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A sensor device based on a single polymer cantilever and optical readout has been developed for detection of molecular recognition reactions without the need of a reference cantilever for subtraction of unspecific signals. Microcantilevers have been fabricated in the photoresist SU-8 with one surface passivated with a thin fluorocarbon layer. The SU-8 surface is sensitized with biological receptors by applying silanization methods, whereas the fluorocarbon surface remains inert to these processes. The thermal and mechanical properties of the chosen materials allow overcoming the main limitations of gold-coated silicon cantilevers: the temperature, pH, and ionic strength cross sensitivities. This is demonstrated by comparing the response of SU-8 cantilevers and that of gold-coated silicon nitride cantilevers to variations in temperature and pH. The sensitivity of the developed polymeric nanomechanical sensor is demonstrated by real-time detection of the human growth hormone with sensitivity in differential surface stress of about 1 mN/m. ; The authors acknowledge J. M. Rodríguez-Prado and M. Mellado for providing reagents for the molecular recognition experiments and J. Treviño, E. Mauriz, and D. Haefliger for fruitful discussion. J.T. and M.C. acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science (MERG-CT-2004- 510638) and the European Union (GEN2001-4856-C13-11). ; Peer reviewed

1. Introduction to Polymer Science -- 2. The Compounding and Vulcanization of Rubber -- 3. Fillers -- I: Carbon Black -- II: Nonblack Fillers -- 4. Processing and Vulcanization Tests -- 5. Physical Testing of Vulcanizates -- 6. Natural Rubber -- 7. Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers -- 8. Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene Rubbers -- 9. Ethylene-Propylene Rubber -- 10. Butyl and Halobutyl Rubbers -- 11. Nitrile and Polyacrylic Rubbers -- 12. Neoprene and Hypalon -- I: Neoprene -- II: Hypalon -- 13. Silicone Rubber -- 14. Fluorocarbon Elastomers -- 15. Polyurethane Elastomers -- 16. Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 17. Miscellaneous Elastomers -- 18. Reclaimed Rubber -- 19. Latex and Foam Rubber -- 20. Rubber-Related Polymers -- I: Poly (vinyl chloride) -- II: Polyethylene.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may increase risk for metabolic diseases; however, epidemiologic evidence is lacking at the present time. Pregnancy is a period of enhanced tissue plasticity for the fetus and the mother and may be a critical window of PFAS exposure susceptibility. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the associations between PFAS exposures and metabolic outcomes in pregnant women. METHODS: We analyzed 1,240 pregnant women from the Spanish INMA [Environment and Childhood Project (INfancia y Medio Ambiente)] birth cohort study (recruitment period: 2003-2008) with measured first pregnancy trimester plasma concentrations of four PFASs (in nanograms/milliliter). We used logistic regression models to estimate associations of PFASs (log10-transformed and categorized into quartiles) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and we used linear regression models to estimate associations with first-trimester serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were positively associated with IGT (137 cases) [OR per log10-unit increase=1.99 (95% CI: 1.06, 3.78) and OR=1.65 ( 95% CI: 0.99, 2.76), respectively]. PFOS and PFHxS associations with GDM (53 cases) were in a similar direction, but less precise. PFOS and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) were negatively associated with triglyceride levels [percent median change per log10-unit increase=-5.86% (95% CI: -9.91%, -1.63%) and percent median change per log10-unit increase=-4.75% (95% CI: -8.16%, -0.61%, respectively], whereas perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was positively associated with total cholesterol [percent median change per log10-unit increase=1.26% (95% CI: 0.01%, 2.54%)]. PFASs were not associated with CRP in the subset of the population with available data (n=640). CONCLUSIONS: Although further confirmation is required, the findings from this study suggest that PFAS exposures during pregnancy may influence lipid metabolism and glucose tolerance and thus may impact the health of the mother and her child. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1062. ; This study was funded in part by grants from the European Union (FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957 and HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Spanish Ministry of Health (Red INMA G03/176; CB06/02/0041; FIS-PI12/01890, FIS-PI041436, FIS- PI081151, FIS-PI06/0867, FIS-PS09/00090; FIS-FEDER: 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, 09/02647, 11/01007, 11/02591, 11/02038, 13/1944, 13/2032, 14/00891, and 14/01687; Miguel Servet-FEDER CP11/0178, MS13/00054, and CPII16/00051; and PFIS-FI14/00099), Generalitat Valenciana (FISABIO: UGP 15-230, UGP-15-244, and UGP-15-249), the Department of Health of the Basque Government (2005111093 and 2009111069), the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG06/004 and DFG08/001), the Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT (1999SGR 00241), and the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (grant number ES021477). This study has been reviewed and approved by the accredited committees of the following institutions: The Municipal Institute of Sanitary Assistance of Barcelona, La Fe University Hospital of Valencia, and The Donostia Hospital.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2: Pesticides in our food -- Chapter 3. The plastics revolution -- Chapter 4. Toxic metals -- Chapter 5. The Indestructibles -- Chapter 6. Air pollutants -- Chapter 7. Chemicals from paper manufacture and use -- Chapter 8. Chemical exposure in the workplace -- Chapter 9. Fluorocarbons -- Chapter 10: Radiation -- Chapter 11. How do our bodies deal with chemicals? -- Chapter 12: Genetic variability and the risk of disease – the advantages and disadvantages of being different -- Chapter 13. Environmental chemicals and our genes -- Chapter 14. Environmental chemicals and mitochondria -- Chapter 15. Environmental chemicals and our immune system -- Chapter 16: Just because the amounts are small, does it mean they are safe? -- Chapter 17. What can we do for a better future?.

Examines differences in the two countries' initial approach to the international environmental agreement on replacing chemicals that damage the stratospheric ozone layer. Impact of domestic economics and politics and institutional interests.

Fluorine in the atmosphere / Philippe Ricaud and Franck Lefèvre -- Evaluation and selection of CFC alternatives / Akira Sekiya, Masaaki Yamabe, Kazuaki Tokuhashi, Yasuo Hibino, Ryoichi Imasu and Hidekazu Okamoto -- Trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride, SF₅CF₃ : atmospheric chemistry and its environmental importance via the greenhouse effect / Richard P. Tuckett -- Production of second- or third-generation fluorine-based refrigerants from (photo)-dechlorination of fluorocarbon wastes / Hideo Nishiumi, Koichi Sato and Ryo Kato -- Volcanic fluorine emissions : observations by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy / Georgina M. Sawyer and Clive Oppenheimer -- Fluorine and coexisting volatiles in the geosphere : the role in Japanese volcanic rocks / Katsuro Anazawa -- Fluorine compounds in gaseous emissions from industrial sources : the case of ceramic industries / Giuliana Bonvicini, Alberto Fregni and Carlo Palmonari -- Some problems relating to fluorides in the environment : effects on plants and animals / Alan W. Davison and Leonard H. Weinstein

I. Compressed Gases and Related Equipment -- 1. Compressed and Liquefied Gases Today -- 2. Regulations Pertaining to Compressed Gases -- 3. General Properties of Gases -- 4. Compressed Gas Containers and Appurtenances -- 5. Safety Guidelines for Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Liquids -- II. Specific Technical Information for Compressed Gas Equipment -- 6. Handling Bulk Shipments of Liquefied Compressed Gases -- 7. Pressure Relief and Safety Devices -- 8. Cylinder Valve, Cylinder Ancillary Equipment, and Bulk Transfer Connections -- 9. Compressed Gas Cylinders: Marking, Labeling, Inspection, Testing, Filling, Disposition -- 10. Cleaning Components, Equipment and Systems for Oxygen Service -- III. Compressed Gases and Gas Mixtures: Properties, Manufacture, Uses, and Special Requirements for Safe Handling -- Acetylene -- Air -- Ammonia (Anhydrous) -- Argon -- Arsine -- Boron Trichloride -- Boron Trifluoride -- 1, 3-Butadiene (Butadiene) -- Carbon Dioxide -- Carbon Monoxide -- Carbon Tetrafluoride -- Chlorine -- Diborane -- Dichlorosilane -- Ethane -- Ethylene -- Ethylene Oxide -- Fluorine -- Fluorocarbons -- Helium -- Hydrogen -- Hydrogen Bromide -- Hydrogen Chloride, Anhydrous -- Hydrogen Fluoride -- Hydrogen Sulfide -- Liquefied Petroleum Gases -- Methane -- MAPP® Gas -- Methylamines (Anhydrous) -- Methyl Bromide -- Methyl Chloride -- Nitric Oxide -- Nitrogen -- Nitrogen Dioxide -- Nitrogen Trifluoride -- Nitrous Oxide -- Oxygen -- Phosgene -- Phosphine -- Rare Gases: Krypton, Neon, Xenon -- Silane -- Sulfur Dioxide -- Sulfur Hexafluoride -- Vinyl Chloride -- Gas Mixtures -- IV. Appendices -- Appendix 1: Glossary of Terms -- Appendix 2: List of Abbreviations -- Appendix 3: State Regulatory Agencies and Codes 603 Appendix 4: Publications of the Compressed Gas Association.

Metal-Fluorocarbon compositions are the pyrotechnic formulations which have been widely used in infrared decoy flares to protect aerial targets from infrared guide missile seekers. In this work, the effect of Mg-Al alloy powder (i.e. the particle size and the content) on the combustion and the infrared emission characteristics (i.e. the infrared emission distribution and the infrared radiance) of the pyrotechnic composition based on Mg-Al alloy, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Viton rubber are described. The results show that the high burning rate (with the values of 4.0 mm.s-1 to 10.0 mm.s-1, depend on the compression density) of this composition is achieved with a high content of Mg-Al alloy or when using fine Mg-Al alloy particles as well as coarse PTFE particles. On the other hand, the infrared emission radiance (in the wavelength range of 2.5 μm to 5.0 μm) of Mg-Al/PTFE/Viton composition reaches maximum values (i.e. 17.7 W.cm-2.Sr-1 and 21.0 W.cm-2.Sr-1 with the size of Mg-Al particles are 20 μm and 120 μm, respectively) at 60 wt% Mg-Al alloy. Finally, the Mg-Al/PTFE/Viton composition has a similar combustion and emission characteristics as the Mg/PTFE/Viton composition.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Author -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: The Global Situation -- Threat of Rising Sea Levels -- Section 1: Greenhouse Gases and Sequestration -- Section 2: Air Quality -- Section 3: Water: Quality and Quantity -- Section 4: Land: Remediation -- Section 5: Biochar Remediation of Carbon Dioxide -- References -- SECTION I: Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide -- Chapter 1: The Evidence -- 1.1. Expected Temperature Rise -- 1.2. Global Warming and Feedback Systems -- 1.3. Quantifying CO2 Rise -- 1.4. Sources of CO2 -- 1.5. Deep Ocean Sink -- 1.6. Fluorocarbons -- 1.7. The Early Industrial Carbon Cycle -- 1.8. Sea Level Rise Due to Thermal Expansion -- 1.9. Ocean Acidification -- 1.10. Warmer and Moister? -- References -- Chapter 2: Measurements -- 2.1. Water: Scale Conversions -- 2.2. Converting to PPM -- 2.3. What is Synchrotron Technology? -- 2.3.1. Synchrotron Technology: Role in Agriculture -- 2.4. Remediation Based on Dam Depth Measurements -- References -- Chapter 3: Sequestration by Forests -- 3.1. Fate of Carbon in Trees -- 3.2. What is Carbon Sequestration? -- 3.2.1. Keeping Carbon in Check -- 3.2.2. Calculating the Amount of CO2 Sequestered in a Tree Per Year -- 3.2.3. Determining the Total (green) Weight of the Tree -- 3.2.4. Determine the Dry Weight of the Tree -- 3.2.5. Determine the Weight of Carbon in the Tree -- 3.2.6. Determine the Weight of Carbon Dioxide Sequestered in the Tree -- 3.2.7. Determine the Weight of CO2 Sequestered in the Tree Per Year -- 3.3. Carbon Sequestration in Riparian Forests: A Global Synthesis and Meta-Analysis -- 3.4. Carbon Fixation Strategies: Natural and Artificial CO2 Fixation -- 3.4.1. Basis -- 3.5. Changes Between Forest and Cropland -- References -- Chapter 4: CO2 Sequestration by Water -- 4.1. Deep Ocean Sink -- References.

В статье собраны воедино результаты исследований и предыдущие публикации авторов по теме выбора рабочих тел для энергетических установок. Подробно представлена хронология запретов на использование рабочих тел в энергетике и сделан анализ последствий введенных запретов. Рассмотрены пути выхода из кризиса, возникшего в результате введенных запретов. ; The article compiled results of authors' previous researches and publications on the subject of power installations working bodies' choice. We present the detailed chronology of a ban on use of working bodies in power engineering as well as the analysis of consequences of a ban. On a large data set, we have shown that the main causes of the systemic crisis of working fluids for power cycles are in the political sphere, and have only the appearance of the officially declared aim of protecting the environment, while the main goal of the company is the whole political nonmilitary capture of markets. Since the goal is achieved with the apparent excess of tasks, crisis of full inability to use anything for the operation of power machines and refrigerating units has occurred. At a time when TNCs impose states super-expensive and dangerous to human health agents, we present experimentally validated data of fluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride and propose to move immediately to use these ones as safe and cheap refrigerants. Today version on the causes of ozone anomalies, open by V.L. Syvorotkin (natural hydrogen degassing of the Earth in the rift zones, see in: Man and the Geosphere. Earth Sciences in the 21st Century. I.V. Florinsky, ed. Nova Science Pub Inc. 2010 ), is the most likely. It simply and reliably represented the true cause of death of ozone not only above Antarctica volcanoes, but above the equator and Baikal. This discovery raises the question of fundamental relevance and competence of bans on chlorinated Freon; also inevitably face the question of tremendous scientific fraud of 1986, as well as the question of the coming financial claims against the author of fraud, although Montreal Protocol obligations belong to the category of voluntary.

to Volume Two -- Classification -- The 18-electron rule -- 1. Two-Electron Ligands -- A. Classification -- B. The preparation of olefin-transition metal complexes -- C. A molecular orbital description of the bonding in organo-metallic complexes -- D. A description of the bonding of 2-electron ligands to transition metals -- E. General comments of 2-electron ligands -- F. Particular complexes of metals with 2-electron ligands -- 2. Three-Electron Ligands -- A. Preparation of ?-enyl complexes -- B. The structure of ?-enyl complexes -- C. The ?-allyl metal bond -- D. Dynamic equilibria in allyl complexes -- E. The chemistry of particular ?-enyl complexes -- 3. Four-Electron Ligands -- A. Some differences between unconjugated and conjugated olefin ligands -- B. The bonding of 4-electron ligands to transition metals -- C. Particular studies -- 4. Five-Electron Ligands -- A. Cyclopentadienyl metal complexes -- B. ?-Cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- C. Cyclopentadienide transition metal complexes -- D. The bonding in mono-?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- E. ?-Cyclopentadienyl carbonyl complexes -- F. ?-Cyclopentadienyl nitrosyl complexes -- G. Brief notes on binuclear ?-cyclopentadienyl complexes containing bridging ligands -- H. ?-Cyclopentadienyl hydride complexes -- I. ?-Cyclopentadienyl halides and oxides -- J. Other 5-electron ligands -- K. The organic chemistry of ?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- L. Some particular reactions -- 5. Six-Electron Ligands -- A. Arene transition metal complexes -- (a) Preparation -- B. Olefin 6-electron ligands -- C. Transition metal complexes containing ?-bonded heterocyclic ligands -- 6. Seven-Electron Ligands Mixed Sandwich Complexes Related Azulene Derivatives and Cyclo-Octatetraene Complexes -- A. 7-Electron ligands -- B. Mixed sandwich complexes -- C. Metal complexes formed from azulenes -- D. Cyclo-octatetraene complexes -- 7. One-Electron Ligands -- I.1. Hydrocarbon alkyl and aryl complexes -- I.2 Transition metal-acyl complexes -- I.3. ?-Cyclopentadienyl complexes -- II. Transition metal fluorocarbon complexes -- III. Transition metal acetytides and alkynyls -- 8. Organometallic Complexes Formed From Acetylenes -- A. Monoacetylene, mononuclear complexes: acetylenes as 2-elec-tron ligands -- B. Monoacetylene binuclear complexes: acetylenes as 4-electron ligands -- C. Monoacetylene trinuclear complexes -- D. Monoacetylene tetranuclear complexes -- E. Bis-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- F. Bis-acetylene trinuclear complexes -- G. Tris-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- H. Tris-acetylene binuclear complexes -- I. Miscellaneous -- 9. The Role of Organotransition Metal Complexes in Some Catalytic Reactions -- A. Some chemistry of transition metal hydride complexes -- B. Some catalytic reactions which involve hydrogen transfer: isomerization reactions -- C. Homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes -- D. Some dimerization oligomerization and polymerization reactions of olefins and acetylenes -- E. Hydroformylation and related carhonylation reactions -- F. Some general comments on the relationship between heterogeneous and homogeneous transition metal catalysts -- G. Miscellaneous -- Author -- Subject -- Crystal Structures>.