Suchergebnisse

Авторами рассматривается процесс комплектования фондов Государственного архива Кемеровской области учреждениями культуры за 1943-2013 годы. Проблема формирования архивного фонда Кемеровской области документами учреждений культуры и его использования до настоящего времени не была предметом специального исследования. Для всестороннего раскрытия темы была изучена литература по ряду научных дисциплин: истории России, истории государственных учреждений, организации архивного дела, теории архивоведения, источниковедения, документоведения. В статье рассмотрены количественные показатели данного процесса, состояние научно-справочного аппарата к фондам учреждений культуры и особенности, возникающие в процессе комплектования архива документами учреждений данного типа. Обобщающие количественные показатели, по которым можно характеризовать процесс комплектования, фондирования и использования документов учреждений культуры, подведомственных Департаменту культуры и национальной политики Кемеровской области представлены в табличном виде. Одним из наиболее важных направлений своей деятельности Государственный архив Кемеровской области ставит обеспечение ретроспективной информацией, имеющей важную научную, социальную и культурную значимость, организаций и учреждений области, а также исследователей, которые работают с документами архива. Для реализации данного направления главной задачей является совершенствование в Государственном архиве Кемеровской области системы научно-справочного аппарата к документам архива, представляющей комплекс взаимосвязанных и взаимодополняемых архивных справочников, баз данных о составе и содержании документов. Сегодня для многих специалистов и архивистов-практиков очевидна необходимость в активизации разработки федеральными органами государственной власти современных перечней документов, образующихся в процессе их деятельности, а также в процессе деятельности подведомственных им организаций, с указанием сроков их хранения. Современные реалии требуют новых подходов к их разработке с акцентом на отраслевой состав документации, поскольку в федеральных органах исполнительной власти образуется значительный комплекс типовых управленческих архивных документов уже нашедших отражение в действующем Перечне типовых управленческих архивных документов, образующихся в процессе деятельности государственных органов, органов местного самоуправления и организаций, с указанием сроков хранения. ; The authors consider the process of acquisition of State Archives of Kemerovo region cultural institutions for the period of 1943-2013. The article deals with the quantitative indicators of this process, state finding aid for cultural institutions and features that arise in the process of acquisition of archive documents of institutions of this type. In modern conditions, society turns to understanding the social processes, different periods of the Russian history, seeking to obtain objective information about the past, to enter into scientific use a new layer of historical sources with general cultural, historical, and natural value. Before the archival institutions of Russia had three primary objectives: acquisition of the state archives, the organization of storage and accounting documents, as well as their use. All three of these problems are very important, but the question of acquisition are of particular importance. The reason is that, in contrast to the preservation and use of interarchival functions, the function of acquisition is interdisciplinary in nature. This implies a corresponding normative, legal and methodological support. Secondly, and most importantly, it is from recruitment, i. e. on how fully and accurately it will be selected and transferred to the State Archives a documentary evidence of a particular era, and will depend on source base of historical science. Problems of the state and community archives are not only in the plane of the improvement of archival and related legislation, regulatory updates and methodological support of the archives in this direction. Much depends on the state of departmental document storage and logistics, financial and staffing activities of state and municipal archives. The use of archival documents in the public interest is a major and very important task in the activities of the state archives. State Archives of Kemerovo region still continues to proactively inform the public about the availability of documents in the collections, publications, documents, organize the work of the reading room, issuing certificates, the performance of different types of queries. However State Archives of Kemerovo region pays considerable attention to the popularization stored documentary complexes and museum objects, by organizing various exhibitions (stationary, mobile, virtual exhibitions), excursions, day "open door" meetings with schoolchildren and students. Archival industry has always been considered a highly specialized and more closed than other areas of culture. But in accordance with the present constitution of archives related to general issues of science, culture and is a full-fledged component in addition to the library, museum business and other socio-cultural areas. Important public and social function of archives and their employees, unfortunately, is not obvious and, according to many, is reduced only to the storage of documents. Only the involvement of archives in the common cultural space of the region can overcome this prejudice, show the importance and, if you like, competitiveness archives at the present stage of development of society.

В статье анализируется образ английской культуры и литературы, созданный В.А. Жуковским на страницах «Вестника Европы» 1807-1811 гг., периода его редакторства в журнале, с помощью которого писатель произвел переворот в русском общественном сознании, в отечественной словесности, утверждая новый художественный метод романтизм. Исследование проводится на материале выполненных Жуковским для «Вестника Европы» прозаических переводов сочинений А. Смита, Мунго Парка, М. Эджворт, писем И. Миллера к К.В. Бонстеттену. Рассматриваются объективированные в литературных текстах свидетельства рецепции Жуковским английской культуры и литературы, а через него русской словесностью начала XIX в., и таким образом выявляется одно из ярких и показательных ее воплощений как типа культуры. ; The article analyzes the image of English culture and literature V.A. Zhukovsky created on the pages of Vestnik Evropy (Herald of Europe, Messenger of Europe) magazine in 1807-1811, when he was its editor and later co-editor (with M.T. Kachenovsky). It is known that the writer used this magazine to make a revolution in the Russian public consciousness and literature claiming a new artistic method Romanticism. The research is based on the prose translations Zhukovsky made for Vestnik Evropy. Zhukovsky's (through him, the early 19th-century Russian literature) reception of English culture and literature objectified in literary texts is considered revealing one of its brightest demonstrations as a type of culture. Zhukovsky builds its unique image through the prism of his own philosophical and artistic aspirations and searches of the national literature and culture of the 1800s. The writer forms texts using the leading romantic concept of the person as a unique individuality, personality with unlimited spiritual potential. This idea is the basis for the analysis of translations from the works of Adam Smith, Mungo Park, J. Miller's letters to K.V. Bonstetten, etc.). Particular attention is given to the translations Zhukovsky made for the magazine in 1808-1809 from G.K. Lichtenberg's famous The World of Hogarth. Lichtenberg's Commentaries on Hogarth's Engravings. These works, like the originals, are examples of the intermedial text a translation of visual images and stories of the famous English artist of the 17th century, W. Hogarth, the creator of the routine, satirical genre in painting, into verbal fragments eventually compiled in a major work of the German educator, Lichtenberg. The translated descriptions of Hogarth's paintings depicting people "as they deserve it" constitute a living picture of manners in England as well as an encyclopedia of human characters in their universal and national identity. In addition, the English text of VestnikEvropy in its intermediate genres mentions English public figures of culture, politics, etc. Typically, these are symbolic names associated with a large number of ideas and concepts that allow expanding the boundaries of the foreign language text. The "literary" part of the English text of Vestnik Evropy in the given period is no less indicative for describing the formation of Zhukovsky as a Romanticist and Romanticism in Russia as a whole. These are Zhukovsky's translations from English literature (a story by M. Edgeworth) and from other European literary works somehow connected with England (novels and stories by A.M.E. Flahaut, S. Genlis, F.R. Chateaubriand and anonymous texts, including the French versions of O. Goldsmith's essay ''On the Distresses of the Poor, exemplified in the Life of a Private Sentinel'', or "The Retired Minister and a Beggar with a Wooden Leg" by Zhukovsky), an essay by Humphry Repton that Zhukovsky translated from its French version ( "The Adventures of a Shy Person (which he wrote himself)") Taken together, these translations characterize primarily the genre and style searches of Zhukovsky as a prose writer that are oriented at new romanticist aesthetics and poetics. It is concluded that the boundaries of the quite extensive English (namely prose) text created in Vestnik Evropy by the first Russian Romanticist are simultaneously strictly delineated and open. Due to this it contains a whole layer of English names, events and works of different cultural epochs. There are texts of different genres united by the common "dictionary" of ideas, concepts, motives. The English text of Vestnik Evropy reflecting the logic of Zhukovsky's formation, his interest in the history of England interacts with other national magazine texts (primarily German and French), which can certainly be the object of special study.

This study is concerned with explaining why and how - under what practical condition and within what social arrangements - knowledge about society emerged as "social science": a relatively autonomous domain of expertise with its own distinctive arrangement of working practices, institutional arrangements and technologies. Social Science, I argue, originated not as much with Marx and Weber in Germany, or Comte and Durkheim in France, as with the political institution of governmental investigations in Britain almost half a century before it obtained academic prestige within the disciplinary framework of the universities. Only after social science was well entrenched in the political field, through the work of governmental commissions, and its influence and effects were felt in the public sphere, through legislation and policy, did it migrate into the universities, where it was appropriated by academics in their associations. I suggest that there is much we can learn about the scientificity of social knowledge once we forgo the traditional ways in which the history of social science is told and look at political institutions, political practices and political circumstances as the driving force behind the emergence not only of social investigations but indeed of social science more in general. It was politics, its discourse, its mechanics of parliamentary and governmental work, its legislative practices and bureaucratic routines, its technologies of recording, compiling, archiving, presenting and transporting information, which provided the condition of possibility for the emergence of social science as a domain of expertise, not least by investing social knowledge with importance, authority and relevance, through the work of governmental social investigations. Social science, I argue, was developed as a creative response to the growing requirement of publicity in the exercise of political authority during the first half of the nineteenth century. I locate the origins of social science within a larger transformation in the organizational culture of the British parliament, which took place at this period, following the increasing publicity of parliamentary debates and proceedings in the national Press. This transformation conditioned specific patterns of investigation and publication that turned social knowledge into a domain of expertise, thus paving the way for the emergence of social science. The first step in this transformation was the disenchantment of politics. With the opening of parliament to the "public gaze," politics became a domain an application for public reportage - a category of knowledge, that was understood to be worthwhile to observe and interpret, and which was constituted through the monitoring of parliamentary debates. Once politics was constructed as a field of application for the Press and identified with public reportage, contemporary political and social events inside and outside parliament became observational and 'experimental' and could now be legitimately monitored, accumulated, archived, combined into chronologies, and then served as a basis for interpretation and commentary. In the second step, the growing coverage of politics in the press, encouraged government officials to take control of the legislation process from parliament by establishing a new policymaking regime, based on empirical explorations of social problems outside parliament by especially assigned governmental commissions. Serving on these commissions, politicians effectively became social experts, turning their gaze onto the public, carefully inspecting and monitoring social problems in their localities, thus making social knowledge a legitimate domain of political expertise. With the growing use of governmental investigations, expert knowledge about society was effectively entrenched into the political field, transforming the organizational culture of parliament, its discourse and practices, from "verbal economy" of oratorical performance to the "visual economy" of writing public reports for policymaking purposes. In this new parliamentary regime, visual knowledge gained a cultural comparative advantage, an "epistemic privilege," over verbal knowledge, not merely because of its physicality but, more importantly, because it "fitted" the new circumstances created by the growing power of the press and the formation of political-print-culture. An "elective affinity" was created between political reportage and social reportage. In the third and final step, government officials attempted to control and manage the variety and partisan and contradictory understandings of politics that were created by the Press and challenged the ability of government to elicit support for its policies inside and outside parliament. They did so by establishing various associations whose goal was to promote an official political discourse through immense public opinion campaigns, accompanied by a massive dissemination of governmental reports about social problems. In these campaigns, expert knowledge about society, produced by governmental investigations, was presented as scientific: useful, relevant, non-partisan, tangible and accessible to others. In this way, expert knowledge about society was grafted onto the practice and discourse of its public consumers, effectively becoming "scientific."

ORATORICAL NUMBER APRIL, 1901 CONTENTS April 35 The Significance of the Unin-tended 36 Our Democracy 41 The Dream of the Ages 43 The Man with the Hoe 47 War in the Light of the Twen-tieth Century SI International Arbitration to Sat-isfy National Honor 55 John Ruskin—The Man 58 Editorials 62 "The Reign of Law" 63 Exchanges 67 Advertisements 68 FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. For Fine- Printing go to Be X lo Wile Friipliil faff CARLISLE ST. GETTYSBURG, PA. C. B. Kitzmiller Dealer in Hats, Caps, Boots and Douglas Shoes GETTYSBURG, PA. R. M. Elliott Dealer in Hats, Caps, Shoes and. Gents' Furnishing Goods Corner Center Square and Carlisle Street GETTYSBURG, PA. EDGAR 5. MARTIN, ^CIGARS AND SMOKERS' ARTICLES ^p* ^y*j^ Chambersburz St., Gettysburg Leadership IN THE CLOTHING and MEN'S FURNISHING Business It is strictly here—everybody knows it. Testimony ? The stock itself. The pen suffi-ciently nimble to tell all the good points of our ::::::: FALL AMD WINTER. SUITS AND OVERCOATS has not been found. We will keep you dressed right up-to-date if you buy your Clothing and Furnishings here. : : : : STIINE McPherson Block- No. II BALTIMORE STREET WILLIAM H.HETF.ICK GETTYSBURG COLLEGE PA.UL K1ELFFER FRANKLIN &MARSHAL HOWARD E.SH1MER MUHLENBERG COLLEGE J . W. D OVNEY L E H1G H EDWARD E.KELLEY URSIWU5 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY The Literary Journal of Pennsylvania College Entered at the Postojftce at Gettysburg as second-class matter VOL. X GETTYSBURG, PA., APRIL, 1901 No. 2 APRIL JOHN KEBLE Lessons sweet of spring returning, Welcome to the thoughtful heart! May I call ye sense or learning, Instinct pure, or heaven-taught art? Be your title what it may, Sweet and lengthening April day, While with you the soul is free, Ranging wild o'er hill and lee; Soft as Memnon's harp at morning, To the inward ear devout, Touched by light with heavenly warning, Your transporting chords ring out. Every leaf in every nook, Every wave in every brook, Chanting with a solemn voice Minds us of our better choice. Needs no show of mountain hoary, Winding shore or deepening glen, Where the landscape in its glory, Teaches truth to wandering men. Give true hearts but earth and sky, And some flowers to bloom and die, Homely scenes and simple views Lowly thoughts may best infuse. 36 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNINTENDED PATTI. KIEFFER, of Franklin and Marshal [First Prize] '"PHERE is an Eastern fable of three princes contesting in arch- * ery for their father's kingdom. The youngest, regarded as a weakling, after an apparently poor effort, is unable to find his arrow. The elder brothers divide the kingdom, while he is left in ridicule to search for the lost missile. Hedoesso. Traveling many days in the direction of the shot, he comes upon his arrow imbedded in the door of a cavern, whither it has been wafted, mile after mile, by some unseen power. The door opens into the land of the genii, a realm of untold riches; and the youthful archer, now a mighty potentate, returns to receive adulation, where but a short time before he had met with but scorn and ridicule. The story of the princely archer is more than a fable; it is an allegory. The shot from his bow had an unintended and unex-pected result; a similar fate has attended men's efforts in all ages. For it is the universal experience that men aim at one thing and attain another. It has been always thus. Men work and labor and toil, and when it is all over and the work is done, behold, the result is other than that of the original intent. Men build better than they know. So true is this that there would seem to be a law by virtue of which it is characteristic of most of the great and genuine and lasting achievements of man, that they come in an unwonted, unintended and unexpected manner. Great is that which man has sought for and achieved; greater still is that which he has not sought for and has yet achieved. Great is the logic of man; the logic of events is greater. Indirection and unconscious-ness— these have attended the fruitful workings of human handi-craft, of human agency, and of human genius. The great discoveries—how have they come? In their blind-ness, men sought to read their fortunes in the stars, and out of astrology grew the noble science of astronomy. In the black kitchens men spend their lives in the search for the elixir of life, and out of alchemy, chemistry is born. The fall of an apple and the discovery of a universal law are inseparably linked. In the cathedral at Pisa a verger oils a lamp and leaves it swinging to and fro; a youth of eighteen sees it, ponders, and conceives the idea of measuring time. Indirection is the law. Men puzzle them- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 37 selves with problems for years; and then, suddenly, and in some unexpected manner the truth is imparted to some genius and the world moves on a step. New and untried ventures bring strange results. Columbus is sure that he is discovering a new route to the East; the floating seaweed that quells the mutiny on board his ships belongs to a new continent whose discovery renders his name immortal. To-day, four hundred years later, the powerful young nation which has grown up upon this continent has reached the Pacific and is look-ing beyond, and men stand with bated breath as they see her reach-ing across the great ocean to the East. The dream of the Genoese adventurer, after four centuries is about to receive some semblance of fulfillment in a manner of which he little dreamed. A protest against the sale of indulgences is a trifling matter; not so insignifi-cant is the splitting of the Roman Catholic Church and the de-stroying of the Papal supremacy. The little Mayflower bears a small band of men and women seeking religious freedom. After several centuries we look back to the spot upon which they landed, little dreaming of their mission, to see diverging therefrom the rays of light which have illuminated our nation ever since. That was Puritan light that made clear the pathway to Bunker Hill, to Yorktown, and to Appomattox. The colonies are now full grown and the mother country be-comes tyrannical. An unjust stamp tax is imposed and the colo-nists resist. The Boston Tea Party registers opposition to taxation without representation. But the colonists are still loyal. '' From one end of the colonies to the other," says Franklin, "no one is thinking of independence." Then, like a thunderbolt in a clear sky, a bold spirit, raised to a higher plane than his fellows, and catching the first glimpse of a new dawn, cries, "Give me liberty, or give me death!'' The cry of treason is the reply; but the events of a few swift years prove that he has caught a true vision. Resist-ance to a petty stamp tax inspired a revolution, threw off a yoke of oppression, and laid the foundation for the freest, most enlight-ened, most powerful republic in history—while men wondered. The world's battles in all times have been fought out upon forlorn hopes. Gideon sat by the wine-press when he received the call to arms. His three hundred put to flight the hosts of the Midianites. Wilberforce in England and Garrison in America go forth, like Hercules of old, to battle with the hydra-headed slave 33 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY interests. In both continents it is one against a thousand. The one wins and both continents are freed. The world's schools present a strange picture. England's greatest preacher was an uneducated school usher. The temper-ance lecturer is picked out of the gutter. Buu3'an was an infidel. Lincoln was born in a slave state. Paul sat at the feet of Gama-liel. Moses was brought up in Egypt. The poet, the artist—he, too, knows the significance of the unintended. He calls it inspiration. Not a substitute for toil, for years of labor; but the final result comes not in the direct line of work. The painter in his studio sees his work fruitless for years; he is almost in despair; and then one night, as he is taking a moment's rest, in God's great out-of-doors perhaps, his reward comes. Gaspar Becana sits idle by the hearth when the long-awaited message, denied him at his work, is revealed to him in the flame. Years of toil, of unremitting labor; but at the supreme moment, no effort. Small wonder that Schiller exclaimed; "Since creation began All that mortals have wrought All that's God-like in man Comes—the flash of a thought." A scene from our nation's history. Thirty years of growing bitterness have kindled the flame of national discord, and the fiery characters proclaim that slavery is a crime. But at this moment the black slave is forgotten. It is a Federal fort off the southern coast, and it has been fired upon; the national troops have been attacked; states withdraw from the Union; brother takes arms against brother in the horrors of an internecine con-flict. Anti-slavery is swallowed up in a war for the preservation of the Union. Two short, swift years of war, and the voice of the commander-in-chief is heard throughout the land. The words he speaks are those of the Emancipation Proclamation. The slave is free, and that is accomplished by two years of war for another purpose in which thirty years of direct opposition failed. But there is no standing still. History is making. It is thirty years later and another crisis is reached. An oppressed people has lifted its appeal to the great American heart, whose pulsations, imperceptible at times, are none the less sure and true. The world's eyes are directed to Cuba, to the unprecedented ?pec-tacle of a great power wielding the sword in a war for the sake of THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 39 humanity. But while the battle is on, what means this other sound, this note ol war from far across the sea? What mean these guns and sound of falling masonry? Has the electric impulse reached from Cuba half-way around the world? Yes. The American flag floats over Manila and the Philippines are ours. "But hold," the people cry, "tofree Cuba is our onhy aim. What have we to do with those far-off islands and a foreign race. New possessions are not part of our intent." Intent? If history can teach; if the experience of the past can furnish lessons for the present and future, this is the very seal and sign and token of the genuineness of your new duty that it was unintended. Then a voice cries, "So be it, America has burst her bonds!" "Imperi-alism!" is the reply and a new conflict is on. The final arbiter, the sovereign will of the people, must decide. But who can doubt the result? Stop our country's growth? Put an end to the national life? The ballot is cast; the people have echoed "So be it," and the seal of ratification is placed upon another great move-ment whose inception was unwitnessed by human eyes. Then, above the conflict of party and the war of words, one can all but hear the genius of the nation: "Here, O America, is thy duty. Whether thou wilt or no, here is thy mission. Thy path is clear. Here or nowhere is thy destiny, work it out therefrom, to the ends of liberty and humanity, of justice and order and peace." And what is the meaning of it all? Is man a creature of blind chance, his fate determined by every gust of wind that blows? Is history wrought out by luck? Are we to doubt the poet, doubt that "through the ages one increasing purpose runs?" Are man's work, his years of toil, his planning, his foresight, his God-given gift of reason—are all these to go for naught? The on-ward march of civilization answers No. The uplifting and better-ing of humanity answer No. The assent of man answers No. The unintended—unintended by whom? Who intended that the sun should shine by day and the moon by night? Who intended that the earth should yield up her fruits and the rain descend from Heaven? While man proposes, God disposes. Eeason,plan, method, purpose,—all these, could man, blind man, but see them. Yes, "there's a divinity that shapes our ends, rough-hew them how we will." It is a dark night at a time of crisis in our nation's history. The 40 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY great captain lies dead at Washington by the hand of the assassin. In the great city of the commonwealth a mob is gathering and its mutterings are terrible in their foreboding. Old wounds gape afresh. The suspense is awful; what the morning will bring no one can tell. Suddenly, above the uproar of the crowd, like the clear note of a trumpet, a voice is heard. It is the voice of a man of the people. The words he speaks are few and simple: "God reigns!" Like the calming of a great storm upon the waters, the crowd disperses and the dawn ushers in a day of peace. May the echo of those words be endless in our country's career! God grant that down her path in times of peaceful well-being, in times of storm and stress, the words of her inspired patriot may ring in the ears of all her sons, "God reigns!" Yes, at her birth-throes He was with her; in the trying times of her infancy and youth He guided her; in her maturity he has blest her. And now, in the full plenitude of her powers, He has sent her a new mission. May He give her strength to fulfill it. May He give her people wis-dom and make her leaders to see the right path: And then, as we turn our eyes towards the future, with senses sharpened by patriotic fervor, we may catch the first glimpse of her shining forth supreme in that glorious company of nations when right shall have become might and the sense of human brotherhood filled all men's souls; and as we strain our ears to listen we may hear, mingled with the triumphal music of might and power, and rising far above it, the clear, pure note of a simple entreaty, the voice of the people lifted on high with that of the poet, to the ' 'God of our fathers, known of old Lord of our far-flung- battle line, Beneath whose awful hand we hold Dominion over palm and pine, Lord God of Hosts be with us yet Lest we forget! Lest we forget!" «9£, "While words of learned length and thundering sound Amazed the gazing rustics round; And still they gazed and still the wonder grew That one small head should carry all he knew." —GOLDSMITH. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 41 OUR DEMOCRACY WM. H. HETEICK, of Gettysburg [Second Prize] YV7E feel honored, as a people, in that good favor and for- " tune which makes us citizens of the American republic. We exult in the privileges which that citizenship affords. We rejoice in the liberty that gives us equal chances with all for the highest and noblest attainments in life. In short, we would be none but Americans. Were we Germans, we might challenge the world for a refor-mation. Were we Frenchmen, we might extol with pride the merits of an eventful revolution. Or, were we Englishmen, we might look with pleasure on a long line of illustrious rulers, or boast of universal dominion over the seas, or of lands on whose soil the sun never goes down. But we are Americans. We hold up but a century and a quarter of history, but where is its equal? Our part in the world movement was the founding of the people. To found the people. What an aim! To vindicate their honor! To make them free! Ours was the revolution on whose fate hung the human race. It was a conflict between man and king—a people in battle against the tyranny of the whole past. Here was born civil liberty that lifts the yoke of oppression from a subju-gated world. Ah! Here on our own battle-field was struck the blow that annihilated slavery, which for fifty centuries darkened civilization with inhuman crime. Our boast is not of territory. The sun sets every evening over our land, but it throws its golden light on a free and independent people, subject to none but their God, and held and maintained by a constitution that receives the approbation of the world. Our exultation is in the principles of our government; our joy in their beneficent results. Democracy is our nation's honor; manhood the integrity of our people. Manhood—the keystone in the arch of our republic. Manhood—that which Rome with all her strength could never develop, nor Greece, with all her depth of thought, conceive. MANHOOD, that gave Germany her refor-mation, but not strong enough to make her free; that once made England a republic, but too weak to give her equal rights. No! Europe could never develop it. The nearest she came to it was the Puritan and him she drove, exiled, beyond the sea. Away 42 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY from custom and the iron grip of centuries; beyond the despotism of monarchs and aristocracies ; on the water-edge of-an unknown continent it found a home, and on that continent it established an ideal government for man, our own republic. We, the people of that republic, sit this day in our own purple, with no master but our conscience, our reason, and our God. Beneath us lies the dark past of conflict, breaking its troubled waters against the mountain of our democracy. The step to a throne has been taken and the destiny of man is sealed. We stand at last where kings have never stood; with no equal in the world; with tyranny at our feet and the eternal sunshine of progress on our heads. In our hands no diamond-studded sceptre; but an in-vincible ballot. On our heads the crown of an inalienable right. Here equality brings the triumph of humanity, the problem of the ages. We give man his rights and in less than two centuries he builds a nation. We make him his own master and he conquers his own self. We give him room for genius and he becomes a Garfield and a Lincoln. Accident and favor no more usurp the place of honor. The wreath of victory is placed on the man who can, be he the favored son of fortune or the poor, obscure peasant from the cabin-home. It is democracy—manhood crowned—that makes us truly great. To destroy that there must be a power greater than the people's and deeper than the soul's. To take away from the people their God-given rights is to make the world an enigma and the hope of man a dream. No! The people rise and with them the world. Creation moves towards its inevitable goal with our own democracy in the lead. One by one the nations fall in line, moving to no martial strain, but to the music of peace, goodwill to mankind. Yonder in the clear light of the future stands the cross of Christ, in which the kingdoms of this world become the kingdoms of the Lord, and around which shall gather the nations all, unfurling their banners "in the Parliament of Man, the Feder-ation of the World." «8^ "The object of oratory alone is not truth, but persuasion. —MaCaulay. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 43 THE DREAM OP THE AGES ARTHUR L. CROSSLEY, of Lafayette [Honorable Mention] 'T'HE centuries roll on and on. Nations come and go. But *■ great principles and truths never cease their onward progress. Slowly and quietly they make their way among the peoples, but surely as the eternal God from whom they spring. Such was the principle of religious liberty, forbidden and restrained by the pre-judices and customs of all the past, the first flame kindled in the heart of Luther, then spread throughout Germany and Europe to England and across the sea. Born of the theses nailed on the church at Wittenberg, grown among such convulsions of war and carnage as even Europe had never known before, the principle at last triumphed and the soul of man stood forth free to worship the God of its choice. Such was the growth of political freedom. We see the first faint gleamings of the dawn in early Greece and Rome. But the stormy clouds of the dark ages sweep before our gaze for a thou-sand years. With Magna Charta comes a rift in the darkness. Strong-hearted Englishmen rise in their might and Albion's Isle is free. But for a hundred years, continental Europe still lay in abject slavery at the feet of despots. Suddenly the terrible storm breaks on the vine-clad hills of France. The reign of terror is abroad in the land. Peasant and regal blood alike flow freely, and every brook and rill runs crimson to the sea. When at last the clouds are cleared away, the divine right of kings is a thing of the past, despotism is forever dead, and already we see across the waters the goddess of liberty, whose scepter shall rule the world. The work of the German monk is done. The task begun by Pym and Hampden is finished. The principles of religious and political freedom are proclaimed throughout the earth. But I think, perchance, I see another great principle at work among the peoples. I hear the great heart of humanity throbbing and beat-ing under its mighty impulse. Implanted in the breast of earliest man, it remained for the present age to see it take root and quicken into life. A spark kindled from the great altar of Truth, it has lain smouldering in the human heart through all the centuries. But the great social principle is at work in the world to-day as never before. It is the great force which is to-day shaping the 44 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY course of events. But little more than a century ago and there was not a nation under heaven in which slavery was forbidden. But, behold, England's air grows too pure for the slave to breathe; the shackles fall from the negroes of the southland; the serfs of Russia walk in freedom. "Tis but the first ripening grains of that harvest which is yet to be. 'Tis but the glimmering stars of the morning which foretell the coming of the sun. Go, read the workings of this great principle in the mighty movements of the past century, in the extended suffrage of our land, in the history of the Rockdale pioneers, in the great secret societies of our age, in the present attitude of the Christian Church, all unite in one mighty strain, the Brotherhood of Man. But as society more fully realizes the great bonds which unite man to man, as the flame of truth grows brighter and brighter, men more clearly see the injustice which surrounds them on every side. The scales fall from their eyes. They behold an age of such marvelous labor-saving inventions as a century ago the boldest imagination would not have dared to dream of. But never has the lot of the toiler been harder. Never have his ranks num-bered so many of the children of our land. They behold a nation groaning beneath the burden of its wealth, whose fields are wav-ing with yellow harvests, whose granaries are bursting with golden grain. Yet in the very midst of these greatest accumula-tions of wealth, there are homes of direst poverty, and children that hunger and freeze. They behold a civilization, the most wonderful of all the aeons of time. But its course is strewn with the wrecks of humanity, its foundation stones are red with the blood of man. But seek a deeper meaning in thy book of truth, in the Utopi-an literature of Bellamy and Morris in the mighty trades-unions with their cry of "labor against capital," in the air ever rife with the curses and threats of the striker; yea, go breathe it in the fra-grance of those flowers that bloom on the graves at Homestead and Lattitner. The great social principle is at work in the world, and has been from Babylon down. But never have its notes of warn-ing sounded so plainly in the ears of all who listen. The silent toilers of the ages have at last begun to know the great wrongs which are being done under the veil of law and necessity, and they are determined to right them, even by that greater wrong, the strike and the riot. The principle is at work in the hearts of THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 45 men. We see it in the struggling, starving masses of our great cities, in the discontented workers in our factories and furnaces. The threatening murmur grows louder and louder, until but a few months ago, the hills and valleys of our own fair state echoed and re-echoed, rumbled and thundered with the angry cry and fearless demand of such an army of toilers, in solid and united ranks, as never before in an industrial crisis, has blocked the wheels of progress. The toilers of earth have at last realized their strength, and they are demanding that which by justice has ever been theirs. They have turned on their oppressor and ask, "Who made thee a task-master over us? Why shall thy children have a plenty and more than enough while our little ones go a-hunger-ing?" The toilers are waiting their answer. The appearance of a new truth or principle among men ever means a change in the great social organization. It is only a question whether society shall gradually and in due time adjust itself, and it shall only be a reformation, or whether it shall repress the changes which the growing principle makes necessary, until they shall suddenly break forth in a revolution. Ambition and power have been repressing the changes in tlae organization of society which this growing social principle has made necessary, and for this cause is labor arrayed against capital, and there are strikes and riots and bloodshed. Build your roads of iron and your bridges of steel. Harness the steam and the mighty Niagara. Delve deep into the heart of earth and search the infinite with thy telescope. Bring forth the atom of matter and circle the globe with thy lightning. But, im-portant as all these are, there is yet a greater task before the American manhood of to-day—to solve the great social problems which are pressing on every hand, to put an end to this fraternal strife which threatens, to stay the floods of discontent which are slowly gathering their mighty waters, to quench the fires of an-archy which are kindling in every city and village, to fell this cruel giant of oppression who is trampling out the souls of men. Is the task too great ? Falter not, for we have in our sling one sure stone, even justice. By this shall we accomplish our mighty work, put an end to this tyranny of man over man, let no longer one man possess that which belongs to all, but recognize the equal rights of every man to the bounties of nature, the free blessings of heaven and the rich heritage of all the past. This is 46 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY what justice demands and the working men of to-day are seeking. And it is because we have trampled on these great principles of right, because the opportunities of life have not been thrown open to all alike, but it has been for some to sow and for others to reap, for this cause are the stormclouds gathering on the horizon of time and the laborers are marshalling their forces. The call comes to finish the work begun by Garrison and Lin-coln, to strike down the oppressor of men and forever loose the bonds of slavery which still linger, to wipe out the stain of that southern legislature's recent action, and to make the pages of our own state yet fairer, to rescue the childhood and daughters of our land from the curse of such lives as that of the factory, that life which to-day, ere the bloom ot youth hath appeared, stamps disease on thin pale faces, hopelessness and ignorance on their young lives, and forever brands vice and immorality on their in-nocent souls. We plead not for the men, they are strong. We plead for the helpless childhood of our land, for the fathers and mothers of the years to come. Shield them from the curses which blight. I,et not the gates of the factory and the depths of the mine shut then* from the opportunities of life. Else in the after years they shall know the great wrong which has been done, their hearts shall grow bitter within, and their lives shall become sources of evil and anarchy. "For the child's sob in the silence curses deeper Than the strong- man in his wrath." Go, conquer the isles of the sea. Carry thy commerce to the uttermost parts of the earth. Gather the riches of the nations in thy garners. Wear thy purple robe, knit with the life threads of youth. Drink thy sparkling wine, tinged with the heart drops of childhood. But remember, our brothers, the toilers, are journeying to meet us among the rock-bound hills of Gilead. Wronged through all the centuries, they have not forgotten that stolen blessing. L,et us not delay, but haste to see that these great labor problems are solved, that justice is done in the land, and that brother is reconciled unto brother. Else, behold, these toilers of earth shall rise up and become a very Samson in our land,—nay, even now they are rising—and in their wrath shall they bow themselves and the pillars of state shall tremble and fall at their might. It needs no Daniel to read God's handwriting on those pages THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 47 of the past. The great social principle must prevail in the end. Whether it come by peace or by a Reign of Terror, whether by the mounts of Gilead where the sons of Isaac met, or by Pharsalia, whether thy brother's anger shall be appeased or he shall rise in his wrath and strike thee down, I know not. But come it will as sure as the fountains of eternal truth and justice. And when at last this great principle shall have prevailed among men, and there shall have been effected in society those changes which the growing light of truth and intelligence has made necessary, when the fertile Canaan of life's opportunities shall have been thrown open to all alike, then and then only will the race of man have taken one more step up the incline of true progress and we shall have come a little nearer to that "Dream of the Ages," that time of which the prophets have foretold, and the poets have sung, that day when the stranger shall see in the stranger his brother, when man shall no longer rise on his fellow-man, but united by the bonds of brotherhood, they shall together mount the heights of progress and achievement. «^ THE MAN WITH THE HOE HOWARD E. SHIMER, of Muhlcuberg- \ RIGHTEOUS discontent has ever been the dynamic force ** making for social uplifting,—the sign manual of progress. It is the men who have been discontented with wrong and oppres-sion that have carried on the great agitations of the world, and have made history. Wilberforce and Howard, Thomas Paine and Samuel Adams, Garrison and Phillips were all men profoundly discontented with the wrongs inflicted upon their fellow men; and from their discontent came the spark that lit the altar-fire of liberty. Were Millet's "Angelus" before us while reading Edwin Markham's "The Man with the Hoe," we would be inclined to revolt against nature's apparent injustice. Millet has painted the man with the hoe in colors; Edwin Markham, in words. He is a digger of the earth, bowing his back and breaking the clods. He stands as a type, the honest and honorable representative of those whose lot it is, and must always be, to perform the hard uninspir-ing and soul-crushing labors of mankind. He was seen of old 48 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY among the brick-makers of Egypt, among the millions who lifted wearily the walls of Ilium; who carved the pillars of Karnak and paved the Appian way. To-day he may be seen with a needle in a New York sweat-shop, with a pick in a West Virginia coal mine, with a hod in a London alley, with a spade on the banks of the Zuyder Zee. The manual laborer of to-day is far more discontented with his environment than were his progenitors. This discontent does not imply that his condition has degenerated. It is rather a sign of progress from the status of the mere burden bearer to that of the thinking and responsible social unit. The leaven of educa-tion has worked through the mass—all too imperfectly it may be —and fermentation is still going on. As the reed, breathed upon by the great god Pan, could become no more "a simple reed by the river," so it is no longer possible for the man with the hoe, into whose soul has come the conception of larger liberties and a wider life, to accept with dull and passive content the lot of his forefathers. Much depends upon the point of view from which this man with the hoe is considered. When beheld through the windows of a Fifth Avenue palace, the objective universe takes on a different aspect to that which it assumes when seen from an East-side tene-ment house. The counting house and the sweatshop generate two distinct philosophies of life. The sympathetic spirit may be aroused by the thrilling tale of the sailor's ship-wreck, the miner's entombment, or the slow starvation of the sweater's slave; but only those who must bear the brunt of these industrial tragedies can realize to the full the horrors of the black waves, the poison of the fire-damp, and the howls of the hungry wolf at the door. Sometimes it is a tyrant, forgetful of this brunt, who oppresses; sometimes it is an aristocracy which gathers in the fruits of power and throws upon the masses the burdens of government; sometimes it is a plutocracy which openly exalts money and debases flesh and blood; but everywhere it is the same brutal spirit which ig-nores the brotherhood of man. He was a veritable Columbus in the world of sociology who made the discovery that there is a good deal of human nature among men. The man with the hoe may justly claim to possess his modicum of human nature. With Shakespeare's usurer, he may exclaim: "If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 49 us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die?" The laborer is a man, claiming a man's share of life; and the questions which most directly affect him can be best considered from the standpoint of manhood rather than from that of classhood. But it is this very breadth of vision that is the most difficult of attainment. The increase of the class sense is rapid. Even the constant attrition going on under democratic institutions does not serve to keep it in check. Plato's saying that "every city holds two nations, the rich and the poor," has in it only too much truth. The Optimist, however, sees thatthe standards of humanity are being more and more upheld by the masses, who occupy that social stratum which lies between the dark despair of the Sub-merged Tenth and the gilded idleness of the Elevated Four Hundred. The literary sycophants who strew rhetorical flowers in the pathway of the successful, without inquiring into the methods employed for procuring success, complacently throw the respon-sibility for the present condition of the man with the hoe upon God, or Nature, or the man himself. Is it the fault of God or Nature that children are driven into factories at so early an age that their bodies are stunted, their minds dwarfed and the strength and usefulness of future generations impaired? Is God or Nature responsible for the laws which permit this impairment of the man-power and the woman-power of the nation? The indolent cannot expect plenty under any just form of government; neither can the vicious expect happiness. But, let us see whether something can not be done to alleviate effectually the painful inequalities of the conscientious employee as compared with his employer, and whether philosophy can not be led from the closet and religion from the altar, and made to exert a united, a practical, and an all-powerful influence upon the affairs of men. Give justice to everyone—justice in the making of the laws, justice in the interpretation of the laws, justice in the execution of the laws,—justice first and charity afterward. But questions of detail and method constitute, after all, but a comparatively unimportant part of our problem. The great thing is, that the mass of the community shall be capable of self-govern-ment. Theologies and governments alike are but the replica of the human minds back of them. Michael Augelo may conceive SO THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY heaven-reaching lines of grace; but to erect the stately edifice there must be suitable material. So, the question of the industrial welfare of the American laborer merges into the broader question of the triumph or the failures of the democratic idea upon which the American Republic is founded. Political equality and industrial inequality can not long co-exist. In our republican institutions work the ferment of the ages and the leaven of all nations. Kings may prop up their thrones with bayonets; but democracy must rest upon in-telligence. The greatest danger which confronts our republic is the grow-ing antagonism between classes. The poor will never again be the passive sufferers of bygone ages. Their indictment of social injustice is drawn and presented. "Bitter voices say it," writes Ruskin, "voices of battle and famine throughout all the world, which must be heard." The test is at hand which is to prove whether the sneers of Macaulay and Carlyle against the republic were false or founded upon truth. It is easier by far to preach the gospel of rights than to teach the law of the comprehension of duty; for the latter demands a well-disciplined and well-devel-oped intellect. We know that it is said, iu palliation of the restrictive influence of plutocracy, that the condition of the man with the hoe is as good as he deserves. We know that it would be useless and per-nicious to call upon the half-savage and brutalized peasantry by electing them to Congress or the State Legislature. We know that the man with the hoe is unfit for it, that is the very curse of the system. What is it that unfits him? What is it that makes slavish labor, and slavish ignorance, and slavish stupidity his necessary heritage? Does not the same Aryan blood course through his veins? Has he not five senses, the same faculties, the same passions? When every true American realizes that the Almighty knows no class distinctions; when the lessons of truth and purity which have been inculcated in our Christian homes, will be applied to the man with the hoe; when religion and labor will go hand in hand; when none but the bravest and most loyal citizens dare sway the employer's sceptre, all signs of decay will be buried into oblivion and we shall have a nation too noble to crumble, too great to be conquered. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 51 WAR IN THE LIGHT OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY EDWARD E. KELLEY, of Ursinus '-pHE military power of Europe has become a matter ot vital *■ importance. She is virtually arm-crushed. Her armies are devouring her very substance, depleting the national treas-uries, and changing the established social and political con-ditions. With the unsettled state of China, the increase of arma ments and navies and the attitude of a people cursed by taxation and conscription, Europe cannot remain forever a vast, hostile camp. The rivalries of England and Russia and the antipathies of the Frank and the German threaten to "turn loose the dogs of war'' to prey upon humanity for their self aggrandizement. Under existing conditions war must come. Such is the verdict of history as she points the finger of warning to Rome and Carthage. A condition of affairs like this, however, has no place in the midst of the liberty, the intelligence, the happiness and the morality of our age. When war thus threatens to rush the nations headlong into a "roaring conflagration of anarchies," then war disdains the spirit of the age, mocks the God-like reason within man, and becomes "the living and triumphant relic of barbarism." Not only Europe but the civilized world demands that this in-stitution, by which so few rights have been gained, which could not have been achieved without it, be brought before the bar of reason. For this institution has committed the greatest crimes recorded on the pages of history in blasphemy of that which is holiest; in the name of liberty, fraternity and equality, the French Revolution raised a gigantic monument whose brick was the flesh of Frenchmen and whose mortar was the heart's blood ot France. True, some wars have been productive of a lasting good. Europe purchased liberty of mind by the death of six million crusaders; religious liberty was the outgrowth of the Thirty Years' War; the French Revolution broke the iron chains of despotism; this, our own glorious union, had its birth in war. It were a grievous pity, however, if such a blasting institution had not done some good. The most lasting benefit may be the result of the worst evil, and on the other hand, "the purest, holiest and noblest virtue may be devoted to a useless cause." But the blighting and accursed results of war everywhere predominate. Civiliza-tion was retarded one hundred years, as a consequence of the THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Thirty Years' war. The civil wars in England and France delayed it for similar periods. Above all, man is to be governed not by material but by moral standards. There is no doctrine more abusive to the human understanding than that we ma}' do evil that good may come. There is another sentiment—"sublime, sacred, insurmountable, indestructible, eternal—the sentiment of right." Let no advocate of war presume on the dead past as a criterion for the breathing, ever living present. Political and economic conditions have changed since George the III; absolutism is a thing of the past; the object of the crusades is now the noble mission of the press. Oh! how incompatible with the age is this institution of war. We, the heirs of all the ages, look with sympathy on the barbaric past, and still we train legions of men to the profession of murder; we speak of a higher civilization amidst the ruin of our home, the shriek of the widow and the cry of the orphan which our cruelty has made. We boast of a common brotherhood of man, and yet we grasp our fellow by the throat and stifle the very life that God gave him! The fact that our own nation recently drove despotism from the shores of this west-ern continent and broke the shackles of an oppressed people is no justification of war. It was a glorious work. And she but made use of a recognized agent which is maintained by the interests and prejudices of powerful nations. The stigma lies not on the noble work of the Republic; but upon the age which upholds this bloody relic of the past in domination over reason; for this age, while it makes the individual abide by a trial of reason, is so inconsistent as to allow the nations, groups of individuals, to be ruled merely by their lust for conquest. Let us not, I beseech you, deceive our-selves. For this institution of war to have a mission, our religion, which teaches love to one's neighbor, must be false; philosophy, which teaches the irrationality of brute force, belies itself, and man, who professes to acknowledge standards of morality and justice, is a base and unworthy hypocrite. Vain and delusive is the theory of the survival of the strongest —of the right of one civilization to crush another out of existence. Our universe is a natural one, and its units can only grow from step to step through the continuous process of natural law. Where-ever nations have attempted to usurp the place of nature by in. troducing untimely changes, inevitable and dreadful reaction has THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 53 followed. History is replete with the baneful results of coercion. Such a theory binds only the jungle. When applied to man, fash-ioned in the Divine image and sweeping onward, ever onward to the realization of his ideal, it prostrates the native dignity of his manhood in the dust. The triumph of the stronger is not the triumph of justice. O, strange Justice, which is ever on the stronger side. "Truth forever on the scaffold, wrong forever on the throne." Tell me, when Poland, noble and heroic Poland, lay crushed and bleeding at the foot of the Muscovite, was the triumph of the stronger the better? Who of us is certain in his heart that force is accomplishing a purpose in South Africa? Read in the history of Ireland another living witness against the iniquity and injustice of war. Truly, justice depends upon reason and not upon the sword, and man, "the sovereign animal of crea-tion," cannot be molded like clay. We have reached that stage in the world's progress when the restriction of force will be conducive to the advancement of civ-ilization; when co-operation must replace destructive competition. Before this growing love of humanity man must acknowledge his fellow as a natural as well as a social and political unit. Before this growing love of humanity war becomes a crime. From amongst the ruin, bloodshed, and carnage of the battle-field, the soul, startled, shrinks from its shattered body to wing its flight heavenward ':o record its destruction. Do you not think that God, the great sovereign of nature, will demand the right of its deviation from that purpose for which the laws of nature and of nature's God created it? By what right do we rush this being, its heart fermenting with evil passions, with curses upon its lips, un-called into the presence of an offended deity? How will we in judgment before the tribunal of the Most High, free ourselves from our responsibility for its condemnation? How will we an-swer the shivered, wrecked and ruined legions—the once glorious and God-like representatives of a mighty universe standing hand to hand .witnesses before the Eternal King against us? Is it through the plea that we desired the territory belonging to another? Is it through the false argument that we wished to substitute our higher civilization for a lower? The rise and fall- of nations means less to God than the loss of this one soul—this soul, which, as Cato says, "secured in her existence, smiles at the drawn dagger and defies its point. The stars shall fade away, the sun himself grow dim S4 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY with age, and nature sink in years, but thou shalt flourish in im-mortal youth, unhurt amidst the war of elements, the wrecks of matter and the crush of worlds." When all is considered we find that man is bound to his fellow not through mere ties of blood, but by the sacred ties of his own divine nature. A condition of affairs like the present which ig-nores this hallowed link of a common Fatherhood strikes at the very vitals of Christian idealism. The maintenance of war, this relic of primitive man, on the plea of its antiquity is unjustifiable. History is a mute witness to the fact that all human institutions have their day, that once they have ceased to be of utility they must either be forgotten or destroyed. "There is no question without an answer; no problem without a solution." War and "man's inhumanity to man has made countless thousands mourn." Man introduced inequalities and wrongs upon this earth; honor de-mands that by him they must be righted. Duty calls to everyone of us to array himself on the side of humanity. Let others sing of the flag and country, I plead for this growing love of humanity which will elevate and purify patriotism. Let others chant the martial music of war, I hear the cries which have risen midst the ruins of the world's battle fields; from the homes of those who have shed the rich, ripe blood of their manhood in behalf of military glory; from the millions who have been robbed of their liberties; from the millions throughout the broad universe who have been ruthlessly sacrificed to the cause of nations. Oh, we have had enough,of bloodshed! Let us blot it from our lives, and I appeal to you, representatives of our civilization, to cast your in-fluence wherever you can, against this hideous relic of barbarism. Remembrance implores you by the sorrow-tensioned chords of memory; from every blood-stained battle-field the commingled ashes of the dead entreat you; humanity cries out to you in the mute persuasion of her fallen greatness, and heaven adjures you in the dying agonizing voice of a crucified God: Thou shalt not plant the brand of Cain upon the brow of man! >*> ««£> " Eloquence is the appropriate organ of the highest personal energy.''—Emerson. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURi 55 ■ INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION TO SATISFY NATIONAL HONOR JAMHS N. DOWNEY, of Lehig-h HPHE establishment of an international tribunal to which all * disputes between nations, that cannot otherwise be adjusted, should be referred has been the dream of philosophers and states-men for ages. That this has not been accomplished, proves that civilization has not advanced sufficiently to enable nations to set-tle their differences except by resort to arms. In the dawn of civilization we find, even in judicial processes, a mixture of forcible contention, showing the transition from a period when rights were regulated by the strong hand. In later years, however, there has been some progress in settling disputes between nations and the principle that human reason is capable of settling differences as well as creating them has been established. The past century was ushered in in the midst of a period of destructive wars and its history contains the records of many bloody conflicts. Nevertheless, it has witnessed the growth of the practice of international arbitration to satisfy '' National Honor." This method has been shown to be broad and far-reach-ing, and while in some instances the award has been set aside or not enforced, in no case have two nations gone to war after hav-ing agreed to arbitrate a difference. The first experience of this nation in settling disputes was the Jay Treaty with Great Britain in 1794. While this treaty was not satisfactory and by no means popular with the American people it is our initial step in the paths of arbitration. Washing-ton alone, while not approving of the treaty, stood up for it and signed it. In so doing he exhibited his firmness of character, good judgment, and foresight. And when he said "My objects are to prevent war, if justice can be obtained by fair and strong representations of the injuries which this country has sustained at the hands of Great Britain," he at once struck the key-note of arbitration. Since the Jay Treaty there have been twenty distinct arbitrations between the two great English speaking nations of the world, Great Britain and the United States, of which the Behring Sea dispute is the latest example. The greatest settle-ment was that of the "Geneva Award" in regard to the Alabama claims and it demonstrated that arbitration between nations was possible. This was a grave question and involved the honor 01 S6 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY England and the United States, yet by temperate and wise dis-cussion, it was brought to a peaceful adjustment, and, as has wisely been said, "Two great and powerful nations, gaining in wisdom and self-control and losing nothing in patriotism and self-respect, taught the world that the magnitude of a controversy need not be a bar to its peaceful solution and the maintenance of national honor." When the conference at the Hague was called by the Czar in 1899, the suggestion was greeted with sneers and suspicion on the part of many, with enthusiasm by a few and by most with a shrug of the shoulders. The majority of the delegates attending had vague ideas concerning arbitration and its extent. Russia, the leader of the movement, was the greatest surprise of all. She thought arbitration should be made obligatory except where honor and vital interests were involved. Honor and vital interests are always shadowy things in the hands of the statesmen, and, more-over, can be shown to exist in any dispute that may arise. The conference found the idea of disarmament too fanciful and the limitation of armament to its present strength premature. Dis-armament should follow and not precede arbitration. The real obstacle in the way of arbitration is not so much the lack of efficiency in method as the lack of disposition to try it, and the system of arbitration presupposes that nations desire an amicable adjustment of their differences. Such settlement may be prevented, either by wilful opposition to it, by claims that render argument impossible, or by some covert act on the part of one of those concerned. It is difficult, if not impossible, to con-tend against a situation like this, since the direct tendency and effect is to bring on a collision before arbitrators can intervene. History affords many examples of aggressive wars or wars of ambition where national honor was not concerned; but happily they are now becoming less frequent. The remedy against such wars was suggested in the unratified treaty of arbitration adopted in 1890 by the Pan-American Conference. It was proposed to adopt a principle of international law, and to make it imperative that diplomatic and consular controversies and any disputes what-soever between nations, except cases in which, in the judgment of one of the parties concerned, its independence was at stake, should be settled by arbitration. The object of this was to leave each nation the right of self defense, while forbidding any to - THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 57 commit aggression. Again, at the conference at Hague, these resolutions were revived and vigorously pushed by Great Britain and the United States. Great generals have shown their abhorrence of war. Well-ington said, "Nothing except a battle won can be half so melan-choly as a battle lost." General Grant, speaking of arbitration and national honor, said, "Though I have been trained as a soldier and have taken part in many battles, there was never a time, when in my estimation some way could not have been found to prevent the drawing of the sword." The characters of the men who govern nations and to whom the honor of their country is entrusted, shape the events that fol-low. If they are wise and honorable, then their country will be peaceful and prosperous. If they are impulsive, self-seeking, and unreasonable, then their country will suffer. Our republic, guided and directed by this spirit, has done more for the cause of international arbitration than any other country in the world. Its purpose has been the enlargement of the individual, the advancement of his interests and liberties, and finally, to administer justice to all. The question of peace and the satisfaction of national honor is one which may not be settled for generations. It is one, how-ever, which this and every coming generation will have to deal with, and whatever is done the world looks to the United States as a leader. Appreciating this we may close our minds to our ingenious fault-finding and turning our eyes away to the far horizon, we there see the shadowy images of international law and justice and morality dimly visible among the clouds. k "The prodigies which eloquence often works, in the hands of a single man, upon an entire nation, are perhaps the most shining testimony of the superiority of one man over another." —D''Alemberi. 58 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY JOHN RUSKIN—THE MAN ' WM. L. HESS, of Swarthmore JOHN RUSKIN has said, 'All my theories are summed up in *-* the line of Wordsworth, 'We live by admiration, hope and love.' Not admiration of ourselves, nor hope for ourselves. Love can be only of others; self-love is a contradiction of terms." Truly, a noble utterance from a man of intense earnest-ness and commanding sincerit3r. Search where you will, there can be found no character who commands more genuine respect and whose personality has been more general than that of the practical thinker, the late John Ruskin. His was a life of genius, enthusiasm and self-devotion. To read him is to admire him; and to admire him is to admire that which is sincere, pure and poetic. John Ruskin was born in London, England. Unlike the fathers of many of our celebrities, his father was a man of affluence, his shrewdness in business, that of a wine merchant, being the means of his acquiring a fortune early in life. We are told that the elder Ruskin was of a visionary nature when away from his shop, and that he spent his evenings in reading Shakespeare and in singing. The mother was a woman of great severity. One of the tasks which she imposed upon her son until he was fourteen years of age was that of committing many and long passages from the Bible. The influence of this early teaching was manifold. His writings teem with Biblical quotations and imagery. We do not find in Ruskin's early life any of those amusements which are so common to boyhood. He was not in any way in-dulged, and if he committed a fault the usual penalty was sure to follow. These restrictions made his boyhood unattractive and uninteresting. Yet there was developing in this quiet and reserved child a genius which was destined to astound the world. At the age of eleven years he is discovered successfully copy-ing the etched illustrations by George Cruikshank, to Grimm's '' Fairy Tales." It is true that as an etcher he showed slight pro-ficiency, but this early performance is evidence that he had the power to become mighty in something although it happened not to be in etching. After having received a preparatory training under the direc-tion of tutors, Ruskin was sent to Oxford, where he was graduated at Christ Church College. His college life was uneventful, and of his life at Oxford he relates, "It seemed to me all that was re- I THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 59 quired of me was to say my prayers, go to church, learn my les-sons, obey my parents and enjoy my dinner." Like the unfolding of a beautiful, delicately perfumed flower which gradually opens its petals to God's genial sunshine was the unfolding of the life and character of the nineteenth century prophet, John Ruskin. The tempest of criticism beat about him; the fierce winds of doubt, greed and envy tried by their piercing blasts to cast him to the dust; but, like the flower, he remained steadfast and pure—beautiful in his constancy. He held that 'his mission in life was to proclaim the beauties in the works of others—not his own." Did he fulfill his mission? Ask that stu-dent of art who received his first impressions from Ruskin ! Did he fulfill his mission ? Turn to that student of architecture who owes to Ruskin what skill he possesses, and ask if his master ful-filled his mission ! Ask that lecturer or preacher who uses such choice rhetoric in his discourses, that lecturer or preacher who has read Ruskin ! Ask that social reformer who has studied Rus-kin's ideas and method of reform as he saw them in others but which he idealized and made his own; yes, ask that question of all, and the artist, the architect, the lecturer and preacher, and the social reformer will candidly answer, John Ruskin did fulfill his mission, he did perform those duties which he claimed he would perform; and, sir, the world to-day is better because there has lived in it a man who not only promised, but one who also acted out his promises in word and in deed. Ah! a great and good man has gone out from our midst. The physical form of our lamented Ruskin has left us, but the influence of his Christian life remains. And this influence will remain as long as the world endures, and future generations will appreciate Ruskin as we have failed to do. Criticism will be heard no more; but the melody of his language; his grand prophetic visions will be enjoyed by all! Pre-eminently was Ruskin a nature-worshipper. He loved the flowers, the brook, the mountains, and the fleecy clouds. To him the wayside rose preached more eloquently than words the lessons of purity and simplicity, and to sit for hours watching the fitful changing of the skies was to him a perfect delight. His soul stirred within him, he could exclaim with Shakespeare: 60 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY "Full many a glorious morning have I seen Flatter the mountain-tops with sovereign eye, Kissing with golden face the meadow green, Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy." We should study Ruskin, for, by so doing, our faculty of appreciation for nature will be opened. We will more deeply value the small things which lie about us on life's pilgrimage. The tiny blade of grass will arouse new thoughts within us. The dainty Quaker-lady will teach us the lesson of humility as it has never before been taught; even the seemingly unsightly stones which are strewn along our path possess a language too deep for words. An editor of note has lately said, "Work is for the worker." To no one does this more aptly apply than to John Ruskin. Many of his well-defined theories for the betterment of the working classes, and for the uplifting of humanity in general may appear to have been as seed sown by the wayside, but the time spent in working out his theories only strengthened him for the practical tasks which he so well performed day by day. That which is put into work is surely that which shall be reaped. Put in envy, and discontent and misery shall be the reward, whereas power is the reward of love and patience! Thus it was a practical test of our teacher when he gathered around him that promiscuous band of workmen and children to teach .them the right way of living. After his arduous labor of thirty long years to undertake such a stupendous work was noth-ing less than heroic. Again must we pay honor to this fearless spirit, who needed only to speak, and the intelligence of the world listened with awe! L,eft a fortune by his father, he lavished it upon his chosen people, ignorant and poverty stricken. The quintessence of art, literature, and science was offered to them; and costly museums were founded for their instruction. And this cost him more than his wealth! He paid the price; they reaped the material reward! His was the loss of peace; theirs was the gain of a new life and happiness! But the enterprise was a failure! Failure, did I say? Yes, but a glorious failure; not shorn of any of its benefits, its fame still lives as a blessing to humanity! In its character this enterprise might seem Utopian, but after all deductions have been made there is no discredit to be cast THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 61 upon the memory of John Ruskin, for, bear in mind, he was merely living what he wrote. With his Bible as his lexicon he followed its teachings; followed them although the whole Christian world laughed him to scorn; aye, followed them even after his project had failed! He wrote, "Religion is a submission, not an aspira-tion; an obedience, not an ambition, of the soul," and he lived that religion. His life was a constant submission, a holy obedi-ence to the will of his God, and our God. In his declining years he was rejected; thrust aside by the busy world; but from out his confinement we still heard him proclaim against the evils of the times. In poor health, yet while life lasted he continued to attack the most alluring vices, and preach those "inner virtues" which he held so sacred. There was something awaiting him beyond which was no vanity; all was radiant before him; and on the twentieth of January of the last year of the nine-teenth century the soul of John Ruskin serenely took its flight. . The character of this great benefactor of the whole human race, what is its message to thinking men and women? Simply this, that truth, knowledge, right living, are the basis of growth in man. But there is a sadness in truth! Knowledge has its sorrow! Right living still continues to have its tragedy! The martyred Lincoln wrote the truth in his Proclamation which freed millions in bondage, and his life was the price! The Seeker after knowledge, a Newton or a Darwin, must drink to the dregs the cup of sorrow! A Christ must be led to a Calvary, and there pay the penalty for his spotless life! Upon the monument of Time one more name should be en-graved, that of John Ruskin, and underneath, I would have traced the words, "Prince of Peace." "Those who speak in public are better heard when they dis-course by a lively genius and ready memory than when they read all they would communicate to their hearers."—Watts. "The business of oratory is to persuade people." —Lord Chesterfield. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Kntertdat the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter VOL. X GETTYSBURG, PA., APRIL, 1901 No. 2 K. C. RUBY, '02, Editor-in- Chief R. ST. CLAIR POFFENBARGER,' 02, Business Manager J. F. NEWMAN, '02, Exchange Editor AAssi■s,tant. E»dji,tors Advisor'y Board " , ., 0 ,"" PROF. J. A. HIMES, A. M., LIT. D. MISS ANNIE M. SWARTZ, '02 _ " " " ' "' * . " " ,", PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M. D. A. B. RICHARD,'02 _ . _. _ ' _ PROF. J. W. RICHARD. D. D. Assistant Business Manager CURTIS E. 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The impact of climate change is increasingly important to the design of urban water infrastructure like stormwater systems, sewage systems and drinking water systems. Growing evidence indicates that the water sector will not only be affected by climate change, but it will reflect and deliver many of its impacts through floods, droughts, or extreme rainfall events. Water resources will change in both quantity and quality, and the infrastructure of stormwater and wastewater facilities may face greater risk of damage caused by storms, floods and droughts. The effect of the climate change will put more difficulties on operations to disrupted services and increased cost of the water and wastewater services. Governments, urban planners, and water managers should therefore re-examine development processes for municipal water and wastewater services and are adapt strategies to incorporate climate change into infrastructure design, capital investment projects, service provision planning, and operation and maintenance. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the global mean temperature has increased by 0,7 °C during the last 100 years and, as a consequence, the hydrological cycle has intensified with, for example, more acute rainfall events. As urban drainage systems have been developed over a long period of time and design criteria are based upon climatic characteristics, these changes will affect the systems and the city accordingly. The overall objective of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about the climate change impacts on the stormwater system in Al Hillah city/Iraq. In more detail, the objective is to investigate how climate change could affect urban drainage systems specifically stormwater infrastructure, and also to suggest an adaptation plan for these changes using adaptation plans examples from international case studies. Three stochastic weather generators have been investigated in order to understand the climate and climate change in Al Hillah. The stochastic weather generators have been used in different kind of researches and studies; for example in hydrology, floods management, urban water design and analysis, and environmental protection. To make such studies efficient, it is important to have long data records (typically daily data) so the weather generator can generate synthetic daily weather data based on a sound statistical background. Some weather generators can produce the climate change scenarios for different kind of global climate models. They can be used also to produce synthetic data for a site that does not have enough data by using interpolation methods. To ensure that the weather generator is fitting the climate of the region properly, it should be tested against observed data, whether the synthetic data are sufficiently similar. At the same time, the accuracy of the weather generator is different from region to region and depends on the respective climate properties. Testing three weather generators GEM6, ClimGen and LARS-WG at eight climate stations in the region of Babylon governorate/Iraq, where Al Hillah is located, is one of the purposes of the first part of this study. LARS-WG uses a semi-parametric distribution (developed distribution), whereas GEM6 and ClimGen use a parametric distribution (less complicated distribution). Different statistical tests have been selected to compare observed and synthetic weather data for the same kind, for instance, the precipitation and temperature distribution (wet and dry season). The result shows that LARS-WG represents the observed data for Babylon region in a better way than ClimGen, whereas GEM6 seems to misfit the observed data. The synthetic data will be used for a first simulation of urban run-off during the wet season and the consequences of climate change for the design and re-design of the urban drainage system in Al Hillah. The stochastic weather generator LARS is then used to generate ensembles of future weather data using five Global Climate Models (GCMs) that best captured the full range of uncertainty. These Global Climate Models are used to construct future climate scenarios of temperature and precipitation over the region of Babylon Governorate in Iraq. The results show an increase in monthly temperatures and a decrease in the total amount of rain, yet the extreme rain events will be more intense in a shorter time. Changes in the amount, timing, and intensity of rain events can affect the amount of stormwater runoff that needs to be controlled. The climate change calculated projections may make existing stormwater-related flooding worse. Different districts in Al Hillah city may face more frequent stormwater floods than before due to the climate change projections. All the results that have been taken from the Global Climate Models are in a daily resolution format and in order to run the Storm Water Management Model it is important to have all data in a minimum of one hour resolution. In order to fulfill this condition a disaggregation model has been used. Some hourly precipitation data were required to calibrate the temporal disaggregation model; however none of the climate stations and rain gauges in the area of interest have hourly resolution data, so the hourly data from Baghdad airport station have been used for that calibration. The changes in the flood return periods have been seen in the projected climate change results, and a return period will only remain valid over time if environmental conditions do not change. This means that return periods used for planning purposes may need to be updated more often than previously, because values calculated based on the past 30 years of data may become unrepresentative within a relatively short time span. While return periods provide useful guidance for planning the effects of flooding and related impacts, they need to be used with care, and allowances have to be made for extremes that may occur more often than may be expected. In the study area with separated stormwater systems, the Storm Water Management Model simulation shows that the number of surface floods as well as of the floods increases in the future time periods 2050s and 2080s. Future precipitation will also increase both the flooding frequency and the duration of floods; therefore the need to handle future situations in urban drainage systems and to have a well-planned strategy to cope with future conditions is evident. The overall impacts on urban drainage systems due to the increase of intensive precipitation events need to be adapted. For that reason, recommendations for climate change adaptation in the city of Al Hillah have been suggested. This has been accomplished by merging information from the review of five study cases, selected based on the amount and quality of information available. The cities reviewed are Seattle (USA), Odense (Denmark), Tehran (Iran), and Khulna (Bangladesh).:Preface Acknowledgment Abstract Kurzfassung Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Listing List of Abbreviation Introduction 1.1. Background of The Research 1.2. The Climate Change Challenge 1.3. Urban Water Systems and Climate Change 1.4. Climate Change and Urban Drainage Adaptation Plan 1.5. Objectives of the Research 1.6. Research Problems and Hypothesis 1.7. Dissertation Structure 1.8. Delimitations Climate History and Climate Change Projections in Al Hillah City Chapter One: State of the Art on Climate Change 2.1.1. The Earth's Climate System 2.1.2. Climate Change 2.1.3. Emission Scenarios 2.1.4. Global Climate Change 2.1.5. Climate Models 2.1.6. Downscaling Chapter Two: Topography and Climate of the Study Area 2.2.1. Location 2.2.2. Topography 2.2.3. Climate Chapter Three: Climate Change - Methodology and Data 2.3.1. Methodology 2.3.1.1. Stochastic Weather Generators 2.3.1.2. Description of Generators Used in the Comparison 2.3.1.3. Statistical Analysis Comparison Test 2.3.2. Data 2.3.2.1. Required data for modelling 2.3.2.2. Historical daily data required for the weather generators 2.3.2.3. Minimum requirements 2.3.2.4. Data Availability Chapter Four: Results Analysis and Evaluation of Climate Change 2.4.1. Weather Generators Comparison Test results 2.4.1.1.The p-value test Temperature Comparison results Precipitation Comparison Results 2.4.2. LARS Weather Generator Future Scenario 2.4.2.1.1. Climate Change Scenarios for the region of Babylon governorate Storm Water System and Urban Flooding in Al Hillah City Chapter one: Urban Water Modelling 3.1.1. General Overview and Background 3.1.1.1. Storm water systems 3.1.2. Urban Runoff Models 3.1.3. An Overview of Runoff Estimation Methods 3.1.3.1. Computer Modelling in Urban Drainage 3.1.3.2.Statistical Rational Method (SRM) 3.1.4. Models Based on Statistical Rational Method 3.1.5. Urban Rainfall-Runoff Methods 3.1.6. Accuracy Level in Urban Catchment Models Chapter Two: Urban Water System in Al Hillah City and Data Requirement for Modelling 3.2.1. History 3.2.2. Current Situation 3.2.2.1. Urban water system Iraq 3.2.2.2. Urban Water description in Babylon governorate 3.2.2.3. Drinking water network 3.2.2.4. Sewerage infrastructure 3.2.3. Required data for modelling Chapter Three: Methodology to Disaggregate Daily Rain Data and Model Storm Water Runoff 3.3.1. Temporal Disaggregation (hourly from daily) 3.3.1.1. Background of Disaggregation 3.3.1.2. Disaggregation techniques 3.3.1.3. DiMoN Disaggregation Tool 3.3.1.4. Input Data 3.3.1.5. Methods Formerly Used 3.3.2. EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 3.3.2.1. Verification and Calibration 3.3.2.2. Stormwater Management Model PCSWMM 3.3.2.3. Complete support for all USEPA SWMM5 engine capabilities Chapter Four: Urban Flooding Results 3.4.1. Disaggregation of the daily rain data to hourly data 3.4.1.1.The 1 hour events properties 3.4.1.2. Estimating the rain events in each climate change scenario 3.4.1.3. Past, Current and future return periods 3.4.2. Storm Water Management Model PCSWMM Calibration 3.4.3.Return periods and Urban Floods 3.4.3.1.Network simulation 3.4.3.2.Properties with previous flooding problems 3.4.3.3.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-2, 5 and 10 years return period 3.4.3.4.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-25 years return period 3.4.3.5.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-50 years return period 3.4.3.6. Storm water system simulation under 1 hour – 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years return period 3.4.3.7.Total Flooding Adaptation Plan for Al Hillah City Chapter One: International Case Studies 4.1.1. Historical precipitation analysis 4.1.2. Current and projected future climate change, impacts and adaptation plan for each selected city 4.1.2.1. Seattle 4.1.2.2. Odense 4.1.2.3. Tehran 4.1.2.4. Khulna 4.1.2.5. Melbourne 4.1.3. Drainage System of the Studied Cities 4.1.3.1. Drainage System in Seattle 4.1.3.2. Drainage System in Odense 4.1.3.3. Drainage System in Tehran 4.1.3.4. Drainage System in Khulna 4.1.3.5. Drainage System in Melbourne Chapter Two: Adaptation Plan for Al Hillah City 4.2.1. Conclusions from Adaptation Options Analysed 4.2.2. Suggestions for Al Hillah City 4.2.3. Adaptation Actions Overall Conclusion Bibliography ; Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Gestaltung der städtischen Wasserinfrastruktur wie Regenwasser, Kanalisation und Trinkwassersysteme werden immer wichtiger. Eine wachsende Anzahl von Belegen zeigt, dass der Wassersektor nicht nur durch den Klimawandel beeinflusst werden wird, aber er wird zu reflektieren und liefern viele seiner Auswirkungen durch Überschwemmungen, Dürren oder extreme Niederschlagsereignisse. Die Wasserressourcen werden sich in Quantität und Qualität verändern, und die Infrastruktur von Regen-und Abwasseranlagen kann einer größeren Gefahr von Schäden durch Stürme, Überschwemmungen und Dürren ausgesetzt sein. Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels werden zu mehr Schwierigkeiten im Betrieb gestörter Dienstleistungen und zu erhöhten Kosten für Wasser-und Abwasserdienstleistungen führen. Regierungen, Stadtplaner, und Wasser-Manager sollten daher die Entwicklungsprozesse für kommunale Wasser-und Abwasserdienstleistungen erneut überprüfen und Strategien anpassen, um den Klimawandel in Infrastruktur-Design, Investitionsprojekte, Planung von Leistungserbringung, sowie Betrieb und Wartung einzuarbeiten. Nach Angaben des Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change hat die globale Mitteltemperatur in den letzten 100 Jahren um 0,7 °C zugenommen, und in der Folge hat sich der hydrologische Zyklus intensiviert mit, zum Beispiel, stärkeren Niederschlagsereignisse. Da die städtischen Entwässerungssysteme über einen langen Zeitraum entwickelt wurden und Design-Kriterien auf klimatischen Eigenschaften beruhen, werden diese Veränderungen die Systeme und die Stadt entsprechend beeinflussen. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das Wissen über die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Regenwasser-System in der Stadt Hilla / Irak zu bereichern. Im Detail ist das Ziel, zu untersuchen, wie der Klimawandel die Siedlungsentwässerung und insbesondere die Regenwasser-Infrastruktur betreffen könnte. Desweiteren soll ein Anpassungsplan für diese Änderungen auf der Grundlage von beispielhaften Anpassungsplänen aus internationalen Fallstudienvorgeschlagen werden. Drei stochastische Wettergeneratoren wurden untersucht, um das Klima und den Klimawandel in Hilla zu verstehen. Stochastische Wettergeneratoren wurden in verschiedenen Untersuchungen und Studien zum Beispiel in der Hydrologie sowie im Hochwasser-Management, Siedlungswasser-Design- und Analyse, und Umweltschutz eingesetzt. Damit solche Studien effizient sind, ist es wichtig, lange Datensätze (in der Regel Tageswerte) haben, so dass der Wettergenerator synthetische tägliche Wetterdaten erzeugen kann, dieauf einem soliden statistischen Hintergrund basieren. Einige Wettergeneratoren können Klimaszenarien für verschiedene Arten von globalen Klimamodellen erzeugen. Sie können unter Verwendung von Interpolationsverfahren auch synthetische Daten für einen Standort generieren, für den nicht genügend Daten vorliegen. Um sicherzustellen, dass der Wettergenerator dem Klima der Region optimal entspricht, sollte gegen die beobachteten Daten geprüft werden, ob die synthetischen Daten ausreichend ähnlich sind. Gleichzeitig unterscheidet sich die Genauigkeit des Wettergenerator von Region zu Region und abhängig von den jeweiligen Klimaeigenschaften. Der Zweck des ersten Teils dieser Studie ist es daher, drei Wettergeneratoren, namentlich GEM6, ClimGen und LARS-WG, an acht Klimastationen in der Region des Gouvernements Babylon / Irak zu testen. LARS-WG verwendet eine semi-parametrische Verteilung (entwickelte Verteilung), wohingegen GEM6 und ClimGen eine parametrische Verteilung (weniger komplizierte Verteilung) verwenden. Verschiedene statistische Tests wurden ausgewählt, um die beobachteten und synthetischen Wetterdaten für identische Parameter zu vergleichen, zum Beispiel die Niederschlags- und Temperaturverteilung (Nass-und Trockenzeit). Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass LARS-WG die beobachteten Daten für die Region Babylon akkurater abzeichnet, als ClimGen, wobei GEM6 die beobachteten Daten zu verfehlen scheint. Die synthetischen Daten werden für eine erste Simulation des städtischen Run-offs in der Regenzeit sowie der Folgen des Klimawandels für das Design und Re-Design des städtischen Entwässerungssystems in Hilla verwendet. Der stochastische Wettergenerator LARS wird dann verwendet, um Gruppen zukünftiger Wetterdaten unter Verwendung von fünf globalen Klimamodellen (GCM), die das gesamte Spektrum der Unsicherheit am besten abdecken, zu generieren. Diese globalen Klimamodelle werden verwendet, um zukünftige Klimaszenarien der Temperatur und des Niederschlags für die Region Babylon zu konstruieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, eine Steigerung der monatlichen Temperaturen und eine Abnahme der Gesamtmenge der Regen, wobei es jedoch extremere Regenereignissen mit höherer Intensivität in kürzerer Zeit geben wird. Veränderungen der Höhe, des Zeitpunkt und der Intensität der Regenereignisse können die Menge des Abflusses von Regenwasser, die kontrolliert werden muss, beeinflussen. Die Klimawandel-Prognosen können bestehende regenwasserbedingte Überschwemmungen verschlimmern. Verschiedene Bezirke in Hilla können stärker von Regenfluten betroffen werden als bisher aufgrund der Prognosen. Alle Ergebnisse, die von den globalen Klimamodellen übernommen wurden, sind in täglicher Auflösung und um das Regenwasser-Management-Modell anzuwenden, ist es wichtig, dass alle Daten in einer Mindestauflösung von einer Stunde vorliegen. Zur Erfüllung dieser Bedingung wurde ein eine Aufschlüsselungs-Modell verwendet. Einige Stunden-Niederschlagsdaten waren erforderlich, um das zeitliche Aufschlüsselungs-Modell zu kalibrieren. Da weder die Klimastationen noch die Regen-Messgeräte im Interessenbereich über stundenauflösende Daten verfügt, wurden die Stundendaten von Flughäfen in Bagdad verwendet. Die Veränderungen in den Hochwasserrückkehrperioden sind in den projizierten Ergebnissen des Klimawandels ersichtlich, und eine Rückkehrperiode wird nur dann über Zeit gültig bleiben, wenn sich die Umweltbedingungen nicht ändern. Dies bedeutet, dass Wiederkehrperioden, die für Planungszwecke verwendet werden, öfter als bisher aktualisiert werden müssen, da die auf Grundlage von Daten der letzten 30 Jahre berechneten Werte innerhalb einer relativ kurzen Zeitspanneunrepräsentativ werden können. Während Wiederkehrperioden bieten nützliche Hinweise für die Planung die Effekte von Überschwemmungen und die damit verbundenen Auswirkungen, müssen aber mit Vorsicht verwendet werden, und Extreme, die öfter eintreten könnten als erwartet, sollten berücksichtigt werden. Im Studienbereich mit getrennten Regenwassersystemen zeigt die Simulation des Regenwasser-Management-Modells, dass sich die Anzahl der Oberflächenhochwasser sowie der Überschwemmungen im Zeitraum 2050e-2080 erhöhen wird. Zukünftige Niederschläge werdensowohl die Hochwasser-Frequenz als auch die Dauer von Überschwemmungen erhöhen. Daher ist die Notwendigkeit offensichtlich, zukünftige Situationen in städtischen Entwässerungssystemen zu berücksichtigen und eine gut geplante Strategie zu haben, um zukünftige Bedingungen zu bewältigen. Die gesamten Auswirkungen auf die Siedlungsentwässerungssyteme aufgrund der Zunahme von intensiven Niederschlagsereignissen müssen angepasst werden. Aus diesem Grund wurden Empfehlungen für die Anpassung an den Klimawandel in der Stadt Hilla vorgeschlagen. Diese wurden durch die Zusammenführung von Informationen aus der Prüfung von fünf Fallstudien, ausgewählt aufgrund der Menge und Qualität der verfügbaren Informationen, erarbeitet,. Die bewerteten Städte sind Seattle (USA), Odense (Dänemark), Teheran (Iran), und Khulna (Bangladesch).:Preface Acknowledgment Abstract Kurzfassung Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Listing List of Abbreviation Introduction 1.1. Background of The Research 1.2. The Climate Change Challenge 1.3. Urban Water Systems and Climate Change 1.4. Climate Change and Urban Drainage Adaptation Plan 1.5. Objectives of the Research 1.6. Research Problems and Hypothesis 1.7. Dissertation Structure 1.8. Delimitations Climate History and Climate Change Projections in Al Hillah City Chapter One: State of the Art on Climate Change 2.1.1. The Earth's Climate System 2.1.2. Climate Change 2.1.3. Emission Scenarios 2.1.4. Global Climate Change 2.1.5. Climate Models 2.1.6. Downscaling Chapter Two: Topography and Climate of the Study Area 2.2.1. Location 2.2.2. Topography 2.2.3. Climate Chapter Three: Climate Change - Methodology and Data 2.3.1. Methodology 2.3.1.1. Stochastic Weather Generators 2.3.1.2. Description of Generators Used in the Comparison 2.3.1.3. Statistical Analysis Comparison Test 2.3.2. Data 2.3.2.1. Required data for modelling 2.3.2.2. Historical daily data required for the weather generators 2.3.2.3. Minimum requirements 2.3.2.4. Data Availability Chapter Four: Results Analysis and Evaluation of Climate Change 2.4.1. Weather Generators Comparison Test results 2.4.1.1.The p-value test Temperature Comparison results Precipitation Comparison Results 2.4.2. LARS Weather Generator Future Scenario 2.4.2.1.1. Climate Change Scenarios for the region of Babylon governorate Storm Water System and Urban Flooding in Al Hillah City Chapter one: Urban Water Modelling 3.1.1. General Overview and Background 3.1.1.1. Storm water systems 3.1.2. Urban Runoff Models 3.1.3. An Overview of Runoff Estimation Methods 3.1.3.1. Computer Modelling in Urban Drainage 3.1.3.2.Statistical Rational Method (SRM) 3.1.4. Models Based on Statistical Rational Method 3.1.5. Urban Rainfall-Runoff Methods 3.1.6. Accuracy Level in Urban Catchment Models Chapter Two: Urban Water System in Al Hillah City and Data Requirement for Modelling 3.2.1. History 3.2.2. Current Situation 3.2.2.1. Urban water system Iraq 3.2.2.2. Urban Water description in Babylon governorate 3.2.2.3. Drinking water network 3.2.2.4. Sewerage infrastructure 3.2.3. Required data for modelling Chapter Three: Methodology to Disaggregate Daily Rain Data and Model Storm Water Runoff 3.3.1. Temporal Disaggregation (hourly from daily) 3.3.1.1. Background of Disaggregation 3.3.1.2. Disaggregation techniques 3.3.1.3. DiMoN Disaggregation Tool 3.3.1.4. Input Data 3.3.1.5. Methods Formerly Used 3.3.2. EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 3.3.2.1. Verification and Calibration 3.3.2.2. Stormwater Management Model PCSWMM 3.3.2.3. Complete support for all USEPA SWMM5 engine capabilities Chapter Four: Urban Flooding Results 3.4.1. Disaggregation of the daily rain data to hourly data 3.4.1.1.The 1 hour events properties 3.4.1.2. Estimating the rain events in each climate change scenario 3.4.1.3. Past, Current and future return periods 3.4.2. Storm Water Management Model PCSWMM Calibration 3.4.3.Return periods and Urban Floods 3.4.3.1.Network simulation 3.4.3.2.Properties with previous flooding problems 3.4.3.3.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-2, 5 and 10 years return period 3.4.3.4.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-25 years return period 3.4.3.5.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-50 years return period 3.4.3.6. Storm water system simulation under 1 hour – 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years return period 3.4.3.7.Total Flooding Adaptation Plan for Al Hillah City Chapter One: International Case Studies 4.1.1. Historical precipitation analysis 4.1.2. Current and projected future climate change, impacts and adaptation plan for each selected city 4.1.2.1. Seattle 4.1.2.2. Odense 4.1.2.3. Tehran 4.1.2.4. Khulna 4.1.2.5. Melbourne 4.1.3. Drainage System of the Studied Cities 4.1.3.1. Drainage System in Seattle 4.1.3.2. Drainage System in Odense 4.1.3.3. Drainage System in Tehran 4.1.3.4. Drainage System in Khulna 4.1.3.5. Drainage System in Melbourne Chapter Two: Adaptation Plan for Al Hillah City 4.2.1. Conclusions from Adaptation Options Analysed 4.2.2. Suggestions for Al Hillah City 4.2.3. Adaptation Actions Overall Conclusion Bibliography

La zona de reserva campesina del valle del río Cimitarra es una figura de ordenamiento territorial que le precede una historia con multiplicidad de problemáticas: conflicto armado, cultivos ilícitos, concentración de tierras e informalidad en la tenencia de la tierra; se suma la sobreposición entre la reserva campesina y los ecosistemas estratégicos e industriales de tipo minero y petroleros incompatibles entre sí para llevar a cabo procesos de formalización de tierras. Este artículo pretende mostrar los obstáculos que enfrenta la política pública de ordenamiento social a la propiedad rural para ser implementada en esta región, más allá de las restricciones legales que existan en el territorio, resaltando los compromisos adquiridos por el Gobierno Nacional en el punto uno del Acuerdo de paz. ; Listado de Siglas . 6 Listado de Tablas . 8 Introducción . 9 Capítulo 1. Planteamiento del Problema y Objetivos . 13 1.1. Planteamiento del Problema . 13 1.2. Objetivos . 16 1.2.1. Objetivo general . 16 1.2.2. Objetivos específicos . 17 Capítulo 2. Derechos Sobre la Tierra, Acceso a Tierras y Formalización . 18 2.1. Bases Teóricas . 18 2.2. Marco Conceptual . 19 2.2.1. Derechos de propiedad sobre la tierra . 19 2.2.2. Reforma rural integral vista desde el Acuerdo de paz . 25 2.2.3. Acceso a tierras y formalización de los derechos de la propiedad rural. 30 2.2.4. Propiedad rural en el marco de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible . 32 2.3. Estado del Arte . 34 Capítulo 3. Marco Metodológico de la Investigación . 40 3.1. Tipo de investigación . 40 3.2. Población de estudio y muestra . 40 3.4. Recolección de datos . 41 3.4.1. Entrevistas semiestructuradas . 41 3.4.1.1. Estructura de la entrevista . 43 3.4.1.2. Procedimiento de la entrevista . 44 3.4.2. Revisión documental a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias . 44 3.3. Dimensión y categorías de análisis . 46 Capítulo 4. Resultados de la Investigación . 48 4.1. Contexto Normativo: Análisis a la Legislación Agraria e Institucional en Colombia . 48 4.2. Las Zonas de Reserva Campesina en Colombia . 58 4.2.1. Origen de las zonas de reserva campesina. 58 4.2.2. Caso de estudio: zona de reserva campesina del valle del río Cimitarra . 61 4.2.2.1. Ubicación geográfica . 62 4.2.2.2. Antecedentes: colonización del Magdalena Medio . 63 4.2.2.3. Organización campesina en el valle del río Cimitarra en contraste al conflicto armado en la región . 67 4.2.2.4. Características de la tenencia de la tierra en la zona de reserva campesina del valle del río Cimitarra . 70 4.3. Política pública de OSPR en la Zona de Reserva Campesina del Valle del Río Cimitarra: Percepción de las Comunidades y la Institucionalidad . 76 4.3.1. Reflexiones de la política pública de OSPR en el contexto del posconflicto . 76 4.3.2. Obstáculos en el acceso a tierras y formalización de la propiedad rural en la zona de reserva campesina del valle del río Cimitarra . 80 4.3.2.1. Falta de voluntad política . 80 4.3.2.2. Desarticulación interinstitucional . 85 4.3.2.3. Falta de confianza de las comunidades hacía las instituciones . 89 Conclusiones . 92 Referencias Bibliográficas . 98 ANEXO. 107 ; Maestría ; The peasant reserve zone of the Cimitarra river valley is a figure of territorial ordering that is preceded by a history with a multiplicity of problems: armed conflict, illicit crops, land concentration and informality in land tenure; There is also the overlap between the peasant reserve and the strategic and industrial ecosystems of the mining and oil type incompatible with each other to carry out processes of land formalization. This article aims to show the obstacles faced by the public policy of social ordering to rural property to be implemented in this region, beyond the legal restrictions that exist in the territory, highlighting the commitments acquired by the National Government in point one of the Peace Agreement.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the knowledge of environmental education materialized in the Bachelor in Basic Education with Emphasis in Natural Sciences and Environmental Education of a Colombian university. For this, we used as our theoretical-methodological reference the Critical Analysis of Discourse, which considers three dimensions, discourse, cognition, and society. For this study, we focused on the cognitive dimension materialized in the discourse. In this sense, we considered what expresses, presupposes, omits and distributes the bachelor's degree about environmental education through the courses' syllabus: History and Environmental Education, Landscape Culture, Environmental Problems I and II, Environmental Education and Sustainable Development and School Environmental Projects. To achieve it, semantic and epistemic discourse analysis was used. As well as, we used categories such as themes, implications, and presuppositions, sources, and modality. Finding that teachers' social cognition can to influences their educational practice, for example, their objectives of the training process, we found a dialogue between environmental education with scientific, axiological, economic, political and historical knowledge. However, it also found the omission of knowledge such as socio-environmental injustices, historical times of social movements, among others. ; Este estudio tuvo como propósito caracterizar el conocimiento de educación ambiental materializado en la Licenciatura en Educación Básica con énfasis en Ciencias Naturales y Educación Ambiental, de una universidad colombiana. Para ello, se usó como referencial teórico-metodológico el análisis crítico del discurso, el cual considera tres dimensiones: el discurso, la cognición y la sociedad. Se enfatizó en la dimensión cognitiva materializada en el discurso. En este sentido, se consideró aquello que expresa, presupone, omite y distribuye la licenciatura sobre educación ambiental a través de sus programas curriculares que orientan el componente ambiental, en este caso, el programa de los cursos: Historia y Educación Ambiental, Cultura del Paisaje, Problemas Ambientales I y II, Educación Ambiental y Desarrollo Sostenible, y Proyectos Ambientales Escolares. Para lograr lo anterior, se utilizó el análisis semántico y epistémico del discurso, mediante las categorías de temas, definiciones, implicaciones y presuposiciones, fuentes y modalidad. Se encontró que la cognición social de los profesores puede influenciar su práctica educativa. Por ejemplo, de acuerdo con los objetivos del proceso de formación se encontró diálogo de la educación ambiental con conocimientos de tipo científicos, axiológicos, económicos, políticos e históricos. Sin embargo, también se halló omisión de conocimientos como las injusticias socioambientales y tiempos históricos de movimientos sociales, entre otros. ; Este estudo objetivou caracterizar o conhecimento da educação ambiental materializado na Licenciatura de Educação Básica com Ênfase nas Ciências Naturais e Educação Ambiental, de uma universidade colombiana. Para isso, utilizamos como referencial teórico-metodológico a análise crítica do discurso, a qual considera três dimensões, o discurso, a cognição e a sociedade. Para este estudo, focamos na dimensão cognitiva materializada no discurso. Nesse sentido, consideramos o que expressa, pressupõe, omite e distribui a licenciatura sobre educação ambiental, mediante os programas curriculares que orientam o componente ambiental, neste caso, os programas das disciplinas: História e Educação Ambiental, Cultura da Paisagem, Problemas Ambientais I e II, Educação Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Sustentável e Projetos Ambientais Escolares. Para conseguir o anterior, utilizamos a análise semântica e epistêmica do discurso, mediante as categorias de temas, definições, implicações e pressuposições, fontes e modalidade. Encontramos que, a cognição social dos professores influencia sua prática educativa. Por exemplo, de acordo com os objetivos do processo de formação encontrou-se um diálogo da educação ambiental com conhecimentos científicos, axiológicos, econômicos, políticos e históricos. Entretanto, também encontramos a omissão de conhecimentos como o das injustiças socioambientais, dos tempos históricos dos movimentos sociais, entre outros.

Lo scopo di questa tesi era di fornire uno spaccato nel pensiero politico del capolavoro di Machiavelli, il Principe. Non è trattabile che questo autore del Cinquecento esprima in quest'opera alcuni consigli politici profondi e soprattutto molto diretti. Come tale era al di là di ogni dubbio prima del suo tempo, quindi può essere ben compreso anche nei tempi e nelle società contemporanee. Inoltre, per il suo approccio diretto e per le idee fortemente realistiche espresse nell'opera, è considerato uno degli autori più controversi della storia della letteratura e della politica in generale. Il libro è letteralmente una chiamata aperta al potere. Machiavelli afferma che il principe dovrebbe possedere il potere e ottenere il controllo per governare con successo. Da qui partono citazioni famigerate come 'il fine giustifica i mezzi', ed "è meglio essere temuti che amati', ma il livello di controversia dipende da quale punto di vista si percepisce quest'opera. Inoltre, tutto quello già specificato ne il Principe, l'autore conferma con la commedia Mandragola pubblicata alcuni anni prima dello stesso Principe, ma generalmente sono le due opere coeve. Tuttavia, Machiavelli è un fondatore della scienza politica moderna, mentre proprio il suo Principe ha fornito una base per tale considerazione. ; Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je pružiti uvid u političku misao Machiavellijevog remek-djela il Principe Neosporno je da ovaj autor šesnaestog stoljeća u ovom djelu iznosi duboke i nadasve vrlo izravne političke savjete. Kao takav bio je nesumnjivo ispred svog vremena, stoga se djelo može dobro razumjeti čak i u suvremenom razdoblju. Štoviše, zbog svog izravnog pristupa i realističnih ideja izraženih u djelu, smatra se jednim od najkontroverznijih autora u povijesti književnosti i politike uopće. Knjiga je doslovno otvoreni poziv na vlast. Machiavelli navodi da bi vladar trebao posjedovati moć i steći kontrolu kako bi mogao uspješno vladati. Otuda dolaze i zloglasni citati poput "cilj opravdava sredstvo" i "bolje je da te se boje nego da te ljube", ali razina kontroverze ovisi o tome s kojeg gledišta se ovo djelo promatra. Uz to, sve što je već izraženo u il Principe, autor potvrđuje s komedijom la Mandragola, objavljavljenoj nekoliko godina prije samog il Principe, ali općenito riječ je o djelima koja su pisana istovremeno. Usprkos tome, Machiavelli je utemeljitelj moderne političke znanosti, a upravo je njegov il Principe udario temelje za tu konstataciju. ; The purpose of this thesis was to provide an insight into the political thought of Machiavelli's masterpiece, il Principe. It is not negotiable that this sixteenth-century author expresses some profound and above all very direct political advice in this work. As such it was beyond doubt before its time, so it can be well understood even in contemporary times and societies. Moreover, due to his direct approach and the highly realistic ideas expressed in the work, he is considered to be one of the most controversial authors in the history of literature and politics in general. The book is literally an open call to power. Machiavelli states that the prince should possess the power and gain control to rule successfully. Hence, there are notorious quotations such as 'the end justifies the means', and 'it is better to be feared than loved', but the level of controversy depends on what point of view this work is perceived from. Moreover, all that has already been specified in il Principe, the author confirms in the comedy la Mandragola published a few years earlier, although in general, those two works are coevals. However, Machiavelli is a founder of modern political science, while his ow il Principe has provided a basis for such consideration.

Knowledge has been crucial to people throughout the history. Knowledge acquisition is a key to economic and social power. Agricultural sector exposed to various risks such as extreme weather conditions, diseases, price fluctuations and those risks may be manipulated by multiple factors at the same time. Awareness of such risk and uncertainties that cannot be explicitly predicted but may be prevented with adequate knowledge is invaluable to those who have stakes in the sector. Gaining the required knowledge, integrating new knowledge into the established agricultural practices and sustaining this knowledge is essential to meet ever increasing human needs and the country's economy ''Agriculture Knowledge Systems'' collects data about various factors; climate conditions, temperature changes, drought, rainfall, wind, diseases, soil type, productivity levels and presents this materials to all stakeholders under one roof. This study aims to explore ''the Agriculture Knowledge Systems'' that aims to provide the ''reliable and timely'' data enhance agricultural knowledge available in the sector. In addition to this, research aims to understand and analyse the extent which agricultural engineers are familiar with use of internet and information technology systems. The research conducted in Bursa Provincial. Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The primary data obtained from the questionnaires in 2018. All 115 agricultural engineers currently working in the Directorate were personally invited to fill out the questionnaire. Main purpose of this study is to determine the expert opinions about agricultural monitoring and information system (Tarbil) on evaluating the applications which conducted to assess the overview of the method. Based on the results on this study, it has been concluded that agricultural engineers in Bursa were dominated by men and were categorically adults belonging to the age group of 41 to 50 years old. Most of the engineers work at the plant production department. Furthermore, it has been concluded that the internet daily time spent were very low, spending 1 to 2 hours per day. Internet usage for the engineers was perceived as networking. ; Bilgi tarih boyunca insanlar tarafından memnuniyetle kabul görmüştür. Bilgi, yanında ekonomik yönden güçlü olmayı da getirmiştir. Tüm sektörlerdeki önemine ek olarak tarım kesiminde de bilgi, insanlar açısından büyük önem arz etmiştir. İnsanlık neredeyse var olduğundan beri tarımsal faaliyet sürdürülmektedir. Tarımın büyük özelliği risk ve belirsizliklerdir. Bu belirsizlikler çoğunlukla iklim koşullarına bağlı olmakla birlikte tek bir nedenle de açıklanamaz. Örneğin; verim iklim, hastalık konusunda bilgi sahibi olabilmek, bu kesimde yer alanlar için büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında doğru bilgiyi elde etmek, elde edilen bulguları tarım açısından uygulanabilir kılmak ve işleyişi düzenli kılmak, ulusal bazda önemli olduğu gibi insanoğlunun sınırsız ihtiyaçları karşılama açısın-dan da önemli bir doyum yaratmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; ziraat için önemli veriler olan doğa, bitki hastalık ve zararlıları, toprak özellikleri ve hasat gibi birçok faktöre ait değerleri tek bir noktada toplayan ve bu değerlerden yararlanarak tarıma politikaları oluşturmayı amaçlayan tarım bilgi sistemini takdim ederek sağlayacağı faydalar hakkında bilgi vermektir. Çalışma, Bursa Tarım Gıda ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı İl Müdürlüğünde çalışan tüm (115) Ziraat Mühendislerine 2018 yapılan anket çalışmasından oluşmaktadır. Çalışmayla hedeflenen, Türkiye'deki tarımsal izleme ve bilgi sistemleri (Tarbil) uygulamaları ile ilgili uzman görüşlerinin değerlendirilerek bu alanda çalışanların bilgi sistemlerine bakışını değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Bursa'daki ziraat mühendislerinin erkeklerin egemen olduğu ve kategorik olarak 41-50 yaş grubundaki yetişkinlere ait oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır. Bitkisel üretim en fazla istihdamın olduğu şubedir. Ayrıca, internette günlük harcanan zamanın 1-2 saat olduğu ve bunun da çoğunlukla sosyal medyada harcandığı saptanmıştır.

The United Kingdom is scheduled to leave the European Union on the 29th March 2019. The political, legislative and ideological separation from the Union, its law and its institutions, draws into question the extent to which European laws will be maintained in the UK. As legislative protection for animal welfare in the UK is partly based off, has developed alongside, and is largely reliant on European Union legislation, the separation from the Union clearly requires consideration of how animal welfare protection will continue to be guaranteed in the UK, and how current standards can be upheld. While there is a case to be made for the Brexit being an opportunity to improve animal welfare standards domestically, I present a compelling argument for the need to address this optimism with scepticism and scrutiny. The reasoning of this is threefold. Firstly, that in spite of the positive history of animal law in the UK, the majority of animal welfare legislation in the UK is based on EU law, meaning that while its transposition is both necessary and possible, it will not be a simple task. Secondly, that in spite of clear ambition demonstrated by the Conservative Government, its position on certain animal welfare issues in recent years undermines its credibility for fulfilling such ambitious and uncharacteristic promises. Thirdly, that animal welfare concerns must be balanced with competing interests, but are often overlooked. Once having presented my case, I will consider the greater political context of the Brexit to suggest two possible reasons as to why such ambitious improvements to animal welfare have been pledged. ; La salida del Reino Unido de la Unión Europea está prevista para el 29 de marzo de 2019. La separación política, legislativa e ideológica de la Unión, su legislación y sus instituciones, pone en entredicho hasta qué punto se mantendrán las leyes europeas en el Reino Unido. Dado que la protección legislativa del bienestar de los animales en el Reino Unido, se basa en parte en la legislación de la Unión Europea, se ha desarrollado paralelamente a ella y depende en gran medida de ella, la separación de la Unión exige claramente que se considere cómo se seguirá garantizando la protección del bienestar de los animales en el Reino Unido y cómo se pueden mantener las normas actuales. Aunque hay que defender que el Brexit pueda ser una oportunidad para mejorar las normas de bienestar animal a nivel nacional, expongo un argumento de peso sobre la necesidad de abordar este optimismo con escepticismo y control. El planteamiento es triple. En primer lugar, que, a pesar de la positiva trayectoria de la legislación sobre bienestar animal en el Reino Unido, la mayor parte de la legislación británica se basa en la legislación de la UE, lo que significa que, si bien su transposición es necesaria y posible, no será una tarea sencilla. En segundo lugar, que, a pesar de la clara voluntad demostrada por el Gobierno conservador, su posición sobre determinadas cuestiones relativas al bienestar de los animales en los últimos años socava su credibilidad para cumplir unas promesas tan ambiciosas e inusuales. En tercer lugar, la preocupación por el bienestar de los animales debe conciliarse con otros intereses en conflicto, que a menudo se pasan por alto. Una vez que haya presentado mi argumentación, analizaré el contexto político general del Brexit para sugerir dos posibles razones por las que se han prometido mejoras tan ambiciosas del bienestar animal.

Fire is one of the most important natural disturbance agents in the boreal forest. Therefore, knowledge about forest fires and its natural occurrences is important for understanding fires role in ecological processes, and subsequently how it may influence decisions regarding forest management. I have studied the fire history in Tresdalen, located between Atna and Koppang, in Stor-Elvdal municipality, Hedmark county. The main objectives were: (1) to describe the historical fire regime of the Tresdalen area, and (2) to see to what extent human activity have affected the fire regime. Stumps, trees and snags of fire scarred Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was searched for in five sampling areas of 15-20 ha, spaced out within a 40-50 km2 landscape. Of 74 collected samples, 65 were successfully cross dated. Spanning 1043 (974-2016 AD) and revealing 170 fire scars. Altogether, the fire scars disclosed 38 different fire years. There was no distinct change in fire regime over time before ca. 1750, even though people have been using the area for pastures and logging for centuries. The trend in fire intervals over time show a moderate decline. When performing a simple linear regression analysis on the data, it is near statistically significant. However, the sample size is smaller before 1550 compared to after 1550 and this may have affected the outcome. 91 of the fire scars were dated to season, the majority in middle to late season. There was no sudden change in fire frequency, as the fires are quite evenly distributed throughout the time-period. Apparently, there has been a natural fire regime in the area, as fire has occurred on a regular basis from the oldest fire documented in 1079. There was a decline in forest fires after 1700, and only one fire was recorded after 1800. This is possibly due to a combination of legislation, increased timber values and active fire suppression. ; Brann er en av de viktigste storskala forstyrrelsesfaktorene i boreale skoger. Derfor er kunnskap om skogbrann og dens naturlige forekomst viktig for å forstå branners rolle i økologiske prosesser, og påfølgende hvordan det kan påvirke beslutninger knyttet til bærekraftig skogforvaltning. Jeg har studert brann-historie i Tresdalen, som ligger mellom Atna og Koppang, i Stor-Elvdal kommune, i Hedmark fylke. Hovedmålene er: (1) å beskrive brann historikken i Tresdalen området, (2) å undersøke til hvilken grad brannregimet er påvirket av mennesker over tid. Stubber og trær av furu (Pinus sylvestris) ble undersøkt for brannlyrer i fem forskjellige delområder på 15-20 hektar, innenfor et totalareal på 40-50 km2. Av 74 prøver ble 65 av disse dendrokronologisk datert. En brannhistorie som strekker seg over 1043 år og 170 brannlyrer ble avdekket. Totalt ble det funnet 38 forskjellige brannår. Det ble ikke funnet noe klar forandring i brannregime over tid frem til ca. 1750, selv om folk har brukt området til seterdrift og skogsdrift i århundrer. Trenden for tidsintervallene over tid viser en svak nedgang. Ved utføring av en enkel lineær regresjons-analyse ble resultatene nær signifikant. Imidlertid er utvalget mindre før 1550 sammenlignet med etter 1550, og dette kan ha påvirket utfallet. 91 av brannlyrene ble sesongdatert, med hoveddelen fra midten til sent i vekstsesongen. Brannene var forholdsvis jevnt fordelt gjennom tidsperioden, og det var ingen brå forandring i brannfrekvens. Dette kan tyde på at det har vært et naturlig brannregime i området, ettersom det har brent forholdsvis regelmessig fra den første brannen i 1079. Det var en nedgang i branner fra ca.1700 og det ble bare registrert én brann etter 1800, grunnen til dette kan være en kombinasjon av lovgivning, økte tømmerpriser og aktiv brann forebyggende arbeid. ; M-SF

En Léah e Outras Histórias, José Rodrigues Miguéis hace una crítica severa analizando la situación político-social del Portugal del siglo XX. Queda en evidencia que su exilio a los Estados Unidos en 1935, durante la dictadura de Salazar, no lo separó de la problemática portuguesa, sino que por el contrario, hizo que sus inquietudes se hicieran más latentes como escritor, mientras comparaba la democracia americana a la situación política en Portugal. En los cuentos de su colección Léah e Outras Histórias, Miguéis examina los diferentes choques culturales de sus protagonistas portugueses y los personajes que los rodean, reflejando estas diferencias en experiencias cotidianas, tales como enamorarse, ir al barbero, pasear por una gran avenida de Nueva York, entablar conversaciones con vecinos u otros inmigrantes. Este estudio comenzará haciendo una pequeña introducción de la evolución del cuento como género narrativo en la historia de la literatura portuguesa. Se procederá a hacer un análisis de las narrativas en Leah e Outras Histórias como siendo reflejo de la complicada situación causada por las diferencias culturales vividas por el inmigrante o el exiliado. Se analizaran los enfrentamientos sociales o lingüísticos a los que se ven expuestos los individuos exiliados y cuáles son los mecanismos literarios utilizados por Miguéis para denunciar los distintos traumas. Veremos como el exilio físico de ciertos personajes se convierte también en exilio psicológico por la dificultad de adaptación a lo desconocido. Examinaremos como la tradición cultural portuguesa se contrasta con nuevas realidades sociales y como los problemas de interacción cultural son argumentados en estas narrativas. Mediante la creación de personajes complejos, José Rodrigues Miguéis es capaz de retratarnos de manera realista, los conflictos internos causados por la experiencia del exilio, y demuestra con ironía y sutileza como estos conflictos individuales son en el fondo universales. ; In Léah e Outras Histórias, José Rodrigues Miguéis, makes a harsh analysis and critic of the social and political problems latent in Portugal during the 20th century. It is evident that his exile to the United States in 1935, during Salazar's dictatorship, did not separate him from the Portuguese problematic but, on the contrary, made social concerns more vivid in his writing, as he compared American democracy to the Portuguese political situation. In the stories of the collection Léah e Outras Histórias, Miguéis examines the differences between the customs of the Portuguese exiled protagonists and the characters that surround them, and these are reflected in everyday experiences, like falling in love; going to the barber; strolling along an avenue in New York, or attempting conversations with neighbors and other foreigners. This study will start with a short introduction to the evolution of short narrative in Portuguese literary history. We will proceed by making a close examination of the narratives in Leah e Outras Histórias, as being mirrors of the complicated circumstances which are caused by cultural differences during emigration or exile. Analyzing the social or linguistic clashes which the exiled individual is confronted with when far away from home, and which literary mechanisms are used by Miguéis in order to report the different traumas. The study will also analyze how the character's physical exile sometimes gives place to internal exile due to their psychological nature and difficultly in adapting to new and unknown environments. We will study how Portuguese cultural tradition is contrasted with new social realities and how problems of cultural interaction are treated throughout the narratives. Through the complex characters in these narratives, José Rodrigues Miguéis is able to portray the true and realistic inner conflicts caused by exile, and how these individual conflicts are at the same time universal.

Estudiamos las políticas socioeducativas de integración que se están realizando en Alemania, España y Francia poniendo de relieve similitudes y diferencias existentes entre ellas. A continuación comprobamos si sus modelos de integración guardan coherencia con la política común de inmigración gestada en la UE, y si ésta les permite diseñar medidas de gestión de la inmigración acordes con su propia idiosincrasia. Utilizamos la metodología propia de la Educación Comparada, siendo las unidades de comparación Alemania, España y Francia, cuya población extranjera residente representa más del 50% del total de la UE. Estudiamos los antecedentes, el contexto, el la integración a nivel federal/nacional, los requisitos de carácter socioeducativo que se exigen para la adquisición de la nacionalidad y la enseñanza de la lengua materna del alumnado inmigrante en las instituciones educativas. Hemos constatado cómo, a pesar de pertenecer los tres países a la UE y tener principios y normas comunes en materia de inmigración, el diseño, la gestión y la forma de concebir la integración de la población inmigrante varía considerablemente entre ellos. La diversidad de sociedades que integran la UE, sus variopintas necesidades e intereses económicos y comerciales, así como sus distintas idiosincrasias, tradiciones y costumbres, están dificultando en gran medida la construcción de una política global de migración. ; We studied the socio-political integration policies being applied inGermany, Spain and France, highlighting their similarities and differences.We then checked whether their integration models were consistent with the common immigration policy of the UE and whether the latter allows themto planmeasures for handling immigration to suit their own particular needs. We employed the Comparative Education methodology; the units of comparison were Germany, Spain and France, whose resident foreign populations represent more than 50% of the EU total.We studied the following: history and context; integration at federal and national level; the social-educational requirements for acquiring nationality; and the teaching of the mother tongue of immigrant students in educational institutions. We discovered that, even though the three countries belong to the EU and have common principles and rules about immigration, the design, management and ways of conceiving the integration of immigrant populations vary considerably. ; Estudámos as políticas socioeducativas de integração que se estão a realizar na Alemanha, Espanha e França pondo em relevo as semelhanças e diferenças existentes entre elas. Em seguida, comprovámos se os seusmodelos de integração estão emcoerência coma política comúmde imigração gerada na UE, e se esta lhes permite desenhar medidas de gestão da imigração coerentes com a sua própria idiosincrasia. Utilizámos a metodologia própria para a Educação Comparada, sendo as unidades de comparação Alemanha, Espanha e França, cuja população estrangeira residente representa mais de 50% do total da UE. Estudámos os antecedentes, o contexto, a integração a nível federal/nacional, os requisitos de carácter socioeducativo que se exigem para a aquisição da nacionalidade e o ensino da língua materna dos estudantes imigrantes nas instituições educativas. Constatámos como, apesar de pertencerem os três países à UE e terem princípios e normas comuns emmatéria de imigração, o desenho e a forma de conceber a integração da população imigrante varia considerávelmente entre eles. A diversidade de sociedades que integram a UE, suas variadas necessidades e interesses económicas e comerciais, assim como as suas idiosincrasias, tradições e costumes, estão a dificultar em grande medida a construção de uma política global de migração.

[Resumen] La violencia doméstica, como una de las manifestaciones de la violencia de género, es un fenómeno social de largas raíces históricas. No se trata de un fenómeno exclusivo de un grupo o clase social, sino de una situación constantemente presente en la historia de la humanidad, únicamente variable en cuanto a intensidad, duración y formas de manifestación. Definida en 1980 por la ONU como "el crimen encubierto más frecuente del mundo" y como "todos los actos o amenazas de violencia dirigidos contra el sexo femenino y que causan o pueden causar perjuicio o sufrimientos físicos, sexuales o psicológicos", la violencia de género, y en consecuencia la violencia doméstica, se corresponde a una desigualdad estructural que se manifiesta en las estadísticas de empleo, los niveles de retribución salarial o el número de puestos de responsabilidad ocupados por mujeres. La violencia de género es una acción que se ejerce contra el derecho o derechos de una persona, es una fracción de la violencia social en general, procedente de una desigualdad estructural que repite y reproduce conductas, actitudes y estereotipos que se trasmiten de generación en generación a través de instituciones como la familia, y que son favorecidas por la naturaleza intrínseca de un entorno social, político y económico. ; [Abstract] Domestic violence, as a manifestation of gender violence, is a social phenomenon with deep historical roots. It is not an exclusive matter of a group or social class, but a steadily present situation in human history, only different in intensity, length and ways of manifestation. Defined in 1980 by UN as "the most frequent undercover crime" and as "all violent acts or threats aimed to women that cause harm or sexual, physical or psychological suffering", gender violence, and as a result, domestic violence, matches a structural inequality showed in employment statistics, wage payment levels or the number of positions of responsibility carried out by women. Genre violence is an action against a person's rights, it is a part of general social violence, which comes from a structural inequality that reproduces behaviours, attitudes and stereotypes, transmitted from one generation to the next, through different institutions such as family, which are encouraged by the essential nature of a social, political and economic environment. ; [Resumo]A violencia doméstica, como unha das manifestacións da violencia de xénero, é un fenómeno social de longas raíces históricas. Non se trata dun fenómeno exclusivo dun grupo ou clase social, senón dunha situación constantemente presente na historia da humanidade, unicamente variable en canto á intensidade, duración e formas de manifestación. Definida en 1980 pola ONU como "o crime encuberto máis frecuente do mundo" e como "todos os actos ou ameazas de violencia dirixidos contra o sexo feminino e que causan ou poden causar prexuízo ou sufrimentos físicos, sexuais ou psicolóxicos", a violencia de xénero, e en consecuencia a violencia doméstica, correspóndese a unha desigualdade estrutural que se manifesta nas estatísticas de emprego, os niveis de retribución salarial ou o número de postos de responsabilidade ocupados por mulleres. A violencia de xénero é unha acción que se exerce contra o dereito ou dereitos dunha persoa, é unha fracción da violencia social en xeral, procedente dunha desigualdade estrutural que repite e reproduce condutas, actitudes e estereotipos que se transmiten de xeración en xeración a través de institucións como a familia, e que son favorecidas pola natureza intrínseca dun contorno social, político e económico.

TEZ9907 ; Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2015. ; Kaynakça (s. 244-265) var. ; xviii, 266 s. ; 29 cm. ; Sosyal bilimlerin birçok alanında kullanılan, disiplinler arası bir kavram olan kurumlar, iktisat yazınında önemli bir yer tutmaya başlamıştır. North'un kavramsallaştırması ile oyunun kuralları olarak tanımlanan kurumlar, bireylerin davranışkalıplarını belirleyen kısıtları koymaktadır. Bu kısıtlar resmi veya gayri resmi nitelikte olabilir. İnsan davranışları üzerindeki etkisi her geçen gün daha fazla kabul gören kurumlar, iktisadi ve siyasi olarak sistemin işleyişini, sistemin kazan ve kaybedenlerini de belirleme gücüne sahiptir. Bu işleyiş birçok araştırmacı tarafından farklı yönleri ile alınarak kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Kurumların gelişmişlik düzeyi üzerindeki etkisini ele alan birçok kuram geliştirilmiştir. Kurumlar literatürüne bu anlamda katkı sunan önemli isimlerden biri de Daron Acemoğlu'dur. Kurumların kapsayıcı veya dışlayıcı niteliğe sahip olmasını toplumsal atışma teorisi temelinde ele alan Acemoğlu'na göre kapsayıcı kurumlara sahip ülkeler gelişme gösterebilmektedir. Çünkü bu ülkeler farklı sosyal gruplar arasında uzlaştırıcı bir iktisadi ve siyasi sistem kurgulayarak siyasi gücün tek bir kişi veya grup elinde toplanmasını engellemektedir. Böylelikle yatırım ve yenilik yapma isteği, kendi kazancına ve mülkiyetine sahip çıkabileceğini bilen bireylerin oluşturduğu toplumlarda gelişmiş olmaktadır. Gelişme probleminin önündeki en önemli sorun, elindeki siyasi gücü kaybetme kaygısı taşıyan seçkinlerin toplumun elindeki kaynakları sadece kendileri için kullanmasıdır. Siyasi kaybedenler hipotezi olarak ifade edilen bu yaklaşım, siyasi gücün ve siyasi kurumların önemine de vurgu yapar. Bu çalışmada siyasi kaybedenler hipotezi Türkiye özelinde de ele alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan bugüne kadar farklı sosyal gruplar arasındaki çatışmaları uzlaştırıcı kapsayıcı kurumların oluşturulamaması, yönetişim başarısızlıklarının temel sonucu olarak görülmektedir. Ayrıca yapılan panel ; Institution as an interdisciplinary concept which is used in a vast range of social sciences has a great importance in economics literature nowadays. Related to the North, we can define it as the rule of games, which means that institutions put constrains on individuals' behaviors. These constraints can be in formal forms as well as informal ones. That the human behaviors are designed by institutions is becoming a wellaccepted idea day by day, therefore it is the same to accept thefunctions of institutions in economics and social process; its power on determining the losers and winners of society. This process with its different sides has been investigated by scientists. Several theories are constructed for understanding therelations between institutions and development level. Daron Acemoğlu is one of the economists who have important contributions to the institutional theory. He uses inclusive and exclusive institutions concept with social conflict theories for explaining the reason for that some countries have better development level in compare to others. Since these countries succeed in establishing political and economic institutions which have ability solve social conflicts in order to prevent elites' selfinterested behaviors for using societies' resources. Therefore incentives for investment and innovation can grow societies which have well protected property rights and gains. The most important problem for development is the fear of elites who do not want to lose their political power. This theory is called political losers hypothesis and it underlines the importance of political institutions accompanied with political power. In this study, political losers hypothesis was investigated as a case study for Turkey's history. The main result is that Turkey's exclusive institutions have inability to solve social conflicts which cause the governance problems. Additionally, the panel data analysis results support the informal institutions' effects on development and shows how it affects the changes related to development level. ; Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: İİBF2012D4.