá revalidar su gobierno o si los resultados de la extrema derecha del Partido de la Libertad de Austria (FPÖ), y de los socialdemócratas del SPÖ podrían generar otras mayorías. 22 – 23 de septiembre – Cumbre del Futuro de Naciones Unidas. Basándose en el informe «Nuestra Agenda Común» presentado por el secretario general, António Guterres, en 2021 sobre multilateralismo y cooperación internacional, este evento de alto nivel tiene como objetivo acelerar el cumplimiento de compromisos internacionales existentes, y abordar desafíos y oportunidades emergentes. La culminación de este esfuerzo será la creación de un Pacto para el Futuro, que será negociado y respaldado por los países participantes. 24 de septiembre – 79ª Sesión de Debate General de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas. Una cita anual que reúne a todos los líderes mundiales para evaluar el actual estado de sus políticas nacionales y su visión del mundo. 26 –27 de septiembre – 10º aniversario del caso Ayotzinapa. México conmemora el décimo aniversario del caso Ayotzinapa (o caso Iguala), uno de los mayores escándalos de derechos humanos en la historia reciente del país. Aún sin resolver, este caso supuso la desaparición forzosa de 43 estudiantes de la Escuela Normal Rural de Ayotzinapa, estado de Guerrero. Octubre – XVI Cumbre de los BRICS. Kazán será la sede de una nueva edición de los BRICS en Rusia, ahora ampliados a 11 países, lo que representa un impulso en los esfuerzos de Moscú por demostrar que el país no está aislado a pesar de la invasión a gran escala de Ucrania. 1 de octubre – 75º aniversario de la fundación de la República Popular de China. Se cumplen 75 años de la fundación de la República Popular China por Mao Zedong, que puso fin a la guerra civil entre el Partido Comunista Chino y el Kuomintang, que estalló inmediatamente tras la rendición de Japón y la disolución del Segundo Frente Unido entre ambas fuerzas políticas durante la segunda guerra sino-japonesa. 6 de octubre – Elecciones municipales en Brasil. Estas elecciones serán un buen termómetro para evaluar el grado de apoyo al Partido de los Trabajadores y al resto de partidos que respaldan al presidente Lula, así como el avance o retroceso de candidatos vinculados al bolsonarismo. En las ciudades donde se requiera una segunda vuelta, esta se llevará a cabo el 27 de octubre. 9 de octubre – Elecciones generales y regionales en Mozambique. El presidente, Filipe Nyusi, concluye su segundo y último mandato presidencial y, según la Constitución, no puede presentarse nuevamente. Su partido, el Frente de Liberación de Mozambique (FRELIMO), en el poder desde hace décadas, deberá encontrar otro candidato. El próximo gobierno tendrá que hacer frente a diversos desafíos, incluyendo tensiones políticas, un aumento del terrorismo yihadista, y una pronunciada exclusión social. 24 de octubre – Día Internacional contra el Cambio Climático. Tiene como objetivo movilizar y sensibilizar a las sociedades y gobiernos de todo el mundo acerca de los efectos del cambio climático. Se trata de un buen momento para analizar las diferentes agendas de lucha contra la emergencia climática y los avances que se están dando desde los principales países contaminantes. 27 de octubre – Elecciones generales en Uruguay. El Frente Amplio (FA), un partido de centroizquierda, con fuertes vínculos con los sindicatos y otras organizaciones sociales, competirá por la victoria frente a la Coalición Multicolor de centroderecha, actualmente en el gobierno, y que ha enfrentado diversos casos de corrupción en los últimos meses. Noviembre – Cumbre de la APEC. Perú acogerá una nueva edición del foro de Cooperación Económica de Asia-Pacífico, que reúne a 21 países y que se celebrará bajo el lema «Personas, Negocios, Prosperidad». Noviembre – Cumbre sobre el Cambio Climático, COP29. Azerbaiyán acogerá esta nueva edición de la mayor cumbre internacional dedicada al cambio climático. Por segundo año consecutivo, se celebrará en un país cuya economía depende de la producción de combustibles fósiles. Noviembre – XXIX Cumbre Iberoamericana. Ecuador acoge la Cumbre Iberoamericana de jefes de Estado y de Gobierno bajo el lema «Innovación, Inclusión y Sostenibilidad». De forma paralela las principales ciudades de América Latina, España y Portugal celebrarán un «Encuentro de Ciudades Iberoamericanas» cuyas conclusiones serán presentadas durante la Cumbre. 4 – 8 de noviembre – XII Foro Urbano Mundial. El Cairo acogerá la reunión más importante en materia de urbanismo y asentamientos humanos organizada por ONU-Hábitat. 5 de noviembre – Elecciones presidenciales en Estados Unidos. El actual presidente Joe Biden aspira a la reelección y, a falta de confirmarse la candidatura del expresidente Donald Trump, la campaña electoral se prevé muy polarizada. El calendario electoral condicionará las decisiones de Washington en política exterior. 5 de noviembre – Elecciones generales en Georgia. La coalición gobernante Sueño Georgiano aspira a revalidar mandato. La guerra en Ucrania ha vuelto a dividir al país entre aquellos que buscan una integración más profunda con Occidente y aspiran a un futuro ingreso en la Unión Europea, y los que abogan por normalizar las relaciones con Rusia. 11 de noviembre – 20 aniversario muerte de Yasir Arafat. El histórico líder palestino y presidente de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina falleció hace 20 años en París. Su papel fue fundamental en el proceso de paz en Oriente Próximo, lo que, junto a los dirigentes israelíes Isaac Rabin y Shimon Peres, les valió el premio Nobel de la Paz en 1994. 18 – 19 de noviembre – Cumbre del G-20 en Brasil. Bajo el lema «Construir un mundo justo y un planeta sostenible», los ejes de discusión y de debate de esta edición incluirán las políticas de transición energética y desarrollo, la reforma de las instituciones de gobernanza global, así como la lucha contra la desigualdad, el hambre y la pobreza. Diciembre – Elecciones presidenciales en Argelia. El presidente, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, previsiblemente optará a la reelección. El país afronta varios desafíos de seguridad debido a la inestabilidad en el Sahel y las crecientes tensiones con Marruecos respecto al Sáhara Occidental. Además, desempeña un papel crucial como proveedor de gas para Europa, en medio de la crisis energética generada por la guerra en Ucrania. Diciembre – Elecciones generales en Sudán del Sur. Los acuerdos de paz de 2018, que pusieron fin al conflicto armado interno que duró cinco años, establecieron la formación de un Gobierno de Unidad Nacional liderado por el actual presidente, Salva Kiir. y su rival, el vicepresidente Riek Machar. Kiir ha propuesto la celebración de elecciones presidenciales libres para finales de 2024. 7 de diciembre – Elecciones presidenciales en Ghana. Se espera que las elecciones sean una carrera de dos entre Mahamudu Bawumia, actual vicepresidente del gobernante Nuevo Partido Patriótico (NPP), y el expresidente John Dramani Mahama, candidato del principal partido opositor, Congreso Nacional Demócrata (NDC). El país se enfrenta a su peor crisis económica en las últimas décadas, y a importantes desafíos de seguridad por el contexto geopolítico en el Sahel. Segundo Semestre – Elecciones presidenciales en Venezuela. El chavismo y la oposición, agrupada bajo el paraguas de la Plataforma Unitaria, acordaron en Barbados la celebración de elecciones presidenciales, a las que se podrá invitar a misiones técnicas electorales de organismos regionales e internacionales. Esta decisión se tomó de forma paralela al anuncio de Estados Unidos del levantamiento de sanciones al gas y al petróleo venezolanos en octubre de 2023. Pendiente – 53º Foro de las Islas del Pacífico. Tonga acogerá una nueva edición del principal foro de discusión panregional de Oceanía, que agrupa los intereses de 18 estados y territorios en materia de cambio climático, uso sostenible de los recursos marítimos, seguridad y cooperación regional. Un espacio geográfico de creciente interés por parte de China y Estados Unidos, que han iniciado una carrera diplomática para atraer a sus esferas de influencia a algunos de estos países y territorios. Pendiente – 44ª Cumbre de la ASEAN. Laos acogerá una nueva edición del principal foro regional del sudeste asiático que agrupa a 10 países, bajo el lema «Mejorar la conectividad y la resiliencia». Pendiente – Cumbre sobre la Seguridad de la Inteligencia Artificial. Francia acogerá la segunda edición de esta cumbre internacional que tiene como objetivo poner en marcha trabajos e iniciativas para abordar los riesgos tecnológicos que plantea la Inteligencia Artificial. La primera edición, celebrada en Londres en 2023, resultó en la Declaración Bletchley, que abogó por una mayor cooperación internacional para abordar los desafíos y riesgos asociados con la inteligencia artificial. Pendiente – XXXIII Cumbre de la Liga Árabe. Bahréin acogerá una nueva edición de la principal organización política que agrupa países de Oriente Medio y del Norte de África. El conflicto palestino-israelí, las cuestiones de seguridad alimentaria y energética, y los impactos regionales de la guerra en Ucrania, serán algunos de los temas principales de discusión y debate. Pendiente – Elecciones presidenciales y parlamentarias en Sri Lanka. La tensión social en el país, inmerso en una profunda crisis económica que ha llevado a un rescate por parte del Fondo Monetario Internacional, ha aumentado en los últimos meses y se espera que se intensifique durante todo el proceso electoral. Pendiente – Elecciones generales en Chad. El presidente interino de Chad, Mahamat Idriss Déby, que asumió el poder en abril de 2021 tras la muerte de su padre, Idriss Déby, mediante la instauración de una junta militar, prometió la celebración de elecciones libres a finales de 2024. El país se encuentra en una profunda crisis alimentaria y de seguridad. Pendiente – III Cumbre para la Democracia. Corea del Sur será la anfitriona de esta cumbre, impulsada por Estados Unidos, que desde 2021 reúne a líderes de gobiernos, la sociedad civil y el sector privado. Tiene como objetivo abordar los desafíos y oportunidades que enfrentan las democracias en el siglo XXI, relacionados con la gobernanza, la protección de los derechos humanos, y la lucha contra la corrupción. Pendiente – Elecciones generales y regionales en Sudáfrica. El Congreso Nacional Africano (ANC), en el poder desde las primeras elecciones libres y generales de 1994, aspira a revalidar el poder, aunque el principal partido opositor, la Alianza Democrática, podría dar una sorpresa. El país enfrenta innumerables desafíos, especialmente en materia de seguridad con altas tasas de criminalidad, una importante crisis energética, y niveles elevados de desempleo. Pendiente – Elecciones presidenciales en Túnez. Serán los primeros comicios tras el autogolpe de Estado del presidente tunecino, Kaïs Saied, en 2021, y el retorno al autoritarismo del único país que parecía haber consolidado la democracia tras las primaveras árabes de 2010-11. Saied ya ha anunciado que no permitirá la presencia de misiones de supervisión electoral extranjeras.
' % JUNE, 1900 ooThe0o Qettysbiir Mercury CONTENTS The Evolution of the Thinker, 103 In the Storm, . 110 The Dawn of Idealism, . . Ill The Voice of the Sea, . . 117 A Critique of the Doctrines of Heraclitus, . . . 118 The Noble Hero, . Women as Teachers, Spring, . Editor's Desk Otsego Lake, The Turk in Religion, 121 124 126 127 129 133 \sW-G'BURG C. US, DUPLICATE FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. For Fine. Printing go to Tk Jo Co Wile Frigiiii Howe CARLISLE ST. GETTYSBURG, PA. C. B. KitzmMer Dealer in Hats, Caps, Boots and . Douglas Shoes GETTYSBURG, PA. B. Dealer in Hats, Caps, Shoes and. Gents' Furnishing Goods Corner Center Square and Carlisle Street GETTYSBURG, PA. EDGAR S. MARTIN, ^CIGARS AND SMOKERS' ARTICLES. Q£T" t^T* t^* Chambersburg St., Gettysburg. Like to learn Spanish? An easy Jan guage to learn. A JlimfuhVs Spanish Method. Self-teaching. SiianUh-ICiKiHx^Engllsh-SpanUh Diction'y, Hossfeld's Italian Method. Self-teaching. I/nlian-ICinjlixh, English-Italian Dictionary, Hossfeld's German Method. SelJ'-teaehlng. . Qerman-English,Engli8h-German Dictionary, $2.00 lloxsfeld's French Method. Sell-teaching. $1.00 French-Fnr/iish, Enalish-Frenck Dictionary. $2.00 lirooks" 1st Latin Jiook. 50 eta. Latin-English, English-Latin Dictionary. $2.00 Jlrooks' \st Greek Lessons. 50 ct3. Greek-English, English-Greek Dictionary. $2.00 Literal Translations of the Classics—Latin, Greek, Germun, French. Eighty-flvc volumes, sold separately, 50 eta. each. Sendfor list. HINDS & HOBLE, Publishers 4-5-1S-14 Cooper Institute N. Y. City Schoolbooks ofall pub-lishers at one store. orsome other v////////// language? .THE. GETTYSBURG MERCURY. VOL. IX. GETTYSBURG, PA., JUNE, 1900. No. 4 THE EVOLUTION OP THE THINKER. PROF. OSCAR G. KLINGEK. (Address on Education before the Susciuehanna Synod, May 9,1900.) TT is my privilege to engage your attention for a little while in A some phase of the general subject of education. It is a sub-ject in which you are profoundly interested, and of the import-ance of which you have a keen appreciation. I take it for granted that you are accustomed to give this hour, not that you may be entertained by an elaborate discourse filled with educa-tional truisms and platitudes, but to hear from some member of your body the newest and best thought of which he is capable. I conceive, therefore, that from me you desire to hear this even-ing what ideal I have of education—what, in my judgment, should be the aim of every system of intellectual discipline. Without hesitation, and asking no favors of adverse criticism, I present for your consideration " The Evolution of the Thinker." Whatever is true in my presentation, I ask you to accept ; what-ever does not appeal to your judgment, I ask you to believe to be the honest expression of a growing conviction. The first voice of the Aryan race to utter its thought was the poet of the Vedic Hymns. In that remote past, when the migra-tion of nations from the old Iudo-Germanic home was peopling Europe and the western part of Asia, the Aryans that settled In-dia were resting for a brief spell in the mountains which form the northwestern boundary of that country. Their eye swept the valley of the Ganges and the valley of the Indus, and as that magnificent landscape lay before them like another Promised L,and, their bards sang of the future. I mention this because in this first voice there is the recognition of the three-fold mystery of existence which is yet but partly solved—the mystery of self, the mystery of the universe, and the mystery of God. It has been 104 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. peculiarly the problem of the Indo-Germanic peoples. They only, believing in the authority of the Reason, and being free from the paralysis of fatalism, have dared to pry into things to get, if possible, their inmost secrets. The effort to explain the mystery of self has resulted in all that is known as logic, psychology and ethics; the effort to solve the mystery of the universe has resulted in all that is known as science; and the effort to solve the mys-tery of God has resulted in metaphysics. I have said that the mystery of existence is peculiarly the problem of the Aryan mind, and this finds its proof in the fact that in all other races mythology takes the place of thinking. The nations listen to the voice of fancy, and accept her dreams as the explanation of reality. Hence the lack of progress in the non-Aryan races. One glance at the history of thought among Aryan peoples reveals the business of the thinker. It is to explain the universe as he experiences it. It is to construe in thought the facts as they are presented to his consciousness. In doing this he must be alive to the authority of the Reason; he must inexorably follow her leadings; he must accept her conclusions. Not only this, but his thinking must bear the marks of his own individuality. In process and conclusion it must be distinctly his own. To master another man's thought, to adopt it as his own, is a valuable ex-ercise; but at best it can be only a propaedeutic to his own think-ing. What I wish to emphasize is this, that a man's thought is always an abstract of his own psychic being. A brief survey of the philosophy of knowledge will show the truth of this assertion. Objective cognition involves, first, a world of reality, which can act upon the sensory nerves and furnish the materials of knowledge; secondly, a human mind which is capable of reacting upon the stimulus, and interpreting the presentation; thirdly, the postulate that the principles which are constitutive of intelligence shall at the same time be the principles of cosmic being. i. B3' sense-perception we recognize reality as actually exist-ing and objective, not on the testimony of one sense alone but of all the senses. Even if we mistrust the report of the senses, we still have an invincible proof of the reality of a thing in its power to resist our will. Our whole conscious life, too, is the proof that this world of reality does act continuously upon all the senses, whether we attend to all of them at the same time or not; THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 105 and a single moment of reflection will discover to us that all the data of objective knowledge come in through the sensory nerves. Whatever truth there may be in idealism of the type of Berkeley, we are nevertheless certain that an external world does exist, and does act upon the nerves of sense. The first condition of ob-jective cognition, therefore, is met. 2. Again, self-consciousness reveals the existence of a human mind, which is our own true being. This mind exists as states of consciousness, each of which is a complex, and linked by laws of association with what goes before and what follows after. Every moment of our lives is a conscious reaction of this mind against the stimuli which reach it through the nerves of sense. In this reaction the presentation is interpreted by means of the principles which are constitutive of intelligence. Phenomena are brought under the category of substance; uniformities under that of law; persistence amid variety under that of identity; so in the interpretation of every single, definite presentation are used all the categories or ideas of the Reason, and used in the same way by every human intelligence the world over. For the Reason is not individualized but universal, the same for all intelligence. So far, then, all men must think alike. But the ideas of the Reason do not fill up the measure of the reacting mind. Beyond these primary elements which are univer-sal, the objective universe is a variable quantity, being for each mind the creation of its own endowment. As the endowment differs with the individual, it follows that no two persons can have precisely the same universe. Now, since all thinking is the explanation of experience, and as all experience is particularized, it follows that all thinking must be the abstract of the psychic being of the thinker. To this point we shall return a little later. 3. Our warrant for accepting the postulate that the principles constitutive of intelligence itself are also the principles of cosmic being, may find its illustration in the mathematical theory of the universe. Pure mathematics is a deduction from the Reason it-self, and wholly subjective. Its principles belong to the essence of spirit. And yet these mathematical principles are used in the interpretation of phenomena, and so precisely do they fit the sys-tem of things that prediction based upon calculation has become the mark of science. Knowledge is never scientific until it be-comes mathematical. io6 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. It was said above that a man's thought must be an abstract of his psychic being. This psychic being must be studied in order that all the elements which it supplies in the act of cognition may be definitely understood. It is never a chance product. What any man is at any moment is always the resultant of his reaction upon external stimulus under the bias of his inheritance and en-vironment. This statement recognizes three facts of human life —the fact of heredity, the fact of environment, and the fact of personality. Let us study their meaning as it relates to the thinker. i. By the term heredity we name that law according to which an organism tends to reproduce its kind. Its action in the biology of plants and animals is an every day fact, and needs no illustra-tion. Its action, too, in the human physical organism is well un-derstood. In the realm of psychology and ethics its meaning is only beginning to dawn even upon scholarship. There its sig-nificance is truly startling. For in human life it means that all life is an unbroken continuity; that each new life is but the last edition of a long line; that the babe which comes to you with all the appearance of sweet innocence—" fresh from the hand of God," as we are fond of saying—that your babe is but you and your ancestors making a new start in the old life—you and your ancestors, With sufficient marks of difference to constitute a distinct individuality." "He is a new product just because he represents a new combination of ancestral influences." Perhaps you are ready to doubt this teaching, and call for some higher authority than your speaker's. Listen, then, to Prof. Sully, one of England's most conservative and most prominent psycholo-gists : "The normal human brain, with its correlated psychical capacities, is, like the human organism as a whole, the result of the hereditary transmission of specific or typical characters from progenitor to offspring." "The child brings with it into the world an outfit of instinctive tendencies or dispositions constituting the natural basis of the civilized or uncivilized man." "In this way we all bring into the world, wrought into the very texture of our brain-centers, the physical basis ot our future individual charac-ter, mental and moral." " The child inherits from its series of ancestors, woven into the texture of its nervous system, a number of dispositions representing ages of ancestral experience." And Dr. G. Stanley Hall: " Heredity has freighted it (the THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 107 body) with all the results of parental well and ill-doing, and filled it with reverberations from the past more vast than science can explore." You cannot fail to see the truly awful significance of this un-doubted law. It means that the whole life of the offspring is largely, though, thank God, not wholly, conditioned by the men-tal and moral character of its progenitors. The thoughts which the child thinks, the feelings which it loves best to entertain, the bias and disposition which manifest themselves at such a tender age, and generally continue throughout life, are not original with it, but have their roots back in the lives from which its life sprang. It is not what it would be, and for what it is it is not responsible. Its bias and tendencies, its instincts and impulses, are such as its ancestors have transmitted to it in brain and nerve substance. 2. "Men start out, then, in existence with a vital capital sup-plied by their ancestry, which is modified more or less by the law of diversity." But from the very moment when that individual life begins, another fact becomes of supreme importance—the fact of environment. By this term we designate "the sum of the influences and agencies which affect an organism from with-out." Soil and climate, food and work, and, above all, hu-man comradeship, constitute a man's environment. And all of this is individualized. A babe opens its eyes upon a specific set of visual phenomena; its ears are responsive to a particular set of sounds; its other senses are in due time recipient of definite sets of appropriate impressions. Its mind at first is but potential; but at once it reacts upon the incoming currents, at first feebly, but then with growing strength. Its only content at first is the bundle of dispositions and biases, mainly neural, which are ances-tral in their origin ; and the entire furnishing of its mind is that which comes to it through sense-perception. In other words, each individual mind depends for the character of its ideas upon the environment in which it lives. But the mere physical facts that lie about do not constitute its true environment. A selective process is carried on. Out of the whole number of actual pre-sentations to consciousness, it selects such only as are most con-genial to its native disposition. This process continues with the development of the psychic being of every man, his objects of io8 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. knowledge being mainly those phenomena which are most to his taste. 3. Heredity and environment form a large part of every human life, but they do not constitute the whole of it. Their binding power is great, but not entirely irresistible. Men do make choices which are in direct antagonism to both. Many a man whose heredity was all evil has conquered his bias, and lived a true life. This power to choose in opposition to all pre-natal and post-natal influences we call the Will. It is the essence of personality. It is not wholly free, can hardly be said to be free at all at the start; but it is every man's privilege to grow into freedom, and this, in the last analysis, is his chief business in the world. To grow into freedom, to develop into a perfect ethical being, this is his birthright from God—it is the mark of God upon his forehead. The psychic being of every man, then, contains elements which are ancestral in their origin, elements which belong to his early environment, and elements which belong to the constitu-tion of the mind itself. And this is the problem of the educator: Given a human mind, which must react upon and explain the external world, but is itself under the biasing power of ancestral and environmental influences, how shall it construe facts in har-mony with their actual nature ? how shall its thought be a true transcript of reality ? If I have made clear what has been said, then one great prin-ciple has become patent, viz.: Every system of intellectual discipline must have as its supreme aim the mental emancipation of the studejit. All other objects must be subordinated to this. The mind must be so developed that it can cognize a fact in its bleak objectivity. Every prejudice must be laid aside and set at naught. The power of opinion must be broken. The colored lights must be dissipated by the white light of reason. For the true thinker can state his problem only thus : Given the fact, how am I to con-strue it in strict accord with its occurrence ? Now, this freedom of mind is a possible achievement. On its physical side, education is a process of brain-building. It is the creation of new brain-cells. It is a deepening of the convolu-tions . It is no longer doubted by psychologists that thought power depends upon the number and integrity of the brain-cells. Mind and brain are exactly correlated, and every psychic function is accompanied by a corresponding neural process. Since education THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 109 is thus on its one side the creation of new cells, may we not sup-pose that such cells lack, in large measure, at least, the bias which dominates the brain of the undisciplined man ? They will, I am sure, if the master-hand who guides the process be a true educator. But on its psychical side, too, education may lead to freedom. Whatever may be the elements of determinism, the will is yet free in the most of its choices. L,et a youth, dominated by the passion for pure thought, determine to conquer all the bias of his nature —determine to think the universe of his experience for himself— determine that facts shall be construed in harmony with their oc-currence, and then let him persevere in this determination, and the day will dawn which will mark his victory. The universe he thinks must still be his universe ; the facts he seeks to construe must be the facts which he experiences and as he experiences them. His thought, therefore, even when uncolored by sub-jective lights and shadows, must still be his own—must bear the marks of his own individuality. This, then, is the first step in the development of the thinker. The discipline through which he passes must have as its supreme aim his emancipation from every form of bias, gift or prejudice under which at the start he lies bound. This is the first step ; but there is a second of equal import-ance. If a man is to think truly he must have the privilege of thinking freely. His environment must be conducive to freedom of thought. I know of nothing which so paralyzes effort as the expectation of being misunderstood and persecuted. No scholar can object to his thought being brought to the test of reality. That is what he craves. Theories are worthless unless they ex-plain facts. All thinking, therefore, must at every point be brought to the test of things. And no true thinker ever shrinks from this test. What he must fear is that his thought will be brought to the test of opinion. Appeal in philosophy is so often an appeal to authority. Now, in some spheres of human interests authority may have its place, but the sphere of thought is not one of them. Each man's thought is valuable in the degree in which it is a true transcript of the cosmic processes, but upon you and me it can have no possible binding power whatever. From the beginnings of European thought to the present time the objective facts have been pretty much the same. Theories iib THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY have been offered for their explanation. The finest minds of each generation have grappled anew with the problem. Much has been achieved, but more still remains to be made rational. Never in its history has the world needed thinkers as in these days of ours. The world's necessity is the educator's opportunity, and more is being done than ever before to enable the student to de-velop into the thinker. But when his thought is laid before the world, and she sees upon it the stamp of his own personality, let her not scream "sceptic," and " infidel" and " atheist;" but let her humbly and gratefully sift his thought, and save the wheat for her granary. For the time has come when of the thinker we may demand that he accept facts as facts, and that he construe them in thought in harmony with the mind's own laws ; but not that he conform his thought to authority, either ancient or mod-ern. Opinion has no place in the test of thought. IN THE STO'RM. I Fast to the anchor on the shore The boat was rocking upon the deep, A cradle for the sleeping' child. The quick storm rose ; the old sea roar Riyalled the thunder ; jerk and sweep Of wave broke loose the boat, ere, wild, The father came. Though all was black, By the trembling- flash that split the east, He saw the child. Mad with alarms He neared the shore. The sea fell back To its vast heap—then rushing fast Swept safe his child into his arms. II Oh, Father, if the storms of sin Break my hold on the anchor of hope And cast me on the wild life sea, When on that shore the waves roll in, Thy everlasting arms then ope And save and clasp and pity me. I THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. til THE DAWN OF IDEALISM. LDIHES A. WEIGLE, '00. A STUDY in the earlier history of our race, or of some phase **■ of its multiform life and belief, is a task of great difficulty, but which possesses, at the same time, a singular charm. For though that distant world of beginnings is but imperfectly recorded in those of its products which have reached succeeding genera-tions ; though it costs the greatest effort to make real for us the conditions of life and modes of thought of its remote people; thoughstep afterstep in their development can be but conjectured— in these very facts, it seems, there lies a delight which the student alone can attain. There is something intensely attractive about his work as he gropes among the dim shadows of the past, catching here a gleam and here a glimpse of light, which become, to his sensitive soul, a realization, however imperfect, of the dawn of society, of religion, of reason. Among these beginnings, then, that which perhaps appeals most strongly to the mind of the scholar is the dawn of reason, the genesis of real thought. Not without justice, too, for the pre-eminence of humanity lies in the reason, and so may the first steps in the true development of its nascent capabilities be most fit objects of study. There is a peculiar fitness as well as a delight iu looking back at the pioneers of thought approaching the problems with which their successors have grappled likewise; in watching the unfolding of intellect as their conceptions ad-vanced. The proper study of mankind is man ; may we not say with equal truth that the proper study of a rational being is reason. It is significant that this awaking of thought did not take place till so late a date in history as 600 B. C.—the time that men have thought of the great problems of the universe has been centuries less than the former period of mental apathy. But perhaps we should not term it so; it was the period of prepara-tion. The time was ripe for thought; the intellect was keyed to the strain that was to be put upon it; for from Thales, with his turning from mythology to philosophy, but with his poor princi-ple of moisture as the ultimate cause, to Plato, with his turning philosophy into the direction it has since kept, with his doctrines almost Christ-like, and with his idealistic philosophy which has 112 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. only lately reached its fullest development, was a period of only two hundred years—absurdly small as compared with the centuries that had gone before and those that have followed. A study of any period of those two hundred years, in many respects the most fruitful in the history of thought, must necessarily be of the richest character. Our subject is concerned with the close of this period, with the laying down, by one man, of the foundation of true philosophy. For Plato, with his idealism, however imperfect, turned thought in the direction it has since followed, and to him must be ascribed our gratitude for the first overthrowal of sensationalism. True, Socrates was the master, the real pioneer ; but all the best that we have of Socrates is through Plato; and he went far beyond Socrates. He caught up the scattered threads of his master's thought; he carried each precious suggestion to its logical end, and added his own crystalline reasoning; and then he wove it all together into a clear system of philosophy which must yet command our respect. Not to say that Plato embodied his thought formally and logically as a system, for it is widely scattered throughout his dialogues, and nowhere arranged with that intent; but it stands clearly and boldly distinct amid the multitude of chaff, so that a student of his writings gains a definite understanding of his thought-concep-tion of the universe. Most of his teaching is put in the mouth of Socrates, a fact which leaves open much for discussion. Many have conceived this Platonic Socrates as a purely dramatic invention. "Plato himself," says Walter Pater, "but presented, with the reserve appropriate to his fastidious genius, in a kind of stage disguise." Just how far this is true, or, on the other hand, how far Plato recorded dialogues that really took place, and the true utterances of his master, we shall possibly never know. But there is no doubt that Plato was an independent thinker, and not a mere scribe, a Boswell before his time. Socrates prepared and suggested; Plato finished that work, and the" enlarged suggestion from its logical completion made it possible for him to transcend the task his master had set him. And Plato's task was by no means easy. From the time of his entering the field of philosophy he was plunged into a combat with the Sophists, who had firm possession of the public mind. Their brilliant show of rhetoric and self-satisfied claim of wisdom THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 113 and ability to educate appealed to the minds of the Athenians, just awaking to their intellectual capabilities, far more trrau the modest claims of Socrates and his pupils, and their confessed search after truth. What the Athenian wanted was ability to help himself in the life of his day, and to defend himself before his numerous courts; and the quickest way to such an education was what he sought. There was a strong basis of fact in the Sophists' claim of superiority to Socrates and Plato—in point of popularity at least. There was no such glamour in the sincere quest of reality as in the Sophists7 wisdom—pyrites is sometimes more beautiful than gold. And it was not only in the common mind of the people that Plato had to overcome a presumption in favor of the Sophists. Their doctrines were dominant among the thinkers of the day, among those few pioneer minds who busied themselves with matters deeper than those called for by the exigencies of every day life. They taught what has been revived again and again by men after them, the doctrine of sensationalism ; and it is a mode of thought which appeals most strongly to our first reflection, an error into which it is the easiest thing in the world to fall. "Sensationalism," says Prof. Ferrier, "is supported by the natural sentiments of mankind; it is the scheme which suggests itself most readily to the untutored understanding; it is a product of ordinary thinking. When left to ourselves we are naturally of opinion that all our knowledge comes to us through the senses; that the senses are the main, indeed, the sole means and instru-ments ot cognition, and this opinion is nothing but the doctrine of sensationalism." When we remember, then, that this vulgar, natural error of common thought was supported and systematized by the Sophists, and upheld by their brilliant logic and showy pretensions, which appealed so strongly to the Athenian mind, we can understand in some degree what a force Plato was com-bating— the picture of Socrates drinking the hemlock "for cor-rupting the youth" is perhaps not so inexplicable. "Man is the measure of all things," said the Sophists, This reference of the universe to the individual not only relegated all knowledge to the realm of sense-perception, neglecting wholly the higher processes of thought, but wrought far greater mischief in the realm of ethics. Individual responsibility and individual judgment of the good without any abiding principle is nothing ii4 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. but moral chaos. Socrates saw this, and he brought all his magnificent powers of thought and speech to bear against it. He called vice, ignorance, and virtue, knowledge; the true life, to his mind, was the rational life. He taught the independent objective existence of the eternal principles, and that morality lay in the more or less perfect knowledge of these fundamentals. His first endeavor, therefore, was to find a correct theory of knowledge; his most particular aim was a logical definition of the concept. "At the basis of all thought, as Kant has clearly demonstrated, must be a critique of the mind's power to know." Such was the task, then, that Socrates gave over to Plato, and we can only understand Plato's work if we remember this as his aim. "His inquiry was—How to think the universe as given in experience." Plato did not undertake his work blindly, but with a full con-ception of all that it demanded of him. He has been called the creator of philosophy, and, indeed, his thought marks more than a mere step in the line of progress; but he did not make the mistake of attempting total originality. His thought bears the unmistakable marks of careful and thorough study in all that had gone before. Plato was a master of Pre-Platonism. His work was the outcome of a consideration of prior thought; he carefully weighed the previous systems, and took from each its principle of truth. From Heracleitus he derived the doctrine of the perpetual flux—itavra /kc ; from the Eleatics, the permanence of Being; from Pythagoras, the principle of number. For the realm of sense-perception the view of Heracleitus is correct. The senses present a succession of ever-changing phenomena. But Plato saw where Heracleitus failed—in affirming that there is no Being, but Becoming; that "the one thing permanent in a world of change is the law which governs the change." If this were true, knowledge would be impossible-—man would be no better than the brute. Consciousness recognizes-something other than this, for it reacts upon and interprets the phenomena of presenta-tion— there is interaction. And therefore, Plato rejected Becom-ing as the absolute principle of the universe, and adopted the Elea-tic notion of Being. There is Reality, he affirmed; but here again he modified the older doctrine, for the changing phenomena of the universe demand something other than the Eleatic Being, changeless, fixed, " a stony stare." And here came the last of the three prior systems to his help—the Pythagorean number; tafe THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "5 mathematical relation mediates between pure being and the changing world. "Pythagoras brought back to Plato's recog-nition," says Walter Pater, "all that multiplicity in men's experience to which Heracleitus had borne such emphatic witness; but as rhythm and melody now, in movement truly, but moving as disciplined sound and with the reasonable soul of music in it." Thus was posited the foundation, not only of Platonic philosophy, but of future thought, in a blending of the guesses of those gropers in the shadows who had gone before. There is change, but not change alone; there is Being, but not changeless Being; there is the union of the two in an interaction of harmony and design. Why that, we say, is modern! Plato is not an ancient philosopher! But Plato's philosophy did not stop here; the most distinctive doctrine of his thought was yet to be developed from this. Socrates had recognized the reaction of the soul in interpreting the phe-nomena of sense; he had seen how the mind abstracts the resem-blances and recombines them in a class-notion, a concept, and, as has been said, one of his most particular aims was the logical definition of this universal. This general concept Plato received from Socrates, and from it he reached his doctrine of ideas, which, more than any other, gives distinction to his thought. In some points almost fantastic, as we now see it, it was a tremendous stride toward the apprehension of reality, and was the starting point of idealistic philosophy. Every human being in the simplest act of knowledge makes use of these concepts or ideas, but he is unconscious of their nature, even of their presence as such; he does not apprehend them as the necessary and essential instruments of thought. Plato saw this, and his conception of ideas became far different from that of Socrates. For Socrates they had been serviceable creations of the reason, essentially subjective in their existence. But Plato detached them from concrete things and gave them objective existence by themselves as real things, independent of the individual mind. Knowledge, he said, is in some sense not active, but passive; these ideas are not the instruments by which we think our experience, but the cause of our thought. Walter Pater puts it clearly : '' They are themselves rather the proper objects of all true knowledge, and a passage from all merely relative experience to the 'absolute.' In proportion as they blend n6 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. themselves to the individual, in his effort to think, they create reason in him; they reproduce the eternal reason for him." These ideas are necessary, then; and hence it easily follows that they are universal and co-extensive with reality. Plato also conceived them as innate, not conflicting in this sense with their objectivity and reality; but innate in that they are not the products of experience, but lend themselves to the mind, ready to be called forth by the sense-impressions of experience. In this lay the principle that the seeds of knowledge have a pre-existence in the mind and may be brought forth by growth and development from within, but not imparted to the mind from without. And herein was another point of difference from the Sophists, for they looked on the mind as a waxen tablet on which nothing was originally inscribed, and boasted that'they could impart any knowledge to the pupil; whereas Plato judged with Socrates that true educa-tion lay in drawing from the child's own mind the principles there innate by stimulating the reflective powers. These ideas were conceived also, not as the creative agency, but as prototypes for its use and patterns for reality as we gain it in experience. There is a world of ideas immeasurably higher and purer than this world of sense—our earth compares with it as the shadow with the substance. Plato himself draws this analogy in the "Republic." He supposes a cavern which opens to the day by a long passage before whose mouth is a great fire. Within the cavern are men bound in such manner that they can look only toward the inner wall of the cave, on which are the shadows of the men and animals passing in the outer world between the fire and the mouth of the cave. "These captives exactly represent the condition of us men who see nothing but the shadows of realities. And these captives in talking with one another would give names to the shadows as if they were realities. And if, further, this prison-house had an echo opposite to it, so that when the passers-by spoke the sound was reflected (from the same wall on which the shadows were seen) they would, of course, think that the shadows spoke. And, in short, in every way they would be led to think there were no realities except these shadows." He then imagines that one of these captives is loosed and dragged up into the outer world, and pictures first his pain and blindness in the presence of the true light and his disbelief in the reality of his impressions ; then how he is gradually enabled to see and to THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 117 know the truth, and his unwillingness to take up again his former condition. "We must liken the visible world to the dark cavern and the fire which makes objects visible to the sun. The ascent upwards and the vision of the objects there is the advance of the mind into the intelligible world; at least such is my faith and hope. . . . God knows if my faith is well-founded. And, ac-cording to my view, the idea of the Supreme Good is seen last of all and with the greatest difficulty, and when seen is apprehended as the cause of all that is right and excellent. This idea produces in the visible world light and the sun the cause of light; in the intellectual world it is the cause of truth and the intuition of truth." And so these ideas are not co-ordinate, but at the head of all is the notion of the Good. Plato's philosophy has led us to the conception of the Infinite, as must every rational system. And so dawned idealistic philosophy, with its roots far back in the very first of the thinkers, and its plain development in the thought of one man. There is much that is chaff in the pages of Plato, but there is more that is truth. Scribens est mortuus, says Cicero—"he died pen in hand ;" and his work has lived ever after him. For we cannot get away from Plato; his thought is an anticipation of all that has followed. He is ever new and fresh ; his thought is always modern. THE VOICE OF THE SEA. C. M. A. STINE, '01. I sat by the shore of the heaving- sea As the darkness of night grew deeper, And the limitless ocean seemed to me Ivike the lace of a dreaming sleeper. So I listened to the deep-toned murmur, ' Watching the fog wreaths creep Slowly, treacherously nearer To the pallid sands at my feet. I questioned the gray old ocean Who is ever, yet never, the same, "Whereunto hath God created us ? Is't but to sorrow and pain ?" But the all knowing, fathomless sea, As it rolled vast, foam crested and dim, To the paling light of the horizon, Was gray, relentless and grim. n8 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. The billows sighed for the mystery And the sorrow of this mortal span ; For man's short life and the losses That come in "three score and ten." "Is this all of your fabled knowledge ?" Broke from me then in my pain, For I sought to find comfort and soothing In the voice of the tossing main. In agony of soul I gazed seaward, When softly over the deep Stole an imperceptible radiance, As the dawn lights on the mountains creep. The mystery of the tossing billows Was hushed, and the thunderous murmur One cadence breathed on the night wind,— "Forget not the love of the Father." Ah, the peace that then came stealing As deep called afar unto deep; The assurance "Thy Father loves thee" Soothed my spirit to dreamless sleep. A CRITIQUE OF THE DOCTRINES OF MERACLITUS. WILLIAM W. FREY, '00. T TERACLITUS. the last representative of the Ionian school of * *■ Greek philosophy, lived, according to Laertius, in Ephesus, about 500 B. C. He belonged to one of the first families of Ephesus, and this is very manifest in the tone of his writings, in his contempt for the masses. In character he was of a melancholy temperament, without political ambition, disliking social inter-course, but greatly inclined towards philosophical speculation. His style of writing, as revealed to us in fragments, was concise, abrupt and very obscure; this obscurity has been attributed to dif-ferent causes by the historians. Ritter supposes it to have been due to the early infancy of prose philosophical writing and to the inadequacy of words to express accurately the thoughts of the lofty range of speculation in which he indulged. Mallet, Descartes and others ascribe it to an intention of the author not to make his meaning accessible to the common people. As to the contents of his work, there is also much controversy. Some regard it as ethical, others political, others solely metaphysical. It seems THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 119 likely, as Mallet says, that Heraclitus gave a wider range to phi-losophy in that he included physical, political, moral and mythical questions within his discussion. The problem he sought to solve—common to the Ionian school—was to discover the physical ground of all phenomena ; the principle which pervades and lies back of all natural phenom-ena. It was the "end of wisdom," Heraclitus held, to find this principle. He differed from the others, however, in assuming the position that Reality has necessarily its ground and principle in an "absolute, universal, illimitable, living, perfect essence," en-dued with vital energy or force, and, disregarding the hypothesis of the independent existence of individuals, he endeavored to grasp this notion. Furthermore, he attempted, too, to find out the law of development,—how all things came from this first principle. Let us now view more closely his philosophy, noting the falsity of some of his doctrines as we do so. The principle which seemed to him the most powerful, subtle and pervading of all elements was ''fire;" so he founded his system, according to Draper, upon the simple axiom "that all is convertible into fire and fire into all." By this fire, however, he means not a flame but a sort of dry vapor, using it symbolically to represent the principle of universal vital-ity,— something more than the "arche" of previous philosophy— a life pervading all. He held that from this one principle, all things proceed, and are again resolved into it by a perpetual flux. Nature resembles a river flowing incessantly. There is no Being but Becoming; the common character of all phenomena is a perpetual strife, but still a strife according to necessary, irresistible laws. By opposi-tion wehave harmony ; by rarefaction and condensation, all things, by contraries, all movement. So fire in producing all things; passes through a series of transformations—this is strife; and again, by assimilation all things die out—this is peace. Testing this thought by actual life experiences, one cannot help but notice how true it is. Life is a struggle; death is rest. In his adaptation of fire as a symbol, again we seethe appropriateness, for fire is rest-less, striving, longing to pass into other forms, continually active until extinguished. But when we consider further that he denies existence to everything except the Law of Change, fallacies are very apparent. I 120 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. For motion always implies something that moves; change sug-gests materials which are transformed. There can be no "real" phenomena thought of, except in connection with something ex-isting. One attribute is necessary to every substance, viz. Being; and, of course, we must have substance in order to conceive of any attribute at all, such as capability of motion, which is essen-tial to the phenomena of motion or change. Though there is con-tinual change, nevertheless we see more than the process, we see also the things themselves changing. At this place, we must con-sider another false doctrine of Heraclitus—shared later by other philosophers. His teaching that our senses are unreliable and practice deception when they give us certain impressions, is found in different forms and under various guises in the writings of Hamilton, J. S. Mill, Bain, Spencer and others. To discuss this subject,—"the relativity of knowledge," would require a greater expansion of our topic than would be proper. Suffice it to say, in Dr. Valentine's words, that "this theory in whatever form, would do away with the possibility of attaining truth of any kind." The best philosophy of centuries affirms the truth that the ''ratio cognoscendi is grounded in the ratio essendi.'' Of course, Heraclitus, not accepting the senses as giving us truth, and start-ing with the assumed basis of eternal motion, could easily deny Being. Another doctrine, palpably false, which reappeared again many years later, was the "universality of belief as the criterion of truth." He maintained that the universal or divine reason, that medium which surrounds us, which is common to all, only could be relied upon ; but the conceptions of the individual reason were not to be trusted. He says, "to think is common to all; and he that would speak rationally must abide by that which is main-tained by all in common." It must be borne in mind that all his doctrines concerning things both subjective and objective are wholly speculative, not empirical. In pursuing his "vital principle" he lost sight so entirely of the individual that he considered it only as purely phenomenal and delusive. "The only proper starting point is the individual.'' Having begun, as he did with the assumption of the reality only of the universal energy, and then, too, considering this as pure transition alone, it is no wonder that the individual drops out en-tirely as such, and is merged into the universal. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 121 As to his theory regarding the physical universe little need be said. If one bears in mind that it was all theory and not observa-tion, all a priori speculation and not science, his hypotheses will not appear so very unreasonable after all. He supposed the heavens to be basins or bowls, the concave part turned towards us; the stars and sun, flames from earthly evaporations; the size of the sun is just twelve inches ; it is kindled every morning and goes out every night; eclipses are caused by the turning around of the basins. His moral system is based upon the physical, the fundamental doctrine being the excellence of fire. Thus he accounted for a drunkard's acts, by his having a moist soul, and drew the infer-ence that a warm or dry soul is best. His doctrine of the soul of man was that it is a ray from the great fire that is in every phe-nomenon and throughout all nature. He did not approach the idea of a soul as we conceive it to-day,—it was not spiritual at all; in fact some of his writings seem so near later materialistic theories, that Cousin calls them, "Materialism in its infancy." Fatalism is very evident in Heraclitus ; movement is the essential. In Heraclitus as in almost all the better Greek writers, we can easily trace the strong national feeling. Political considerations enter frequently. Note the maxim : "A people ought to fight for their laws as for their walls." With such a system and viewing the conditions of his native country at that time, one is not surprised at his deprecatory esti-mation of humanity which finds expression in this : "The very birth of a man is a calamity—a birth unto death." THE NOBLE HERO. S. W. AHALT, '02. ABOUT two miles south-west of Keedysville, and a mile and a half from Sharpsburg there is a beautiful little cottage sur-rounded by a magnificent grove. In front of the house there is a small porch which is covered with ivy. Directly in front of the porch is a fountain, around which there is a gravel drive. For many years this place was owned by an old man named Hastings. He was a very rich old fellow, yet he spent his yearly income on his only daughter, Naomi. Naomi was a beautiful, fair-cheeked girl with golden hair and dark blue eyes. She was very fond of 122 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. fine clothes (as most girls are), and her father tried his utmost to please her in every way possible. Mr. Hastings gave many re-ceptions and dances for his daughter and her numerous friends. At these balls Naomi was looked upon more as a queen than an ordinary girl. Unlike most girls of her age, she did not have any particular gentleman friend, but she was of the opinion that all men are born equal and she treated them as such. One day a young man named Roberts, from N. Y., who was stopping at the Ross hotel in Sharpsburg, called to see Mr. Hastings. It being near the middle of the day, he was asked to stay and take dinner with them, which he did willingly. Mr. Hastings was very much pleased with the appearance and the manners of the gentleman, so he invited him to attend a dance to be given the following evening. Mr. Roberts thanked him very kindly for the invitation and promised him to be present. In the evening, Mr. Roberts was among the first to drive up to the house. He, being a stranger to all the guests, asked for Mr. Hastings, who introduced him to all present. It was a very short time until Roberts became acquainted with all. He was quite a graceful dancer, and of course all the girls were very anxious to dance with the fine-looking stranger. All the time he was dancing you could see that he kept his eye on Naomi and would give her a pleasant smile whenever a chance was given. He had asked her several times to be his partner, but it seemed that she always had an engagement. The dance continued far into the night and it was now time for the friends to say, "Au Re-voir." Roberts was slow in taking his departure, as he desired to speak a few words with Naomi before leaving. One by one the carriages passed through the gate of the yard, until but one re-mained. Naomi and Roberts stepped out on the porch and as soon as Naomi heard the trickling of the water from the fountain the thought struck her that she must have a drink, and in a few moments the two stood beside the beautiful fountain drinking the water from a silver cup. The moon shone brightly and the stars twinkled like diamonds in the azure sky. A few snow-white clouds were floating in the heavens, and a slight breeze, made fra-grant by the rose-buds and peach-blossoms, was moving the leaves of the trees. They watched the little fish swim in the moonlight, and talked about the enjoyable evening they had spent, and Roberts told her THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 123 how anxious he had been to dance with her. Roberts now took his departure, but not until Naomi had invited him to call again to see her. After this his visits were very numerous, and at last they became engaged to be married. About this time the famous battle of Antietam was fought and on the 16th of July, '62, Roberts decided to go into the battle and fight for his country. He spent that evening at Hastings', and Naomi tried every way possible to induce him to stay out of the battle, but he was determined to help his struggling country and he did so. When he departed that night Naomi left these words with him: "Farewell! The sun no longer shines, The skies no more are blue Above this lonely life of mine ; The sunlight goes with you. But oh, whatever lot I see Thro' sunshine or thro' rain, My L,ove, I will be true to thee Until we meet again." Yes, the battle was fought and the victory won. The noble hero had done his part, although it cost his life. Naomi watched both day and night for her lover's return, but alas ! she watched in vain. He was among the many hundreds of soldiers who were lying dead upon the battlefield, covered with blood and dust. There was a letter in his pocket from Naomi, which was the only thing that kept him from being buried among the unknown. A few days afterwards, Naomi was walking past the graves of the soldiers and she saw her lover's name (A.M. Roberts) in her own hand-writing tacked upon a slab at the head of a grave. She burst into tears, but consoled herself by thanking God that she knew where he was buried. For many years Naomi kept flowers upon the hero's grave, and you can now see his name upon the headstone on the western slope of the National Cemetery at Sharpsburg. I24 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. WOMEN AS TEACHERS. GERTRUDE FREY, '00. HPHE higher education of women is a problem which has been * agitated for many years. Formerly woman's subjection to man was very nearly complete in all respects, whether considered from a social, a political or an intellectual point of view. But from being the property of man, she emerged, under civilization, from the sphere of drudgery to that of social power, and conse-quently to the liberty of cultivating her mental faculties. Some people profess to believe that the development of woman's mind is undesirable, because there is a tendency toward what is called "strong-minded" women. But the higher education, rightly pursued, does not make women cold, hard and semi-mas-culine, as many claim it does. Indeed, the more a woman knows of life, the better she understands the past and present of the world, and the experiences and conclusions of its greatest thinkers, the less likely she will be to confuse the masculine and feminine ideals, or to underrate the latter in comparison with the former. Experience has proved to us that women are capable of just as high intellectual development as men ; and many have taken ad-vantage of the opportunity given for the higher education, whether they expect to enter a profession or not. A study of the census statistics leads to the broad statement that there are but few lines of remunerative employment not now open to woman. She is found in nearly all departments of pro-fessional life—ministry, medicine, literature, art, music, the drama, education and science. Of the 128 occupations classified in the census of 1890, only one—military pursuits—had no femi-nine representative. There are some professions which I think are not desirable for women to enter. Generally when the college woman thinks of doing something as a means of livelihood, she thinks of teaching. There have been many objections made to this, because it cannot be assumed that 50 per cent, of all college women have special gifts in the same direction. Experience shows that the special gift for teaching is as rare as other talents, and as valuable when it finds its true expression. Kate Claghorn writes that the evil results to the teacher her-self of this overcrowding of her profession are many. First, ' 'she THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 125 must accept a low rate of pay for her work ; next, she must be content with an inferior position; furthermore, she must lengthen her period of preparation, not always with advantage to the work that she wants to do." She also says, that the remedy for this is plain : That women who graduate from college with the inten-tion of earning a living, should look about for other occupations than that of teaching. " With lowered competition, not only would salaries be raised, but quality of service also." While it is admitted that there are many teachers who perhaps would do better work in other professions, yet it cannot be denied that teaching is one of the best and most suited professions for women. There are many more female teachers than male, yet there are many discriminations made against them. There is no longer a discrimination of position, because women hold just as high posi-tions as men. Women are holding the positions of State, City and County Superintendents. These are principally in the West. But there is a discrimination in salaries, except in the higher positions, where they are the same for all. Let me give a few of Mr. Wright's reasons why women receive less than men. First, "stepping out of industrial subjection, woman comes into the in-dustrial system as an entirely new economic factor. Secondly, woman occupies a lower standard, both in physical features and in mental demands. Thirdly, she receives low wages through an insufficient equipment for life's work, which is not the result of incapacity or lack of skill, but is due largely to the hope that the permanence of work will be interrupted by matrimony." This is in some cases true, and it has a tendency to lower the wages, so that those who do intend to make it a life-work, and do it because they feel that they can do better along this line, cannot receive the salary that they should have. There are many other reasons given why women are paid less than men; but it seems to me that there should be no discrimina-tion made in the payment of salaries if the work is equally well done. Agues Wright says : " The growing importance of woman's labor, her general equipment through technical education, her more positive dedication to the life-work she chooses—all these combined will place her on an equality with man. As she ap-proaches this equality her remuneration will be increased and her economic importance acknowledged." 126 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. While I am in favor of the higher education of woman which places her on an equal basis with man, I think she should net be given the right of suffrage. This would not elevate her. It would take her out of her proper sphere, and tend to destroy all the characteristic traits which are especially desirable in a true womanly character. SPRING. C. R. SHDLTZ, '03. As I hear the bluebird's song And the robin's sweet refrain, I know that Spring- has come again, With pleasures for weak and strong. O, the beautiful days of Spring, Of all the days the best! When Nature, renewed by rest, Again the flowers doth bring. The Earth has been quickened by rain, And hath donned her cloak of green; And leafless trees, by a hand unseen, Have been brought to life again. Hail, then, thou glorious Spring ! For we greet thee with good cheer; Hail, blessed season of the year! Thy praise we do gladly sing. _-L .'THE. GETTYSBURG MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter. Voi,. IX. GETTYSBURG, PA., JUNE, 1900. No. 4 Editor-in- Chief, S. A. VAN ORMEH, '01. Assistant Editors, W. H. HETRICK, W. A. KOHLSE. Business Manager, H. C. HOFFMAN. Alumni Editor, REV. P. D. GARLAND. Assistant Business Manager, "WILLIAM C. NEY. Advisory Boards PROF. J. A. HIMES, LIT. D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D. D. Published monthly by the students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg-) College. Subscription price, One Dollar a year in advance; single copies Ten Cents. Notice to discontinue sending1 the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors, and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORS' DESK. ^~\N Saturday evening, May 12th, the Y. M. C. A. entertain- ^-"^ ment course was completed with a lecture on Literature as a Personal Resource, by Hamilton Wright Mabil, editor of The Outlook. None but words of appreciation were heard from those who are interested along the line of Mr. Mabil's lecture. The lecture was delivered in a conversational rather than in an oratorical manner. His smooth flow of plain language, to-gether with his great breadth and unusual discrimination, are the characteristics that captivate his audiences. He gave us the best thoughts that have accumulated from his broad experience in the field of literature. Mr. Mabil seems to have felt the pulsations of the hearts of the masters, and received their vitalizing in-fluences. ! 128 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURlt \V7E gratefully acknowledge the receipt of Commencement pro- ** grams and invitations from State College and Dickinson. J> 'THE cause advocated by the following letter merits recognition *■ in THE MERCURY, hence we publish it in full, hoping that by so doing we may lend some assistance to a worthy cause. The tireless efforts of President Passmore will, we hope, be rewarded in this meeting. ■To TEACHERS, DIRECTORS AND FRIENDS OF EDUCATION IN PENNSYL-VANIA : I desire to call your special attention to the next meeting of the Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association, which will be held this year in the city of Williamsport, Pa., July 3rd to 6th, inclusive. Every enrolled member of this Association will receive a copy of the addresses and other proceeding's, not only of the State Teachers' Association, but of the City, Borough and Township Superintendents' Association, and also of the State School Directors' Convention, thus getting1 the very best thought along these different lines in the State. I appeal to the friends of education in Pennsylvania to enroll in large numbers. There are over 26,000 teachers in the State in the pub-lic schools alone, and the number of superintendents, teachers, direc-tors and other friends of education enrolled should not be less than 10,000. The trip to Williamsport is a pleasant one. It is an ideal place to meet—fine hotels, its citizens noted for their hospitality, elegant drives; and the excursion to Eaglesmere will be a great attraction. The pro-gram is excellent. Turn out in large numbers, and show your interest in the great educational Association of your State. If you find it utterly impossible to attend the meeting, send your enrollment fee of $1.00 to Prof. David S. Keck, Treasurer, Kutztown, Pa., who will promptly send you a certificate of membership. Let me not plead in vain for our dear old Commonwealth to make this meeting a record-breaker. JOHN A. M. PASSMORE, President. A S this is the last issue of THE MERCURY this college year, it ■**■ seems in place to express our appreciation of the courtesies of the Student body and Alumni who have so generously fur-nished us the material with which to fill our pages. The primary object of the journal is to encourage writing on the part of the students, both in prose and verse; and it seems to be accomplish-ing this end. Not all the articles that appear are of the first or-der, nor can this be expected; for, if only the best were accepted, THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 129 we should want for material, and again that needed stimulus would not be furnished to the students in general—which is THE MERCURY'S mission. The present number—and such is the case with most issues—contains articles above the average, articles worthy of study. \V7E are glad to acknowledge the receipt of the May numbers " of The Washington Jefferso7iian and The Western JJyiiver-sity Courant, two journals that have not been reaching us. OTSEGO LAKE. WM. M. ROBENOLT, '02. f~\F the many little sheets of water found in the mountainous ^-' districts of central and eastern New York there is none which surpasses Lake Otsego either in the beauty and variety of its surrounding scenery or in the number and interest of the historical events connected therewith. "Peerless among- these mountain gems, Unmatched 'mong nature's diadems, Is Lake Otsego, 'Glimmerglass,' Whose grandeur rare naught can surpass." This body of water, forming a basin ten miles in length and one in width, is located on the hills forming the watershed between the Mohawk and Susquehanna rivers, its elevation above the sea level being about 1,300 feet. At its outlet is where the Susque-hanna enters upon its long and winding and troubled course toward the ocean. It lies within the territory formerly occupied by the Mohawks, and this region was their favorite fishing and hunting ground. Along its western bank was the trail of these Indians in their journeys toward the south. From this region, undoubtedly, furs and skins were sent to Ft. Orange to be bartered with the early Dutch traders, for the hills abounded in fur-bearing animals of different species. This lake furnished a means for Gen. James Clinton, after making his expedition up the Hudson and the Mohawk, to convey his army southward to meet Gen. Sullivan who was to yAn him from the south and then march into the country of the Cayugas and Senecas. On the first of July, after carrying his boats over-land from the Mohawk, he embarked at the head of the lake with 130 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. over two hundred boats and began his journey over its placid waters toward the Susquebanna—a larger fleet, doubtless, than shall ever again float on these waters. After landingat the outlet they encamped on ground now occupied by the village and waited for orders to move southward. During the stay here of nearly six weeks he and his men amused themselves by hunting the deer on the hills and fishing in the lake. This beautiful sheet of water is the first on which James Fenimore Cooper's eyes fell with a conscious look, and be-ing reared along its shores, it was always a charming spot to him. It has been made famous by his classic pen, for in and about this lake are laid some of the most interesting scenes found in his "Leather Stocking Tales.'' In this vicinity is where Natty spent his time in hunting with the Indians, and now may be seen on the eastern shore near the foot of the lake a fine marble statue of him, standing erect on a small monumental column ; the tall white figure of the old hunter stands gleaming among the higher branches of a grove of young pines, looking over lake and valley. The one who visits this lake to-day does not see the unbroken sylvan surroundings that were here in the days of Clinton and Cooper. When Clinton encamped here there were no permanent dwellings and very few in Cooper's younger days. Now may be seen a village at either end and cottages and beautiful farm houses around its shores. To one who has an eye for the beauties of Nature, the views about this lake are an unceasing source of delight. Hills, inter-spersed with woods and meadows, abounding in springs whose water trickles down their banks finding its way to the basin of the lake, rise from either side, those to the east being for the most part steep and rugged, while those to the west have a more gentle slope. Thousands of visitors seek this spot every summer, and the entire length of its beach is dotted with tents and camping houses. A roadway parallels the whole lake and pleasure seekers often take a drive, making the complete circuit, a distance of twenty-five miles. The village lying at its southern shore is called Cooperstown, from the name of its founder. Here are the summer residences of some of the most prominent people of this country. From the pier at this place one can get a view of nearly the whole lake. To the right of the pier and not far from the outlet THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 131 may be seen the rock which formed the place of meeting for Deer-slayer and Chingachgook, with the limpid waves rippling about as they did at the time of this meeting. It is now known as Otsego or Council Rock. The river for the first few rods, after receiving the water from the lake, flows so smoothly that scarcely a ripple may be seen. Its terraced banks are covered with scenery which may well challenge a rival. It has been termed the "Lover's Lane." To the eastward of the outlet and beyond the village, rising in terraces, is the "Lakewood" cemetery, one of the most beautiful in the country, among whose marble columns, one erected to the memory of Cooper towers above the rest. On its base are sculptured emblems of the author's thought, and on the top, with dog and gun, is Leather Stocking—Fiction's son. The body of Cooper, however, was laid to rest in the village churchyard nearby. At the east from the cemetery one of the slopes rising above the others is known as Mt. Vision. From this height where the whole lake is visible it appears like an opal enclosed in an emerald. To the north of the cemetery, a little distance up the hillside from the beach, is found the Fairy Spring. Chaliced in a solid rock, its waters form a mirror here in the hillside. Every summer many little parties picnic here for a day and many interesting little stories are connected with the consecrated spot. Farther up along the eastern coast and not far from the shore has been erected a tower which commands the view of the lake. The name "Kingfisher Tower" has been given this. A short distance to the north and up on the hillsides, which here are so steep they can scarcely be climbed, may be found a rocky glen, the famous "Leather Stocking Cave." "Sulphur Spring" is the next point of interest, whose waters are valuable for medicinal purposes. A short distance from here two streams side by side glide down the mountain with a narrow ridge between them in the form of a roof, called the "Hog-back." When viewed from the lake the deep ravines which form the bed of these streams appear like a large "W." Farther on the hills take a gentle slope and through them flows a stream which is one of the most beautiful places about the whole lake. Its banks are lined with trees whose images are reflected in the water. It is termed the "Shadow Brook," the northern "Lover's Lane." Nearby lies a promontory whose f 132 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. gentle slopes have been cleared of their forest growth. This viewed at a distance assumes the form of some monster crouching for his prey, and from this resemblance has been called the "Sleeping Ivion." Tradition tells us that in Cooper's day an island lay off the coast of this promontory. (On this island was Hutter's cottage.) It, however, has since been submerged and lies but a few feet below the surface. An interesting story is connected with this and the "Sleeping L,ion." It is said that the lion outstretched his paws, struck the island and caused it to sink beneath the water, and to-day we have the "Sunken Island." This brings us near the head of the lake where the village of Springfield is situated. The points of interest along the western shore are not so numerous, though the views gained from this side are much more beautiful than those gained from the east side. Two points of interest, however, command our attention, Three Mile and Five Mile Points, situated, respectively, three and five miles from the village of Cooperstown. It is scarcely possible to imagine a spot more charming than the one first mentioned. Jutting out into the limpid waters of the lake at the foot of a height, lined with a pebbly beach, covered with trees and a grassy carpet, it seems to possess every charm to render it a favored spot. A limpid spring, remarkable for the coolness and sweetness of its waters, rises from the gravel of the beach at the very root of ancient trees. A wild brawling brook coming down from the hills has torn for itself a rude channel, adding variety to the ground, and often blending the troubled murmur of its waters with the gentle play of the ripple on the beach. The views in every direction are unsurpassed. In the rear, rise hills which seem to touch the sky in the distance. The eye, having wandered over a beautiful expanse of water, sees hills on the opposite side covered with woods and meadows from the strand to their crest. To the northward is the isolated height before mentioned as the "Sleeping Lion." To the southward lies the village of Cooperstown and the valley of the Susquehanna with a background of low mountains in the distance. This was one of the places selected by Cooper for several of his most impressive scenes. On this point the "Mingoes" are encamped when Natty's daring rescues Hist; and here he sends the canoe with the Indian lovers adrift and remains himself a THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 133 prisoner. And here is where Deerslayer was captured by the Indians. Ever since the days of Cooper this spot has been sacred. During the summer several boats make daily trips from one village to the other, stopping at the intermediate points of interest. Who, after enjoying a ride on the Natty Bumpo, can forget the beautiful scenery gained from her deck ? Smaller crafts may be seen floating on the glassy surface for its entire length. This lake will always be held dear in the memory of one who has visited it. All whose paternal homes lie on or near a fine lake shore can readily say with Natty, "My eyes never a-weary looking at it." Irving waters are the very soul of a landscape. There is certainly no other natural object, however fine, whether imposing like a grand mountain or winning like a smiling valley, which carries with it so much of the spirit of companionship through all the successive years of a human life, as a lake, and one of a limited size awakens more of this feeling than a larger body of water. THE TURK IN RELIGION. A. H. MERDINYAN, '01 (KONIA, ASIA MINOR). 'THE Mohammedan world is proud of her children, who have intense loyalty to their religion, and are active for its wel-fare. Although the nation is a prey to the misteaching of the Koran, still feeling it j»o be the best pioneer of truth, they live under its obscure banner and the misery of misleading religion. The Turk is intensely religious in his belief, and endeavors to accomplish all the rites and duties of his religion. He is held within the limits of his false religion, and his freedom of thought and private judgment is crushed, and he cannot find an occasion to develop for better. He has no freedom to accept the other re-ligion, which is far better than his. The Turk in religion is what he is, and remains what he is, because his religion is Moham-medan. There is no leaven in it. Elements of kindness, politeness, hospitality and religious fer-vor are their good qualities ; but they show anger, hatred and bitter cruelty when occasion offers. In the highest attitude of his religious inspiration he often gets too wild, and is not less than a beast. He is a cold-blooded murderer and butcher to carry on the false mission of the Koran, as he believes it to be his reli-gious duty. In his religious inspiration he cries out, "O Eord of 134 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. all creatures ! O Allah ! Destroy the infidels and polytheists, thine enemies, the enemies of the religion ! 0 Allah ! make their children orphans, and defile their abodes, and cause their feet to slip; give them and their families, their households, their women, children, possessions and race and their wealth and lands as booty to the Moslems, O God of all creatures !" The Turks are missionaries as well as Christians. They press steadily forward to convert the world. They labor under a mis-erable delusion and misconception that Mohammedanism is an elect, and paves the way for a purer faith, which leads to the life eternal. The sword of Mohammed and the Koran are the most stubborn enemies of civilization and truth the world has yet known; and every believer in the Koran is in the same propor-tion anxious to bring many under the bloody and shameful banner of his religion. They have the great honor (?) of being the most destructive and cruel nation of the world. To-day the largest religious university in the world belongs to the Mohammedans— " Ayhar," the university in Cairo, where nearly ten thousand young men are preparing themselves for the priesthood, to spread and proclaim the doctrines of Mohammed to the wide world. Al-most every town and city of the country is provided with theo-logical schools, graduating every year scores of young priests for the mission of Mohammed. Iconium, with its sixty thousand population, has thirty-five Mohammedan theological schools. Mohammedanism is an aggressive religion, and is anxious to bring "kafirs" Infidels (as they call the Christians or non-Mo-hammedans) within its pale. We cannot overlook the fact that in late years they have written pages of history with their sword dipped in Armenian blood. Their extreme civil and religious measures were more than an Armenian nation could bear, and the result has been cold-blooded murder throughout the land. The blame is on Christian nations, who, being unconcerned, tol-erated their brothers and sisters to suffer unto the death under the paw of a wild and cruel nation, which every day strives to exter-minate all those who are outside of their religious sphere, as well as on the Moslems. So long as the political power and supremacy rests in the Turk, there can be no real civil and religious liberty in that country. There are 200,000,000 Mohammedans in the world—nearly one-eighth of the human race—who live and die under the stub- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 135 born doctrines and statutes of the Koran; under its sway the radi-cal evils of polygamy and divorce are fully practiced among them. Islams can legally and religiously take as many as four wives, but the number of concubines is not limited. The Turk not only looks upon polygamy as right and proper, but he considers it a religious duty. The practical duties of a Mohammedan are pro-fession of faith, " L,a ilahe illallah Mohammed er-resoul-oallah" (There is no God but one God, and Mohammed is the Apostle of God); ablution with prayer; giving alms to the poor; and going to Mecca. Kach faithful believer ought to pray five times a day —at dawn, at noon, in the afternoon at three o'clock, at six o'clock, and in the evening at eight o'clock. Before each prayer ablution, washing of hands, feet, mouth, ears and face is impera-tive. "While doing this certain prayers are offered for the for-giveness of the sins which are committed with these several mem-bers. The form of worship consists of kneeling down, rising, bowing down, kneeling again, and putting face against the floor, and each time whispering certain prayers; then clasping the hands over the face, passing them down and off as if driving the devil away. The mosques are open at all hours during the day. The external part of the mosque is most gorgeous and mag-nificent, but internally it is very plain. The floor is covered with beautiful rugs or carpets. No chairs are in the mosque. Here and there some texts from the Koran are written in large letters. Mosques have no bells. "Magin," with loud voice, yell from the top of minarets, " There is no God but one God, Mohammed is the Apostle of God;" "Come to prayer, come to the temple of life." That is the echo which comes from the hundreds of mina-rets each day five times. Friday is their Sabbath. After ablution each believer enters into the mosque, after taking off his shoes at the vestibule or door, and takes his place beside his fellow-be-lievers. An ultimate reverence and respect prevails during the prayer—no talking, no laughing, no sleeping ; even coughing is checked by each believer, in intense reverence to prayer. In perfect harmony the immense body of believers worship in such a solemn manner as can hardly be seen in any other place of wor-ship. The preacher is at the altar. He is without any special garment. He leads the prayer, and each of his movements or prostrations are observed and imitated by hundreds and thousands of worshipers. After prayer they may hear some exhortations from the Koran on their practical duties of religion, and then they are dismissed. 1 PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. C F. SOLT MERCHANT TAILOR Masonic Bldg., GETTYSBURG Our collection of Woolens for the coming Fall and Winter season cannot be surpassed for variety, attractive designs and general completeness. The latest styles of fashionable novelties in the most approved shades. Staples of exceptional merit, value and wearing durability. Also altering, repairing, dyeing and scouring at moderate prices. .FOR UP-TO-DATE. Clothing, Hats, Shoes, And Men's Furnishing Goods, go to I. HALLEM'S MAMMOTH CLOTHING HOUSE, Chambersburg St., GETTYSBURG, PA. ESTABLISHED 1867 BY ALLEN WALTON. ALLEN K. WALTON, President and Treasurer. ROBT. J. WALTON Superintendent. Hummelstooin Broom Stone Company Quarrymen and Manufacturers of Building Stone, Sawed Flagging and Tile Waltonville, Dauphin Co., Pa. Contractors for all kinds of Telegraph and Express Address. Cut Stone Work. BROWNSTONE, PA. Parties visiting the Quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station on the P. & R. R. R. For a nice sweet loaf of Bread call on J. RAMER Baker of Bread and Fancy Cakes, GETTYSBURG. PA. EIMER & AMEND, Manufacturers and Importers of Chemicals and Chemical Apparatus 205, 207, 209 and 211 Third Avenue, Corner 18th Street NEW YORK. Finest Bohemian and German Glassware, Royal Berlin and Meissen Porcelain, Pure Hammered Platinum, Balances and Weights. Zeiss Mi-croscopes and Bacteriological Apparatus; Chemical Pure Acids and Assay Goods. SCOTT PAPER COMPANY MAKERS OF FINE TOILET PAPER 7th and Greenwood Ave. PHILADELPHIA PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. The Century Double-Feed Fountain Pen. Fully Warranted 16 Kt. Gold Pen, Indium Pointed. GEO. EVELER, Agent for Gettysburg College PRICE LIST. No. 1. Chased, long- or short $2 00 No. 1. Gold Mounted 3 00 No. 3. Chased 3 00 Spiral, Black or Mottled $2 50 Twist, " " 2 SO Hexagon, Black or Mottled 2 50 No. 3. Gold Mounted 4 00 Pearl Holder, Gold Mounted 5 00 THE CENTURY PEN CO., WHITEWATER, WIS Askyour Stationer or our Agent to show them to you. Agood local agent wanted in every school mmmv,-,_.,u. sammmmmmwmwmmmmmmmmmmwwwgg Printingand Binding We Print This Book THE MT. HOLLY STATIONERY AND PRINTING CO. does all classes of Printing- and Binding-, and can furnish you any Book, Bill Head, Letter Head, Envelope, Card, Blank, or anything- pertain-ing- to their business in just as good style and at less cost than you can obtain same elsewhere. They are located among the mountains but their work is metropolitan. You can be convinced of this if you give them the opportunity. Mt. Holly Stationery and Printing Co. K SPRINGS, PA. =3 H. S. BENNER, .DEALER IN. Groceries, Notions, Queenswcire, Glassware, Etc., Tobacco and Cigars. 17 CHAMBERSBURG ST. WE RECOMMEND THESE BUSINESS MEN. Pitzer House, (Temperance) JNO. E. PITZER, Prop. Rates $1.00 to $1.25 per day. Battlefield a specialty. Dinner and ride to all points of interest,including the tb ree days' fight, $1.25. No. 127 Main Street. MUMPER & BENDER Furniture Cabinet Making, Picture Frames Beds, Springs, Mattresses, Etc. Baltimore St., GETTYSBURG, PA. You will find a full line of Pure Drugs and Fine Sta- People's Drug Store Prescriptions a Specialty. .GO TO. {}otel (Gettysburg Barber Sfyop. Centre Square. B. M. SEFTON J. A. TAWNEY ». Is ready to furnish Clubs and Bread, Rolls, Etc. At short notice and reasonable rates. Washington & Middle Sts., Gettysburg. W.F.CODORI, M*£T£&! Dealer in Beef, Pork, Lamb, Veal, Sausage. Special rates to Clubs. York St., GETTYSBURG. Davxb Croxel, Dealer in ^tne (groceries cmb notions «-«-4}ork Street. .GO TO. CHAS. E. BARBEHENN, Barber In the Eagle Hotel, Cor. Main and Washing-ton Sts. YOHN BROS. Agents for the Keystone State, Waldo, Washburn, Groupner & Meyer. Highest Grade Mandolins, Guitars, Banjos, Mandollas and Mandocellos. Headquarters for Phonographs, Graphophones and supplies. Trimmings of every description. All sheet music one-half off. Large discounts on Books and studies. 326 Market St., Harrisburg, Pa. FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. Spalding's OFFICIAL Athletic Goods Officially adopted by the leading Colleges, Schools and Athletic Clubs of the Country. Every requisite tor Baseball, Football, Golf, Tennis, Athlet-ics, Gymnasium. Spalding's Offi- 'cial League Ball is the Official Ball of the Na-tional League and all the lead-ing college asso-ciations Handsome cata-logue of Athletic Sports free to any address. Spalding's Baseball Guide for 1900,10 cts. A. Q. SPALDINQ & BROS. New York Chicago ROWE. YOUR GROCER Carries Full Line of Groceries, Canned Goods, Etc, Best Coal Oil and Brooms,at most Reasonable Prices. OPPOSITE COLLEOE CAMPUS. S. J. CODORI, Stationery, Blank Books, Amateur Pho-tographic Supplies, Etc., Etc. BALTIMORE ST. R. H. CULP PAPER HANGER, Second Square, York Street. COLLEGE EMBLEMS. EMIL ZOTHE, ENGRAVER, DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER. 19 S. NINTH St. PHILADELPHIA. PA. SPECIALTIES:- Masonic Marks, Society Badges, College Buttons, Pins, Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. All Goods ordered through A. N. Bean. To Repair Broken Arti-cles use Major's Cement Remember MAJOR'S RUBBER CEMENT, MAJOR'S « LEATHER CEMENT. Meneely Bell Co. TROY, N. Y. MANUFACTURERS OF SUPERIOR BELLS The 2000 pound bell now ringing in the tower of Pennsylvania Col-lege was manufactured at this foundry. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. The Pleased Customer Is not a stranger in our establish-ment— he's right at home, you'll see him when you call. We have the materials to please fastidious men. J. D. LIPPY, Merchant Tailor 39 Chambersburg- St., Gettysburg, Pa. G. E. SPANGLER, Dealer in Pianos, Organs, Music, Musical Instruments, Strings, Etc. YORK STREET, 1ST SQUARE. GETTYSBURG. L. D. Miller, GROCER Confectioner and Fruiterer. Ice Cream and Oysters in Season. 19 Main St. GETTYSBURG City Hotel, Main St. Gettysburg. ^ Free 'Bus to and from all Trains Thirty seconds' walk from either depot Dinner with drive over field with four or more, $1.35 Rates $1.50 to $2.00 per day John E. Hughes, Prop. Capitol Cit? Cafe Cor. Fourth and Market Sts. HARRISBURQ, PA. First-Class Rooms Furnished. Special Rates to Private Parties. Open Day and Night. European Plan. Eunch of All Kinds to Order at the Restaurant. ALDINGER'S CAPITOL CITY CAFE. POPULAR PRICES. F. Mark Bream, Dealer in Fancy and Staple Groceries Telephone 29 Carlisle St., GETTYSBURG, PA. .Photographer. No. 3 Main St., GETTYSBURG, PENNA. Our new effects in Portraiture are equal to photos made anywhere, and at any price PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS alright, 140-142 Woodward Avenue DETROIT, MICH. Manufacturers of High Grade Fraternity Emblems Fraternity Jewelry Fraternity Novelties Fraternity Stationary Fraternity Invitations Fraternity Announcements Fraternity Programs Send for Catalogue and Price List. Special Designs on Application. MOTEL GETTYSBURG LIVERY GETTYSBURG, PA. LOING & HOLTZWORTM, Proprietors Apply at Office in the Hotel for First-Class Guides and Teams THE BATTEFIELD A SPECIALTY TTbe JSoIton Market Square "Ibartfeburg, lpa. Large and Convenient Sample Rooms. Passenger and Baggage Elevator. Electric Cars to and from Depot. Electric Light and Steam Heat. J. M. & M. S. BUTTERWORTH, Proprietors Special Rates for Commer-cial Men "EZ 1ST IMMER CUT ET WAS ZU WISSEIN." These are the words of Goethe, the great German poet, and are as true in our day as when uttered. In these times of defective vision it is good to know something about eyes. A great deal has been learned about the value of glasses and their application since Goethe lived. Spectacle wearers have increased by thousands, while at the same time, persons losing their eyesight, have been greatly diminished. If your eyes trouble you in any way let me tell you the cause. Examination free and prices reasonable. We grind all our own lenses and fit the best lenses (no matter what anyone else has charged you) for $2.50 per pair and as cheap as SO cents per pair, or duplicate a broken lens if we have one-half or more of the old one, at a reasonable charge, returning same day received. .E. L. EGOLP. 807 and 809 North Third Street, MARRISBURG, PA. r PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. (^entFal [lotel, ELIAS FISSEL, Prop. (Formerly of Globe Hotel) Baltimore Street, Gettysburg, Pa. Two doors from Court House. MODERN IMPROVEMENTS. Steam Heat, Electric Light and Call Bells all through the House. Closets and Bath Rooms on Every Floor. Sefton & Fleui-mrng's Ijivery is connected with this Hotel. Good Teams and Competent Guides for the Battlefield. Charges Moderate, Satisfaction Guaranteed. Rates $1.50 Per Day. GET A SKATE ON And send all your Soiled L,inen to the Gettysburg Steam Laundry R. R. LONQ, Prop. R. A. WONDERS, Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, Etc. Scott's Corner, Opp. Eagle Hotel. GETTYSBURG, PA. J^ Try My Choice Eine of A t. High-Grade Chocolates 3 L p y. J. V. at 40c per lb. Always fresh at ,\ £ CHAS. H. McCLEARY j £ Carlisle St., Opposite W. M. R. R. j) l. Also Foreign and Domestic Fruits A j" Always on Hand. ** JOHN M. MINNIQH, Confectionery, lee, • andIee Creams. Oysters Stewed and Fried. No. 17 BALTIMORE ST. HARRq f}. 3EFTON The Leading Berber v>f)op (Successor to C. O. Sefton) Having- thoroughly remodeled the place is now ready to accommodate the public Barber Supplies a Specialty. .Baltimore Street. GETT*l5§UR(i, PA. ESTABLISHED 1876 PENROSE MYERS, Watchmaker and Jeweler Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, Col-lege Souvenir Spoons. NO. 10 BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PENNA. L. (\. klltW Manufacturers' Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, Paints and Queensware. GETTYSBURG, PA. The Only Jobbing House in Adams County.