Suchergebnisse

Con la expedición de la Constitución Política de 1991 y la función dada a los órganos del estado se han tratado de crear mecanismos legales que de una u otra forma coadyuven a las entidades estatales al momento de seleccionar no solo la oferta más favorable desde un punto de vista técnico y económico, sino también garantizar la idoneidad del contratista para de esta manera responder de forma eficaz y eficiente con el objeto contratado bien sea en la ejecución de obras o en el suministro de un bien o servicio requerido, producto de ello es la expedición de la ley 80 de 1993 que dio origen al hoy llamado Registro Único de Proponentes (RUP). Recordemos que con anterioridad a esta ley si bien existía un documento similar o equivalente al RUP, esté era etéreo en razón a que la misma entidad contratante realizaba los respectivos pliegos de condiciones y a la par se encargaba de evaluar los documentos que servían de soporte tanto para la clasificación como la calificación lo que la convertía por llamarlo así en juez y parte dentro del proceso, dando con ella una sensación de poca transparencia y eficacia a la hora de seleccionar el mejor contratista. Ahora bien, en ese mismo afán del Gobierno Nacional por dotar de transparencia y alejar la corrupción de los entes estatales se propone que sea justamente un tercero imparcial el que revise los requisitos considerados habilitantes en el Registro Único de Proponentes, para luego proceder a su inscripción y certificación, de ahí que haya sido delegada su administración a las cámaras de comercio, sin embargo, las funciones asignadas fueron exclusivamente encaminadas a verificar y cotejar la información suministrada por el proponente, lo que el últimas también refleja que se deben ceñir al principio de la buena fe de los documentos presentados sin poder siquiera refutarlos o indagar más para estar seguros de la información que se certificara, lo que en últimas también limita y porque no decirlo tampoco vuelve confiable al certificado ; With the issuance of the Political Constitution of 1991 and the function given to state bodies, attempts have been made to create legal mechanisms that in one way or another help state entities when selecting not only the most favorable offer from a point of view technical and economic point of view, but also to guarantee the suitability of the contractor in order to respond effectively and efficiently with the contracted object, either in the execution of works or in the supply of a required good or service, the product of which is the expedition of Law 80 of 1993 that gave rise to what is now called the Single Registry of Bidders (RUP). Let us remember that prior to this law, although there was a document similar or equivalent to the RUP, it was ethereal because the same contracting entity prepared the respective specifications and, at the same time, was in charge of evaluating the documents that served as support for both the classification as the qualification which made it, so to speak, a judge and a party within the process, giving it a feeling of little transparency and efficiency when selecting the best contractor. Now, in the same eagerness of the National Government to provide transparency and remove corruption from state entities, it is proposed that an impartial third party be the one to review the requirements considered enabling in the Single Registry of Bidders, and then proceed to their registration. and certification, hence its administration has been delegated to the chambers of commerce, however, the assigned functions were exclusively aimed at verifying and collating the information provided by the proponent, which the latter also reflects that they must adhere to the principle of the good faith of the documents presented without even being able to refute them or investigate further to be sure of the information that will be certified, which ultimately also limits and because not saying so does not make the certificate reliable either ; Magister en Derecho Administrativo ; Maestría

Introduction. The article analyzes the current socio- economic situation in the region (Chelyabinsk region), which is characterized by negative changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the corona- virus crisis not only highlighted the existing problems and weaknesses of the socio-economic situation, but also exacerbated the basic accumulated problems in the region. The peak load on the economic, demo- graphic, and social spheres (especially healthcare) in the Chelyabinsk region and other regions of the Rus- sian Federation occurred in 2020. The measures taken by the state to support the population and businesses made it possible to stabilize the situation and avoid sig- nificant post-COVID losses. However, the spread of the pandemic continues, and external challenges for the country and regions are intensifying. In this regard, it is important to understand the essence of the ongoing socio-economic processes in the country and regions, to analyze and systematize the disparate and multidirectional factors that determine the new reality. In this regard, the authors formed problem groups, within which they considered the spheres of life, where the challenges and threats in connection with the pandemic have increased significantly. These included: a group designated as «Economics»; group «Demog- raphy», group «Standard of life». The increase in threats and danger in these areas due to the spread of COVID-19 has most affected the well-being of people, the deterioration in the quality of life, and the reduc- tion in its duration. To study the problems noted, the authors set a goal: based on analyzing the current socio-economic situa- tion in the constituent entities of the Russian Federa- tion, to identify threats to decreasing the population's quality of life during the pandemic and propose measures to overcome the negative post-COVID conse- quences for the region's residents. Methods. The information base was the statistical data of Federal State Statistics Service, information from the report of the Governor of the Chelyabinsk Region for 2020. The authors use the following methods: content analysis of scientific sources, grouping of risk factors during the pandemic, analysis of statistical indicators and data obtained from the results of monitoring the region. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the devel- opment of an original algorithm for express analysis of the current socio-economic situation in the region during the pandemic for prompt response and relief by the authorities of the threats associated with the spread of the pandemic. It (algorithm) includes the selection of the most vulnerable areas in terms of liv- ing conditions and well-being of people; grouping risk factors in these areas and determining their impact on the level and quality of life; analysis of indicators (planned and actual) for 2019-2020 in relation to the groups «Economics»; «Demography», «Social sphere» to determine the impact of adverse factors and to iden- tify the strengthening of the pandemic impact on the population's quality of life in the region. Results and conclusions. The authors carried out the content analysis of domestic and foreign scientific lit- erature on the research topic, specified the conceptual tools of the study, proposed grouping the main prob- lems in the region's socio-economic space, which have aggravated during the pandemic. In accordance with the grouping, an analysis of the current situation in terms of the economic state of the regional economy, the demographic situation and the level of well-being of the population of the region was carried out. The authors proposed measures to overcome the negative post-COVID consequences in the Chelyabinsk region. The analysis shows that the current socio-economic situation in the region continues to be difficult. Basic problems that were not solved at the previous stage of development are intensified in connection with the pandemic crisis. In crisis conditions, it is necessary to concentrate the efforts of the authorities, business, and the population on reducing risks and maintaining an appropriate level and the population's quality of life in the region.

Background: Greater understanding of international cancer survival differences is needed. We aimed to identify predictors and consequences of cancer diagnosis through emergency presentation in different international jurisdictions in six high-income countries. Methods: Using a federated analysis model, in this cross-sectional population-based study, we analysed cancer registration and linked hospital admissions data from 14 jurisdictions in six countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK), including patients with primary diagnosis of invasive oesophageal, stomach, colon, rectal, liver, pancreatic, lung, or ovarian cancer during study periods from Jan 1, 2012, to Dec 31, 2017. Data were collected on cancer site, age group, sex, year of diagnosis, and stage at diagnosis. Emergency presentation was defined as diagnosis of cancer within 30 days after an emergency hospital admission. Using logistic regression, we examined variables associated with emergency presentation and associations between emergency presentation and short-term mortality. We meta-analysed estimates across jurisdictions and explored jurisdiction-level associations between cancer survival and the percentage of patients diagnosed as emergencies. Findings: In 857 068 patients across 14 jurisdictions, considering all of the eight cancer sites together, the percentage of diagnoses through emergency presentation ranged from 24·0% (9165 of 38 212 patients) to 42·5% (12 238 of 28 794 patients). There was consistently large variation in the percentage of emergency presentations by cancer site across jurisdictions. Pancreatic cancer diagnoses had the highest percentage of emergency presentations on average overall (46·1% [30 972 of 67 173 patients]), with the jurisdictional range being 34·1% (1083 of 3172 patients) to 60·4% (1317 of 2182 patients). Rectal cancer had the lowest percentage of emergency presentations on average overall (12·1% [10 051 of 83 325 patients]), with a jurisdictional range of 9·1% (403 of 4438 patients) to 19·8% (643 of 3247 patients). Across the jurisdictions, older age (ie, 75–84 years and 85 years or older, compared with younger patients) and advanced stage at diagnosis compared with non-advanced stage were consistently associated with increased emergency presentation risk, with the percentage of emergency presentations being highest in the oldest age group (85 years or older) for 110 (98%) of 112 jurisdiction-cancer site strata, and in the most advanced (distant spread) stage category for 98 (97%) of 101 jurisdiction-cancer site strata with available information. Across the jurisdictions, and despite heterogeneity in association size (I2=93%), emergency presenters consistently had substantially greater risk of 12-month mortality than non-emergency presenters (odds ratio >1·9 for 112 [100%] of 112 jurisdiction-cancer site strata, with the minimum lower bound of the related 95% CIs being 1·26). There were negative associations between jurisdiction-level percentage of emergency presentations and jurisdiction-level 1-year survival for colon, stomach, lung, liver, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer, with a 10% increase in percentage of emergency presentations in a jurisdiction being associated with a decrease in 1-year net survival of between 2·5% (95% CI 0·28–4·7) and 7·0% (1·2–13·0). Interpretation: Internationally, notable proportions of patients with cancer are diagnosed through emergency presentation. Specific types of cancer, older age, and advanced stage at diagnosis are consistently associated with an increased risk of emergency presentation, which strongly predicts worse prognosis and probably contributes to international differences in cancer survival. Monitoring emergency presentations, and identifying and acting on contributing behavioural and health-care factors, is a global priority for cancer control. Funding: Canadian Partnership Against Cancer; Cancer Council Victoria; Cancer Institute New South Wales; Cancer Research UK; Danish Cancer Society; National Cancer Registry Ireland; The Cancer Society of New Zealand; National Health Service England; Norwegian Cancer Society; Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, on behalf of the Northern Ireland Cancer Registry; the Scottish Government; Western Australia Department of Health; and Wales Cancer Network.

Since the first case in Indonesia, the government has directly handled it by implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) from March 2020 to May 2020. In it, it is regulated to limit activities and stop mass activities. One of them is the city of Banjarmasin due to the highest number of cases in Banjarmasin 70 percent of the Covid-19 cases are in the city of Banjarmasin, making the city of Banjarmasin a red zone which has a very significant impact on all sectors. As the city center, the city of Banjarmasin makes the industrial, trade, service and tourism sectors the mainstay of the economy. Of course, this sector requires a large number of people, so this sector is greatly affected by the social distancing regulations. Since the onset of COVID-19, economic growth in Gudang Hirang Village has experienced a very significant decline. If more and more households lose their jobs, the more households will lose their income, which will have an impact on household consumption. When household income decreases, household consumption also decreases. One of the problems we encountered was mainly in terms of the economy. Very minimal income by relying on agricultural products causes the local economy to be less stable, so that the use of agricultural products, namely rice, to improve skills and the economic value of rice is increasing. By making preparations of rice soap and green tea leaf extract, the community becomes innovative by utilizing natural ingredients in the village to improve the economy of the people of Gudang Hirang Village RT 05. Together with representatives of residents who have previously received education on the efficacy of the ingredients used to make liquid soap from rice and green tea leaf extract which can treat itching. Making liquid soap from rice and green tea leaf extract to improve the economy and overcome skin itching was seen to be useful for cadres because they could understand and be able to participate in making liquid soap, which can be seen from the results of the questionnaire before and after the training on making liquid soap from rice and green tea leaf extract. The increase in the success percentage of the program was from 20.8% to 91.30% Sejak kasus pertama di Indonesia, pemerintah langsung melakukan penanganan dengan menerapkan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) dari Maret 2020 hingga Mei 2020. Didalamnya diatur agar pembatasan aktivitas dan dihentikan kegiatan yang bersifat massal. Salah satunya kota Banjarmasin akibat jumlah kasus terbanyak di Banjarmasin 70 persen dari kasus covid-19 berada di kota Banjarmasin, membuat kota Banjarmasin menjadi zona merah yang berdampak sangat signifikan kepada semua sektor. Sebagai pusat kota, kota Banjarmasin menjadikan sektor industri, perdagangan, jasa dan pariwisata sebagai andalan perekonomian. Tentunya, sektor ini yang terdampak akibat adanya peraturan social distancing. Semenjak adanya covid-19, pertumbuhan ekonomi di Desa Gudang Hirang mengalami penurunan yang sangat signifikan. Semakin banyak rumah tangga kehilangan pekerjaan, maka maka semakin banyak kehilangan pendapatan sehingga berdampak kepada konsumsi rumah tangga. Konsumsi rumah tangga juga ikut menurun. Salah satu permasalahan yang kami dapati terutama dalam hal perekonomian. Pendapatan yang sangat minim dengan mengandalkan hasil pertanian menyebabkan perekonomian masyarakat daerah kurang stabil, sehingga pemanfaatan bahan hasil pertanian yaitu beras untuk meningkatkan keterampilan dan nilai ekonomi menjadi semakin naik. Dengan membuat sediaan sabun beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau masyarakat menjadi inovatif dengan memanfaatkan bahan alam yang ada di desa untuk meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat Desa Gudang Hirang RT 05. Bersama perwakilan warga yang sebelumnya sudah mendapatkan edukasi khasiat dari bahan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan sabun cair dari beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau yang dapat mengatasi gatal-gatal. Pembuatan sabun cair dari beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau untuk meningkatkan perekonomian dan mengatasi penyakit gatal-gatal pada kulit terlihat kebermanfaatannya oleh kader karena dapat memahami dan mampu ikut serta dalam pembuatan sabun cair tersebut, yang dapat dilihat dari hasil kuesioner sebelum dan sesudah diadakannya pelatihan pembuatan sabun cair dari beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau. Kenaikan persentase keberhasilan dari program tersebut adalah dari 20,8% menjadi 91,30%.

YÖK Tez No: 711186 ; Gerek uluslararası kuruluşların gerekse ulusal hükümetlerin sosyal dışlamayı engelleme ve ayrımcılıkla mücadele noktasında son derece geniş sorumluluk alanları bulunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda devletler, engellilerin toplumsal hayata ve istihdama katılmalarının önündeki engellerin kaldırılması, hak temelli yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde anayasal ve yasal düzenlemelerle güvence altına alınmaları anlamında başat aktörlerdir. Belirtmek gerekir ki engelli istihdamının istenilen düzeye ulaştırılmasından ve engellilerin kendilerini ifade edebilecekleri, refah seviyelerini yükseltebilecekleri çalışma standartlarının geliştirilmesinden merkezi hükümetler kadar sivil toplum kuruluşları (STK), yerel yönetimler ile birlikte işverenler de sorumludur. Dolayısıyla toplumun bir parçası olan engellilerin yaşadıkları sorunların toplumun bir parçası olarak tüm tarafların sorunu olduğunu belirtmek yanlış olmayacaktır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de engelli istihdam politikaları konusunda, sosyal politikanın da bir unsuru olarak İŞKUR'un sunduğu hizmetler yukarıda dile getirilen niyet temelinde incelenmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında öncelikle engelli istihdam politikalarına yönelik kavramsal çerçeveye yer verilmektedir. Çalışmada engelli istihdam politikalarının şekillenmesinde rol oynayan aktörler irdelenerek, uluslararası ve ulusal yasal düzenlemeler de ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca Türkiye'de engelli istihdam politikalarıyla ilgili kurumsal yapı ve uygulamalar Avrupa Birliği İlerleme Raporları gözüyle de incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde, gerçekleştirilen literatür taramasının ve bilgi/belge/doküman incelemesinin yanında Karaman ilinde engelli istihdamına ilişkin detaylı bir durum analizinin ortaya konulabilmesi adına nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşme tekniği kullanılarak engelli istihdamının en önemli aktörlerinden olan işverenlerle toplam 15 işyerinde mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Salgın dönemi içerisinde olunması nedeniyle tüm görüşmeler uzaktan, çevrimiçi veya telefon konuşmaları yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen temel bulgu engelli istihdam politikalarında İŞKUR'un etkin rol oynadığıdır. Bununla birlikte engellilere yönelik yürütülecek politikalarda kamu-özel sektör işbirliği ve sivil toplum kuruluşları ile olan etkileşim önem arz ettiğidir. ; Both international organizations and national governments have extremely wide areas of responsibility in preventing social exclusion and combating discrimination. In this direction, states are the leading actors in terms of removing the obstacles to the participation of the disabled in the society and employment, and securing them with constitutional and legal regulations within the framework of rights-based approaches. It should be noted that non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local administrations and employers are responsible for the development of working standards, where the disabled people can express themselves and increase their welfare level and for the employment of the disabled to reach the desired level as well as the central governments. Therefore, it would not be wrong to state that the problems experienced by the disabled, who are a part of the society, are the problems of all parties as a part of the society. In this study, the services provided by İŞKUR as an actor of social policy regarding the employment policies of the disabled in Turkey are examined on the basis of the above-mentioned intention. Within the scope of the study, first of all, the conceptual framework for disability employment policies is given. In the study, the actors that play a role in shaping the employment policies of the disabled are examined and international and national legal regulations are also discussed. In addition, the institutional structure and practices related to disability employment policies in Turkey are also examined through the perspective of the European Union Progress Reports. In the last part of the study, besides the literature review and information/document analysis, semi-structured in-depth interview technique, one of the qualitative research methods, were used. In this context, interviews were conducted with employers, one of the most important actors of the employment of the disabled, in a total of 15 workplaces. Due to the fact that we are in the epidemic period, all the interviews were online or telephone conversations. The findings obtained, the effective role of İŞKUR in the fields of employment is fundamental. It is the one that is more important than the interaction with public-private business and civil society, which will be used for people for joint use.

In diesem Beitrag stellt Lisa Schindler folgenden Text vor: Birkenkötter, Hannah / Heemann, Lisa (2020): Menschenrechte und 75 Jahre Vereinte Nationen; in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 20/2020, online unter: https://www.bpb.de/apuz/309082/menschenrechte-und-75-jahre-vereinte-nationen.Der Aufsatz ist in der Zeitschrift "Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte" (APuZ) erschienen, die von der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) herausgegeben wird. Das Erscheinungsjahr 2020 ist insofern besonders, als es das 75-jährige Bestehen der Vereinten Nationen markiert. Inhaltlich wird entsprechend ein Rückblick vorgenommen – und zwar auf die Entwicklung eines der bedeutendsten Pfeilers der Weltorganisation: Menschenrechte.Der Artikel untergliedert sich in mehrere Abschnitte. Diese werden in leicht veränderter Form auch im Folgenden zur Strukturierung genutzt, wobei zuerst der zeitliche Verlauf der Entwicklung der Menschenrechte skizziert und anschließend die zum Zeitpunkt des Erscheinens des Artikels aktuellen Problematiken sowie die angebotenen Lösungsvorschläge vorgestellt werden.1950er JahreNeben Frieden und Entwicklung sind die Menschenrechte die entscheidende Größe in der UN-Charta und werden in Artikel 1 und 3 genannt. Allerdings fehlt ein eigener Rechtskatalog. Ein entsprechender Vorschlag wurde 1945 zugunsten der Gründung der UN-Menschenrechtskommission nicht weiter verfolgt. Ihrer Aufgabe, ein verbindliches Regelwerk und Maßnahmen zu dessen Umsetzung zu erarbeiten, kam die UN-Menschenrechtskommission 1948 nach, indem sie die Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte (AEMR) verabschiedete, die bis heute Bestand hat.Fast zwei Jahrzehnte später folgten der Internationale Menschenrechtspakt über politische Rechte, auch Zivilpakt genannt, und der Internationale Menschenrechtspakt über wirtschaftliche, kulturelle und soziale Rechte, kurz Sozialpakt. Die Verzögerung beruht auf den Schwierigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit dem Ost-West-Konflikt. Außerdem in den 1950er Jahren etabliert wurde der sogenannte advisory services in the field of human rights, wobei seine Umsetzung in Form der Entsendung von Menschenrechtsexpert*innen, Stipendienprogrammen und regelmäßigen Seminaren der Zustimmung der tangierten Mitgliedstaaten bedurfte und entsprechend eingeschränkt war.1960er bis 1980er JahreWesentliche Fortschritte brachten die 1960er Jahre. Neben der Einrichtung der bis heute bestehenden Möglichkeit von Sonderverfahren, die sowohl die Berichterstattung durch unabhängige Expert*innen zulassen als auch über die Befugnis verfügen, die Beschwerden von Einzelpersonen zu verwerten, wurde die erste Weltmenschenrechtskonferenz durchgeführt (1966) und ein Übereinkommen gegen Rassendiskriminierung geschlossen (1965).Gemeinsam mit den beiden Menschenrechtspakten führte dieses zu der Bildung der ersten Vertragsausschüsse, die, besetzt mit weisungsungebundenen Expert*innen, für spezifische Empfehlungen zur Umsetzung der entsprechenden Verträge, zur Untersuchung von Beschwerden und zur Herausgabe allgemeiner Empfehlungen und Kommentare zusammenkommen.Im Lauf der Zeit folgten weitere Vertragsausschüsse: zur Frauenrechtskonvention 1979, zur Anti-Folterkonvention 1984, zur Kinderrechtskonvention 1989, zur Wanderarbeiterrechtskonvention 1990, zur Behindertenrechtskonvention und zur Konvention gegen das Verschwindenlassen 2006. Außerdem gegründet wurden nationale Menschenrechtsinstitutionen. Die Idee war bereits 1946 durch den Wirtschafts- und Sozialrat eingebracht worden, umgesetzt wurde sie 1978 allerdings nur in 29 Staaten. Erst nach einer Aufforderung an alle Staaten im Jahr 1993 kam es dazu, dass sich weitere nationale Menschenrechtsinstitutionen etablierten. Im Jahr 2020 waren es 114.Nach Ende des Kalten KriegsDie Zeit nach Ende des Kalten Kriegs war von "Enthusiasmus" und "Ernüchterung" geprägt, wie es die Autorinnen ausdrücken. Zu ersterem zählen die zweite Weltmenschenrechtskonferenz 1993 in Wien, die erste Reform des damaligen Generalsekretärs Kofi Annan, durch welche die Menschenrechte ab 1997 zu einem Querschnittsthema in allen Arbeitsbereichen der Vereinten Nationen wurden, sowie die Verabschiedung des Romstatuts mit dem Beschluss der Errichtung eines Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs 1998.Ernüchternd war auf der anderen Seite die Ohnmacht der Vereinten Nationen in Bezug auf die Kriegsverbrechen auf dem Balkan, insbesondere dem Völkermord von Srebrenica. Das in Folge entwickelte Schutzprogramm 'Responsibility to protect' wurde zwar 2005 durch alle Staaten anerkannt, institutionelle Durchsetzungsmechanismen waren und sind allerdings nicht ausreichend vorhanden.Deutlich sichtbar wurde dies den Autorinnen nach im Zusammenhang mit dem Syrienkrieg und der Libanon-Intervention 2011. In den 1990er Jahren ebenfalls starker Kritik ausgesetzt war auch die UN-Menschenrechtskommission, insbesondere aufgrund ihrer zunehmenden Unfähigkeit, mit einem auf 53 Vertreter*innen angewachsenen Umfang zeitnah auf Menschenrechtsverletzungen reagieren zu können.In der Folge ersetzte man das Organ durch den neugegründeten UN-Menschenrechtsrat, der nicht nur mehr Befugnisse besitzt, beispielsweise die sehr bedeutsame, regelmäßige Allgemeine Periodische Prüfung aller Mitgliedstaaten, sondern auch ein Unterorgan der UN-Generalversammlung ist. Weitere Vorwürfe befassten sich mit der über lange Zeit fortbestehenden mangelnden Einhaltung der durch die Vereinten Nationen selbst propangierten Standards, den Blockaden im UN-Sicherheitsrat sowie der unklaren Bindung von Wirtschaftsunternehmen an internationale Menschenrechte.Aktuelle EntwicklungenDie Autorinnen sprechen von einer "Krise des Multilateralismus", die in jüngster Zeit aus vier Problemen der Vereinten Nationen bestehe. Das erste seien die nationalistischen Töne einzelner Mitgliedstaaten der Vereinten Nationen und, wie im Fall der USA unter Donald Trump, ihr daraus hervorgehendes Verhalten.Hinzu kämen die noch immer erfolgenden Brüche der eigenen Regeln, beispielweise in Bezug auf die Annexion der Krim durch Russland 2014 oder die Ermordung des iranischen Generals Qasem Soleimani durch die USA 2020. Darüber hinaus seien die Vereinten Nationen zwar unverzichtbar, aber in ihrer Fähigkeit zur Problemlösung durch das Veto-Recht im UN-Sicherheitsrat oft deutlich eingeschränkt.Schlussendlich problematisch sei die Unterfinanzierung, die durch unpünktliche oder unvollständige Zahlungen der Mitgliedstaaten zustande käme und dazu führe, dass die Vereinten Nationen kurzfristig ihren Aufgaben nicht nachkommen könnten oder zum Jahreswechsel Sitzungen entfielen oder Gehälter nicht gezahlt werden könnten.Durch die Probleme der Vereinten Nationen bereits in ihrer Glaubwürdigkeit gefährdet, stehen den Autorinnen zufolge auch die Menschenrechte selbst "unter Druck". In vielen Staaten würden diejenigen, die die Menschenrechte verteidigen, angegriffen und Menschenrechtsorganisationen in ihrer Arbeit behindert. Außerdem forderten einige Staaten die Minimierung der Beteiligung menschenrechtlicher NGOs. Inhaltlich betroffen sei vor allem die Geschlechtergerechtigkeit, die durch rechtspopulistische Regierungen infrage gestellt würde und nicht nur auf globaler, sondern auch auf EU-Ebene zu unlösbaren Debatten führe. Insgesamt besonders besorgniserregend verhielten sich USA, China und Russland.AusblickDie Vereinten Nationen verfügen über ein "umfassendes Netz" an menschenrechtlichen Normen. Dazu zählen: die International Bill of Human Rights (Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte, Internationaler Pakt über politische Rechte, Internationaler Pakt über wirtschaftliche, kulturelle und soziale Rechte), sieben weitere Menschenrechtsverträge mit Zusatzprotokollen und eine Vielzahl an Erklärungen, Resolutionen, Mindeststandards und Grundprinzipien sowie ein dazugehöriges institutionelles Gefüge.Obwohl laut den Autorinnen die Mehrheit der Mitgliedstaaten die Menschenrechte unterstützt und fördert und viel erreicht worden ist, was vor 75 Jahren zur Gründung der Vereinten Nationen noch undenkbar gewesen wäre, halten Birkenkötter und Heemann es für zentral, eine Vision für die kommenden 25 oder besser 50 Jahre zu entwickeln. Diese sähe international die stärkere Bündelung von institutionellen Prozessen sowie die bessere Kooperation innerhalb der Vereinten Nationen und national die entschiedenere Unterstützung der Menschenrechtsvertreter*innen vor.

Cadre de la recherche : Phénomène inédit dans l'histoire démographique de l'humanité, le vieillissement de la population est, au XXIesiècle, une réalité complexe. Cette dernière découle des aspects sociaux, biologiques, mais aussi quantitatifs de ce phénomène. Le vieillissementstricto sensu,tient à un effet de structure, c'est-à-dire la hausse de la proportion des personnes âgées dans une population considérée, et la gérontocroissance, un effet de flux, qui quantifie la hausse du nombre de personnes âgées, c'est-à-dire celles de 65 ans ou plus (Dumont, 2018a). Bien que ses quatre principales causes (augmentation de l'espérance de vie, diminution du nombre de naissances, mouvements migratoires, prise en compte des évolutions démographiques passées) fassent l'unanimité chez les différents chercheurs, les manifestations, les conséquences et les réponses au vieillissement sont loin d'être homogènes (Breton et Temporal, 2019 ; Blanchet, 2013 ; Dumont, 2006 ; Simard, 2010). En effet, ses conséquences diffèrent d'un territoire à l'autre, obligeant à appréhender les enjeux de population de manières ciblées et spécifiques que ce soit sur le plan social, économique ou géopolitique (Dumont, 2016a, 2018b ; Saillant, 2016 ; Gucher, 2012 ; Hodge, 2008). Ainsi, la société voit l'ensemble de ses institutions affectées par les défis liés au vieillissement de sa population, que ce soit: les politiques, l'emploi, le travail, la santé, la famille, la protection sociale, l'aménagement et le développement territorial ou encore le fonctionnement démocratique. Ces divers enjeux influencent autant la qualité de vie des aînés (Rican etal., 2013) que la gouvernance collaborative et territoriale.Objectifs : Cet article a pour objectif d'identifier les principaux enjeux et les défis associés au vieillissement démographique en regard de l'amélioration de l'inclusion sociale et de la qualité de vie des aînés. Ces enjeux et ces défis concernent, de manière plus spécifique, le revenu des personnes âgées, l'accessibilité et la proximité par rapport aux services, aux équipements et aux infrastructures locales, les soins prodigués aux aînés et la relève.Méthodologie : Cet article s'appuie sur les différentes contributions de ce numéro thématique ainsi que sur l'expertise des trois auteurs. En outre, nous préconisons, à partir d'une revue de la littérature, une analyse de contenu, laquelle sera couplée à l'utilisation de données empiriques issues principalement, mais non exclusivement, de différents travaux de Statistique Canada.Résultats : Bien que la plupart de ces enjeux et défis relèvent de la base, c'est-à-dire de l'échelon local, voire régional, leur mise en œuvre nécessite des actions énergiques impulsées par le haut, les acteurs locaux et régionaux ne disposant pas de tous outils et moyens nécessaires pour les relever, et ce, en dépit de leur bonne volonté.Conclusions : Il est nécessaire de déployer une politique territoriale du vieillissement pour prendre en compte les particularités locales et régionales des milieux concernés ainsi que les besoins exprimés par les aînés et leur famille. Il s'agit donc, d'une part, de créer des environnements propices à l'amélioration de la qualité de vie et à l'épanouissement tant des personnes âgées que des individus qui gravitent autour de celles-ci et, d'autre part, de déployer des actions gérontologiques transversales, lesquelles supposent d'allier à la fois les intervenants endogènes et exogènes, en tenant compte des diversités territoriales du vieillissement. L'objectif est que l'avancée en âge des personnes s'effectue en leur permettant de demeurer actives dans la société, ce qui indubitablement lié à la préservation de leur santé.Contribution: Sur le plan scientifique, notre démonstration, à l'instar de celle effectuée par les différents auteurs de ce numéro, s'appuie sur trois modèles endogènes fortement imbriqués les uns par rapport aux autres. Il s'agit du renforcement des capacités et des capabilités des acteurs, de la gouvernance collaborative et du développement local progressiste. Même si ces différents modèles constituent des vecteurs efficaces afin de stimuler les initiatives locales, et en particulier les innovations sociales porteuses de transformation sociale, ils s'avèrent insuffisants pour relever tous les multiples défis associés au vieillissement actif et en santé, lesquels nécessitent des interventions transversales déployées à l'échelon territorial.

En Colombia, en las dos últimas décadas se ha presentado un crecimiento urbanístico en las principales ciudades superior al 3% desde 1991 (El tiempo, 2017). La gestión y buen desarrollo de la entrega de última milla se convierte en un desafío complejo, teniendo en cuenta que las ciudades no tienen políticas públicas de logística urbana que permitan una operación eficiente y sostenible en este importante eslabón de la cadena de suministro. Esta tesis de maestría, presenta una propuesta de un modelo de articulación colaborativa en el proceso de distribución urbana de mercancías-DUM para empresas de consumo masivo en el canal tradicional "Tienda a tienda (TAT) Supermercado de barrio", el cual permite analizar mejores prácticas y procesos asociados a la distribución urbana de mercancías. La distribución urbana de mercancías o entrega de última milla, es una actividad altamente desafiante para los diferentes actores que intervienen en el proceso, tales como: generadores, operadores logísticos y receptores, quienes logran con planeación y ejecución cumplir eficiencias en costos logísticos e indicadores de cumplimiento, como el caso de los despachos y entrega OTIF (On Time, In Full) que reflejan el porcentaje de despachos que llegan a tiempo (On Time) con el producto, cantidad y lugar solicitado por el cliente (In Full). Debido a esto, los gobiernos locales requieren de programas que involucren la logística urbana a través de una política pública en los planes de movilidad y sostenibilidad, que promuevan el desarrollo económico comercial y de servicios de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se formuló un modelo cualitativo para soportar el análisis sistémico de los elementos en la operación de la logística urbana, tales como: temas de planeación, costos de transporte, tiempos de entrega y mejoramiento de las prácticas que convergen entorno a la logística urbana. Finalmente, se diseñó una guía operacional de articulación para la distribución urbana de mercancías, basada en prácticas colaborativas con ejes influyentes como: Normatividad, Infraestructura, Logística, Competitividad y Transporte de carga, así como elementos claves que permitan aumentar la eficiencia y efectividad en las entregas del canal tradicional en Santiago de Cali. ; In Colombia, in the last two decades there's been an urban growth in the main cities of more than 3% since 1991 (El tiempo, 2017). The management and proper development of last mile delivery becomes a deep challenge, keeping in mind that cities don't have public urban logistics policies that allow efficient and sustainable operation in this important link in the supply chain. This master's thesis presents a proposal for a collaborative articulation model in the urban distribution process of goods for mass consumption companies in the traditional way "Grocery Store to Grocery Store – Mini Market"; allowing the analysis of best practices and processes associated with the urban distribution of goods. The urban distribution of goods or last mile delivery is a highly challenging activity for the different assembling and executioner entities involved in the process, such as: generators, logistics operators and receivers; they manage to efficiently meet the part of logistics costs and compliance indicators, as is the case of shipments and delivery OTIF (On Time, In Full) that reflects the percentage of shipments that arrive on time (On Time) with the product, quantity and place requested by the client (In Full). That's why local governments require programs that involve urban logistics through public policy in mobility and sustainability plans that promote commercial economic development and services in the city of Santiago de Cali. Because all of the above, a qualitative model was created that allowed the analysis of the elements in the urban logistics operation, such as: planning issues, transportation costs, delivery times and best practices that converge around urban logistics. And finally, an operational articulation guide was designed for the urban distribution of goods, based on collaborative practices with influential axes such as Regulations, Infrastructure, Logistics, Competitiveness y Freight Transportation and key elements that allow increasing the efficiency and effectiveness in the deliveries of the traditional way in Santiago de Cali ; Proyecto de grado (Magister en Logística Integral)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2021 ; Maestría ; Magíster en Logística Integral

The St Gallen Conference endorsed in 2013 a series of recommendations on early breast cancer treatment. The main purpose of this article is to ascertain the clinical factors associated with St Gallen-2013 recommendations accomplishment. A cohort of 1152 breast cancer cases diagnosed with pathological stage < 3 in Spain between 2008 and 2013 was begun and then followed-up until 2017/2018. Data on patient and tumour characteristics were obtained from medical records, as well as their first line treatment. First line treatments were classified in three categories, according on whether they included the main St Gallen-2013 recommendations, more than those recommended or less than those recommended. Multinomial logistic regression models were carried out to identify factors associated with this classification and Weibull regression models were used to find out the relationship between this classification and survival. About half of the patients were treated according to St Gallen recommendations; 21% were treated over what was recommended and 33% received less treatment than recommended. Factors associated with treatment over the recommendations were stage II (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 4.2, 2.9–5.9), cancer positive to either progesterone (RRR = 8.1, 4.4–14.9) or oestrogen receptors (RRR = 5.7, 3.0–11.0). Instead, factors associated with lower probability of treatment over the recommendations were age (RRR = 0.7 each 10 years, 0.6–0.8), poor differentiation (RRR = 0.09, 0.04–0.19), HER2 positive (RRR = 0.46, 0.26–0.81) and triple negative cancer (RRR = 0.03, 0.01–0.11). Patients treated less than what was recommended in St Gallen had cancers in stage 0 (RRR = 21.6, 7.2–64.5), poorly differentiated (RRR = 1.9, 1.2–2.9), HER2 positive (RRR = 3.4, 2.4–4.9) and luminal B-like subtype (RRR = 3.6, 2.6–5.1). Women over 65 years old had a higher probability of being treated less than what was recommended if they had luminal B-like, HER2 or triple negative cancer. Treatment over St Gallen was associated with younger women and less severe cancers, while treatment under St Gallen was associated with older women, more severe cancers and cancers expressing HER2 receptors. ; Biological samples were stored at the biobanks supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER: Parc de Salut MAR Biobank (MARBiobanc) (RD09/0076/00036), 'Biobanco La Fe' (RD 09 0076/00021) and FISABIO Biobank (RD09 0076/00058), as well as at the Public Health Laboratory of Gipuzkoa, the Basque Biobank, the ICOBIOBANC (sponsored by the Catalan Institute of Oncology), the IUOPA Biobank of the University of Oviedo, and the ISCIII Biobank. SNP genotyping services were provided by the Spanish 'Centro Nacional de Genotipado' (CEGEN-ISCIII). We thank all the subjects who participated in the study and all MCC-Spain col laborators. This work was supported by the 'Acción Transversal del Cancer', approved by the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-founded by FEDER funds-'a way to build Europe' (Grants PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PI09/00773, PI09/01286, PI09/01903, PI09/02078, PI09/01662, PI11/01403, PI11/01889, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150, PI14/01219, PI14/00613, and PI15/00069). Support was also provided by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (Grant API 10/09); the Junta de Castilla y León (Grant LE22A10-2); the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (2009-S0143); the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (Grant AP 061/10); the Recercaixa (Grant 2010ACUP 00310); the Regional Government of the Basque Country; the Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia; European Commission grants FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE; the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation; the Catalan Government DURSI (Grant 2014SGR647); the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias; the University of Oviedo; Societat Catalana de Diges tologia; and COST action BM1206 Eucolongene.

As a multilingual system,Wikipedia provides many challenges for academics and engineers alike. One such challenge is cultural contextualisation of Wikipedia content, and the lack of approaches to effectively quantify it. Additionally, what seems to lack is the intent of establishing sound computational practices and frameworks for measuring cultural variations in the data. Current approaches seem to mostly be dictated by the data availability, which makes it difficult to apply them in other contexts. Another common drawback is that they rarely scale due to a significant qualitative or translation effort. To address these limitations, this thesis develops and tests two modular quantitative approaches. They are aimed at quantifying culture-related phenomena in systems which rely on multilingual user-generated content. In particular, they allow to: (1) operationalise a custom concept of culture in a system; (2) quantify and compare culture-specific content- or coverage biases in such a system; and (3) map a large scale landscape of shared cultural interests and focal points. Empirical validation of these approaches is split into two parts. First, an approach to mapping Wikipedia communities of shared co-editing interests is validated on two large Wikipedia datasets comprising multilateral geopolitical and linguistic editor communities. Both datasets reveal measurable clusters of consistent co-editing interest, and computationally confirm that these clusters correspond to existing colonial, religious, socio economic, and geographical ties. Second, an approach to quantifying content differences is validated on a multilingual Wikipedia dataset, and a multi-platform (Wikipedia and Encyclopedia Britannica) dataset. Both are limited to a selected knowledge domain of national history. This analysis allows, for the first time on the large scale, to quantify and visualise the distribution of historical focal points in the articles on national histories. All results are cross-validated either by domain experts, or external datasets. Main thesis contributions. This thesis: (1) presents an effort to formalise the process of measuring cultural variations in user-generated data; (2) introduces and tests two novel approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual data; (3) synthesises a valuable overview of literature on defining and quantifying culture; (4) provides important empirical insights on the effect of culture on Wikipedia content and coverage; demonstrates that Wikipedia is not contextfree, and these differences should not be treated as noise, but rather, as an important feature of the data. (5) makes practical service contributions through sharing data and visualisations. ; Als mehrsprachiges System stelltWikipedia viele Herausforderungen sowohl an Akademiker als auch an Ingenieure. Eine dieser Herausforderungen ist die kulturelle Kontextualisierung der Wikipedia-Inhalte und der Mangel an Ansätzen zu ihrer effektiven Quantifizierung. Außerdem scheint es an der Absicht zu fehlen, solide Berechnungspraktiken und Rahmenbedingungen für die Messung kultureller Variationen in dem Datenmaterial zu schaffen. Die derzeitigen Ansätze scheinen hauptsächlich von der Datenverfügbarkeit diktiert zu werden, was ihre Anwendung in anderen Kontexten erschwert. Ein weiterer häufiger Nachteil ist, dass sie aufgrund eines erheblichen qualitativen oder Übersetzungsaufwands selten skalieren. Um diesen Einschränkungen zu begegnen, werden in dieser Arbeit zwei modulare quantitative Ansätze entwickelt und getestet. Sie zielen darauf ab, kulturbezogene Phänomene in Systemen zu quantifizieren, die auf mehrsprachigem, nutzergeneriertem Inhalt beruhen. Insbesondere ermöglichen sie es: (1) einen benutzerdefinierten Kulturbegriff in einem System zu operationalisieren; (2) kulturspezifische Inhalts- oder Abdeckungsverzerrungen in einem solchen System zu quantifizieren und zu vergleichen; und (3) eine großräumige Landschaft mit gemeinsamen kulturellen Interessen und Schwerpunkten abzubilden. Die empirische Validierung dieser Ansätze ist in zwei Teile gegliedert. Erstens wird ein Ansatz zur Kartierung von Wikipedia-Gemeinschaften mit gemeinsamen redaktionellen Interessen auf zwei großenWikipedia Datensätzen validiert, die multilaterale geopolitische und sprachliche Redakteursgemeinschaften umfassen. Beide Datensätze zeigen messbare Cluster von konsistenten Mitredaktionsinteressen und bestätigen rechnerisch, dass diese Cluster mit bestehenden kolonialen, religiösen, sozioökonomischen und geographischen Bindungen übereinstimmen. Zweitens wird ein Ansatz zur Quantifizierung von Inhaltsunterschieden anhand eines mehrsprachigen Wikipedia-Datensatzes und eines Multiplattform-Datensatzes (Wikipedia und Encyclopedia Britannica) validiert. Beide sind auf einen ausgewählten Wissensbereich der Nationalgeschichte beschränkt. Diese Analyse ermöglicht es erstmals im großen Maßstab, die Verteilung der historischen Schwerpunkte in den Artikeln zur Nationalgeschichte zu quantifizieren und zu visualisieren. Alle Ergebnisse werden entweder von Fachexperten oder von externen Datensätzen kreuzvalidiert. Die wichtigsten Beiträge der Dissertation. Diese Dissertation: (1) stellt einen Versuch dar, den Prozess der Messung kultureller Variationen in nutzergeneriertem Datenmaterial zu formalisieren; (2) stellt zwei neue Ansätze zur Quantifizierung der kulturellen Kontextualisierung in mehrsprachigem Datenmaterial vor und testet sie; (3) schafft einen wertvollen Überblick über die Literatur zur Definition und Quantifizierung von Kultur; (4) liefert wichtige empirische Erkenntnisse über die Wirkung von Kultur auf den Inhalt und die Abdeckung von Wikipedia; zeigt, dass Wikipedia nicht kontextfrei ist, und dass diese Unterschiede nicht als Rauschen, sondern als ein wichtiges Merkmal des Datenmaterials behandelt werden sollten. (5) leistet einen praktischen Beitrag durch das Teilen von Datenmaterial und Visualisierungen.

Esta investigación de tipo cualitativa se realizó teniendo en cuenta los lineamientos estipulados en la Resolución número 666 de 2020, propuestos por el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, en la cual establece un protocolo de bioseguridad general, para el funcionamiento de todas las entidades a nivel nacional, y que éste, debe ser tenido en cuenta por cada empresa y así realizar un diseño adecuado; en este caso me permitiré ajustarlo a la entidad de transporte terrestre del Departamento del Huila, llamada COOTRANSHUILA, con el fin de reactivar su servicio tanto a nivel administrativo, como de transporte terrestre. Lo anterior, debido a que pude evidenciar la carencia del protocolo de bioseguridad en la empresa, ya que la misma no estaba preparada para asumir estos cambios; la falta de conocimiento de la seguridad del personal administrativo y de los conductores frente al virus Sars Cov2, llevó al cierre total de las actividades en la empresa. Una vez analizada las carencias se pudo finalmente diseñar el protocolo de bioseguridad, socializarlo con los administrativos, aprobarlo e implementarlo en la empresa para poder reactivarla. El compromiso y disposición de la Gerencia en la implementación, garantizó la adecuada realización y de esta manera se dio cabal cumplimento a la ejecución e implementación de las actividades a desarrollar, para así mitigar y controlar la transmisión del virus, con el fin de salvaguardar la vida de todos los empleados adscritos a la empresa, como de sus clientes. Para concluir, mi interés como Profesional, es poder aportar, ayudando a mi comunidad a salir victoriosos ante una situación tan adversa como lo ha sido la pandemia del Sars Cov2, que llegó para quedarse, debido a que es una responsabilidad moral ayudarnos, y así proteger nuestra salud, para evitar un mayor contagio, teniendo en cuenta las órdenes impartidas por el Gobierno Nacional. ; This qualitative research was carried out taking into account the guidelines stipulated in Resolution number 666 of 2020, proposed by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, in which it establishes a general biosafety protocol, for the operation of all entities at the level national, and that this must be taken into account by each company and thus make an adequate design; In this case, I will allow myself to adjust it to the entity of land transport of the Department of Huila, called COOTRANSHUILA, in order to reactivate its service both at the administrative level, as well as land transport. The above, due to the fact that I was able to show the lack of the biosafety protocol in the company since it was not prepared to assume these changes; the lack of knowledge of the safety of administrative staff and drivers against the Sars Cov2 virus, led to the total closure of activities in the company. Once the deficiencies had been analyzed, it was finally possible to design the biosafety protocol, socialize it with the administrative staff, approve it and implement it in the company in order to reactivate it. The commitment and disposition of the management in the implementation, guaranteed the adequate performance and in this way the execution and implementation of theactivities to be developed was fully complied with, in order to mitigate and control thetransmission of the virus, in order to safeguard the life of all employees attached to thecompany, as well as its clients. To conclude, my interest as a Professional is to be able to contribute, helping my community to be victorious in the face of such an adverse situation as the Sars Cov2 pandemic, which is here to stay, because it is a moral responsibility to help us, and so on. protect our health, to avoid further contagion, taking into account the orders issued by the National Government. ; Maestría ; Magíster en Salud Ocupacional y Seguridad Industrial

Quality in geriatrics is a major stake in the light of longer life expectancy, age-related illnesses and the dependence of the elderly. The number of people living in institutions, and in particular in nursing homes, has increased in recent years, leading all political, sociological and health actors to question the quality of the services provided to the elderly. The quality of care for institutionalised elderly people and the meaning of their care are indeed crucial challenges that need to be constantly questioned. At present, nursing homes do not benefit from a favourable reputation. These establishments have to deal with three main difficulties: complaints from families and residents, the difficulty of working in nursing homes as perceived and expressed by professionals in the sector, and the necessity to tackle medico-economic issues. The nursing home's environment is radically different from the living environment at home for the residents. The existing constraints must be seen in the light of the advantages offered by the nursing home for the new needs of the person.The Rhéa research programme aimed to understand how to improve the quality of the support provided to residents and families in nursing homes. The first four studies of this programme, Rhéa 1A, 1B, 1C and 2, highlight the ways in which this improvement could be achieved. These four studies have shown the need for a collaborative partnership underpinned by a paradigm shift, nurtured by approaches that promote collective or individual recognition. The definition by the institution of the process of transition, the place of intimacy, the recognition of individuality as well as the need to collaborate are strong results. It is a matter of recognising each person, resident, family and carer in what they are capable of being, creating and bringing to the other. Moreover, the quality of leadership is part of this paradigm. The Rhéa programme has developed a first model of partnership between families, residents and carers in nursing homes ; La qualité pour le monde gériatrique est un enjeu majeur au regard de l'allongement de la vie, des maladies liées à l'âge et de la dépendance des personnes âgées. Le nombre de personnes vivants en institution et notamment en Etablissement d'Hébergement pour Personnes Agées dépendantes (EHPAD) a cru ces dernières années amenant l'ensemble des acteurs politiques, sociologiques et sanitaires à se questionner quant à la qualité de l'offre faite aux ainés. La qualité de prise en charge des personnes âgées institutionnalisées et le sens du soin forment en effet un enjeu crucial qui nécessite de se questionner sans cesse. Actuellement les résidences pour personnes âgées ne jouissent pas d'une réputation qui leur est favorable. Ces établissements doivent notamment faire face à trois difficultés : les plaintes des familles et des résidents, la difficulté du travail en EHPAD ressentie et exprimée par les professionnels du secteur et la nécessité de répondre à des enjeux médicaux et économiques. Le nouvel environnement est en rupture radical avec le cadre de vie à domicile. Les contraintes existantes sont à appréhender au regard des avantages offerts par l'EHPAD pour les besoins nouveaux de la personne.Le programme de recherche Rhéa visait à comprendre comment améliorer la qualité d'accueil et d'accompagnement des résidents et familles en EHPAD. Les quatre premières études de ce programme, Rhéa 1A, 1B, 1C et 2 ont permis de mettre en exergue les modalités de cette amélioration. Ces quatre études ont montré la nécessité d'un partenariat de collaboration sous-tendu par un changement de paradigme, nourri d'approches favorisant la reconnaissance, collective ou individuelle. La définition de la place de la transition, de l'intime, de la reconnaissance de l'individualité comme de la nécessité de collaborer sont des résultats forts. Il s'agit de reconnaitre chacun, résident, famille comme soignant dans ce qu'il est capable d'être, de créer et d'apporter à l'autre. De plus, la qualité du leadership s'inscrit dans ce paradigme. Le programme Rhéa a permis de construire un premier modèle de partenariat de collaboration familles-résidents-soignants en EHPAD

Sébastien Le Clerc (1637-1714) appears to be one of the most singular artists of Louis XIV's reign. A prolific draughtsman and engraver, he was driven by a remarkable ambition towards his art. Shortly after his arrival in Paris in 1665, he joined the Gobelins under the direction of Charles Le Brun, and soon integrated the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. After having been made aware of the rhetoric developed within the institution in order to recognise painting and sculpture as liberal arts, Le Clerc sought to enhance the practice of engraving by stressing the intellectual work it required. Over the years, he expressed his desire to compete with painting, a view that was radically different from the dominant conception which considered engraving as being submitted to the other arts. Besides his career as an engraver, Le Clerc showed a growing interest in literary practices. Since he originally wished to become a military engineer, he wrote treatises on fortification and on applied geometry. His position as a professor of perspective at the Academy then led him to write textbooks on various subjects and to study optics as the basis of perspective. Besides his prints, his ability to converse on mathematics and physics generated a certain fascination among his contemporaries far beyond the small circle of print connoisseurs. At the end of the 17th century, Le Clerc gradually transformed his studio into a place of learned sociability, and began to fulfil his ambition to become a philosopher by publishing treatises on cosmology and optics. The nature of the interactions between artistic and scientific practices in Le Clerc's work is a quite exceptional phenomenon in Western history. It can thus shed light on some aspects of the complex relationship between art and science during the Grand Siècle, and the way in which this relationship may foreshadow the dichotomy we today know. ; Sébastien Le Clerc (1637-1714) apparaît comme l'un des artistes les plus singuliers du siècle de Louis XIV. Dessinateur et graveur extraordinairement prolifique, il se distingue également par une remarquable ambition à l'égard de son art. Peu après son arrivée à Paris en 1665, il intégra les Gobelins sous la direction de Charles Le Brun, puis fut rapidement reçu à l'Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. Sensibilisé à la rhétorique développée au sein de l'institution pour élever la peinture et la sculpture au rang des arts libéraux, Le Clerc chercha alors à valoriser la pratique de la gravure en insistant sur le travail intellectuel qu'elle requérait. Au fil des années, il manifesta clairement le souhait de rivaliser avec la peinture, s'opposant alors radicalement à la conception dominante qui considérait la gravure comme étant au service des autres arts. En parallèle à cette carrière, Le Clerc démontra un intérêt de plus en plus marqué pour la pratique littéraire. Initialement désireux de devenir ingénieur militaire, le graveur rédigea dans ce but un traité de fortification puis un ouvrage de géométrie pratique. Ce fut ensuite sa charge de professeur de perspective à l'Académie qui le conduisit à rédiger des manuels sur différents sujets, tout en le poussant à étudier l'optique en tant que fondement de la perspective. Ses estampes et sa capacité à converser sur des sujets de mathématique ou de physique générèrent une certaine fascination chez ses contemporains qui outrepassa rapidement le petit cercle des seuls amateurs de gravure. À la fin du XVIIe siècle, Le Clerc transforma progressivement son atelier en un lieu de sociabilité savante, et entreprit alors de réaliser sa prétention à devenir un savant à part entière en publiant des traités de cosmologie et d'optique. La nature des interactions entre pratique artistique et pratique scientifique dans l'œuvre de Le Clerc constitue un phénomène tout à fait exceptionnel au sein de l'histoire occidentale. Elle permet alors d'éclairer certains aspects des rapports complexes qu'entretiennent l'art et la science durant le Grand Siècle, et la manière dont se présage la dichotomie que l'on connaît aujourd'hui.

In 2006, the excavation of the palace of the rulers of the Principality of Theodoro (1425–1475) in the central area of the ancient town of Mangup (south-western Crimea) uncovered a unique at this site signet-ring of yellowish chalcedony made in the sixth or early seventh century in Sasanian Iran. This find belongs to a group of the so-called pseudo-signet-rings (muhr); it shows an ellipsoidal shape (flattened hemisphere) with a narrow channel for hanging on the neck, wrist, or belt. On the shield of the signet-ring there is an image of a mountain sheep (аrhar) with steeply curved horns, lying to the left, with the legs tucked. It was accompanied with a number of official symbols of the ruling dynasty in the Sassanian State: the royal bow ashkharavand (of a ribbon tied round a front leg of the animal), a crescent with the horns upward (a young Moon, one of the symbols of the dynasty), and atashdan (Zoroastrian temple altar with burning fire). The composition of this image goes back to the legend about the founder of the Sassanian dynasty King Ardashir I (224–240), who defeated the last Parthian ruler Artaban V (213–224) and ascended the throne with the help from the deity of royal power, victory, might, luck, and glory Farr embodied in the mountain ram. Therefore, the first owner of the signet-ring was a member of the privileged part of the Sassanian society, using the ring to make signature or as a sign of ownership when sealing personal documents and items of trade transactions. Considering the circumstances of the discovery of the Sassanian ring in the cultural layer of one of the largest Byzantine fortresses in Taurica obviously constructed at the end of the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527–565), it is hardly worth thinking of direct official correspondence between the local Byzantine administration and someone from Iranian correspondents or the presence of the military contingents from Persia. Most likely, the find in question was simply a trophy of a Byzantine officer who took part in one of the many Byzantine-Sassanian military campaigns of the second half of the sixth or the first third of the seventh centuries and then continued his service in the garrison of Mangup-Doros. ; В 2006 г. в ходе раскопок дворца правителей княжества Феодоро (1425–1475) в центральной части Мангупского городища (Юго-Западный Крым), был обнаружен уникальный для памятника перстень из желтоватого халцедона, изготовленный в VI – начале VII в. на территории Сасанидского Ирана. Находка относится к числу так называемых ложных перстней-печаток (мухр), имеет эллипсоидную форму (сплющенная полусфера) с узким каналом для подвешивания на шее, запястье или поясе. На щитке перстня представлено изображение горного барана (архар) с круто загнутыми рогами, лежащего влево с поджатыми ногами. Его сопровождает ряд официальных символов правящей династии в государстве Сасанидов: царский бант ашхараванд (обвязанная лента на одной из передних ног животного), полумесяц рогами вверх (молодая Луна, один из символов династии) и аташдан (зороастрийский храмовый алтарь с пылающим огнем). Композиция изображения восходит к легенде об основателе династии Сасанидов царе Ардашире I (224–240), которому одержать победу над последним парфянским правителем Артабаном V (213–224) и взойти на престол помогло божество царской власти, победы, могущества, удачи и славы Фарр, воплощенное в образе горного барана. Таким образом, первый владелец находки входил в состав, по крайней мере, привилегированной части сасанидского общества, а перстень использовался им в роли подписи или знака собственности при опечатывании личных документов и предметов торговых операций. Рассматривая обстоятельства обнаружения сасанидского перстня в культурном слое одной из крупнейших византийских крепостей в Таврике, построенной, очевидно, в конце правления императора Юстиниана I (527–565), вряд ли стоит серьезно рассматривать версии прямой официальной переписки между местной византийской администрацией и кем-то из иранских корреспондентов или присутствия здесь воинских контингентов из Персии. Скорее всего, находка является обычным трофеем византийского офицера, принимавшего участие в одной из многочисленных византийско-сасанидских военных кампаний второй половины VI – первой трети VII в. и затем продолжившего службу в составе гарнизона Мангупа-Дороса.

Sexuality represents one of the basic dimensions of human existence, which is channelled through sexual and gender identification and role, sexual orientation, eroticism, emotional commitment, satisfaction, and reproduction. Sexuality is also linked to many significant health problems, especially in the area of reproductive and sexual health. Sexual health is the condition of physical, emotional, mental, and social wellbeing that is linked with sexuality. Knowledge about sexual health, contraception and selection of contraceptives, and the risk of sexually transmittable diseases is not only relevant for individuals' sexuality; it's also important for encouraging the use of health services and other forms of support that are necessary to protect youth from sexually transmittable diseases and the maintenance of sexual and reproductive health. When it comes to sexuality and care of reproductive and sexual health, some groups are especially vulnerable. Bearing in mind the specific conditions women with disabilities grow up in and their dependence on assistance and support from other people, satisfying their needs for partnership, sexuality, and parenthood becomes unattainable for many, or it takes place under the control of professionals or family members. In this context, people with visual impairments are part of a vulnerable group, acknowledging that visual impairment leads to limitations in everyday life, autonomy, and quality of life to its full potential. The purpose of this article is to describe the phenomena of sexuality and sexual health among people with visual impairments, and to point out the existing international and national normative frameworks relevant to the sexual health of people with disabilities. Existing legislative acts acknowledge the right to a normal sexual life, as well as to the care and maintenance of the sexual health of people with disabilities. However, there are many obstacles and limitations that hamper the practical application of these rights: health issues, communication problems, lack of privacy, people's acceptance of the inhibition of their own sexuality, or their acceptance of the labelling and normalisation of their situation. Even considering the existence of the regulation, the system of support for maintaining and improving the sexual and reproductive health of women with disabilities is not developed enough. The lack of literature relating to this topic shows that its importance is not recognised enough among the relevant actors, including organisations that advocate for people with disabilities. Realising the existing general legal framework requires the will of policymakers, who could enact and implement specific bylaw regulations, as well as activating the societal actors relevant to this field. ; Seksualnost predstavlja osnovnu dimenziju ljudskog postojanja, ali i osetljivo područje ljudske intime. Može da bude povezana sa mnogim zdravstvenim problemima, posebno sa onim iz područja reproduktivnog i seksualnog zdravlja. Postoje grupe koje su posebno ranjive kada je u pitanju seksualnost i briga o reproduktivnom i seksualnom zdravlju. S obzirom na specifične uslove odrastanja i na zavisnost od pomoći i podrške drugih, zadovoljenje potrebe za partnerstvom i seksualnošću za mnoge osobe sa invaliditetom je nedostižno ili se odvija pod kontrolom profesionalaca ili članova porodice. Cilj ovog rada je opisati fenomene seksualnosti i seksualnog zdravlja kod osoba sa oštećenjem vida i ukazati na postojeći međunarodni i nacionalni normativni okvir relevantan za seksualno zdravlje osoba sa invaliditetom. Postojećim zakonima i strateškim aktima, osobama sa invaliditetom neosporno se priznaju pravo na seksualni život i pravo na brigu i očuvanje seksualnog zdravlja, ali, takođe, činjenica je da postoje razna ograničenja u praksi: zdravstvena, komunikativna, nedostatak privatnosti, prihvatanje inhibiranja sopstvene seksualnosti ili prihvatanja sredinskih etiketiranja i normiranja. I pored postojećeg strateškog i zakonskog okvira, sistem podrške za očuvanje i unapređenje seksualnog zdravlja osoba sa invaliditetom nije u dovoljnoj meri razvijen, a nedostatak literature o ovoj temi ukazuje da nije prepoznat ni njen značaj među relevantnim akterima, uključujući i organizacije osoba sa invaliditetom. Realizacija postojećeg, opšteg pravnog okvira zahteva političku volju koja bi se odrazila u donošenju konkretnih podzakonskih akta i njihovoj implementaciji, te aktiviranju subjekata relevantnih za ovu oblast.