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The "disaster" of the First World War provoked a strong consensus in favour of disarmament. The link between disarmament and security was strongly expressed in Article 8 of the Covenant of the League of Nations (SDN), which states that the signatory States 'recognise that maintaining peace requires the reduction of national armaments to a minimum compatible with national security and with the fulfilment of international obligations imposed by joint action'. However, differences in ways and means of ensuring the security of states in a disarmed world and the inability of the SDN to play its part in the peaceful settlement of disputes have been a stumbling block in the attempts to disarmament between the two wars. The article describes these attempts: the Tardieu Plan, followed by the changes in French policy under the Herriot Government, the recognition of the equal rights demanded by Germany and the stalemate of the Conference on Disarmament following Hitler's accession to power on 30 January 1933 ; International audience The "catastrophe" of the first world war sparked a strong current of opinion in favour of disarmament. The link between disarmament and security Covenant of the society of Nations (SDN) under the terms of which the signatory States "acknowledge that the peacekeeping requires national arms reduction to a minimum consistent with national security and execution international obligations imposed by a joint action". But the differences on the ways and means to ensure the security of States in a disarmed world and the failure of the League to play the role which had been vested in the peaceful settlement of disputes, were the cornerstone of disarmament between the two wars attempts. Article tells these attempts: the Tardieu plan, then the tone of French policy under the Herriot Government, recognition of equality of rights claimed by the Germany and the stalemate in the conference on disarmament after the rise to power of Hitler on January 30, 1933. ; The "disaster" of the First World War provoked a ...

International audience This paper focuses on a letter written by Jean de Silhon and published in the Recueil de Lettres nouvelles, 1627 (« Recueil Faret »). It suggests that in early 17th century's France, updating Christianity turns out to be an actual necessity; after the Religious wars, scholars are bound to participate in the reconfiguration of social and political order. In this regard, the emergence of a new model for literate expertise may be as significant as the opposition between religious belief and non-belief; the works of scholars around Richelieu might demonstrate active involvement in producing a new type of normativity as well as passive protection against virtual persecution. ; En étudiant une lettre de Jean de Silhon parue en 1627 dans le Recueil de Lettres nouvelles (Recueil Faret), cet article souligne la nécessité d'une « actualisation » du christianisme dans la France du premier XVIIe siècle. Il rappelle que l'ensemble des lettrés sont appelés à participer, après les guerres « de religion », à la recomposition des structures de l'ordre dans le royaume, et suggère que l'avènement d'un nouveau modèle d'expertise lettrée est peut-être aussi déterminant que les oppositions fondées sur l'alternative de la croyance et de l'athéisme. Dans cette perspective, la production des lettrés qui gravitent autour de Richelieu manifeste parfois moins une attitude de défense passive contre une persécution virtuelle, qu'une intervention active dans la production d'une nouvelle normativité sociale et politique.

The first half of the twentieth century, marked by two world wars and an international economic crisis, is a time of profound change in the cultural relationship between Europe and Latin American countries. While they are not seen as being heavily engaged in global conflicts (although Brazil plays a minor role in World War I and sends a shipping body to Italy during the Second World War) they still live in this moment, and are affected by the context, while the economic crisis of the 1930s is hitting them hard. The study of cultural circulation in times of war or crisis on one side of the Atlantic, its continuation or disappearance and the ways in which it is protracted is a good indicator of how the relationship with the former European Cultural Matrix is evolving in Latin America. ; International audience ; The first half of the twentieth century, marked by two world wars and an international economic crisis, is a time of profound change in the cultural relationship between Europe and Latin American countries. While they are not seen as being heavily engaged in global conflicts (although Brazil plays a minor role in World War I and sends a shipping body to Italy during the Second World War) they still live in this moment, and are affected by the context, while the economic crisis of the 1930s is hitting them hard. The study of cultural circulation in times of war or crisis on one side of the Atlantic, its continuation or disappearance and the ways in which it is protracted is a good indicator of how the relationship with the former European Cultural Matrix is evolving in Latin America. ; La première moitié du XXème siècle, marquée par deux Guerres mondiales et une crise économique internationale, est un temps de profonde mutation du rapport culturel entre l'Europe et les pays d'Amérique latine. Si ces der-niers ne sont pas vus comme engagés de manière majeure dans les conflits mondi-aux (bien que le Brésil joue un rôle mineur dans la Première Guerre mondiale et envoie un corps expéditionnaire en Italie lors de ...

Report of: G. Grabherr, B. Kainrath, Th. Schierl (Hrsg.), verwandte in der Fremde? Fibeln und Bestandteile der Bekleidung als Mittel zur Rekonstruktion von interregionalem Austausch und zur Abgrenzung von Gruppen vom Ausgreifen Roma während of 1. Punischen Krieges bis zum Ende des Weströmischen Reiches. Akten of Internationalen Kolloquiums Innsbruck 27. Bis 29. April 2011/Relations repeals. Brooches and other elements of dress as sources for Reconstructing interregional movement and group boundaries from the Punic Wars to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. Proceedings of the International Conference from 27th-29th April 2011 in Innsbruck, Innsbruck 2013. ; Compte-rendu de : G. Grabherr, B. Kainrath, Th. Schierl (Hrsg.), Verwandte in der Fremde ? Fibeln und Bestandteile der Bekleidung als Mittel zur Rekonstruktion von interregionalem Austausch und zur Abgrenzung von Gruppen vom Ausgreifen Roms während des 1. Punischen Krieges bis zum Ende des Weströmischen Reiches. Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums Innsbruck 27. Bis 29. April 2011 / Relations abroad. Brooches and other elements of dress as sources for reconstructing interregional movement and group boundaries from the Punic Wars to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. Proceedings of the International Conference from 27th-29th April 2011 in Innsbruck, Innsbruck 2013.

After the Second World War, the OECD promoted the idea – which had begun to emerge between the wars in various European countries – that the creation of a comprehensive school system, bringing together all children from age 6 to 15 or 16, was the precondition for the democratisation of society and economic progress. This model was implemented very differently from one country to another. The ideal has now ended in disenchantment. Almost everywhere, the schooling of 11 to 15-year-olds is seen as the weak link in educational systems, a site of violence and suffering for pupils and teachers. A new system is being put in place, which some call post-comprehensive. Without abandoning the concern for equality, the international organisations are foregrounding a new system of reference based on performance obligations: skills standards, international comparisons through which each country's performance can be judged in a context of competition. The debate has moved on: the American New Right places its hopes in the market; the European texts propose several readjustments of the social-democratic compromise: an equality of performances which takes the form of the definition of key skills; an attempt at compromise between the ideal of redistribution, the imperatives of performance and the creation of a collective consciousness in pluriethnic and pluricultural societies which takes the form of the idea of inclusive societies. The comprehensive school and the debates surrounding it are liable to be overtaken before being analysed. A retrospective analysis seems necessary to do justice to the efforts that have been made. The way societies organise their educational system is a key element in the production and transformation of the social. This special double issue of the European Educational Research Journal examines the current state of the comprehensive model in Europe and formulates the hypothesis of a post-comprehensive era; in so doing, it addresses the fundamental problem area of the relationship between education and ...

The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Sandrine LEFRANC worldwide, truth and reconciliation commissions flourished after exits from civil wars and dictatorships. But why should victims always engage in the reconciliatory effusions they are required to do? Sandrine Lefranc returned to the South African example, which led to this enthusiasm for a liberal and leading speech. "During the hearings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, no member of the Commission dare to say to a witness: For the first time, the victims had the opportunity to tell a friendly government body, the history of their unjust suffering; the rules of the Commission have, moreover, left much room for these stories, regardless of the form chosen by the victim. Tears have become evidence, together with hard-to-express feelings and details of social and family ties, which have allegedly been tried in numerous trials, incompatible with the requirements of prosecution and defence of criminals' 'In the South African TRC hearings, no commission member prepared to say a witness, 'Just the facts, mam'am' (.) For the first time in their lives, victims now had the opportunity to telling a friendly government body the story of their unjust suffering; and the rules of the Commission wide berth for the telling of these stories in what form the weather thing. Tears became evidence, scarcely recerable feelings, as well as details of family and social connections which, in many short trials, would have been removed from the point of proper perpetrator prosecution and defence. (Shriver, 2001, p. 15) 1 A radically new institution, because caring for individuals and capable of reviving an ashes of extreme violence, has recently been invented: truth and Reconciliation Commission. Since the 1980s, this flagship provision of 'transitional justice' has seen a tremendous upsurge, parallel to that of international criminal courts, with thirty bodies set up after dictatorial repression, civil war or genocide by governments which gave ...

In Buenos Aires bookshops, with a translation into Spanish after two years of the Italian edition, a new job by Danilo Zolo, Professor of Philosophy of International Law at the University of Florence, where a trial compilation relates to the new wars, the United Nations initiatives in relation to international criminal justice and Israeli 'butchers' in Gaza were closed by a chapter containing four short 'travel stories' by Afghanistan, Palestine, Colombia and North Korea, a route that certainly directly feeds into their acute thoughts. 2 In the foreword to the Spanish translation, he also made succinct considerations about the recent war on Libya, yet without knowing the outcome (it was dated June 2011). Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences ; Se encuentra en las librerías de Buenos Aires, con una traducción al castellano después de dos años de la edición en italiano, un nuevo trabajo de Danilo Zolo - profesor de Filosofía del Derecho Internacional de la Universidad de Florencia- donde con una compilación de ensayos se refiere a las nuevas guerras, a las iniciativas de las Naciones Unidas en relación a la justicia penal internacional y a la "carnicería" israelí en Gaza. Cierra el libro un capítulo que contiene cuatro breves "relatos de viaje" por Afganistán, Palestina, Colombia y Corea del Norte, itinerario que sin duda alimenta directamente sus agudas reflexiones.2 En el prólogo a la traducción española, asimismo, realiza sugestivas consideraciones sobre la reciente guerra contra Libia, aún sin conocer el desenlace (está fechado en junio de 2011). Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

International audience The three big ways of the modern emancipation, liberal, socialist and communist, are gradually questioned, in the second half of the 20th century, by wars, decolonization, ecological crisis and Soviet collapse. Do we have to give up the universalism and the emancipation ? No, the postmodern thoughts, in particular ecologism, try to open the other ways. ; Nous rappelons les trois grandes voies de l'émancipation moderne, libérale, socialiste et communiste. Toutes les trois sont progressivement remises en cause, dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, par les guerres, la décolonisation, la crise écologique et l'effondrement soviétique. Devons-nous renoncer à l'universalisme et à l'émancipation ? Non, les pensées postmodernes, notamment l'écologisme, cherchent à ouvrir d'autres voies.

To explore the passages between the Russian, Czech and German worlds in Czechoslovakia between the two wars, we relied on the example of Al'Fred Ljudvigovič Bem, a critical and historian literature. Russian of German origin, exiled to Prague after the October revolution, his personal and literary experience shows in his public and intimate writing the vitality of these exchanges and their limitations. ; Pour explorer les passages entre les univers russe, tchèque et allemand dans la Tchécoslovaquie de l'entre-deux-guerres, nous nous sommes appuyée sur l'exemple d'Al'fred Ljudvigovič Bem, critique et historien de la littérature. Russe d'origine allemande, exilé à Prague après la révolution d'Octobre, son expérience personnelle et littéraire montre dans ses écrits publics et intimes la vitalité de ces échanges et leurs limites.

This contribution is an unprecedented study of associations of writers on the front in Belgium between two wars on the basis of unprecedented archive material. For the sake of context, I shall briefly discuss the situation in France and Germany, before highlighting the Belgian case. The writers on the front were mainly linked to the literary journals La Renaissance d'Occident, led by Maurice Gauchez, and La Revue Nationale, headed by Robert Merget. In a comparative approach, we will look at the reception of war literature in these publications and in this context question nationalist, cosmopolitan or peaceful perceptions. The last two sections will focus on the Invalidates of the region of Eupen-Malmedy, which was attached to Belgium in 1920, and their only writer from the front, Peter Schmitz. ; This previously unpublished study about the war poet associations in Belgium between the First and the Second World Wars is based on disregarded archive material. In order to give the reader a larger context, this paper starts with a brief outline of the situation in France and Germany. It eventually throws light on the Belgian case, where the war poets were mainly linked to two literary journals, namely La Renaissance d'Occident, edited by Maurice Gauchez, and La Revue Nationale, edited by Robert Merget. In a comparative approach, the article will then focus on the reception of war literature in these publications, before considering how nationalist, cosmopolitan and pacifist perceptions prevail. The last two sections are dedicated to the ex-servicemen (Invalides) of Eupen-Malmedy, a region annexed to Belgium in 1920, and to its only war poet, Peter Schmitz. ; This contribution is an unprecedented study of associations of writers on the front in Belgium between two wars on the basis of unprecedented archive material. For the sake of context, I shall briefly discuss the situation in France and Germany, before highlighting the Belgian case. The writers on the front were mainly linked to the literary journals La ...

The estimated intensity of the current global imbalance from 1850 to 2002 makes it possible to distinguish between a British cycle and a foreign cycle. This paper identifies the stages in the UK cycle of international financial imbalances from the inflow of American gold into Europe to the signing of the Bretton Woods Agreements. After the emergence of modern imbalances in the 19th century, it was the creation of a bridging loop — investment abroad — income in Bretagneet in several major countries that explained the growing global imbalance during the first financial globalisation. The two world wars then precipitated the rise of the United States to the detriment of the United Kingdom and the disorder of the inter-war wars reduced the global imbalance. ; L'estimation de l'intensité du déséquilibre courant mondial de 1850 à 2002 permet de distinguer un cycle britannique et un cycle américain. Ce papier identifie les étapes du cycle britannique des déséquilibres financiers internationaux depuis l'afflux d'or américain en Europe jusqu'à la signature des accords de Bretton Woods. Après l'émergence des déséquilibres courants modernes au XIXe siècle, c'est la mise en place d'une boucle balance courante - investissements à l'étranger - revenus en Grande-Bretagne et dans plusieurs grands pays qui explique la croissance du déséquilibre courant mondial durant la première mondialisation financière. Les deux guerres mondiales ont ensuite précipité la montée des États-Unis au détriment du Royaume-Uni et le désordre de l'entre-deux-guerres a réduit le déséquilibre courant mondial.

"Language wars lie at the heart of Belgian history. Through a succession of bitter battles, endless power struggles and laborious compromises, Belgium's political leaders gradually managed to elaborate, adjust and readjust a legal framework likely to facilitate a fairly peaceful cohabitation of the populations and a reasonably effective functioning of the institutions. But while squabbles are still going on about the survival of linguistic "facilities" in a number of Flemish communes or about how fluent Brussels firemen need to be in Dutch, the linguistic landscapes of Europe, Belgium and Brussels are undergoing unprecedented transformation which it is high time for us to appreciate." In this strong text, based amongst other things on the data presented in the Eurobarometer special 2006 issue entitled "Europeans and their languages", Professor Philippe Van Parijs gives his enlightened opinion as an intellectual involved in Brussels affairs in order to get the public debate to move forward.

National audience The article questions the contribution of merchants and marketing to the functioning of the market economy. It shows how, at the beginning of the century, the deviating economists who formed the basis of the discipline managed to build bridges between science and market control, first by gradually separating the practical know-how of managers and then translating these knowledge into a management science geared towards understanding and mastering concrete markets. In the period between the wars, the application of industrial taylorism to market management and the anchoring of commercial science to the industrial will of the New Deal enabled the marketing to 'take' the course of economic affairs and to regain the game of a failing market in an 'invisible underhand'. The subsequent changes in marketing in the form of positive science, pure academy and even social science often hostile to the world of management have paradoxically only extended the categories and tools of discipline to other segments of society and the economy, to the point that one can now wonder whether marketing has over time become the ruse of the economy. ; The paper discusses the possible contribution of marketers and marketing to the functioning of the market economy. Through the gathering of the managers' various forms of know-how and the reformulation of them as a science of real markets, the deviant economists who pioneered the marketing field at the beginning of the century succeeded in building bridges between the science of markets and their practice. In the interwar period, the application of industrial taylorism to the management of markets and the junction between marketing and the New Deal helped marketing to get a hold on the economy and to clandestinely animate the game of a weakened market. Paradoxically enough, the later transformations of marketing as a positive science, as pure academism or even as a social science often hostile towards managerial interests have only but extended the categories and the tools ...

The Franco-centre European relations between the two wars are indicative of France's inability to set up, without the Anglo-Saxons, a backward security system based on new states, divided and convened by the major neighbouring powers. However, this attempt left deep psychological and cultural traces, which France might be tempted to replay at the end of the Russian domination phase in 1989. ; International audience The Franco-central European relations between the two World Wars are indicative of France's incapacity to establish alone, without the Anglo-Saxons, a security system based on reverse alliances with the new States, divided and coveted by great neighboring powers. The fact remains that this attempt has left deep cultural and psychological tracks, which France might be tempted to play again after the end of Russian domination in 1989. ; The Franco-centre European relations between the two wars are indicative of France's inability to set up, without the Anglo-Saxons, a backward security system based on new states, divided and convened by the major neighbouring powers. However, this attempt left deep psychological and cultural traces, which France might be tempted to replay at the end of the Russian domination phase in 1989. ; Les relations franco-centre-européennes entre les deux guerres sont révélatrices de l'incapacité de la France seule à mettre sur pied, sans les Anglo-Saxons, un système de sécurité de revers fondé sur des Etats nouveaux, divisés et convoités par les grandes puissances limitrophes. Il n'en reste pas moins que cette tentative a laissé des traces psychologiques et culturelles profondes, que la France pourrait être tentée de faire rejouer au terme de la phase de domination russe, en 1989.

architects' career under occupation, architects' daily history from 1939 to 1945, their work and production under occupation. The training of the Chamber of Architects under the Vichy regime is particularly studied. The question is successively: the role of the various construction operators, construction companies, surveyors, engineers and architects between the two wars; draft regulations for the profession of architect; the birth of the Chamber of Architects; the conditions governing access to and exercise of the profession, followed by the appearance and dominance of a Parisian elite ; Code CNRS 507 982 ; architects' career under occupation, architects' daily history from 1939 to 1945, their work and production under occupation. The training of the Chamber of Architects under the Vichy regime is particularly studied. The question is successively: the role of the various construction operators, construction companies, surveyors, engineers and architects between the two wars; draft regulations for the profession of architect; the birth of the Chamber of Architects; the conditions governing access to and exercise of the profession, followed by the appearance and dominance of a Parisian elite ; Le parcours des architectes sous l'occupation, l'histoire au quotidien des architectes de 1939 à 1945, leur travail et leur production sous l'occupation. Il est particulièrement étudié la formation de l'ordre des architectes sous le régime de Vichy. Il est successivement question : du rôle des différents acteurs de la construction, entreprises de BTP, géomètres, ingénieurs et architectes entre les deux guerres ; des projets de règlementation de la profession d'architecte ; de la naissance de l'ordre des architectes ; des conditions d'accès et d'exercice de la profession puis de l'apparition et de la domination d'une élite parisienne