Suchergebnisse

Relevance of the research problem. Sport is a value of every nation, which includes the system of physical, spiritual and cultural education, sports achievements, scientific knowledge, international communication (Karoblis, 2005). High level sport is inseparable from competitive activities, the pursuit of sports results (Hargreaves & MacDonald, 2000; Karoblis, 2005). The special training of athletes in the chosen sports is a part of general education of personality, which has a close connection with social, educational, political, economic issues of humanity development (Johnson et al., 2007). The athlete training process is a multi-year educational process of a specific structure and organizational form, which develops physical characteristics of an athlete, determines his activity, behavior, independence and responsibility, promotes to achieve excellent results. However, optimization of athlete training technology, construction of training system and its filling with full content still have the greatest impact on the improvement of sports results (Bompa & Buzzichelli, 2018; Karoblis, 2005; Платонов, 2004). Management of high-performance athlete training is related to prognostication, individual model characteristics of sport fitness, general and special load ratio, search for new effective directions of workout methodology, modeling of competition activity indicators, workout process planning, competition program conclusion, sport training adjustment (Karoblis, Raslanas, Steponavičius, 2002). Track-and-field athletics is integral sports that combine cyclic and acyclic exercise competitions: running, throws, vertical and horizontal jumps (Armonavičius, 1995). Short distance running is one of the most prestigious track-and-field athletics competitions. An exceptional short distance motor feature is the maximum intense activity of the whole body, especially the nervous and muscular systems, lasting from 0.1 to 40–50 s (Stanislovaitis et al., 2008). The ever-improving sports results reveal new human mental and physical abilities, vast resources of the body that could not even be dreamed of before. The organization of exercise, methodology, their scope and intensity, their combination with the means of recovery according to the main laws of phenotypic adaptation form the basis for the training of high-performance athletes (Платонов, 2004; Stonkus, 2000; Issurin, 2008; Krylovas, Kosareva, Dadelienė, & Dadelo, 2020). The particularity of the sport is based on competition. The results recorded in sport receive global recognition and become a true human achievement standard. In the world, they are constantly progressing, promoting the development of the sport community, therefore the greatest human intellectual and material resources are directed to the training of high-performance athletes (Skernevičius, 2015; Krylovas, Kosareva, Dadelienė, & Dadelo, 2020). However, the results of a research conducted by scientists showed that over the past nearly 20 years, elite athletes, including Olympic, world champions and prizewinners, have achieved personal best results in key competitions of the season by only in 50 percent cases (Yakimovich & Ovchinnikov, 2016). This shows that the opinion that contemporary coaches are high-performance and knowledgeable in the training of elite athletes and immaculately control and manage the process of sport training of athletes is not sufficiently substantiated. It has been established that the development of high-performance sprinters depends on many factors, the most important of which is the directionality of the training process, its management, taking into account the individual characteristics of the athlete's body adaptation to workout and competition loads (Stanislovaitis, 2008; Бондаренко, 1999; Нбанекова, Филин, 1995). The training of sprinters and their competitive activities have been extensively studied not only by foreign (Smith, 2005; Doscher, 2009; Kale & Bayrak, 2009; Prins, Murata, Derenne, Morgan, & Solomon, 2010; Dickin, Reyes, & Dolny, 2009; Nelson, Landin, Young, & Schexnayder, 2008; Eikenberry, Mcauliffe, Welsh, Zerpa, Mcpherson, & Newhouse, 2008; Oзoлин, 1986), but also by Lithuanian sport scientists (Stanislovaitis, 2008, 2006, 2005; Grūnovas, 2006; Butkus, 2006, 1995; Skurvydas, 1999, 2003; Bradauskienė, 2006). Although the world record of female sprinters in a 100 m distance is quite high (10.49 s), the search for new training methods and their application in the process of female sprinter workouts continues. Scientists are not only analyzing and evaluating existing workout methodological tools, but also looking for new methods for an advanced sprinter training process. Thus, in search of new methods to increase running speed, through more research and the application of the latest training technologies, methods can be discovered to help athletes to become faster and to develop a running speed, which has never been achieved before. Recently, in a 100 m running, as in many track-and-field athletics competitions, the results of athletes are progressing rapidly. That progress depends heavily on the selection of talented athletes, scientifically and practically sound and effective workout methodologies, the selection and application of remedial measures, the material compensation of athletes, which greatly increases motivation of athletes, and etc. Therefore, in order to achieve good results and prizes in high rank competition in contemporary sport, it is necessary to know the peculiarities of the application of training methodology, to properly select the most important starts of the annual training cycle, taking into account all conditions at the place and time of competition. An athlete and a coach must not only follow the innovations of training methodology, science and medicine, but also look back, be able to analyze his own results and the results of athletes, who have shown significant results theretofore, the peculiarities of workout tools and methods applied by them, the reasons for successful and unsuccessful starts, and then all this to apply to the management of his own training process. Discovering, revealing and learning about new technologies through the theory and didactics of sport workout is the most important function of sport science (Mester, 2003), and it is important for a coach to be able to use scientific results and recommendations, be insightful and be able to successfully model the training of elite athletes (Karoblis, Raslanas, Poteliūnienė, Steponavičius, Petkus, & Žilinskienė, 2011). The purposeful training of female sprinters and the search for effective technologies in order to increase the maximum running speed become a scientific problem. The presented scientific problem is relevant for the following reasons: ● It is important to analyze the change in results in terms of age and to determine the age, at which the highest results are achieved; ● It is important to research and theoretically substantiate, which components determine the sports result in short distance running; ● To research the effectiveness of training measures in order to increase maximum running speed; ● The contribution of running at maximum speed to the sports result in a 100 m run has not been sufficiently researched; ● It is important to establish criteria that affect the progress of athletes' mastery and the change of sport performance. Hypothesis. It is likely that sports results of female sprinters are not improving due to the integrated and concentrated training models applied separately. A universal speed training model is more effective. Object of the research is the process of female sprinter training. Aim is to identify the peculiarities of optimizing the training of high-performance female sprinters. Objectives of the research: 1. On the basis of the data of the theoretical analysis of scientific sources, to reveal the change of the results of high-performance female sprinters in terms of age. 2. To perform a comparative analysis of the preparation of high-performance female spriners for the Athens, Beijing, London and Rio Olympic Games. 3. To review the technologies of sports training of female sprinters and to examine the factors influencing their results. 4. To determine the effectiveness of a universal method for training the speed of high-performance female sprinters. 5. To reveal/identify the opinion of high-performance female sprinters about the factors determining their training system. Theoretical and practical significance Researching the structure and content of sports training for female sprinters of different ages and sports mastery, analyzing the change of sports results in terms of age, evaluating workout methods, running speed components, the provisions for effective running speed increase were identified: ● Running speed is determined by the speed of muscle contraction, the length of leg support, the frequency of steps, and the sports result in a 100-meter run depends mainly on the maximum running speed. ● In order to improve the results of the maximum running speed of female sprinters, it is important to apply a universal, combined method in the workout process, running with weight and stretching with an elastic band. These provisions are relevant to the theory and practice of female sprinter training. The results of the study can be used in the development of training programs for sports schools and high-performance female sprinters. CONCLUSIONS 1. The age for achieving the best personal result in the women's 100 m running competition is 24.69 ± 3.27 year. The best Lithuanian sprinter L. Grinčikaitė-Samuolė achieved her best result in this running competition at the age of 25 – 11.19 s. At the beginning of their athletic career, American sprinters had the highest running scores and dominated until the age of 17, however later is observed leadership of the Caribbean Region female sprinters up to the age of 35. The results of European sprinters were average in almost all age groups. 2. Analysis of the four Olympic Games revealed a significant improvement in the results of the 100 m running and starting reaction speed (p < 0.05). In order to get to in the 100 m running final, athletes should run an average of 10.96 ± 0.03 s, and to become the prizewinners of the competition – 10.86 ± 0.08 s. Sprinters become the prizewinners of the 100 m run at the age of 25.42 ± 3.18 year. 3. Lithuanian female sprinters lose to the best sprinters of Europe and the world in the competition requiring the maximum running speed – 40 m in acceleration (11.99 %). The best Lithuanian sprinter L. Grinčikaitė-Samuolė reduces this difference to 4.05 % in the 100 m running distance, the gap between Europe's and the world's best female sprinters is gradually declining due to improved European sprinters' maximum running speed results. 4. The resisted/assisted running method is the most effective way to increase the running speed and starting acceleration, as this speed training method significantly improves the values of step length and support duration than running normally. 5. High-performance female sprinters lack attention to an important component of training – psychological training – in the process of their sports training. It was found out that their sports training and improvement of results are more influenced by external (monetary prizes, premiums) than internal motives (desire to improve results, honor to represent their country). A coach's personality also has impact. The coach is valued not only as a specialist, but distinguishing his personal qualities, such as sincerity, friendliness, motivation, promotion is considered an integral part of the training process.

Relevance of the research problem. Sport is a value of every nation, which includes the system of physical, spiritual and cultural education, sports achievements, scientific knowledge, international communication (Karoblis, 2005). High level sport is inseparable from competitive activities, the pursuit of sports results (Hargreaves & MacDonald, 2000; Karoblis, 2005). The special training of athletes in the chosen sports is a part of general education of personality, which has a close connection with social, educational, political, economic issues of humanity development (Johnson et al., 2007). The athlete training process is a multi-year educational process of a specific structure and organizational form, which develops physical characteristics of an athlete, determines his activity, behavior, independence and responsibility, promotes to achieve excellent results. However, optimization of athlete training technology, construction of training system and its filling with full content still have the greatest impact on the improvement of sports results (Bompa & Buzzichelli, 2018; Karoblis, 2005; Платонов, 2004). Management of high-performance athlete training is related to prognostication, individual model characteristics of sport fitness, general and special load ratio, search for new effective directions of workout methodology, modeling of competition activity indicators, workout process planning, competition program conclusion, sport training adjustment (Karoblis, Raslanas, Steponavičius, 2002). Track-and-field athletics is integral sports that combine cyclic and acyclic exercise competitions: running, throws, vertical and horizontal jumps (Armonavičius, 1995). Short distance running is one of the most prestigious track-and-field athletics competitions. An exceptional short distance motor feature is the maximum intense activity of the whole body, especially the nervous and muscular systems, lasting from 0.1 to 40–50 s (Stanislovaitis et al., 2008). The ever-improving sports results reveal new human mental and physical abilities, vast resources of the body that could not even be dreamed of before. The organization of exercise, methodology, their scope and intensity, their combination with the means of recovery according to the main laws of phenotypic adaptation form the basis for the training of high-performance athletes (Платонов, 2004; Stonkus, 2000; Issurin, 2008; Krylovas, Kosareva, Dadelienė, & Dadelo, 2020). The particularity of the sport is based on competition. The results recorded in sport receive global recognition and become a true human achievement standard. In the world, they are constantly progressing, promoting the development of the sport community, therefore the greatest human intellectual and material resources are directed to the training of high-performance athletes (Skernevičius, 2015; Krylovas, Kosareva, Dadelienė, & Dadelo, 2020). However, the results of a research conducted by scientists showed that over the past nearly 20 years, elite athletes, including Olympic, world champions and prizewinners, have achieved personal best results in key competitions of the season by only in 50 percent cases (Yakimovich & Ovchinnikov, 2016). This shows that the opinion that contemporary coaches are high-performance and knowledgeable in the training of elite athletes and immaculately control and manage the process of sport training of athletes is not sufficiently substantiated. It has been established that the development of high-performance sprinters depends on many factors, the most important of which is the directionality of the training process, its management, taking into account the individual characteristics of the athlete's body adaptation to workout and competition loads (Stanislovaitis, 2008; Бондаренко, 1999; Нбанекова, Филин, 1995). The training of sprinters and their competitive activities have been extensively studied not only by foreign (Smith, 2005; Doscher, 2009; Kale & Bayrak, 2009; Prins, Murata, Derenne, Morgan, & Solomon, 2010; Dickin, Reyes, & Dolny, 2009; Nelson, Landin, Young, & Schexnayder, 2008; Eikenberry, Mcauliffe, Welsh, Zerpa, Mcpherson, & Newhouse, 2008; Oзoлин, 1986), but also by Lithuanian sport scientists (Stanislovaitis, 2008, 2006, 2005; Grūnovas, 2006; Butkus, 2006, 1995; Skurvydas, 1999, 2003; Bradauskienė, 2006). Although the world record of female sprinters in a 100 m distance is quite high (10.49 s), the search for new training methods and their application in the process of female sprinter workouts continues. Scientists are not only analyzing and evaluating existing workout methodological tools, but also looking for new methods for an advanced sprinter training process. Thus, in search of new methods to increase running speed, through more research and the application of the latest training technologies, methods can be discovered to help athletes to become faster and to develop a running speed, which has never been achieved before. Recently, in a 100 m running, as in many track-and-field athletics competitions, the results of athletes are progressing rapidly. That progress depends heavily on the selection of talented athletes, scientifically and practically sound and effective workout methodologies, the selection and application of remedial measures, the material compensation of athletes, which greatly increases motivation of athletes, and etc. Therefore, in order to achieve good results and prizes in high rank competition in contemporary sport, it is necessary to know the peculiarities of the application of training methodology, to properly select the most important starts of the annual training cycle, taking into account all conditions at the place and time of competition. An athlete and a coach must not only follow the innovations of training methodology, science and medicine, but also look back, be able to analyze his own results and the results of athletes, who have shown significant results theretofore, the peculiarities of workout tools and methods applied by them, the reasons for successful and unsuccessful starts, and then all this to apply to the management of his own training process. Discovering, revealing and learning about new technologies through the theory and didactics of sport workout is the most important function of sport science (Mester, 2003), and it is important for a coach to be able to use scientific results and recommendations, be insightful and be able to successfully model the training of elite athletes (Karoblis, Raslanas, Poteliūnienė, Steponavičius, Petkus, & Žilinskienė, 2011). The purposeful training of female sprinters and the search for effective technologies in order to increase the maximum running speed become a scientific problem. The presented scientific problem is relevant for the following reasons: ● It is important to analyze the change in results in terms of age and to determine the age, at which the highest results are achieved; ● It is important to research and theoretically substantiate, which components determine the sports result in short distance running; ● To research the effectiveness of training measures in order to increase maximum running speed; ● The contribution of running at maximum speed to the sports result in a 100 m run has not been sufficiently researched; ● It is important to establish criteria that affect the progress of athletes' mastery and the change of sport performance. Hypothesis. It is likely that sports results of female sprinters are not improving due to the integrated and concentrated training models applied separately. A universal speed training model is more effective. Object of the research is the process of female sprinter training. Aim is to identify the peculiarities of optimizing the training of high-performance female sprinters. Objectives of the research: 1. On the basis of the data of the theoretical analysis of scientific sources, to reveal the change of the results of high-performance female sprinters in terms of age. 2. To perform a comparative analysis of the preparation of high-performance female spriners for the Athens, Beijing, London and Rio Olympic Games. 3. To review the technologies of sports training of female sprinters and to examine the factors influencing their results. 4. To determine the effectiveness of a universal method for training the speed of high-performance female sprinters. 5. To reveal/identify the opinion of high-performance female sprinters about the factors determining their training system. Theoretical and practical significance Researching the structure and content of sports training for female sprinters of different ages and sports mastery, analyzing the change of sports results in terms of age, evaluating workout methods, running speed components, the provisions for effective running speed increase were identified: ● Running speed is determined by the speed of muscle contraction, the length of leg support, the frequency of steps, and the sports result in a 100-meter run depends mainly on the maximum running speed. ● In order to improve the results of the maximum running speed of female sprinters, it is important to apply a universal, combined method in the workout process, running with weight and stretching with an elastic band. These provisions are relevant to the theory and practice of female sprinter training. The results of the study can be used in the development of training programs for sports schools and high-performance female sprinters. CONCLUSIONS 1. The age for achieving the best personal result in the women's 100 m running competition is 24.69 ± 3.27 year. The best Lithuanian sprinter L. Grinčikaitė-Samuolė achieved her best result in this running competition at the age of 25 – 11.19 s. At the beginning of their athletic career, American sprinters had the highest running scores and dominated until the age of 17, however later is observed leadership of the Caribbean Region female sprinters up to the age of 35. The results of European sprinters were average in almost all age groups. 2. Analysis of the four Olympic Games revealed a significant improvement in the results of the 100 m running and starting reaction speed (p < 0.05). In order to get to in the 100 m running final, athletes should run an average of 10.96 ± 0.03 s, and to become the prizewinners of the competition – 10.86 ± 0.08 s. Sprinters become the prizewinners of the 100 m run at the age of 25.42 ± 3.18 year. 3. Lithuanian female sprinters lose to the best sprinters of Europe and the world in the competition requiring the maximum running speed – 40 m in acceleration (11.99 %). The best Lithuanian sprinter L. Grinčikaitė-Samuolė reduces this difference to 4.05 % in the 100 m running distance, the gap between Europe's and the world's best female sprinters is gradually declining due to improved European sprinters' maximum running speed results. 4. The resisted/assisted running method is the most effective way to increase the running speed and starting acceleration, as this speed training method significantly improves the values of step length and support duration than running normally. 5. High-performance female sprinters lack attention to an important component of training – psychological training – in the process of their sports training. It was found out that their sports training and improvement of results are more influenced by external (monetary prizes, premiums) than internal motives (desire to improve results, honor to represent their country). A coach's personality also has impact. The coach is valued not only as a specialist, but distinguishing his personal qualities, such as sincerity, friendliness, motivation, promotion is considered an integral part of the training process.

The Farrington Daniels Memorial Lecture Solar Energy -- Symposia -- Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Excited States -- Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Excited States Introduction -- The Rules of Organic Molecular Fluorescence -- Elementary Photochemical Reactions -- Photoreactions in Biological Macromolecular Complexes -- Photoreactions in Biological Macromolecular Complexes (Introductory Remarks) -- Excited State Interactions and Photochemical Reactions in Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes -- Structural Relationships in Macromolecular Complexes Determined by Photochemical Crosslinking -- Photodegradation of Biomembranes -- Photomovement in Microorganisms -- Photomovement in Microorganisms — Introduction to the Symposium -- Photomovement in Microorganisms: Strategies of Response -- Pigments Involved in the Photomotion of Microorganisms -- Speculations about Sensory Transduction -- Panel Discussion of Photomovement -- Photosynthesis -- Present Status of the O2 Evolution Model -- Low Temperature Reactions in Photosynthesis -- Control of the Electron Transfer by the Transmembrane Electric Field and Structure of System II Centers -- Modulating Effects on the Delayed Luminescence from Photosystem II of Photosynthesis -- In Vitro Photosynthesis -- Comparative Effects of Exciting and Ionizing Radiations -- Quantitative Mutagenesis by Chemicals and by Radiations: Prerequisites for the Establishment of Rad-Equivalences -- A Comparative Study of Several Survival Responses of Mammalian Cells after UV and after X-Irradiation -- Ionizing and Ultraviolet Radiations: Genetic Effects and Repair in Yeast -- Ataxia Telangiectasia: an Inherited Human Disease Involving Radiosensitivity, Malignancy and Defective DNA Repair -- Effects of Vacuum-UV and Excited Gases on DNA -- Photosensitized Reactions of Nucleic Acids and Proteins -- Photosensitization in Biological Systems -- The Role of Oxygen in Photosynthetized Reactions of Proteins and Nucleic Acids -- New Chemical Aspects of the Photoreaction between Psoralen and DNA -- Excited States of Skin-Sensitizing Psoralens and their Reactions with Nucleic Acids -- Photochemotherapeutic, Photobiological, and Photochemical Properties of Psoralens -- Repair of Radiation Damage -- DNA Repair Schemes in Bacteria and in Human Cells -- Postreplication Repair in Human Fibroblasts -- Studies on the Enzymology of Excision Repair in Extracts of Mammalian Cells -- Human Photoreactivating Enzymes -- Effects of Ultraviolet-Light and of Some Major Chemical Carcinogens of E. Coli K12 (?) -- Solar Energy Conversion Systems -- Hydrogen Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms, the Mechanims of Hydrogen Photoevolution -- Chemical Reactions for the Utilization of Solar Energy -- Photosynthesis — a Practical Energy Source? -- Photoproduction of Hydrogen in Photosynthetic Systems -- Determinants of Feasibility in Bioconversion of Solar Energy -- Photobiology in Medicine -- Photobiology in Medicine -- Photophysiological Research — Preventive Medicine -- Erythropoietic Protoporphyria — the Disease, and its treatment with Beta-Carotene -- Photochemotherapy of Psoriasis (PUVA) -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Phototherapy in Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia -- Phototherapy of Neonatal Jaundice: Effect on Blood Biorhythms -- Phototherapy of Human Tumors -- Cancerogenic Effects of Radiation -- Carcinogenic Effects of Radiation — Introduction -- Defective DNA Repair and Cancer -- Experimental Ultraviolet Carcinogenesis -- Sunlight and Melanomas -- Cutaneous Carcinogenic Effects of Sunlight in Humans -- Role of DNA Repair in Physical, Chemical and Viral Carcinogenesis -- Light and Development -- Control of Chloroplast Development and Chlorophyll Synthesis by Phytochrome -- Progress Toward an Understanding of the Molecular Mode of Action of Phytochrome -- Phototransformations of Phytochrome -- Biogenesis of Chloroplast Membranes in Algae -- Light-Induced Cytochrome Reduction in Neurospora Crassa Membrane Fractions -- Light Induced Degeneration of Skin: Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Studies on the Pathomechanics of Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Clinical Pattern of the Actinic Chronic Dermatosis -- Distribution and General Factors Causing Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Environment-Space Interactions: Photobiological Implications -- Introductory Remarks -- The Stratospheric Photochemistry of Chlorine Compounds and its Influence on the Ozone Layer -- The Effects of Solar UV-B Radiation (280–315 nm) on Higher Plants: Implications of stratospheric Ozone Reduction -- Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma of the Skin in Norway with Special Reference to the Effect of Solar Radiation -- Estimating the Increase in Skin Cancer Caused by Increases in Ultraviolet Radiation -- Vision -- MSP Measurements of Rod and Cone Visual Pigments in a Retina (Scardinius Erythrophthalmus) that can be either Vitamin A1 — or Vitamin A2—Based -- The Ionochromic Behavior of Gecko Visual Pigments -- Membrane Adaptations of Visual Photoreceptors for the Analysis of Plane-Polarized Light -- Dynamic Aspects of the Molecular Architecture of Photoreceptor Membranes -- The Photochemistry of Rhodopsin Excited in the 280 nm (?) Band -- Degenerations of the Retina Induced by Light -- Mutagenic Effects of Radiation -- Mutagenic Repair Pathways in Yeast -- Pathways of UV Repair and Mutagenesis in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae -- Mitochondrial Mutagenesis by 2-6-Diaminopurine in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae: Effect of UV Light -- On the Molecular Mechanism of Mutagenesis by Carcinogenic Mutagens -- Chromosome Effects Induced by Low Levels of Mutagens -- Round Tables -- Units, Nomenclature and Dosimetry in Photobiology -- Protection from UV and Visible Radiations -- Topical Photoprotection of Normal Skin -- Photochemotherapy (PUVA) of Psoriasis -- Photobiology and Education -- Author Index.

Ofcom, the UK government agency that regulates the Royal Mail, has conceded that the national carrier can reduce its letter deliveries from six to possibly as few as three per week. The company was split from the Post Office and privatised a decade ago. I still have my shares in it. But in what is known as the Universal Service Obligation, it is legally obliged to deliver to anywhere in the UK for a fixed price — which, in the case of letters, is an eye-watering £1.25 for first class and 75p for second).Of course, fewer people send letters these days, preferring email for important and personal communications. So letter volumes have fallen, and the Royal Mail is hurting as a result. Ofcom says the company could save £100m-£200m by cutting deliveries to five per week, and £400-£650 by cutting them to just three per week.The British government has insisted that a six-day service should remain and that Saturday deliveries, in particular are (for some unspecified reason) "sacrosanct". And the Communication Workers Union (CWU), which represents Royal Mail staff, says the three-day delivery idea is unacceptable, would destroy Royal Mail and cost thousands of jobs.How can you privatise a company that is effectively a national monopoly of letter delivery (and, at the time, a near-monopoly in parcels delivery) only for it to get itself into debt and have to cut back its service? With a national monopoly and a national infrastructure system, you would expect it to be rolling in cash.The answer is that it hasn't really been privatised at all. Royal Mail was privatised, but it still isn't allowed to operate as a private company. Politicians insist it must charge the same to carry a postcard from Land's End to John O'Groats as it does to carry one from No.8 Acacia Avenue to No.13 Acacia Avenue. A government agency decides how much it can charge and what days and times of day it must deliver on. And the same powerful union that made the Royal Mail notoriously unreliable is still doing the same.The point of privatisation is not who owns a company. It is about setting a state-owned organization free to explore innovative ways of providing its service better, quicker, faster, and of developing new services that give consumers even greater value. When you privatise something as a monopoly, though, it has very little reason to bother itself with that.For a little while, Royal Mail relied on its lucrative parcel delivery service, Parcelforce, another near-monopoly, to keep the whole tub afloat. And yes, it is still the UK's biggest parcel carrier. But Parcelforce has had the stuffing knocked out of it by other, more nimble and innovative carriers like Hermes, DPD, Yodel, DHL and Amazon. And many customers prefer those others as being quicker and more reliable (some even nickname the Royal Mail's effort as 'Parcel-farce').There are lessons to this for the future of other state industries too. Many years ago, when we had a pro-market government, I asked the head of a US-owned international hospital provider — whose clinics and hospitals were very impressive indeed — why they didn't offer to take over and run an NHS hospital to show how it could transform the treatment and care of NHS patients. His answer was blunt: he would prefer to build a new hospital that might actually work efficiently, and hire management and staff that were steeped in the culture of customer service, rather than the gloomy culture of the NHS. And indeed, when one private company did take over an NHS hospital, though the improvements were tangible, the legacy culture eventually overwhelmed it.Since then, looking at many other state organizations has convinced me that privatising an unreformed, monopoly service is a mistake. You really have to create the conditions by which you can grow something new — something innovative, competitive and customer-focused. That was the idea of the internal market in health and education: the government still pays, so everyone can access the service, but it is provided by various independent companies or non-profits, so that customers also have the benefits of choice and competition. Of course, it wasn't long before the civil service stifled that sort of innovation by swamping the new providers with regulation. And that's a problem we have seen often, from buses to schools. But it's a problem we can solve.

Welcome to this special double issue of IASSIST Quarterly for the year 2023, IQ vol. 47(3-4).
We are delighted to close out the year by offering the second special issue of the IASSIST Quarterly to showcase articles from the Africa workshop. Articles in this issue were presented in the second Africa Workshop which was held in Ibadan, Nigeria, in October 2022. Guest editors Winny Nekesa and Robert Burosta have again expertly steered the editorial process to bring us this research.
While their Guest Editors' Notes describe the included articles, we would like to use this space to share a number of announcements about administrative work on the journal. First, please join us in welcoming four new Editorial Board members for a four-year term:
Robert Stalone Buwule, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda
Winny Nekesa, National Social Security Fund, Uganda
Deborah Wiltshire, GESIS, Germany, and
Ryan Womack, Rutgers University, United States
With these appointments, we achieve two goals. First, we stagger the terms of service of Board members so that only half will roll off the Board at any one time, ensuring continuity of knowledge moving forward. Second, we better diversify geographic representation on the Board to reflect IASSIST's international membership. Winny and Robert bring experience as IQ guest editors to the Board. Deborah and Ryan bring perspective from the IASSIST Administrative Committee.
Over the coming year, IQ editorial staff and Board members will be exploring a variety of changes to the journal, many of which were proposed by you, the membership. We'll keep you informed as we make decisions on various of those suggestions. Several advances that we have already accomplished are to behind-the-scenes processes but may directly benefit authors who publish with us as well you, our readers.
Working retrospectively to the last issue, 47(2), as well as for all issues going forward, the editorial staff have published the reference lists of all articles as metadata. This complies with I4OC, a standard that asks for citations to be structured, separable, shareable, and freely accessible (to both human and automated harvesting), resulting in citations that are index-able and searchable. Citation-tracking services like Crossref also require this. The end result is that people searching for any of the sources listed in our articles will find our articles, which over time may result in greater research impact for our authors. Reference linking will also expose articles to new tools, such as OpenAlex, an open citation metrics tool that can help measure impact. We thank our managing editor, Phillip Ndhlovu, for his effort in effecting this change.
The second change was made by the Library Open Publishing and Open Education staff at the University of Alberta, whose work supports the Open Journal System platform on which the journal is hosted. Their efforts not only keep journal production flowing smoothly, they work continually to improve the technical systems to uphold and improve open access to our content. In this case, they have implemented a Research Organization Registry (ROR) feature to allow authors to select their organizational affiliations from the list of organizations in ROR. This will not only speed the information input authors must complete during submission, but also standardize it to be represented consistently within the journal, and make it clear and accurate for sharing in external systems such as DOAJ and CrossRef.
Finally, we want to mention a new content feature premiering in this issue. Following the receipt of a Letter to the Editor (to our knowledge the first ever), we've added a new section to the journal's infrastructure to accommodate such conversations. We hope you will enjoy reading this commentary which extends the implications of the Hertzog, et al. article in 47(2) to a different type of personally identifiable data, DNA. We invite you to take advantage of the option to use this feature in future to correspond with our articles.
We wish you all the best for whichever end-of-year holidays you celebrate! We look forward to showcasing your work through the IQ in the coming new year, both in the research you submit for publication and in implementing your ideas for evolving the journal's content and production.
Ofira Schwartz and Michele Hayslett, December 2023

The Conservative Party fought three general elections promising to slash immigration to the tens of thousands. Today's net migration statistics show that after thirteen years in government the Conservatives have failed utterly to achieve this. The Office for National Statistics confirmed this morning that net migration for 2022 is at a new all-time record high of 606,000. This is more than twice its peak of about 270,000 in 2007 under Labour and nearly seven times what the Tories pledged when entering Downing Street in 2010. This news leaves the government's credibility in tatters. The ONS data shows that long-term immigration to the UK reached a high of 1.2 million in 2022. Almost 80% of this was from non-EU nationals. These are citizens whose work, family and study visas have always been under the full control of the government long before David Cameron announced there would be a referendum on the UK's EU membership. While the government claimed it got Brexit done and that this ensured full control of the borders, it has not brought numbers down as was repeatedly promised. The key reason for this is the Conservatives have not made good on what they said. It is not a matter of lacking powers to act, as four in five long-term arrivals are non-EU national anyway. Nearly thirty percent of long-term immigration is from work visas, mainly in areas like highly skilled visas for occupation shortages like in health and social care. At yesterday's Prime Minister's Questions, Labour leader Keir Starmer was bang to rights to say that the current work visa system set up by the Conservatives has undercut wages and a failure to properly invest in education and skills here today so we can fill the skills gaps exposed on the shortage occupancy list in the medium to longer term. Instead, the government has allowed the UK to become dependent on overseas workers coming here. This dependence has meant the government has never enacted a cap on work visas as it needs more and more to come support the flagging economy. The largest migrant group are overseas students. They play a clear role in providing significant economic benefit to the wider economy, as well as the institutions where they are enrolled. As student fees have remained frozen, there has been an increasing dependence as well on overseas students and the extra funding support they bring with them. (I know. I was an international student.) The government has claimed that they will take action by enacting a new policy of preventing overseas students from bringing dependents, but the effect will not be significant and won't make an impact for some time. It does not affect postgraduate research students and not in place until January 2024. This is after most students will have started their studies. There will likely be little impact until the end of 2025 – and long after a general election. Moreover, the Home Secretary's ability to do this did not require Brexit nor any of the laws passed by the Tories since 2010. Like in the Wizard of Oz, Suella Braverman had the powers all along. She simply didn't know or want to use them. Today's figures leave the Conservative Party's reputation for any competence on immigration in complete disarray. For over a decade, the public has heard increasingly tough talk from Go Home vans as part of a hostile environment to removal flights to Rwanda as part of a plan to stop small boats. These gimmicks have made headlines, but no more. The evidence is none of this nonsense on stilts was ever required to deliver the big net migration cuts promised. After years of new laws, regulations and speeches, the Conservatives could act but chose not to. The problem is primarily with their promises. These have been made and accepted by the public in good faith. Today, this is exposed for the shambles it is and, in my view, represents an existential threat to the government. It has lost control over immigration and soon control altogether. Trust matters in public life. Labour has a once in a generation opportunity to fill this gaping void – and elsewhere I have offered a vision for how Keir Starmer might achieve this. The public deserves better. It's time we had a government that had the competence and compassion to deliver what it promises.

Background: There is a high worldwide prevalence of cerebral palsy, a neurological condition which impacts most areas of life of children and their families. Evidence shows that occupational therapy is effective in enhancing the child's function, participation and quality of life, especially when provided at a young age and with high intensity. Literature provides additional recommendations for occupational therapy to follow a holistic and family-centred approach, considering participation in context, rather than an individual medical focus. These notions place pressure on the strained South African healthcare system, where human and physical resources, as well as contextually-relevant evidence for practice, are limited. The aim of this research was, therefore, to obtain a baseline description of the occupational therapy services being provided to children with severe cerebral palsy, across all government healthcare facilities of the Western Cape province. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, using a selfdesigned questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed using recognised survey principles in order to maintain research rigour, reliability and validity of results, and guidelines from previousstudies of a similar nature. The questionnaire was available to participants in duplicate online and hard copy formats. The anonymous, self-report questionnaire obtained profiles of the participating occupational therapists and their departments, descriptions of current service provision (assessments, goal-setting and interventions), perceived factors influencing service selection, and an understanding of services therapists felt they should be providing more of. No sampling took place and responses were invited from all occupational therapists employed by the provincial health department. All recruitment and correspondence took place via email or telephone. Recruitment and data collection took place over a period of 16 weeks, with each participant having a maximum of two weeks to submit their responses, after which a maximum of three reminders were sent. Numerical data were analysed using non-parametric descriptive statistics and categorical data were presented in terms of frequencies and percentages. Ethical principles adhered to included respect, confidentiality, anonymity, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. Results: There was a response rate of 53%, with all provincial health districts and levels of care represented amongst participants. Assessments frequently involved observations of the child in activities(85%) and interviews with their caregiver (98%). Goals formulated, with some input of caregivers, related to occupational performance components (91%) more often than occupational performance (77%), and largely aimed to maintain the child's condition (68%), rather than improve development or functional participation (47%). A range of interventions were provided, but appointments were infrequent (median: 1 per month), mainly took place in clinical environments (100%), and waiting periods for assistive devices and orthotics were common. Opportunities for direct therapy and interventions in the child's daily context were limited, and home programmes and caregiver education were heavily relied upon indirect intervention methods, frequently implemented by 100% and 91% of participants respectively. Key factors influencing the selection of services included resource availability (62%), therapists' training (62%) and the level of care at which they worked (59%). Therapists felt they were meeting some of the children's needs, and required the support of the multidisciplinary team to meet more of their needs effectively. Conclusion: This study provides insight into occupational therapists' roles in the government healthcare sector in the Western Cape province, and highlights the degree of alignment of services with policy and elements of best practice. Some merits are clear, in terms of the combination of direct and indirect services provided and the involvement of families in therapy processes. However, there remains a shortfall in terms of effective holistic, evidence-based, family-centred, and early and intensive approaches. This study, therefore prompts revision of strategies to implement existing policies promoting quality services for people with disabilities and align occupational therapists' training with evidence-based practice and holistic frameworks and approaches. Further research is recommended, particularly a qualitative consideration of the contextual factors influencing service provision, in order to better understand and address the barriers to meaningful and effective services for this population within the context of Primary Healthcare. With these recommendations, quality service provision, leading to participation and quality of life outcomes for children with severe cerebral palsy and their families, may be enhanced.

Even though desert dust is the most abundant aerosol by mass in Earth's atmosphere, the relative contributions of the world's major source regions to the global dust cycle remain poorly constrained. This problem hinders accounting for the potentially large impact of regional differences in dust properties on clouds, the Earth's energy balance, and terrestrial and marine biogeochemical cycles. Here, we constrain the contribution of each of the world's main dust source regions to the global dust cycle. We use an analytical framework that integrates an ensemble of global aerosol model simulations with observationally informed constraints on the dust size distribution, extinction efficiency, and regional dust aerosol optical depth (DAOD). We obtain a dataset that constrains the relative contribution of nine major source regions to size-resolved dust emission, atmospheric loading, DAOD, concentration, and deposition flux. We find that the 22–29 Tg (1 standard error range) global loading of dust with a geometric diameter up to 20 µm is partitioned as follows: North African source regions contribute ∼ 50 % (11–15 Tg), Asian source regions contribute ∼ 40 % (8–13 Tg), and North American and Southern Hemisphere regions contribute ∼ 10 % (1.8–3.2 Tg). These results suggest that current models on average overestimate the contribution of North African sources to atmospheric dust loading at ∼ 65 %, while underestimating the contribution of Asian dust at ∼ 30 %. Our results further show that each source region's dust loading peaks in local spring and summer, which is partially driven by increased dust lifetime in those seasons. We also quantify the dust deposition flux to the Amazon rainforest to be ∼ 10 Tg yr−1, which is a factor of 2–3 less than inferred from satellite data by previous work that likely overestimated dust deposition by underestimating the dust mass extinction efficiency. The data obtained in this paper can be used to obtain improved constraints on dust impacts on clouds, climate, biogeochemical cycles, and other parts of the Earth system. ; This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (grant nos. 1552519 and 1856389) and the Army Research Office (cooperative agreement number W911NF-20-2-0150). This research was further support by the University of California President's Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to Adeyemi A. Adebiyi and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 708119 awarded to Samuel Albani and no. 789630 awarded to Martina Klose. Ramiro Checa-Garcia received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation under grant 641816 (CRESCENDO). Akinori Ito received support from JSPS KAKENHI grant number 20H04329 and Integrated Research Program for Advancing Climate Models (TOUGOU) grant number JPMXD0717935715 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan. Peter R. Colarco and Adriana Rocha-Lima were supported by the NASA Atmospheric Composition: Modeling and Analysis Program (Richard Eckman, program manager) and the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) for computational resources. Yue Huang was supported by NASA grant 80NSSC19K1346 awarded under the Future Investigators in NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology (FINESST) program. Ron L. Miller and Vincenzo Obiso received support from the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction Program (NNG14HH42I) along with the NASA EMIT project and the Earth Venture Instrument program, with computational resources from the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS). Samuel Albani received funding from MIUR (Progetto Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2022). Carlos Pérez García-Pando received support from the European Research Council (grant no. 773051, FRAGMENT), the EU H2020 project FORCES (grant no. 821205), the AXA Research Fund, and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RYC-2015-18690 and CGL2017-88911-R). Longlei Li received support from the NASA EMIT project and the Earth Venture – Instrument program (grant no. E678605). Yves Balkanski and Ramiro Checa-Garcia received funding from the PolEASIA ANR project under allocation ANR-15-CE04-0005. ; Peer Reviewed ; "Article signat per 18 autors/es: Jasper F. Kok, Adeyemi A. Adebiyi, Samuel Albani, Yves Balkanski, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, Mian Chin, Peter R. Colarco, Douglas S. Hamilton, Yue Huang, Akinori Ito, Martina Klose, Longlei Li, Natalie M. Mahowald, Ron L. Miller, Vincenzo Obiso, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Adriana Rocha-Lima, and Jessica S. Wan" ; Postprint (published version)

The modern concept of reforming procedural legislation in Ukraine has set before law enforcement and law enforcement agencies a number of tasks for a smooth transition from the normative-act to the precedent method of law enforcement. Moreover, such a position is directly enshrined in the procedural legislation of Ukraine, in particular in Part 4 of Art. 10 of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine, which states: - "The Court applies in cases the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and its protocols, approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights as a source of law." [1]. It is this article of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine that the legislator indirectly obliges the judicial authorities of Ukraine to use both norms of international law (represented by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and its protocols) and court decisions of the European Court. on human rights, which are expressed in the practice of this court in the consideration of cases by this international judicial institution. The very provision of the above-mentioned article of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine declares the actual transition from the rules of normative-legal procedure of law application to the principles of precedent legal system, where the source of law is not only normative-legal act but also court decision. An important condition for the correct application of a rule of law or a court decision is the correct interpretation of a legal norm, or a whole normative legal act, as well as judicial precedent. Interpretation of legal norms involves a combination of objective and subjective, and depending on the purposes of interpretation in this process, respectively, its two stages are correlated - clarification and explanation. And if the process of interpretation is aimed only at the interpreter's understanding of the content of the legal norm, then clarification is an independent process of cognition. When the goal is to bring the content of the legal norm to third parties, the clarification and explanation are stages (stages) of a single, inseparable process. This process is inherent in all types of legal activity - lawmaking, law enforcement, law enforcement, systematization and legal education, and in a legal society the interpretation of legal norms is a stabilizing factor in the process of regulating social relations, enhances legal norms, strengthens legality, protects human and civil rights [2, P. 5-6]. ; Сучасна концепція реформування процесуального законодавства в Україні поставила перед правозастосовними та право реалізаційними органами ряд задач щодо плавного переходу від нормативно-актного до прецедентного методу застосування права. Причому, така позиція прямо закріплена у процесуальному законодавстві України, зокрема у ч. 4 ст. 10 Цивільного процесуального кодексу України, в якій зазначається: - «Суд застосовує при розгляді справ Конвенцію про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод 1950 року і протоколи до неї, згоду на обов'язковість яких надано Верховною Радою України, та практику Європейського суду з прав людини як джерело права» [1]. Саме цією статтею Цивільного процесуального кодексу України законодавець опосередковано зобов'язує судові органи України при вирішенні справ у судах використовувати як норми міжнародного права (в особі Конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод 1950 року і протоколів до неї), так і судові рішення Європейського Суду з прав людини, які виражаються у практиці цього суду при розгляді справ даною міжнародною судовою інституцією.Саме положення вище згаданої статті Цивільного процесуального кодексу України декларує фактичний перехід від правил нормативно-актної процедури застосування права, до принципів прецедентної правової системи, де джерелом права є не лише нормативно-правовий акт, а й рішення суду.Важливою умовою правильного застосування норми права чи судового рішення є правильне тлумачення правової норми, або ж і цілого нормативно-правового акту, а також судового прецеденту. Тлумачення правових норм передбачає поєднання об'єктивного та суб'єктивного, і залежно від цілей інтерпретації у цьому процесі відповідно співвідносяться між собою дві його стадії – з'ясування та роз'яснення. І якщо процес тлумачення має за мету лише розуміння інтерпретатором змісту правової норми, тоді з'ясування – самостійний процес пізнання. Коли ж метою є доведення змісту правової норми до третіх осіб, то з'ясування та роз'яснення становлять стадії (етапи) єдиного, нероздільного процесу. Такий процес притаманний усім видам правової діяльності – правотворчості, правореалізації, правозастосуванню, систематизації та правовому вихованню а у правовому суспільстві тлумачення юридичних норм є стабілізуючим чинником процесу регулювання суспільних відносин, сприяє підвищенню ефективності правових норм, зміцненню законності, захисту прав людини і громадянина [2, с. 5-6].

We report the discovery of a warm sub-Saturn, TOI-257b (HD 19916b), based on data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The transit signal was detected by TESS and confirmed to be of planetary origin based on radial velocity observations. An analysis of the TESS photometry, the Minerva-Australis, FEROS, and HARPS radial velocities, and the asteroseismic data of the stellar oscillations reveals that TOI-257b has a mass of MP = 0.138 ± 0.023 M J (43.9 ± 7.3, M⊕), a radius of RP = 0.639 ± 0.013 R J (7.16 ± 0.15, R ⊕), bulk density of 0.65+0.12-0.11 (cgs), and period 18.38818 +0.00085 -0.00084 days. TOI-257b orbits a bright (V = 7.612 mag) somewhat evolved late F-type star with M∗ = 1.390 ± 0.046 rm M sun, R∗ = 1.888 ± 0.033 Rsun, Teff = 6075 ± 90 rm K, and vsin i = 11.3 ± 0.5 km s-1. Additionally, we find hints for a second non-transiting sub-Saturn mass planet on a ∼71 day orbit using the radial velocity data. This system joins the ranks of a small number of exoplanet host stars (∼100) that have been characterized with asteroseismology. Warm sub-Saturns are rare in the known sample of exoplanets, and thus the discovery of TOI-257b is important in the context of future work studying the formation and migration history of similar planetary systems. ; Daniel Huber acknowledges support by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the TESS Guest Investigator Program (80NSSC18K1585) and by the National Science Foundation (AST-1717000). Ashley Chontos acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE 1842402). William J. Chaplin, Warrick H. Ball, Martin B. Nielsen, and Andrea Miglio. acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council and UK Space Agency. Funding for the Stellar Astrophysics Centre is provided by The Danish National Research Foundation (Grant DNRF106). Rafael Brahm acknowledges support from National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development Post-doctoral Fellowship Project 3180246, and from the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS). H.Z. Hui Zhang is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grants 11673011, 11933001). Andres Jordan acknowledges support from FONDECYT project 1171208 and by the Ministry for the Economy, Development, and Tourism's Programa Iniciativa Científica Milenio through grant IC 120009, awarded to the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS). Aldo M. Serenelli is partially supported by grants ESP2017-82674-R (Spanish Government) and 2017-SGR-1131 (Generalitat de Catalunya). Andrea Miglio acknowledges support from the European Research Council Consolidator Grant funding scheme (project ASTEROCHRONOMETRY, G.A. number 772293). Rafael A. Garcia acknowledges the support of the PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars grant from the Centre National d'Études Spatiales. Savita Mathur acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry with the Ramon y Cajal fellowship number RYC-2015-17697. Tiago L. Campante acknowledges support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 792848 (PULSATION). This work was supported by Foundation of Science and Technology/Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds (UID/FIS/04434/2019). Enrico Corsaro is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 664931. L. González-Cuesta thanks the support from grant FPI-SO from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (research project SEV-2015-0548-17-2 and predoctoral contract BES-2017-082610). Sarbani Basu acknowledges NASA grant NNX16AI09G and NSF grant AST-1514676. Ian J. M. Crossfield acknowledges support from the NSF through grant AST-1824644, and from NASA through Caltech/JPL grant RSA-1610091. Tansu Daylan acknowledges support from MIT's Kavli Institute as a Kavli postdoctoral fellow. Derek L. Buzasi acknowledges support from NASA through the TESS Guest Investigator program (80NSSC19K0385). Cenk Kayhan acknowledges support by Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under grant number MAP-2020-9749. Emilie Laychock and Michaela Collins acknowledge support by the National Science Foundation under grant 1559487. Victor Silva Aguirre acknowledges support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark (Research grant 7027-00096B) and the Carlsberg Foundation (grant agreement CF19-0649).

Introduction. The urgent task today is to identify the relationships and determination of the way of life of peasants withrevolutionary and state-building processes, the infl uence of the peasantry on the ideology and policy of various forms of statehoodin Dnieper Ukraine, elucidating the origins and preconditions of Ukrainian peasantry.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to defi ne the essential characteristics of the Ukrainian society of Dnieper Ukraineof the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, to determine its type, to fi nd out what basic elements became the basis forUkrainian agrarianism as a peasant-centric phenomenon of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a socio-cultural approach, which allows to explain how ethnic and socialnorms, values, ideals, stereotypes, traditions of the Ukrainian peasantry inherent in agrarian society largely determined sociopolitical processes and infl uenced the emergence of domestic agrarianism in 1917-1921.Results. At the beginning of the twentieth century despite the modernization processes, the Ukrainian society of the Dnieperregion remained largely an agrarian society, which was determined by the following characteristics: the dominance of thepeasantry in the social structure; life in the system of interaction "man-nature", land as the greatest good and basic value,dominance in the economy of agricultural production with the use of simple technologies; social organization of the patriarchaltype, the importance of the institution of the family, the existence of the family peasant economy as the main production unit, whichhas a natural-consumer character; the importance of the rural community as a social integrator with its economic, administrativeand social functions; solidarity in the community and distrust of the outside world (state, city, gentlemen, etc.); traditional systemof social norms and values, the defi ning place of manual labor as a high value, moral duty, social status and legitimization ofproperty and wealth; peasant notions of justice and the dominance of customary law; locality of interests, particularism, low socialmobility; conservatism, inertia, low perception of innovations, focus on stability; the peasant consciousness has a patriarchalreligious character, the lack of mass education; low national identity, the relationship of peasant social and national demands.Originality. The results of the research obtained by the author are scientifi cally signifi cant and new. They signifi cantlyexpand and supplement previous knowledge about the grounds for the formation of Ukrainian agrarianism.Conclusion. The article identifi es the essential characteristics of the Ukrainian society of the Dnieper region and states thatin the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries it was a society of a predominantly agrarian type. It was found that the reasonsfor the formation of domestic agrarianism in the days of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 - 1921 were: in the economic sphere- agricultural production, the main subject of labor in which is land and constantly associated with the activities of the peasant;in the political sphere - peasant democracy in the form of self-government of the rural community; in the social sphere - thecontradiction between the "small local society" of the village and the "big society" personifi ed by the city and the government;in the legal sphere - the vision of social justice, which existed in customary law, where the right of ownership is associated withmanual labor; in the spiritual and socio-cultural sphere - the traditional patriarchal nature of the peasant consciousness ; У статті означено сутнісні характеристики українського суспільства Наддніпрянщини і констатовано,що у другій половині ХІХ - на початку ХХ ст. воно було суспільством переважно аграрного типу. З'ясовано, щопідставами формування вітчизняного аграризму в добу Української революції 1917 – 1921 рр. були: в економічнійсфері – землеробський спосіб виробництва, основним предметом праці в якому є земля і постійно пов'язана з неюдіяльність селянина; у політичній сфері – селянська демократія у формі самоврядування сільської громади, якабачилася зразком для всіх суспільно-державних відносин; у соціальній сфері – ідентифікація селян як найважливішоїта кращої суспільної верстви; у соціально-політичній сфері – суперечність між «малим локальним суспільством» селата «великим суспільством» уособлюваним містом та владою; у правовій сфері – бачення соціальної справедливості,що побутувало у звичаєвому праві де право власності пов'язано з фізичною працею; у національно-політичній сфері– селянство як репрезентант українства та соціальна база державотворення; у суспільно-психологічній сфері –несприйняття модернізаційних процесів селянською ментальністю; у духовній та соціокультурній сфері – традиційнопатріархальний характер селянської свідомості і декларування потреби домінування народної культури в суспільстві.

The article defines the priorities of the social policy of Ukraine at the present stage. The socio-economic problems of Ukraine are analyzed, their causes and solutions are identified. It is shown that the main reason for the failures of the socio-economic policy of independent Ukraine is the uncritical attitude of Ukrainian reformers to the consequences of neoliberal policies in other countries, as a result of which foreign experience of socio-economic reforms began to be introduced without taking into account domestic specifics. The decline in the role of the state in socio-economic policy, the increase in the role of private business, the privatization of "everything and everyone" led to a sharp social stratification, an economic crisis, which became a trigger for crises in all spheres of Ukrainian society. One of the fundamental principles of neoliberal economics, deregulation, has also collapsed. It turned out that the market is not efficient in areas in which the business cannot make quick and large profits. The so-called "market failures" demonstrated the need for state regulation in the spheres of education, health care, ecology, etc. Conclusions of the study and prospects for further research in this direction. Thus, if the new government really wants to build a successful country of happy people, it must make social and economic policy its top priority. Its primary tasks at the present stage should be: reduction of tariffs for utilities by eliminating from them the corruption component and excess profits of suppliers; revision of the principles of granting subsidies for utility bills. Exclusion from the number of subsidies of those who do not need state aid, but have a formal right to receive it (they work unofficially); the fight against the shadow economy, with the concealment of income from taxation; reforming the system of wages and pensions; creation of jobs with decent wages; establishing interaction between the state and private business in order to increase the social responsibility of the latter. ; В статье определяются приоритеты социальной политики Украины на современном этапе. Анализируются социально-экономические проблемы Украины, выявляются их причины и пути решения. Показано, что главной причиной неудач социально-экономической политики независимой Украины является некритичное отношение украинских реформаторов к последствиям неолиберальной политики в других странах, в результате чего стал внедряться зарубежный опыт социально-экономического реформирования без учета отечественной специфики. Снижение роли государства в социально-экономической политике, повышение роли частного бизнеса, приватизация привели к резкому социальному расслоению, экономическому кризису, который стал спусковым механизмом для кризисов во всех сферах жизнедеятельности украинского общества. Рухнул и один из основополагающих принципов неолиберальной экономики - дерегуляция. Выяснилось, что рынок не является эффективным в сферах, где бизнес не может получить быстрой и большой прибыли. Так называемые «провалы рынка» продемонстрировали необходимость государственного регулирования в сферах образования, здравоохранения, экологии и др. Выводы исследования и перспективы дальнейших исследований в данном направлении. Таким образом, если новая власть действительно хочет построить успешную страну счастливых людей, она должна сделать своим главным приоритетом социально-экономическую политику. Ее первоочередными задачами на современном этапе должны стать: снижение тарифов на коммунальные услуги за счет исключения из них коррупционной составляющей и сверхприбылей поставщиков; пересмотр принципов предоставления субсидий на оплату коммунальных услуг; борьба с теневой экономикой, с сокрытием доходов от налогообложения; реформирование системы заработной платы и пенсионного обеспечения; создание рабочих мест с достойной оплатой труда; налаживание взаимодействия государства с частным бизнесом с целью повышения социальной ответственности последнего. ; У статті обґрунтовується в якості причини невдач соціальної політики в Україні один з основоположних принципів неоліберальної економіки - дерегуляція. Аргументується, що ринок не є ефективним в сферах, в яких бізнес не може отримати швидкого і великого прибутку. Так звані «провали ринку» продемонстрували необхідність державного регулювання в сферах освіти, охорони здоров'я, екології, тощо. Обґрунтовується теза, якщо нова влада хоче побудувати успішну країну щасливих людей, вона повинна зробити своїм головним пріоритетом соціально-економічну політику. Її першочерговими завданнями повинні стати: зниження тарифів на комунальні послуги за рахунок виключення з них корупційної складової і надприбутків постачальників; перегляд принципів надання субсидій на оплату комунальних послуг; боротьба з тіньовою економікою, з приховуванням доходів від оподаткування; реформування системи заробітної плати та пенсійного забезпечення; створення робочих місць з гідною оплатою праці; налагодження взаємодії держави з приватним бізнесом з метою підвищення соціальної відповідальності останнього.

Метою статті є репрезентація закономірних дляукраїнського педагогічного дискурсу і реальноїпрактики діяльності закладів освіти ХХ століттязмін в осмисленні та втіленні ідеї суб'єктностіособистості учнів. Означене зорієнтувало дослі-дження на такі проблемні напрямки: встано-вити динаміку когнітивно-креативного процесугенерування та впровадження ідеї суб'єктностіз урахуванням її філософського, психологічного,освітньо-політичного та педагогічно-технологіч-ного контексту; створити загальну інфографікуперіодизації розвитку ідеї суб'єктності на основізіставлення профілів суб'єктності учнів досліджу-ваного періоду на окресленій території. Методи. Розв'язування дослідницьких завдань передба-чало використання інтерпретаційних методів,зокрема, генезного, що уможливило висновки про закономірності розвитку ідеї суб'єктності особи-стості в науково-педагогічному дискурсі та впрова-джених моделях навчання і виховання учнів; моде-лювання розвитку ідеї, щоб встановити логіку їїгенерування та трансформації; дискурс-аналізудля виявлення соціокультурного виміру суб'єк-тнісної проблематики в педагогічних ідеях ХХ сто-ліття; порівняльного аналізу з метою зіставленняпрофілів суб'єктності у виокремлених періодах. Результати. Закономірності розвитку та впро-вадження ідеї суб'єктності особистості школярарозглянуто в трьох площинах: філософсько-пси-хологічній (методологічній), системою координатякої є цивілізаційний тип особистості (класична,модерна, постмодерна) та суспільства (монархічне,індустріальне, демократичне, інформаційно-тех-нологічне); освітньо-політичній, розгорнутій наосях державних реформ та педагогічних (зокрема,і новаторських) шкіл; педагогічно-технологічній,яка охоплює, з одного боку, змістово-процесний бікнавчального, розвивального та виховного впливівпедагога, та з іншого – результатно-оцінний бікпедагогічного впливу, представлений новоутво-реннями учня та змінами педагогічної ситуації. Висновки. Логіка розвитку ідеї суб'єктності учняу вітчизняній освітній теорії та практиці ХХ сто-ліття представлена в межах формування уявленьпро суб'єктність як культурну вимогу суспільно-іс-торичної формації, типову ознаку представникацивілізації, складову виховного ідеалу, компетент-ностей і нормативного рівня розвитку школяра(суспільний запит освіті), припис щодо його соці-альної ролі, як засіб залучення учня до освітньогопроцесу, можливість його особистісної самореалі-зації. Провідні тенденції розвитку ідеї суб'єктностіучня стосуються змін суспільно-історичних фор-мацій і культурно-психологічного типу спільнотита психологічного типу особистості відповідноїепохи, світоглядних позицій та освітніх парадигм,теоретичного обґрунтування нового педагогіч-ного тезаурусу та технологічних інновацій у закла-дах освіти. ; The purpose of the article is to represent changesin the understanding and implementation of the ideaof personal agency of schoolchildren inherent in Ukrainianpedagogical discourse and actual practice of educationinstitutions in the XXth century. The above has forwardedthe research to the following areas of concern:to establish the dynamics of a cognitive-creative processof generating and implementing the idea of agencygiven its philosophical, psychological, educational-politicaland pedagogical-technological context; to createa general infographic periodization of the developmentof the idea of agency based on comparing profilesof agency of schoolchildren of the studied period ina particular territory. Methods: To solve the researchtasks, the author has used interpretational methods,particularly genesis one, that has made it possible toconclude about the development patterns of the idea of personal agency in the scientific-pedagogical discourseand introduced models of schoolchildren's educationand upbringing; the modelling of the progressof the idea contributes to finding out the logicof its generating and transformation; a discourse-analysisfor the identification of a socio-cultural dimensionof the agency-related issues in the pedagogical ideasof the XXth century; a comparative analysis to compareagency profiles in the defined periods. Results. Development patterns and introduction of the ideaof a pupil's personal agency are studied within threedimensions: philosophical-psychological (methodological),the coordinate system of which is a civilizationaltype of personality (classical, modern, postmodern),and society (monarchical, industrial, democratic, informationtechnology); educational and political, which isrendered on the axes of state reforms and pedagogical(including innovative) schools; pedagogical-technologicalcovering, on the one hand, the content-processaspect of educational, developmental and pedagogicaleffect of a teacher and, on the other hand, an effective-evaluation aspect of the pedagogical influencerepresented by new formations of a pupil and changesin the pedagogical situation. Conclusions. A logicof the development of a child's agency in the domesticeducational theory and practice of the XXth centuryis rendered under the framework of shaping visionsof agency as a cultural demand of the socio-historicalformation, a generic feature of a representativeof the civilization, a component of pedagogical ideal,competencies and a specified level of a child's development(a social demand for education), a note onhis social role as a means of involving the child intothe educational process, an opportunity for his self-realization.The key trends of the development of the ideaof a pupil's agency concern the changes in socio-historicalformations and cultural-psychological typeof community and psychological type of a personalitybelonging to a specific epoch, worldviews and educationalparadigms, theoretical substantiation of a newpedagogical thesaurus and technology innovations ineducation institutions.

The modern concept of reforming procedural legislation in Ukraine has set before law enforcement and law enforcement agencies a number of tasks for a smooth transition from the normative-act to the precedent method of law enforcement. Moreover, such a position is directly enshrined in the procedural legislation of Ukraine, in particular in Part 4 of Art. 10 of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine, which states: - "The Court applies in cases the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and its protocols, approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights as a source of law." [1]. It is this article of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine that the legislator indirectly obliges the judicial authorities of Ukraine to use both norms of international law (represented by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and its protocols) and court decisions of the European Court. on human rights, which are expressed in the practice of this court in the consideration of cases by this international judicial institution. The very provision of the above-mentioned article of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine declares the actual transition from the rules of normative-legal procedure of law application to the principles of precedent legal system, where the source of law is not only normative-legal act but also court decision. An important condition for the correct application of a rule of law or a court decision is the correct interpretation of a legal norm, or a whole normative legal act, as well as judicial precedent. Interpretation of legal norms involves a combination of objective and subjective, and depending on the purposes of interpretation in this process, respectively, its two stages are correlated - clarification and explanation. And if the process of interpretation is aimed only at the interpreter's understanding of the content of the legal norm, then clarification is an independent process of cognition. When the goal is to bring the content of the legal norm to third parties, the clarification and explanation are stages (stages) of a single, inseparable process. This process is inherent in all types of legal activity - lawmaking, law enforcement, law enforcement, systematization and legal education, and in a legal society the interpretation of legal norms is a stabilizing factor in the process of regulating social relations, enhances legal norms, strengthens legality, protects human and civil rights [2, P. 5-6]. ; Сучасна концепція реформування процесуального законодавства в Україні поставила перед правозастосовними та право реалізаційними органами ряд задач щодо плавного переходу від нормативно-актного до прецедентного методу застосування права. Причому, така позиція прямо закріплена у процесуальному законодавстві України, зокрема у ч. 4 ст. 10 Цивільного процесуального кодексу України, в якій зазначається: - «Суд застосовує при розгляді справ Конвенцію про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод 1950 року і протоколи до неї, згоду на обов'язковість яких надано Верховною Радою України, та практику Європейського суду з прав людини як джерело права» [1]. Саме цією статтею Цивільного процесуального кодексу України законодавець опосередковано зобов'язує судові органи України при вирішенні справ у судах використовувати як норми міжнародного права (в особі Конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод 1950 року і протоколів до неї), так і судові рішення Європейського Суду з прав людини, які виражаються у практиці цього суду при розгляді справ даною міжнародною судовою інституцією.Саме положення вище згаданої статті Цивільного процесуального кодексу України декларує фактичний перехід від правил нормативно-актної процедури застосування права, до принципів прецедентної правової системи, де джерелом права є не лише нормативно-правовий акт, а й рішення суду.Важливою умовою правильного застосування норми права чи судового рішення є правильне тлумачення правової норми, або ж і цілого нормативно-правового акту, а також судового прецеденту. Тлумачення правових норм передбачає поєднання об'єктивного та суб'єктивного, і залежно від цілей інтерпретації у цьому процесі відповідно співвідносяться між собою дві його стадії – з'ясування та роз'яснення. І якщо процес тлумачення має за мету лише розуміння інтерпретатором змісту правової норми, тоді з'ясування – самостійний процес пізнання. Коли ж метою є доведення змісту правової норми до третіх осіб, то з'ясування та роз'яснення становлять стадії (етапи) єдиного, нероздільного процесу. Такий процес притаманний усім видам правової діяльності – правотворчості, правореалізації, правозастосуванню, систематизації та правовому вихованню а у правовому суспільстві тлумачення юридичних норм є стабілізуючим чинником процесу регулювання суспільних відносин, сприяє підвищенню ефективності правових норм, зміцненню законності, захисту прав людини і громадянина [2, с. 5-6].

The subject. The article analyzes the phenomenon of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the human rights and freedoms. It emphasizes that some information about the corona-virus infection was available several decades ago. At the same time, the specialists unfortunately weren't ready for the possible mutation of this virus, which has now exposed a large-scales threat to the population of the whole world.The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of the implementation of the citizens' rights and offer proposals for improving the Russian and Belarusian legislation and the practice of its implementation in the field of combating the coronavirus infection.The methodology. The authors take into account the practice of the European Court of Hu-man Rights and the constitutional control bodies of Russia and foreign countries. They make a conclusion on the legitimacy and necessity of the taken restrictive measures. The article is based on the dialectical method, as well as at the logical, historical, systemic methods. Methods of analysis and synthesis were of particular importance. The authors have applied the functional method to research the main areas for ensuring a reasonable balance of private (individual) and public interests.The main results, scope of application. Modern constitutions, including the Russian and the Belarusian ones, contains the most important principles of the rule of law, enshrine human rights and freedoms as the highest value. Human rights and freedoms continue to be are at the epicenter of many disputes and discussions. The modern system of rights and freedoms is constantly developing; the legal status of a person receives new content as the human civilization develops and the paradigm of values changes. For example, we see how information technology and other advances affect the scope of rights and freedoms. Rights, freedoms and obligations are interconnected and interdependent. All groups of rights are currently in the field of view of international organizations. The problem of equality, the elimination of discrimination, the restoration of violated rights, the assessment of the limits of the state's invasion in human rights and freedoms continues to be relevant nowadays.The article focuses on the international and national standards for the possible restriction of rights and freedoms in order to protect the health of the population. The international law rules on human rights oblige states to take measures to protect health and provide medical assistance to those in need.Conclusions. One of the constant problems is the relationship between the rights of a particular person and the rights of other persons, group or society as a whole and the state. At the same time, the coronavirus pandemic forced the public authorities to determine the balance of the priority of human rights and freedoms or the protection of the life and health of citizens. The coronavirus pandemic is the factor that affects the content of the legal regulation of relations in the field of human rights and freedoms. The measures taken by the state affect the right to health protection, freedom of movement, the right to education, right to have sport activity, right to work, freedom of assembly and others.The article proposes to inform the population more fully about the measures taken by the state and society in this direction, about the wider use of information technologies, about the possible responsibility for non-compliance with the requirements for the use of per-sonal protective equipment and the self-isolation regime. ; Предметом исследования являются правоотношения, складывающиеся в условиях пандемии коронавируса COVID-19, в рамках которых возникают основания для ограничений прав и свобод человека и гражданина. Поставлена цель провести анализ динамики развития пандемии коронавируса с позиций ее влияния на права и свободы граждан. Методологической базой исследования является диалектический метод научного познания, а также логический, исторический, системный методы. Особое значение имели методы анализа и синтеза. Применен функциональный метод для исследования основных направлений обеспечения разумного баланса частных (индивидуальных) и публичных интересов. Акцентировано внимание на международных и национальных стандартах возможного ограничения прав и свобод в целях защиты здоровья населения. Внесен ряд предложений по совершенствованию российского и белорусского законодательства и практики его применения в сфере противодействия коронавирусной инфекции.