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Introduction -- The problem -- History and present day -- The first era -- The second era -- The third era -- The current era -- Scope of today's problem -- Official data -- Self-report data -- Geographic area -- Rural and suburban areas -- Gender -- Race/ethnicity -- Age -- Chapter summary -- Definitions -- Definitional issues -- Definitions of gangs -- Group process definitions -- Crime-based definitions -- The gang versus peer groups -- Definition of gang member -- Definitions of gang crime -- Chapter summary -- Explanations of gangs -- The environmental effect -- Social disorganization theory -- Thrasher and the Chicago School -- Collective efficacy -- Strain theory -- Anomie theory -- Status frustration theory -- Differential opportunity theory -- Summary of strain theory -- Subcultural theory -- Lower class focal concerns -- Underclass theory -- Wilson's truly disadvantaged -- Segmented labor market theory -- Summary of underclass theory -- Integrated theory -- Multiple marginality -- Klein's integrated model -- Chapter summary -- Explanations of gang membership -- The individual effect -- Risk factors -- Push risk factors -- Community risk -- School risk -- Peer group risk -- Individual risk -- Pull risk factors -- Traditional delinquency theory -- Learning theory -- Social learning theory -- Support for social learning theory -- Control theory -- Social bonding theory -- Support for social bonding theory -- A general theory of crime -- Support for a general theory of crime -- The classical school -- Rational choice theory -- Support for rational choice theory -- Interactional theory -- Gang-specific theories -- The defiant individualistic character -- The hyperadolescent -- The sociopathic personality -- Multiple marginality -- Chapter summary -- Gang organization and group process -- Gang variation -- Behavioral typologies -- Organizational features -- The clique structure -- Role differentiation -- Groupthink -- Social codes -- Expressions of conformity -- Rules of prohibited behavior -- Territory and migration -- Structural typologies -- Cohesion and group development -- The role of conflict -- Chapter summary -- The gang member -- Gang member variation -- Joining the gang -- Recruitment -- Initiation rituals -- Types of gang members -- The everyday gang member -- Gang tattoos -- Graffiti -- Gang member movements -- The impact of gang membership -- Values and self-esteem -- Social institutions -- Criminal justice system contact -- Leaving the gang -- Long-term effects -- Chapter summary -- Criminal behavior -- Gang crime -- The gang member -- The individual process -- The gang -- The group process -- The gang member and the gang -- Nonviolent crime -- Substance use -- Property crime -- Drug sales -- Violent crime -- Guns -- Drive-by shootings -- Homicide -- The connection -- Chapter summary -- Race and ethnicity -- Understanding the problem -- Hispanic/Latino gangs -- The history -- Gangs of the 1930s and 1940s -- Gangs of the 1970s -- Hispanic gang experiences -- Contemporary Hispanic gangs -- Latin kings -- Ms-13 -- Black American gangs -- The history -- Los Angeles black gangs -- Chicago black gangs -- Black gang experiences -- Asian gangs -- The history -- Asian gangs in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s -- Asian gang experiences -- Contemporary Asian gangs -- American Indian gangs -- The history -- American Indian gang experiences -- White gangs -- The history -- The case of neo-nazi skinheads -- Chapter summary -- The female gang member -- Understanding the problem -- The historical foundation -- Stereotyping females -- Our current knowledge -- The extent of female involvement -- The age dynamic -- Gender composition of gangs -- Beyond sexual exploitation -- Gender, race, ethnicity, and class -- Joining the gang -- Risk factors -- Reasons for joining -- Gang initiation -- Female identity -- Criminal involvement -- Level of offending -- The group influence -- Violent crime -- Economic crime -- The effects of gang membership -- Chapter summary -- Prison gangs -- Understanding prison gangs -- Definition -- Extent of prison gangs -- Proliferation of prison gangs -- Prison gang dynamics -- Reasons for prison gangs -- Prison gang members -- Structure and rules -- Traditional prison gangs -- Policies and programs -- Identification of problem -- Suppression strategies -- Validation process -- Segregation and isolation -- Legal challenges -- Alternate strategies -- Knowledge-based programs -- Reintegration-based programs -- Chapter summary -- Prevention and intervention -- Understanding prevention and intervention -- Approaches to prevention -- Assessing the community -- Implementing policy -- The Spergel model -- Community mobilization -- Social intervention -- Current programs -- Opportunities provisions -- Suppression -- Police agencies -- Gang injunctions -- Organizational change -- Legislation -- Comprehensive strategies -- Gang violence reduction project -- The Boston miracle -- Chapter summary -- The future of gangs -- Our understanding -- History -- Definition -- The group perspective -- The individual perspective -- Diversity -- The prison-street connection -- Policy -- The future -- Empowerment -- Community support -- Political involvement -- Chapter summary -- Bibliography -- Index

Book Reviews in This Article:GREAT BRITAIN. K. H. Connell. Irish Peasant Society: Four Historical Essays.Cyril Hart. The Hidation of Northamptonshire.Ian Kershaw (Ed.). Bolton Priory Rentals and Ministers'Accounts, 1473‐1539. Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series, CXXXII.K. P. Wilson (Ed.). Chester Customs Accounts, 1301‐1566.Calendar of Treasury Books Preserved in the Public Record Office. Vol. XXVIII, pt II: January‐July 1714.R. M. Hartwell (Ed.). The Industrial Revolution. Nuffield College Studies in Economic History.Philip Whitting. Coins, Tokens and Medals of the East Riding of Yorkshire.Eric Robinson and Douglas McKie (Eds.). Partners in Science. Letters of James Watt and Joseph Black.A. G. L. Shaw (Ed.). Great Britain and the Colonies, 1815‐1865.Joel H. Wiener. A Descriptive Finding List of Unstamped British Periodicals, 1830‐1836.Alice Mary Hadfield. The Chartist Land Company.J. E. G. Peters. The Development of Farm Buildings in Western Lowland Staffordshire up to 1880.S. B. Saul (Ed.). Technological Change: The United States and Britain in the igth Century.S. Pollard (Ed.). The Gold Standard and Employment Policies between the Wars.Ruth Pike. Enterprise and Adventure. The Genoese in Seville and the Opening of the New World.Stanley J. and Barbara H. Stein. The Colonial Heritage of Latin America: Essays on Economic Dependence in Perspective.Van Cleaf Bachman. Peltries or Plantations: The Economic Policies of the Dutch West India Company in New Netherland, 1623‐1639.Thomas C. Barrow. Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in Colonial America, 1660‐1775.Glyndwr Williams (Ed.). Andrew Graham's Observations on Hudson's Bay, 1767‐91. With an Introduction by Richard Glover.Malcolm Rohrbough. The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, iy8g‐i83j.Peter Temin. The Jacksonian Economy.S. F. Wise and Robert Craig Brown. Canada Views the United States: Nineteenth Century Political Attitudes.Paul M. Gaston. The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mytkmaking.Paul W. Gates. The Illinois Central Railroad and Its Colonization Work. Reprint of 1934 edition with a new Introduction.Jagk Poggi. Theater in America: The Impact of Economic Forces, 1870‐1967.Elmus R. Wicker. Federal Reserve Monetary Policy.Frank Cormier and William J. Eaton. Reuther.Robert P. Swierenga (Ed.). Quantification in American History: Theory and Research.Vincent P. Carosso. Investment Banking in America.Daniel M. Fox. The Discovery of Abundance, Simon JV. Patten and the Transformation of Social Theory.C. C. Qualey (Ed.). Thorstein Veblen.Rolf Sprandel. Das Eisengewerbe im Mittelalter.Horst‐Detlef Illemann. Bäuerliche Besitzrechte im Bistum Hildesheim. Eine Quellenstudie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Grundherrschaft des ehemaligen Klosters St. Michaelis in Hildesheim.Friedrich Luutge (Ed.). Wirtschqftliche und soziale Probleme der gewerblichen Entwicklung im 15.‐16. und 19. Jahrhundert.Ekkehard Wiest. Die Entwicklung des Nürnberger Gewerbes zwischen 1648 und 1806.Friedrigh Wilhelm Henning. Dienste und Abgaben der Bauern im 18. Jahrhundert.Focko Eulen. Vom Gewerbefleiβ zur Industrie. Ein Beitrag zur Wirtschajlsgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts.Margareta Edlin‐Thieme. Studien zur Geschichte des Münchner Handelsstandes im 18. Jahrhundert.Martin Schumacher. Auslandsreisen deutscher Untemehmer, 1750–1851, unier besonderer Berücksichtigung von Rheinland und Westfalen.Peter Scherer. Reichsstift und Gotteshaus Weingarten im 18. Jahrhundert. Ein Beitrag zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte der südwestdeutschen Grundherrschaft.Erich Maschke (Ed.). Die Pforzheimer Schmuck‐ und Uhrenindustrie.Marie‐Elisabeth Vopelius. Die altliberalen Ökonomen und die Reformzeit.Lothar Schneider. Der Arbeiterhaushalt im 18. und ig. Jahrkundert. Dargestellt am Beispiel des Heim‐ und des Fabrikarbeiters.Heinrich Rubner. Forslgeschichte im Zeitalter der industriellen Revolution.Juurgen Kuczynski. Eine Weltübersicht über die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter.Juurgen Kocka. Unternehmensverwaltung und Angestelltenschaft am Beispiel Siemens, 1847 bis 1914. Zum Verhältnis von Kapitalismus und Bürokratie in der deutschen Industrialisierung.Karl Anders. Stein für Stein. Die Leute von Bau–Steine–Erden und ihre Gewerkschaften, i86g bis ig6g.Helmut Bouhme. Prolegomena zu einer Sozial‐ und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert.Wolfram Fischer (Ed.). Wirtschafts‐ und sozialgeschichtliche Probleme der frühen Indus‐trialisierung.Frits Kool and Werner Krause (Eds.). Die frühen Sozialisten.Hans Herzfeld and Gerd Heinrich (Eds.). Berlin und die Provinz Brandenburg im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert.Guunther Franz (Ed.). Universität Hohenheim (Landwirtschaftliche Hochsckule) 1818‐1968.Ernst Klein. Die akademischen Lehrer der Universität Hohenheim (Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule) 1818‐1968.150 Jahre Universität Hohenheim. Vorträge, Ansprachen, Glückwünsche und Ehrungen beider Jubiläumsfeier, 19. bis 21. Juni 1968.Harald Winkel. Die Ablösungskapitalien aus der Bauembefreiung in West‐ und Süddeutschland. Höhe und Verwendung bei den Standes‐ und Grundherren.Manfred Erdmann. Die verfassungspolitische Funktion der Wirtschqftsverbände in Deutsch‐land 1815‐1871.Gerhard Adelmann (Ed.). Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der sozialen Betriebsverfassung. Ruhrindustrie, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Industrie‐ und Handelskammerbezirks Essen, Vol. n: Soziale Betriebsverfassung einzelner Unternehmen der Ruhrindustrie.Gertrud Adelmann (Ed.). Registerband zur Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der sozialen Betriebsverfassung.Manfred Seeger. Die Politik der Reichsbank von 1876‐1914 im Lichte der Spielregeln der Goldwährung.Karl‐Gustav Werner. Organisation und Politik der Gewerkschaften und Arbeitgeberverbände in der deutschen Bauwirtschaft.Josef Wein. Die Verbandsbildung im Einzelhandel. Mittelstandsbewegung, Organisatinnen der Groβbetriebe, Fachverbände, Genossenschaften und Spitzenverband.Hans‐Jurgen Puhle. Agrarische Interessenpolitik undpreujtischer Konsewatismus im Wilhelminischen Reich, 1893‐1914.Konrad Roesler. Die Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Reiches im Ersten Weltkrieg.Henning Kohler. Arbeitsdienst in Deutschland. Pläne und Verwirklichungsformen bis zur Einführung der Arbeitsdienstpflicht im Jahre 1935.Wilhelm Magura. Chronik der Agrarpolitik und Agrarwirtschaft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1945 bis 1967.

Mario Vargas Llosa ha sido uno de ios autores en lengua española más traducidos en China. El proceso de traducción de la obra vargasilosiana justamente se corresponde con el incremento y desarrollo de la traducción de ia literatura hispánica en China* Por esa razón esta Tesis analiza la traducción del escritor hispanoperuano en China en el contexto de ia difusión más generalizada de ía literatura hispánica en el país oriental. Para conocer ei lugar de Vargas Liosa en la traducción general de la literatura hispánica en China, es necesario deslindar el peso de ésta en la recepción de literatura occidental en el país y, además, comprender cabalmente ia función de la traducción en la historia de la cultura china, las teorías al respecto y las huellas de la misma en la modernidad. Ei primer capítulo de ía Tesis describe, de manera breve pero completa, la historia de ia traducción en China. Esa actividad se remonta a dos mi años atrás, época en ia que se documentan traducciones de poemas de diferentes etnias chinas, aunque pocas y dispersas. Hay que esperar a la dinastía Han dei Este (25-220 d.C.) para que pueda hablarse de origen de la traducción como práctica relevante en ia conformación de ia cultura china y su tradición, con la traducción de sutras budistas en China, que se extiende hasta eí siglo XIX, Aunque durante casi dos mil años el budismo sufrió en China críticas y resistencias, ía traducción de ios sutras constituye un hito en nuestra cultura. En este proceso no sólo surgieron los grandes maestros y teóricos de ia traducción chinos, sino también traductores extranjeros, principalmente de (a India antigua, En esta parte dei trabajo, además de interpretar el proceso de traducción de los sutras budistas, hemos explicado las primeras teorías sobre la técnica y la función de la traducción, fundamentales para entender la traducción literaria en la China contemporánea: se ha privilegiado las reflexiones de Xuan Zang y Jiumo Luoshí, entre los otros, describiendo brevemente ia discusión entre dos posturas enfrentadas: ia traducción fiel o literal y la traducción líbre. En los últimos años del siglo XIX ios países occidentales y Japón comenzaron sus invasiones de China y bajo este fondo histórico cesó ía traducción de ios sutras y comenzó la de obras científicas y tecnológicas. Desde entonces hasta la fundación de la República Popular China (1949) una de las metas más importantes de ios traductores chinos ha sido la posibilidad de salvar ai país de su retraso cultural y tecnológico a través de la traducción de obras clave de ía cultura, eí pensamiento y la ciencia universal, buscando evitar eí aislamiento de China y su pérdida de conexión con la contemporaneidad. Los traductores chinos de los últimos años dei siglo XIX y de comienzos dei XX versionaron una enorme cantidad de obras científicas y tecnológicas, no siempre con criterio, pero con eí objetivo de conseguir que China siguiese el camino de éxito y prosperidad de íos países occidentales más relevantes. En ía misma época hizo su aparición ia traducción literaria, anecdótica hasta ese momento. Aunque la mayoría de estas primeras traducciones de obras {Iterarías no fueron completas ni siempre de calidad, aparecieron ya varios traductores legendarios, como Lin Shu, que tradujo un centenar de obras extranjeras de diferentes íenguas sin conocer ninguna de ellas. Durante este periodo nos hemos centrado en ía figura de Yan Fu, quien propuso ios tres famosos -dentro de ia cultura china- principios que deben guiar una buena traducción: fidelidad, fluidez y elegancia. Estos principios hoy en día siguen siendo evocados y respetados por ios traductores chinos. La traducción de obras tecnológicas y científicas no consiguió los propósitos que se fijaron sus impulsores. En ei ámbito intelectual empezó a surgir la convicción de que ios problemas de la nación tenían más que ver con eí desarrollo cultural e intelectual que con el tecnológico-científico, lo que impulsó la traducción literaria. De hecho, en la primera mitad del siglo XX, aun siendo época de guerras, ios debates literarios y sobre la traducción fueron apasionados y encendidos. Traductores como tu Xun, Mao Dun, entre muchos otros, ofrecieron traducciones de muy aita calidad y desarrollaron sus propias teorías. ¿Traducción literal o libre? ¿De la lengua origina! o aprovechando también traducciones en otras lenguas? Todas estas disputas hicieron que la traducción literaria en China adquiriese una enorme vitalidad. La situación cambió en el año 1966, con ei inicio de la Gran Revolución Cultural. Cesó casi por completo la traducción literaria en China, con la excepción de aquellas obras que respondían plenamente a los objetivos políticos del régimen. La Gran Revolución Cultural duró diez años y solo en los años 80 del siglo pasado se reactivó la traducción literaria en China. Gracias al desarrollo económico del país y a la madurez paulatina de (os traductores, la mayoría de las obras clásicas -también clásicos contemporáneo- de la literatura occidental se tradujo al chino. En cuanto a la traducción de la literatura hispánica en China, desde un punto de vísta macroscópico, puede decirse que se corresponde con eí proceso general de desarrollo de la traducción literaria en este país. Sin embargo, corno en China la difusión de la literatura hispánica ha sido considerablemente menor que la de las literaturas rusa o en lengua inglesa, tiene sus propias características y su particular desarrollo. El segundo capítulo de la Tesis describe y analiza, pues, la historia de la traducción de las literaturas española y latinoamericanas en China. La traducción de literatura española empezó temprano; por ejemplo el ya mencionado Un Shu tradujo una parte del Quijote a principios del siglo XIX y en los años 20 del siglo pasado ya habían adquirido cierta difusión varios escritores reconocidos como Pió Banoja o Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, entre otros. Aun así, hasta los años 80 dei siglo pasado no ha habido un criterio sólido y definido, desde el punto de ! vista académico, que haya regido la paulatina introducción de la literatura en español en China. Han sido más bien acciones dispersas derivadas de criterios editoriales no siempre acertados. En los años 80, coincidiendo con i y motivado por la concesión del Premio Nobel a Gabriel García Márquez en 1982, la traducción ríe literatura hispánica en China alcanza un momento álgido; a partir de ese momento la mayoría de tes obras representativas en español se traducen; autores de Siglos de Oro, de la Generación del 98, dei boom latinoamericano; etc, En 1992 China firmó la Convención Universal sobre Derechos de Autor, lo que afectó mucho a la traducción de la literatura española, ya que ios lectores chinos estaban más familiarizados con la inglesa, francesa o rusa. Además, en los años 90 aminoró el fervor de los lectores por la literatura extranjera, en gran medida provocado éste como reacción a la Revolución cultural china. Sin embargo, en el nuevo siglo, particularmente desde el año 2009, junto con la publicación de nuevas traducciones de novelas de Vargas Llosa, García Márquez y Roberto Bolaño, la traducción de literatura hispánica parece haber remontado, encontrando un mercado interesado por una literatura que, sobre todo gracias al éxito internacional de Bolaño, vuelve a ser atrayente. El tercer capítulo se centra en la traducción de la obra de Vargas liosa en China. Esta parte se divide, a su vez, en cinco. En las tres primeras se describen detalladamente ¡as versiones' al chino de las novelas vargasilosianas en los años 80 y 90 del siglo pasado y en el nuevo siglo, con comparaciones, juicios y análisis minuciosos y valorativos, La primera traducción china de Vargas Liosa, concretamente de La dudad y ¡os perros, apareció en 1981, En los años 80 La casa verde, la tía Juiia y eí escribidor, La guerra dei fin dei mundo, Pantaieón y ias visitadorase Historía de Maytafueron sucesivamente traducidas ai chino. La casa verdees hasta la fecha la única novela vargasllosiana con dos versiones chinas. Hemos querido demostrar que la historia y la cultura china en esos años se refleja en ias circunstancias que rodearon ias políticas y criterios editoriales y académicos de la traducción vargasllosiana. Por ejemplo, Pantaieón y ias visitadoras sufrió la censura de sus escenas eróticas, siendo la literalidad de lo sexual en la literatura algo inusual y cercano al tabú en la cultura china, La traducción de Vargas Llosa en China llegó a su apogeo en los años 90, Fue el autor con un mayor número de obras en "Colecciones de fa literatura latinoamericana", la famosa serie de Yunnan People's Publishing House, y en 1996 empezó a publicarse "Obras completas de Vargas Liosa" colección que incluyó casi todas las obras publicadas hasta esa fecha por el escritor hispano-peruano. Desde 2001 hasta 2.008 solo apareció una nueva traducción vargasllosiana (Cartas a un joven novelista)* Durante unos diez años los lectores chinos; tuvieron poca noticia literaria del autor. La situación mejoró a partir de 2009 con la reedición de la La ciudad y ios perros, y la traducción de Eí paraíso en la otra esquina y La fiesta deí chivo. Tras la obtención del Premio Nobel Vargas Llosa en 2010, se reeditaron muchas novelas vargasilosianas, pero se perdió la oportunidad de revisar, mejorar y/o corregir ias ya antiguas versiones de ios años SO de! siglo pasado. En la cuarta parte dei mismo capítulo se repasan los artículos sobre Vargas Llosa que aparecieron en esos años en algunas Importantes revistas literarias chinas, con el fin de obtener conclusiones acerca de la recepción de la obra dei escritor en China. En la última parte de este capítulo se analiza la difusión de la obra vargasHosiana utiIizand(^ cifra s_de impresión, noticias en prensa y estudios comparativos entre la traducción y el texto original. Como una paradoja, entre los escritores, hispanistas e investigadores chinos hay unanimidad en los elogios hacia Vargas Liosa, mientras que ia venta de sus obras siempre ha sido minoritaria. Dé modo Que en esta Tesis he propuesto dividir a los lectores chinos de Vargas Liosa en dos grupos: eí grupo del ave fénix y eí del buitre. Los primeros, principalmente escritores, hispanistas, investigadores chinos y lectores con experiencia, disfrutan de ías complejidades de la narrativa vargasllosíana y de su singularidad o rareza respectó de la tradición novelística china; mientras que ios segundos, aunque admitiendo el valor artístico de ia producción vargasliosiana, por ia complejidad estructural y las técnicas literarias empíedas, no consiguen entrar en el mundo de ficción creado por él, Si bien avanzo ios tres capítulos anteriores desde una perspectiva macroscópica, en el cuarto capítulo he intentado hacer un análisis microscópico. He procedido a comparar detalladamente las dos versiones chinas de La casa verde identificando sus principales diferencias y estableciendo al respecto razonados y argumentados juicios de valor: i) diferentes expresiones para una misma palabra; 2) interpretación léxica Incorrecta; 3) confusiones e incomprensiones; 4) uso de notas al pie; 5) respeto del valor literario; 6) traducción de frases hechas del español y uso de ia frase hecha china. Sun Jiameng, traductor de La casa verde y otras novelas clásicas españolas como El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de ia Mancha y Rayueia, ha redactado un manual sobre traducción literaria dei español ai chino, con ejemplos procedentes de su propia traducción. En esta parte del trabajo se glosa, además, de manera complementaria, el manual de Sun Jiameng intentando con eilo revisar sus ideas y contribuir a una futura y mejor traducción de La casa verde. Antes de terminar eí trabajo, he hecho un breve recorrido por la situación de la traducción de Vargas Llosa en Taiwán para ofrecer un panorama más completo ríe la traducción del gran literato a la lengua china. En esta parte, he creído pertinente establecer un análisis comparativo entre algunos ia traducción de Taiwán y efe la China continental de Eiparaíso en ia otra esquina. Vargas Llosa es uno de los dos escritores latinoamericanos con edición de sus obras completas en China. Fue presentado a los lectores chinos por primera vez en 1979, a través de un artículo escrito por Zhao Deming, principal traductor de Vargas Llosa en China; dos años después, el mismo Zhao tradujo La ciudad y tos perros. B decir; justo en ios años inmediatamente posteriores al fin de ía Gran Revolución Cultural irrumpía un escritor nuevo y atractivo que podía colmar las ansias de literatura extranjera que muchos lectores chinos aguardaban con impaciencia. Podemos decir que, en algún sentido, la traducción china de Vargas Llosa también ha sido testigo y producto de la historia cultural china de ios últimos treinta y cinco años. La traducción de Vargas Liosa, como se ha querido mostrar, representa ei desarrollo, la decadencia y el repunte actual de la traducción de ¡a literatura en español en China. Con este trabajo, me he propuesto describir minuciosamente el proceso de la traducción de Vargas Llosa al chino, siempre en el contexto más amplio de i a difusióíi de la literatura hispánica en China. En segundo lugar, quiero también mostrar la situación, calidad y circunstancias de ios traductores chinos de lengua española y de la realidad cultural del iector chino como hipotético receptor de literatura extranjera. Por último, además de concluir ios éxitos conseguidos en el campo de la traducción literaria en China, también indico en este trabajo los problemas existentes que se deben abordar y resolver: carencia de diferentes versiones de una misma novela o ausencia de traductores jóvenes. Aún así, con ei creciente número de estudiantes de filología hispánica y fas nuevas traducciones de escritores de íengua española en estos arlos, y con ia progresiva transición de los lectores dei grupo de buitre a! del ave fénix, creemos que ia traducción de la literatura hispánica en China tiene un futuro prometedor. ; Mario Vargas Llosa is a great Latin American author in the world,and his works are translated very often in China. His works in Chinese version accord with the translation law of the Spanish literature. In this passage, we will take his works as examples to show the general translation situation of Spanish and Latin American literature in China. In order to study the state of his works' translation into Chinese in the Spanish literature' translation into Chinese, we should know the important state of the Spanish literature in the foreign literature' translation into Chinese, and we must figure out what the literature translation matters in China. The process of study is just like his writing style "China set box". In the first chapter, I will show the history of Chinese translation. Two thousands years ago, therehas been some translation activities in China. In that period, the translation mainly serves the government, and there is also poem translation in different nations, but these translations are less of systematic. In the dynasty of Dong Han(BC25-220), Buddhist sutras have been Introduced to China- The translation of Buddhist continues to the 19th century. During almost 1900 years, the translation of Buddhist sutras goes through critique and resistance, but for rulers, the translation of Buddhist sutras is always the important thing. During translating Buddhist sutras, many excellent Chinese translators and foreign.translators mainly from ancient India make great conJj'ibLition. in this chapter, except for stating the general process of Buddhist translation in China, I also introduce some translators' translation theories, for example, Hsuan Tsang and Kumarajiva, and state the battle between transliteration and free translation. In the end of 19* century, with the Invasion from west countries and Japan, instead of translating Buddhist; translators focused on the works about technology. From then to 1949, one important target of translation is to save the nation. In the end of 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century, Chinese translators translated many technology works to spread tiie advanced technology and successful patterns from west countries. At the same time, the translation of foreign literature entered the stage of start. In this period, most translations of works are lack of system and are of poor quality, but many translators are full of legend. For instance, Lin Shu who doesn't study any foreign languages translates hundreds of foreign literature works. In the first chapter, the translator Yan Fu Is referred frequently. His translation theory^faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" is regarded as translation standard in China. The translation about technology works doesn't make difference in that time, so the Chinese translators gradually realize that It's thought not technology that can save China. Accordingly the translation of foreign literature is thought highly. In the first half of the 20th century, although being in the war time, Hie scholars were passionate for the debate on the literature and literature translation. Many translators such as LuXun and Mao Dun have many excellent translation versions of foreign literature and their own translation theories. The debate on transliteration or free translation makes the translation of foreign literature more energetic in China. In 1966, the Great Culture Revolution was broken, and translation of foreign literature had great change. In this period, the translation of foreign literature was almost stopped, except for the translation of some politically positive works. Until the end of the Great Culture Revolution, the translation of foreign literature gradually regain the energy. With the development of economy and translators, almost all important foreign literature works were translated into Chinese. The translation of Spanish literature Is an important branch of the translation of foreign literature. Generally their development trend is unanimous. As a minority language, the Spanish literature different from English and Russian literature can't rank the important standing, but the Spanish literature translation has its own unique characters. LinShu is the early one who translated Spanish literature, and he is the first one who translates^/? Quixote de id Mancha. In the 20th century, the works of the Spanish authors, PioBaroja and Vicente Blasco Ibafiez, have been translated into Chinese. In 1980s, the translation of Spanish and Latin American literature is still lack of systematic in China. In 1982, after GardaMarquez was awarded Nobef Prize, the translation of Spanish literature entered the boom period. The masterpieces of the famous Spanish authors were almost translated into Chinese, in 1392, China signed trie Universal Copyright Convention, which made great negative influence to the translation of Spanish literature in China. In 1990s, the Chinese readers preferred to the English, Russian and French literature, and they were less passionate for reading foreign literature than the reader of 1980s. The translation of Spanish literature met its Waterloo in China. In the 21th century, especially in 2009, the works of Vargas Llosa, GarciaMcirquez and Roberto Boiano etc. were translated into Chinese again, and the translation of Spanish literature recovered its vitality. In the third chapter, I summarize the process of Vargas Uosa's works' translation in China. This chapter will be divided into five parts. In the first three parts, I state the Vargas Uosa's works' translation situation in 1980s, 1990s and In the 21th century in China, meanwhile, I also show my own comparisons and comments. La ciudaci y ios perrons Chinese version published in 1981 is Vargas Uosa's work that was first translated into Chinese in all of his works, in 1980s, La casa verde, La tia Julia y ei escribidortL& guerra del fin dei mundo,Pantafeon y lasvisitadoras and Historia de Mayta,etc, they were all translated Into Chinese. Among these works, la casa verde Is the only one that has two translation versions in China. Through summarizing the process, I also want to show tiie whole situation of translation of foreign literature in China in different periods. For example, the Chinese translation version of Pantaieon y lasvisitsdoras is not the complete translation, because of a lot of love and sex scenes in this book. In 1990s, the translation of Vargas Uosa's works in China entered the prosperous period. In the famous Latin American literature series published by Yunnan People's Publishing House, Vargas Llosa's works are the most translated In quantity. From 1996, Vargas Llosa collected works that almost cover his all books published. From 2001 to 2008, there is only one new translation version of his book {Cartas a unjovennovellsta). In the latest ten years, Chinese readers almost have no Idea ahoutVargas Llosa. From 2009, with the publication of the Chinese versions of La ciudad y ios perms, 0 paratso en ia otraesquina and La fiesta del chivo, and after Vargas Llosa was awarded Nobel Prize in 2010, the most works of Vargas Llosa were published again, but these are almost the re-publication of the 1980s' old versions. In the fourth part of the third chapter, I scan some Chinese versions of Vargas Uosa's articles in some I important foreign literature magazines. The earliest article that introduces Vargas Llosa was published in i979's periodical, and from 2001 to 2008, the introduction about Vargas Llosa only appeared in these periodicals. So I think this passage will be incomplete if not referring these magazines. In the last part of this chapter, I will introduce and analyzethe spread and reception of Vargas Llosa's books. Here I adopt the methods of comparison between Spanish original book and Chinese versions, and I use the printing volume and media reports, There is a contradiction, that is, although Chinese writers, translators and literature researchers are full of praise about Vargas Llosa's works, the sale of the Chinese versions of these books is not good. I advocate we should divide the readers into two types. One is phoenix type readers, the other vulture type readers. Chinese i writers, translators and literature researchers and readers who often read foreign literature belong to the first! type, and they can understand the complicated writing skills in Vargas Llosa's books, and they can appreciate his books' positive meaning. The readers belonging to the second type know the value of Vargas Llosa's books, but they shrink back at the sight of the writing skills and complicated novel structure. In the first three chapters, I do a general analysis, and in the fourth chapter I will do the research in detail. I compare the two Chinese versions of La casa verde in detail, and I find there are six big differences between these two Chinese versions. They are:!, the different expression of the same phrase; 2, the mistranslation of the original text; 3. the readers' misunderstanding caused by the Chinese versions; 4. the application of annotations; 5. the reservation of literary value; 6, the translation of Spanish proverbs and the adoption of Chinese proverbs. Sun Jiameng, the Chinese translator of La casa verde, translates many Spanish literature works into Chinese, such as E( Ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de fa Mancha, Rayuefa, etc. He published the book- A course in Spanish-Chinese translation in which he takes many translations of Vargas Llosa's works as examples. In the fourth chapter, I show my opinion about La casa verde, and I try to analyze the Chinese version of La casa verde from the point of my view, In the last part of the passage, I also introduce the translation situation of Vargas Llosa's books in Taiwan, and I want to show the overall translation situation of his books in China. In this chapter, I compare and study the mainland version and Taiwan version of 0 para/so en la otraesquina. Vargas Llosa is one of the only two Latin American writers who published the collected works in China, in 1978, Zhao Demlng,professor of Spanish literature in the University of Seijing,wrote an article which is the earliest introduction about Vargas Llosa. After two years, he published the Chinese translation version of La ciudad y /os perros. Vargas Llosa was introduced to China at the end of Cultural Revolution and in that time Chinese readers were full of passion for reading foreign literature. To some degree, Vargas Llosa became a witness of the translation of foreign literature In China during 35 years. The process of publication of Vargas Llosa's works' Chinese versions exactly right goes through the development, decline and revival of the translation of Spanish literature in China. On the basis of complete description and analysis of translation, publication and reception situation of Vargas Llosa's works, I want to do a complete analysis about the translation of Spanish literature in China. I also want to show the development of Chinese translators studying Spanish-Chinese translation and the situation of Chinese readers who read foreign literature. At the last, on the basis of performance we have achieved, I will point out the problems appearing in the process of translating Vargas Llosa's works and other Spanish literature works in China, For instance, we lack of different versions of the same works, and we need more young translators. With the rise of the number of students majoring in Spanish and with the translations of the most Spanish writers' works, the vulture type readers gradually turn Into the phoenix type readers. So I think Spanish literature still has great potential in China

The Biden administration's foreign policy record in 2023 won't give the president much to boast about in next year's election. The U.S. is even more overstretched at the end of 2023 than it was at the beginning, and the president has had very few policy successes. For most of the year, there weren't any major debacles, but that changed over the last two months as the president gave the Israeli government a blank check to wage a brutal war in Gaza. The president committed Washington to support another foreign war in the wake of the October 7 Hamas attack on Israel while the conflict in Ukraine settled into a stalemate. Even though the U.S. was under no obligation to support this war, the president made a point of turning it into one of his signature policies and linked it closely with support for Ukraine in his public rhetoric. Biden did not, and has not made a compelling case that unconditional support for Israel's campaign is in the best interests of the United States, and the costs of that support have been rising ever since. Furthermore, backing the war exposed U.S. forces in Iraq and Syria to renewed attacks from local militias, and it has also led to increasing risks for U.S. ships in the Red Sea as the Houthis have been launching attacks on commercial shipping to protest the war. The risks that the conflict could escalate and spread into other parts of the region have been growing, and so has the risk that the U.S. could become directly involved in a multi-front war. The president's instinct to back Israel to the hilt has made a wider war more likely and it has put U.S. forces in greater danger.U.S. support for Israel in Gaza has not only overshadowed the rest of Biden's foreign policy agenda, but it has also tied the U.S. to an indiscriminate bombing campaign and a punishing siege that is driving hundreds of thousands of Palestinian civilians into famine conditions. The Biden administration has not only torched whatever remained of Washington's credibility on human rights and international law, but it has closely associated the U.S. with the war crimes committed against Palestinian civilians.The damage to America's reputation has already been considerable, and the damage to American interests in the Middle East and beyond over the longer term will likely be significant.The setback for Biden's own agenda has been undeniable. The administration's biggest diplomatic initiative of 2023 — the ill-advised pursuit of Saudi-Israeli normalization — stalled when the war in Gaza showed the administration's understanding of the region to be fundamentally flawed. Having bought into the false assumption that U.S.-facilitated normalization agreements between Israel and Arab clients would stabilize the region, the administration failed to recognize how bad things were getting in occupied Palestine. Like their predecessors, the Biden administration did nothing to keep Netanyahu's coalition government in check as it pursued its creeping annexation of the West Bank. Believing that the Palestinians could be safely sidelined and that their grievances could be ignored, the administration was trying to find out what inducements it would take to get Mohammed bin Salman to endorse normalization. If they had been successful, it would have meant another security commitment and more costs for the United States, so it was just as well that this policy was derailed.It isn't clear how much of a factor the push for Saudi normalization was in contributing to Hamas' decision to attack, but it clearly wasn't helpful for the U.S. to waste so much effort on trying to entice the Saudis into a deal while tensions between Israel and the Palestinians was about to explode. National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan's infamous line uttered shortly before the start of the war about how the region was quieter than it had been in decades reflected how much the administration had come to believe its own press releases. Support for the war has cost the U.S. a lot of goodwill in countries of the Global South, and the administration's stubborn opposition to a ceasefire has left the U.S. as deeply isolated at the United Nations as it has ever been on a major issue. The administration had earlier emphasized the importance of competing for influence with other major powers in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, but with its hardline position on Gaza it seems to have frittered away most of whatever gains it has made. Especially for an administration that constantly talks about the importance of America's leadership role, it has outdone itself in alienating and driving the rest of the world away from the U.S. on this issue.U.S. support for the war in Ukraine has been undermined by backing for the war in Gaza in two ways. First, it has diverted U.S. attention and resources away from Ukraine as the U.S. has turned its focus once again to the Middle East. It has also made a mockery of the administration's rhetoric in support of Ukraine. The U.S. spent the better part of two years extolling the importance of international law to rally support for Ukraine, and then demonstrated that the U.S. doesn't hold its own clients and partners to the same standard that it expects from other states. The Biden record this year wasn't all bad. On the plus side, the U.S. made some modest progress in stabilizing relations with China near the end of the year after months of deteriorating ties in the wake of the spy balloon incident in February. There was a small diplomatic breakthrough with Iran in the summer that led to the release of five Americans that had been wrongfully detained by the Iranian government. Unfortunately, the administration then reneged on releasing Iranian funds that had been frozen under "maximum pressure" sanctions because they didn't want to be seen as "rewarding" Iran following Hamas' attack.The administration also recently secured another prisoner release agreement with the Venezuelan government. While these were positive results, they were also hardly earth-shattering.The Biden administration had more success in working with established allies. They further developed the technology-sharing AUKUS arrangement with Australia and Britain, and they took advantage of a temporary improvement in relations between South Korea and Japan to strengthen ties with both. In both cases, the administration was pushing on an open door, and it is questionable whether either arrangement will endure, but they can at least point to these things as examples of advancing Biden's agenda. Even more than in previous years, the Biden administration's foreign policy in 2023 has been defined by too much reliance on military tools and too little effort put into diplomatic engagement. That may be one of the reasons why the public now broadly disapproves of Biden's handling of foreign policy. Both for his own sake and for the sake of U.S. interests, the president needs to make some major course changes in 2024 in Gaza and in his overall approach to the world.

A survey of official reactions from 11 Global South states outside the Middle East/North Africa region — Brazil, Mexico, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Vietnam — reveals a consensus on condemnation of Hamas' attacks. But their statements differ on who's to blame, what's the solution, and what to do next. Most of the states selected in this survey are among the Global South's key middle powers. Four smaller or less influential states — Bangladesh, Kenya, Malaysia, and Singapore — also included.In Latin America, Brazil said it "condemns the series of bombings and ground attacks carried out today in Israel from the Gaza Strip (and) expresses condolences to the families of the victims and expresses its solidarity with the people of Israel.""There is no justification for resorting to violence, especially against civilians," the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs wrote in a statement. "The Brazilian Government urges all parties to exercise maximum restraint in order to avoid escalating the situation."Brazil also "reiterates its commitment to the two-state solution...within mutually agreed and internationally recognized borders" and "reaffirms that the mere management of the conflict does not constitute a viable alternative for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian issue, and the resumption of peace negotiations is urgent."Brazilian President Luiz Inacio "Lula" Da Silva also expressed his "rejection of terrorism in any of its forms" and called for a two-state solution. Brazil, as the United Nations Security Council president for October, called a closed emergency session of the Council this weekend. The meeting failed to agree on a statement.Mexico's foreign ministry "condemns the attacks suffered by the people of Israel (and) calls for an end to this inappropriate violence...to avoid an escalation that (will cause) greater...suffering to the civilian population."The Mexican statement also argued that it is "essential to resume the process of direct and good faith negotiations between both parties...within the framework of the two-state solution...within mutually agreed upon and internationally recognized secure borders in accordance with (United Nations resolutions)."Turning to Africa, Kenya's Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs "condemns, in the strongest terms possible, the unprovoked attack by Hamas militants" and called on both sides to "exercise restraint and seek a negotiated agreement" to the conflict.Nigeria, for its part, said it is "deeply concerned" at the "outbreak of hostilities between Israel and Hamas" and "calls for de-escalation and ceasefire" and a "peaceful resolution of the conflict through dialogue."South Africa called for an "immediate cessation of violence, restraint and peace." "The new conflagration has arisen from...illegal occupation of Palestine land, desecration of Al Aqsa mosque & Christian holy sites and ongoing oppression of the Palestinian people," the South African foreign ministry said in a statement on Saturday, calling for a return to the "1967 internationally recognized borders with East Jerusalem as capital" and also mentioning "the right of return."Looking at Asia, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi was quoted as saying he is "deeply shocked by the news of terrorist attacks in Israel, adding that he and his government "stand in solidarity with Israel." The Indian foreign ministry had not issued a press release on the crisis at the time of writing.Bangladesh's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that it "denounces the ongoing armed conflict between Israel and Palestine and deplores the resultant loss of innocent civilian lives (and) calls for an immediate ceasefire.""Living under the Israeli occupation and forced settlements in Palestinian territory will not bring peace," the statement continued, adding that Bangladesh "supports a two-state solution, Palestine and Israel, living side by side as independent states free of occupation following UN Resolutions No. 242 and 338."Indonesia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it "is deeply concerned with the escalation of conflict between Palestine and Israel.""Indonesia urges the immediate end of violence," the statement said. "The root of the conflict, namely the occupation of the Palestinian territories by Israel, must be resolved, in accordance with the parameters agreed upon by the UN."Vietnam said it is "profoundly concerned" and called "on relevant parties to exercise restraint" and "refrain from taking actions that complicate the situation." Hanoi added that it calls on "relevant parties" to "soon resume negotiations to resolve disagreements through peaceful means, on the basis of international law and the relevant resolutions of the UN Security Council."Meanwhile, Singapore stated that it "strongly condemns the rocket and terror attacks from Gaza on Israel, which have resulted in deaths and injuries of many innocent civilians.""We call for an immediate end to the violence and urge all sides to do their utmost to protect the safety and security of civilians," said a spokesperson for Singapore's foreign ministry.Malaysia said it "is deeply concerned over the loss of so many lives due to the latest escalation of clashes in and around the Gaza Strip. At this critical time...parties must exercise utmost restraint and de-escalate.""The root cause must be acknowledged," the statement continued. "The Palestinians have been subjected to the prolonged illegal occupation, blockade and sufferings, the desecration of Al-Aqsa, as well as the politics of dispossession at the hands of Israel as the occupier.""There should be no...flagrant hypocrisy in dealing with any regime that practices apartheid and blatantly violates...international law," Malaysia's foreign ministry added. "Palestinians have the legal right to live in a state of peace within its own recognised borders based on pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital."While each of these 11 states has, as one could expect, condemned the horrific attack by Hamas, their statements reveal different leanings on Israel. India (though an official foreign ministry statement is still not out) currently seems closest to the Israeli and American position, by invoking terrorism with no mention of de-escalation, the two-state solution, or key UN resolutions on Palestine. Singapore too invokes terrorism. Kenya mentions terrorism indirectly, but calls the Hamas attack "unprovoked." Though the official Brazilian statement does not mention the T word, Lula's comments clearly label the Hamas attacks as terrorism.The seven other states have not characterized the attack as terrorism. Nigeria however avoids criticizing Israel and couches its calls to peace in general terms. Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, and South Africa criticize Israel and specifically cite the Israeli occupation as the root cause. Brazil, Mexico and Vietnam stay focused on restraint, the two-state solution and UN resolutions or relevant international law. If we were to project these reactions on a spectrum of the degree of alignment to U.S. and Israeli positions on the crisis (admittedly a challenging task due to the complexity of the issues involved and the early stage of the responses), India and Kenya seem to be at the end closest to the U.S. and Israel. They are followed by Singapore and Nigeria. Brazil, Mexico, and Vietnam appear to be next.At the other end of this spectrum, and thus relatively the least aligned with Israeli and U.S. positions, lie Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, and South Africa. If the violence in the Middle East escalates much more, as seems likely, expect the diplomatic action to move to the United Nations. We will then know much more about where Global South states stand on the matter.

Violence against women is a universal epidemic. It does not discriminate between age, income, ethnicity or religion. One in three women worldwide will experience violence in their lifetime. Despite the monolithic universality of the problem at the global level, the lived experience of being violently abused in the workplace, public spaces or the home is intensely personal. This tension between the particularity of local manifestations of violence against women and the overwhelming prevalence of the issue worldwide confounds traditional aid interventions. Navigating between the local and the global provokes questions about management and governance in aid. Should development be 'top-down' or 'bottom-up'? How can local custom and tradition be reconciled with a 'universal' human rights approach to aid? How do we target an individual's specific encounter with violence, while developing models of aid and assistance that can be replicated on a wider scale? This report seeks to determine how comprehensive the nascent UN Women Safe Cities for Women and Girls Global Programme (2008-2015) will be in addressing key factors contributing to gender-based violence in urban settlements. The 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' pilot initiative (as an intervention representative of the Global Programme) is examined through the conceptual lens of governance, focusing on those aspects pertinent to the Global Safe Cities Programme: human security, spatial governmentality, active citizenship and multi-stakeholder aid interventions. The Safe Cities Global Programme is a promising initiative born from successful, smaller 'Safe City' interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its approach to reducing violence against women and girls in urban areas is holistic and recognizes how gender intersects with all areas of human development; ending violence against women and girls is viewed in relation to women's increased access to decision-making, economic opportunity and basic social services such as education, health and sanitation. The Global Programme will be piloted in five cities: Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea), Kigali (Rwanda), Quito (Ecuador), New Delhi (India) and Cairo (Egypt). The 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' pilot initiative is a timely intervention into the situation of women in Papua New Guinea. Violence, poor governance and corruption have plagued the country since its Independence from an Australian-administered UN Trusteeship in 1975. Although rich in natural resources, Papua New Guinea has experienced little economic growth and its citizens suffer from the poverty of opportunities the country offers. Yet Papua New Guinea is at the cusp of a period of potentially radical change. The threat of the raskol gangs, which terrorized Port Moresby in the 1980s, has diminished and the current government includes leaders committed to promoting gender equality and bringing about social reform. Given the extent to which genderbased violence is often embedded in a culture or society, any intervention seeking to target the issue requires significant backing from the relevant government. 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' hopes to capitalize on this period of trustworthy leadership in the government. Additionally, Port Moresby will benefit from the discovery of significant deposits of Liquid Natural Gas in the region and the construction of the Exxon Mobil pipeline to Australia, with increased infrastructure already being built, greater employment opportunities available and substantial foreign financial investment in the country. 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' seeks to capitalize on this opportunity for social and economic change. The programme uses two marketplaces as entry-points for reducing violence against women in the city and promoting women's active citizenship through their empowerment in the markets. Still, there are gaps in the initiative. Understanding 'women's rights' as 'human rights' requires that 'women's insecurity' also be viewed as a broader concern of 'human insecurity'. Although the Global Programme is a holistic model, acknowledging how gender issues intersect with all areas of human development, it needs to expand its definition of violence in order to recognize the diversity of violence experienced by women. The Impact Evaluation module proposed for the 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' programme does not sufficiently account for women's experiences of structural and psychological violence, which are enacted over long periods of time and resist quantitative analysis. Inadequate infrastructure such as poor lighting, roads, buildings and a lack of cheap overnight accommodation and storage near marketplaces contribute to a hostile urban environment for citizens and women in particular. While 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' aims to improve market infrastructure, it fails to address the needs of rural women participating in the urban informal economy and the risks they face in order to do so. The marketplace does not exist in isolation. It is necessary to acknowledge the relationship between urban and rural environments and how the poverty of rural women forces their participation in the urban informal economy. Additionally, the Global Programme focuses on the prevention of violence rather than the provision of support for victims. Yet this focus is at odds with the initiative's framework of women's active citizenship. In line with the Global Programme's holistic approach to reducing violence against women, the establishment of safe houses for victims should be included as a key component of the model, with the aim of providing support to women disempowered by their experiences of violence. A major component of the Global Programme is its high level of engagement with civil society. The need to engage civil society organizations for effective aid and development work is widely acknowledged. Multistakeholder interventions allow for a variety of actors to collaborate on a shared issue, fostering local to global networks, knowledge-sharing and a comprehensive approach to aid and development. Given the numerous actors involved in 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women', it is crucial that the programme develop a long-term strategy for maintaining strong and sustainable working relationships between stakeholders throughoutanticipated transitional periods, such as local elections in 2012. The 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' pilot initiative is an exciting opportunity for increased Australian participation in the struggle to end violence against women and girls in Melanesia. Already the primary donor to Papua New Guinea, Australia is committed to being involved in 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women', although to what extent is unclear. The Port Moresby programme is lacking reliable and long-term core funding and would benefit from direct financial investment from AusAID. However, Australian involvement in 'Port Moresby: A Safer City for Women' requires that AusAID improve on current work practice in relation to civil society. Despite a long history of using Papua New Guinean churches, in particular, and other civil society organizations as service providers, AusAID is yet to articulate a clear strategy for engaging with civil society. Participation in a multi-stakeholder intervention of this sort demands that AusAID's policy on working with civil society organizations be transparent and formally established. Given AusAID's intention to make ending violence against women and girls a strategic priority in their aid and development work and their lack of any significant action on this objective to date, it is recommended that AusAID adopt the Safe Cities Free of Violence for Women and Girls Global Programme as a framework for aid interventions targeting violence against women and girls in the Pacific region. Despite gaps in the initiative, the nascent Global Programme is a promising venture that should lead to a significant reduction in violence against women and girls in urban areas within a short timeframe.

Dear readers, authors and reviewers,As usual in RESI's issues, vol. 9, n. 2, brings papers from authors from many different institutions. This time, the authors of the ten papers come from eleven different universities. This provides clear evidence of the journal's spread of reach and capilarity. What calls the attention now is the fact that three of the papers were submitted in English, although there are Latin Americans among their authors. There are at least five other papers going through the review process right now that were also written in English in spite of their authors being native speakers of Portuguese or Spanish, which increases or perception that there is a trend towards that.RESI's editors consider this a very positive movement, because it increases the visibility of the journal among a broader audience. The fact that RESI pioneered the adoption of DOAJ, now the leading indexer of open access academic journals in the world, and that it started using DOI to identify its issues and papers prior to most other Latin American journals demonstrate our concern in providing more visibility to the research that is carried out in Latin America. Of course, publishing papers in English will make that effort more effective. RESI intends to become a connection hub between our scientific community and that of the Norther Hemisphere. Therefore, papers in English will always be very welcome.In spite of that, we would like to stress our commitment with the publication of sound research developed in Portugues or Spanish, because that is essential for the integration of ibero-american researchers, something which still needs a lot of promotion. We should also highlight that issues involving information systems many times have a relevant cultural component that needs to be addresses by researchers that are familiarized with local realities and generate results that can be discussed with local authorities and society in general. And that is, surely, easier to do using the national language of those concerned. We shouldn't be happy to only import technologies that were developed in "the developed world" (no matter what that means!) adapting them to our local problems without a thorough reflection on their capacity, or even usefulness, in solving them.Therefore, at the same time we celebrate the interest and the courage of our authors to try and express themselves in a foreign language, in order to increase the visibility of their work, we will always be open to papers written by authors in their native language, if we have the technical conditions to review it properly, which currently only happens to Portuguese, Spanish and English. After all, an electronic journal such as RESI can provide international visibility for those who seek it, while also creating a democratic environment for the discussion of local issues with those who have a particular interest on it, which may be less effective if not done in the national language of the stakeholders.Having this reflection been made, we invite our authors, reviewers and readers to keep this "caotic" diversity of languages, perspectives and ideologies which have always characterized the University and now call attention to the papers that comprise this issue, which will be briefly presented in the next few paragraphs:The first paper, "Information systems graduate education and research in Brazil", written by Renata Mendes de Araujo and Márcio de Oliveira Barros, opens this issue with an important issue to all of those involved with graduate education in the Information Systems' field, which is the way we are forming the next generations of researchers in our maters and doctorate programs. In this paper, the authors report their experience in consolidating their graduate school at Unirio. The paper is addressed to researchers that deal with IS from an informatics perspective, but could also interest those who see IS from a managerial perspective.Lisiane Barea Sandi and Amarolinda Zanela Saccol show their concern with the way our society is assimilating new technologies, highlighting the fact that, in spite of the obvious benefits, there are also reasons for concern. In " Information overload due to the adoption of mobile and wireless information technologies and its consequences to sales professionals" the authors use an exploratory survey with 75 sales professionals, trying to analize the impacts of mobile telephony on their quality of life."The influence of managerial work determinants on the perception of fitness between technology and task: an exploratory study" is the work developed by Débora Bobsin, Monize Sâmara Visentini and Mauri Leodir Löbler, where they try to contribute to the understanding of information systems as tools to support the activities that are expected to be carried out by managers in organizations. The authors conclude that the more experience managers have with information systems, the more they consider that technology can affect his/her tasks. Also, the more access a user has to a system, the more he/she perceives the fit between technology and task.In "Motivation to create free and open source projects and how decisions impact success", Carlos Denner Santos Jr. and Kay M. Nelson propose a theoretical model that helps assess the reasons that lead an organization to get involved in open software development projects, so that, in the future, such projects can have their success evaluated in a more objetive way. This is an interesting complement to another paper the first author had published at Revista de Administração de Empresas, v. 50, n. 4, late in 2010.In "Engagement or friendship? The perspective of customers and suppliers about business relationships in the software sector", Rita de Cássia de Faria Pereira, Carlo Gabriel Porto Bellini and Fernando Bins Luce use a very original approach (interviews of pairs of customers-suppliers in the software industry – 14 dyads) to analyze issues concerning their relationships (commitment, trust, adaptation, cooperation, and communication) and contextual factors that may amplify or moderate those attributes (uncertainty, interdependence, and the existence of alternative suppliers).Edimara Mezzomo Luciano, Leandro Pilatti, Maurício Gregianin Testa and Ionara Rech deal with the use of COBIT framework to improving management processes of outsourced activities for both involved companies. The paper's title is " Applicability of COBIT in managing outsourced information technology activities: an investigation based on two multinational companies".Perceiving the influence of information technologies on the way companies organize themselves and coordinate their activities with those of customers and suppliers, Dayane Mayely Silva de Oliveira and Max Fortunato Cohen (UFA), carried out a literature review and mapped 21 technologies that facilitate the integration of production processes and emphasize the collaboration among autonomous organizations. This is reported in: "IT use along the supply chain in conjunction with the major management collaboration techniques".Problems involving information security increase as companies integrate their processes and systems to those of their business partners by means of computer networks. Concerned with that, Alexandre dos Santos Roque, Raul Ceretta Nunes and Alexandre Dias da Silva developed, in their paper "Proposition of a dynamic model for managing security information on industrial environments", a dynamic model for information security management, in which interaction, cooperation and motivation (of upper-management, supervisors and workers) are emphasized in order to meet the new demands of information security management: responsibility, trust and ethics.In an environment of activity/process integration of organizations and their business partners and huge information flow among the interested partiesas discussed in a previous paper in this issue (see Oliveira and Cohen), it becomes essential to adopt information security policies to make sure that information is always available to those who need it and do not fall in wrong hands. Leonardo Guerreiro Azevedo, Diego Alexandre Aranha Duarte, Fernanda Baião and Claudia Cappelli developed a set of criteria and a method to assess tools for management and execution of authorization rules for the access and use of information systems, applying them to a real situation at Petrobrás, one of the leading oil companies in the world, which they discuss in "Evaluating tools for execution and management of authorization business rules".Finally, the paper "Requirements and wished features for software testing tools: a study based on the use of SQFD", authored by Ismayle Sousa Santos, Rodolfo S. Ferreira de Resende, Pedro Alcântara Santos Neto and Clarindo Isaias P. da Silva e Padua presents the adaptation of QFD (Quality Function Deployment), a Quality technique developed originally for industrial products, to sortware development. By means of intelligent argumentation and detailing of all necessary steps for implementing the methodology, the authors make it easy for the reader to understand its possible use in the new field and contribute for its dissimination among the software developers. I wope you all have fun reading the papers in this issue!Alexandre R. GraemlEditor ; Prezados leitores, autores e revisores,O volume 9, número 2, como tem sido usual nas edições da RESI desde a sua fundação em 2002, é marcado pela diversidade geográfica dos seus autores. Desta vez, há onze instituições representadas entre os autores dos dez artigos publicados. Isto evidencia a abrangência e capilaridade deste periódico, agora com a contribuição de autores de seis estados brasileiros: Amazonas, Minas Gerais, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo, além de um norte-americano, do estado de Illinois, nos Estados Unidos. Mas o que chama mais atenção, e talvez já demonstre a preocupação dos autores brasileiros e latino-americanos em aumentar a visibilidade internacional da sua produção, é que três dos dez artigos ora publicados foram submetidos à revista em inglês. Há pelo menos outros cinco artigos de autores de língua espanhola ou português em análise no momento, para eventual publicação em edições posteriores da revista, o que reforça a percepção de que existe uma tendência nessa direção.Os editores da RESI consideram essa iniciativa louvável. O fato de a RESI ser o periódico brasileiro há mais tempo no DOAJ, o principal indexador de revistas de acesso livre no mundo, e de dispor de DOI para todos os artigos publicados nos últimos anos, individualmente, demonstra a nossa preocupação em dar visibilidade à pesquisa realizada na América Latina e para que isso ocorra mais eficazmente devemos começar a explorar mais o idioma inglês, não só no abstract, como sempre foi feito, mas também no corpo dos nossos trabalhos, sempre que possível. O esforço de internacionalização da revista, que pretende ser o principal fórum de discussões da área na América Latina, mas também um meio de conexão da nossa comunidade científica com os pesquisadores do Hemisfério Norte, deve ir nessa direção. Por isso, são muito bem vindos os manuscritos em inglês.Apesar disso, gostaríamos de reforçar nosso comprometimento com a publicação de bons textos em português ou espanhol, porque eles são essenciais para a maior integração dos pesquisadores ibero-americanos, que ainda precisa ser muito fomentada. É importante lembrar que as temáticas de sistemas de informação estão (e em alguns casos deveríam ser ainda mais!) relacionadas a questões culturais que precisam ser exploradas na pesquisa de autores que estejam familiarizados com as realidades locais envolvidas e gerar resultados de pesquisa que possam ser discutidas com agentes governamentais e a comunidade local, algo que, seguramente, ocorre de forma facilitada no idioma nacional. Não basta importarmos tecnologias dos "países mais desenvolvidos" (o que quer que isso signifique!) adaptando-nos a elas sem uma reflexão sobre sua capacidade, ou mesmo utilidade, na solução dos nossos problemas, considerando que foram desenvolvidas em outro contexo e, possivelmente, para outros fins.Por isso, ao mesmo tempo que festejamos o interesse (e a coragem!) dos nossos autores de se utilizarem de idioma estrangeiro para tornar sua pesquisa mais visível no exterior, em uma atitude nítidamente expansionista, também queremos deixar claro que a RESI sempre estará aberta e acolherá com carinho os trabalhos escritos no idioma original do seu autor, desde que tenhamos condições técnicas de avaliá-lo competentemente, o que hoje ocorre para o português, o espanhol e o inglês. Afinal, uma revista eletrônica como a RESI pode fornecer grande visibilidade internacional para aqueles que a procuram, mas também um espaço de discussão democrático que possibilite a comunicação dos seus autores com a sociedade, principalmente nos casos em que houver questões culturais e sociais importantes em discussão, o que pode ficar prejudicado se não no idioma nacional.Feita essa reflexão inicial e o convite para que mantenhamos sempre a "caótica" diversidade de idiomas, de perspectivas e de ideologias que caracteriza a Universidade, gostaria de chamar a atenção de todos para os artigos que compõem essa edição, brevemente descritos a seguir:O primeiro artigo, "Information systems graduate education and research in Brazil", de Renata Mendes de Araujo e Márcio de Oliveira Barros, ambos da Unirio, abre essa edição da RESI discutindo um tema muito importante para os pesquisadores que estudam Sistemas de Informação no Brasil, que é a forma como estamos preparando as novas gerações de pesquisadores em nossos programas stricto sensu. No artigo, os autores relatam a experiência de sua instituição na consolidação de um curso de pós-graduação na área. O trabalho é mais voltado para programas com origem na informática, mas encontrará leitores também entre aqueles que estudam as tecnologias de informação a partir de uma perspectiva de negócios.Lisiane Barea Sandi e Amarolinda Zanela Saccol, da Unisinos, demonstram sua preocupação com a forma como a sociedade está se apropriando das novas tecnologias, salientando que, além dos óbvios benefícios, há também questões preocupantes, que precisam ser discutidas. Em "Sobrecarga de informações geradas pela adoção de tecnologias da informação móveis e sem fio e suas decorrências para profissionais de vendas" as autoras se utilizam de uma survey exploratória com 75 profissionais da área de vendas, procurando analisar os impactos do telefone celular sobre sua qualidade de vida."A influência dos determinantes do trabalho gerencial na percepção do ajuste entre a tecnologia e a tarefa: um estudo exploratório" é o trabalho de Débora Bobsin, Monize Sâmara Visentini e Mauri Leodir Löbler (UFRGS e UFSM), em que procuram contribuir para o entendimento dos sistemas de informação como ferramenta de suporte para a execução das tarefas que compõem o papel do gestor na organização. Os autores concluem que quanto mais aumenta a experiência do indivíduo com os Sistemas de Informação, maior o ajuste percebido por ele, entre a tecnologia e a tarefa que executa. Da mesma forma, quanto maior o acesso do usuário ao sistema, maior o ajuste percebido entre tecnologia e tarefa.Em "Motivation to create free and open source projects and how decisions impact success", Carlos Denner Santos Jr. e Kay M. Nelson (USP e Southern Illinois) propõem um modelo teórico que ajuda a avaliar o que leva uma organização a se envolver em projetos de desenvolvimento de software livre para que, no futuro, seja possível avaliar com mais propriedade o sucesso dessas iniciativas. Trata-se de um complemento interessante a outro artigo publicado recentemente pelo primeiro autor na RAE (v. 50, n. 4, out/dez 2010).Em "Namoro ou amizade? A visão de clientes e fornecedores sobre relacionamentos de negócio no setor de software", Rita de Cássia de Faria Pereira, Carlo Gabriel Porto Bellini e Fernando Bins Luce (os três primeiros da UFPB e o último da UFRGS) adotam uma abordagem bastante original (entrevistas com 14 díades cliente-fornecedor do setor gaúcho de software - 28 empresas ao todo) para analisar aspectos relacionados ao relacionamento entre essas empresas (comprometimento, confiança, adaptação, cooperação e comunicação) e fatores contextuais que podem influenciá-los (incerteza, interdependência e disponibilidade de fornecedores alternativos).Edimara Mezzomo Luciano, Leandro Pilatti, Maurício Gregianin Testa e Ionara Rech (todos da PUC-RS) analisam a forma como a adoção do framework do COBIT pode auxiliar no aprimoramento dos processos de gestão das atividades terceirizadas, tanto pela empresa terceirizada quanto pela que terceiriza o serviço. O título do artigo é: "Aplicabilidade do Cobit na gestão de atividades de tecnologia da informação terceirizadas: uma investigação com base em duas empresas multinacionais".Percebendo a influência cada vez mais intensa das tecnologias da informação sobre a forma como as organizações se organizam para a produção e agregação de valor, Dayane Mayely Silva de Oliveira e Max Fortunato Cohen (UFA), fazem um levantamento bibliográfico sobre o fenômeno, mapeando 21 tecnologias que facilitam a integração de processos produtivos e incentivam a colaboração entre empresas autônomas. Isto é relatado em: "Os usos da TI ao longo da cadeia de suprimentos e em conjunto com as principais técnicas colaborativas de gestão".Os problemas relacionados à segurança da informação aumentam, na medida em que as empresas se informatizam e integram seus processos aos de parceiros de negócios por meio de redes de computadores. Preocupados com isso, Alexandre dos Santos Roque, Raul Ceretta Nunes e Alexandre Dias da Silva (UFSM) desenvolvem, em seu artigo "Proposição de um modelo dinâmico de gestão de segurança da informação para ambientes industriais", um modelo dinâmico de gestão da segurança da informação em que a interação, a cooperação e a motivação das pessoas (alta-gerência, chefes e funcionários) são priorizadas para atender os novos requisitos da gestão da segurança da informação: responsabilidade, confiança e ética.Em um cenário de integração das atividades das empresas com parceiros de negócios e grande fluxo de informações entre elas, conforme discutido inclusive em outro artigo dessa edição (ver Oliveira e Cohen), torna-se essencial que se adotem políticas de segurança da informação, para garantir que ela esteja sempre acessível àqueles que precisam e devem ter acesso a ela e não caiam em mãos indesejadas. Leonardo Guerreiro Azevedo, Diego Alexandre Aranha Duarte, Fernanda Baião e Claudia Cappelli (todos da Unirio) desenvolvem um conjunto de critérios e um método para avaliação de ferramentas para gestão e execução de regras de autorização para o acesso e utilização de sistemas, aplicando-os ao caso real da Petrobrás, conforme relatado em "Evaluating tools for execution and management of authorization business rules".O artigo "Requisitos e aspectos técnicos desejados em ferramentas de testes de software: um estudo a partir do uso do SQFD", de Ismayle Sousa Santos, Rodolfo S. Ferreira de Resende, Pedro Alcântara Santos Neto e Clarindo Isaias P. da Silva e Padua (a primeira da UFPI e os demais da UFMG) apresenta uma adaptação ao desenvolvimento de software da ferramenta QFD (desdobramento da função qualidade), tão defendida pelos guros da qualidade para aplicação a processos industriais. A argumentação inteligente e o detalhamento dos passos a serem executados na implementação da metodologia facilitam a compreensão do seu uso pelo leitor e contribuem para a sua divulgação entre os informáticos. Desejo a todos uma ótima leitura!Alexandre Reis GraemlEditor

Next month, President Biden could hold two separate meetings with Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.


These meetings, which reporting suggests could happen at both the UN General Assembly in New York and the G20 in India, represent an opportunity to kickstart a lackluster U.S.-Brazil relationship. Past tensions between the U.S. and Brazil, exemplified by the fallout from the 2010 Tehran Declaration, serve as a cautionary tale to the Biden administration to not let a difference in perspective on Ukraine cloud other areas of potential collaboration.


Disagreements over the war in Ukraine have put the U.S.-Brazil relationship in hot water in recent months. On the campaign trail, Lula suggested, with some controversy, that Ukraine and Russia are equally responsible for the conflict. Once in office, Lula's visit to the White House in February was short and understated; Biden initially only offered $50 million to the Amazon Fund, a figure so low it was omitted from the official joint statement.


Additionally, Lula's proposal to create a peace club of nonaligned countries appears to have been a nonstarter in Washington. In a particularly heated back and forth, Lula said the U.S. should stop "encouraging" the war and start talking about peace. U.S. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby responded by accusing Lula of "parroting Russian and Chinese propaganda."


Most observers agree that Ukraine has become something of a flashpoint for U.S.-Brazil relations and soured expectations of a more expansive reset in the wake of former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro's 2022 electoral defeat.


Despite this international criticism, Lula has continued to speak about the need for a negotiated peace settlement in Ukraine. Just last week, the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said this week's BRICS summit should be used to debate the war in Ukraine. Lula sees a universalist foreign policy as crucial to becoming a major global player in an increasingly multipolar world, which involves taking on global issues of international security like Ukraine that have historically been left to the great powers.


In other words, Biden isn't going to change Lula's mind on Ukraine, and Lula doesn't seem likely to give up on what has become one of his signature foreign policies. As a result, the two presidents shouldn't allow disagreements over Ukraine to spill over into other areas of cooperation.


The fallout between the U.S. and Brazil over the 2010 Tehran Declaration, an event both Lula and Biden will remember well, can serve as a cautionary tale.


In 2010, Lula and his advisers sought a fuel-swap agreement between Turkey and Iran intended to facilitate Iran's nuclear cooperation. Initially, then-President Barack Obama pledged that the United States would "support and facilitate action on a proposal that would supply Iran with nuclear fuel using Iran's enriched uranium." Only when that proposal was successful did the United States — and its European allies — change course. Just a month later, the United Nations Security Council imposed a series of harsh sanctions on Iran.


From this, Brazilian diplomats concluded that the U.S. did not think Brazil would succeed and even sought to privately press against the behind-the-scenes negotiations. Then-Minister of Foreign Affairs Celso Amorim summarized Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's attitude in his memoir as, "I have not read (the Declaration). But I don't like it."


When the U.S. dismissed the Tehran Declaration in 2010, it led to what Federal University of São Paulo professor Cristina Pecequilo has labeled the "low point of Lula's foreign policy" for complicating the U.S.-Brazil relationship. According to Pecequilo, this was part of Obama's "changing US policy from accommodation to containment of emerging nations." Brazil, in response, distanced itself further from the United States. The new "reset" of bilateral relations didn't come until 2014 when then Vice President Joe Biden visited Brazil during the World Cup.


These events should offer a warning to Biden. Oliver Stunekel, an associate professor of international relations at the Getulio Vargas Foundation, writes that "[j]ust as Brazil's ambitious Iran initiative failed because it lacked Western buy-in — and ultimately complicated Brasília's ties to Washington — Lula's desire to negotiate a peace deal in Ukraine could have the same fate."


Rather than disengage with Brazil over Lula's comments on Ukraine, Biden should look to areas of more natural potential collaboration such as energy, deforestation, jobs creation, and trade. The two presidents recently shared a 30-minute phone call that suggested some positive signs of doing just that, even discussing a joint initiative focused on improving labor conditions. A congressional delegation of progressives also spent several days in Brazil last week, meeting with key Lula advisers and carving out another blueprint for constructive engagement between the two countries based on shared domestic priorities.


Even if Ukraine is a flashpoint for the current relationship, that doesn't mean Biden should ignore other thorny questions of international security with Lula. But doing so requires recognition that any U.S.-led proposal will inevitably look different from a joint initiative or Brazil-led proposal. At the G7 in Japan, Lula expressed interest in working to resolve other conflicts outside of Europe.


"Israelis and Palestinians, Armenians and Azerbaijanis, Kosovars and Serbs need peace," Lula exclaimed. "Yemenis, Syrians, Libyans and Sudanese all deserve to live in peace. These conflicts should receive the same degree of international mobilization." If Lula takes on these issues, Biden should work with him on areas of mutual interest rather than view it as a challenge to U.S. hegemony.


Another potential area of collaboration could be in Latin America. Relations between the U.S. and Venezuela have shown some signs of thawing, but the U.S. still refuses to formally recognize Nicolás Maduro as the president. The Biden administration has also restored some engagement with Cuba, yet Cuba remains on the State Department's state sponsors of terrorism list. These complicated realities make Brazil a valuable potential partner for possible backchannel talks or track II diplomatic efforts, given Brazil's positive relations with the two countries.


Brazil has occupied this role before, attempting to mediate the Cuban Missile Crisis and broker U.S.-Cuban reconciliation during the 1960s. As Obama once acknowledged, according to Amorim, "we need friends who can talk to countries that refuse to talk to us."


One of the lessons of the Tehran Declaration should be that the U.S. needs to sometimes accept taking on a smaller role when it serves its interests. Brazil brings many strengths as an outsider and a diplomatic heavyweight, but also simply by not being the U.S. As Camila Feix Vidal, professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, points out: "Brazil is respected internationally…Countries don't have a negative history with Brazil so it can be easier for Brazil to arbitrate, unlike the United States."


For instance, Brazil's success as an advocate against nuclear weapons is taken more seriously given that it renounced interest in nuclear weapons in the 1990s. By contrast, the U.S. today has well over 5,000.


Nearly a decade and a half on from the Tehran Declaration, the United States is operating in a more multipolar world. That may require more compromise, especially with emerging powers such as Brazil as they gain more leverage. Even if the two countries are at an impasse on Ukraine for the time being, the U.S. should heed the lessons of 2010 and consider the benefits of pursuing a more constructive partnership with Brazil.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению номинации дикорастущих растений, отражённых в мифологемах, связанных с образами богинь Астхик. Венеры, Афродиты и Бут. Предмет исследования – ботаническая номенклатура растений, их народные наименования и свидетельства античных авторов. В армянской мифологии богиней, которая связана с астральным культом, является Астхик, a в армянской ботанической номенклатуре засвидетельствовано растение астхик – астра. В латинском, английском, французском и немецком языках ей соответствует метафора, сложившаяся на основе античной мифологии, как например, англ. Venus's looking glass, лат. Legousia speculum Veneris Dur; Veneris glass1, нем. Venusspigel, франц. Miroir de Venus2 – все переводятся как «зеркало Венеры». Анализ семантики метафор показал, что они сложились на основе сюжетов аргонавтики и ее персонажей – Афродиты, Геры, Афины, Язона и аргонавта Бута, который был возлюбленным Афродиты, жрецом на горе Бут в святилище Афродиты. В греческом языке бут (βοuτης) переводится как 1. бычий, 2. волопас. В армянской мифологии также упоминаются гора Бут, где было святилище Анаит (астральный код Астхик), жрец горы Бут, а значит и храм бога Бута. По одной из версий мифа он был скотоводом. Сопоставление генеалогии аргонавта Бута и армянина Бута привело нас к выводу, что это один и тот же персонаж, известный в античной и армянской мифологии. В сюжете аргонавтики упоминается игра в кости (астрагалы) Ганимеда и Эрота. В армянской традиции астрагал – сакральное растение, а астрагалы (бабки, кости) встречаются в древнейших погребениях на территории Армении. Как показывает лингвистический анализ терминов и сюжетов, все они относятся к индоевропейской мифологии. Распад индоевропейской общности на Армянском нагорье и Балканах, последующие миграции этносов на запад привели к появлению номинаций растений, содержание мифологем ко-торых не было известно местному населению. В пантеоне Англии, Франции, Германии таких богов и мифов не было.
Հոդվածը նվիրված է վայրի բույսերի անվանակարգին, որն արտացոլված է փոխաբերություններում՝ կապված Աստղիկ, Վեներա, Աֆրոդիտե աստվածուհիների և Բութ կերպարի հետ: Ուսումնասիրության առարկան բուսանունները, դրանց ժողովրդական տարբերակները և անտիկ հեղինակների տեղեկություններն են: Հայ դիցարանում Աստղիկի խորհրդանիշը աստղն է, նաև աստղիկ բույսը, որը վկայված է հայկական բուսաբանական անվանակարգում: Լատիներեն, անգլերեն, գերմաներեն և ֆրանսերեն լեզուներում աստղիկ ծաղկին համապատասխանում է հին առասպելաբանության վրա հիմնված փոխաբերությունը, ինչպես՝ անգլ. Venus's looking glass, լատ. Le-gousia speculum Veneris Dur, գերմ. Venusspigel, Miroir de Venus, որոնք բոլորն էլ թարգմանվում են «Վեներայի հայելի»: Փոխաբերությունների իմաստաբանության վերլուծությունը ցույց է տալիս, որ դրանք ձևավորվել են արգոնավորդների առասպելի և դրա կերպարների՝ Աֆրոդիտեի, Հերայի, Աթենայի, Յասոնի և արգոնավորդ Բութի սյուժեների հիման վրա։ Բութը Աֆրոդիտեի սիրահարն էր և իր անունով կոչվող Բութ լեռան վրա գտնվող Աֆրոդիտեի սրբավայրի քրմապետը: Բութի մականունը Ցուլ էր կամ Եզների հովիվ (βούτης) էր: Անձևացյաց գավառում հիշատակվում է Բութ լեռը, որտեղ գտնվում էր Անահիտի, (ծածկագիրը՝ Աստղիկ) սրբավայրը` Բութ աստծու տաճարը: Բութը նաև հովիվ էր: Կերպարների համեմատությունը բերում է այն եզրակացության, որ արգոնավորդ Բութը և հայ Բութը նույն անձնավորությունն են: Արգոնավորդների սյուժեում հիշատակվում է վեգ խաղը (astragalus, ոսկոր) Գանիմեդի և Էրոսի միջև: Հայ հավատալիքներում աստրագալուսը սուրբ բույս է, վեգ խաղը նույնպես սուրբ է համարվում: Ինչպես ցույց է տալիս եզրույթների և սյուժեների վերլուծությունը, դրանք բոլորն էլ առնչվում են հնդեվրոպական դիցաբանության հետ։ Հայկական բարձրավանդակում և Բալկաններում հնդեվրոպական համայնքի քայքայումը, էթնիկ խմբերի հետագա միգրացիան դեպի արևմուտք հանգեցրին բույսերի նոր անվանումների փոխառությունների, որոնց բովանդակությունն անհասկանալի էր տեղի բնակչության համար. Անգլիան, Ֆրանսիան և Գերմանիան բնակեցնող ժողովուրդների պանթեոնում այդպիսի աստվածներ և առասպելներ չկային։
The article is devoted to consideration of the nomination of wild plants reflected in mythologies and associated with the images of the goddesses Venus, Aphrodite and Astghik. The subject of the study is the names of plants, their folk variants, and data from ancient authors. The symbol of the goddess Astghik is a star in Armenian mythology, and the plant astghik as the plant aster attested in the Armenian botanical nomenclature. The plant astghik corresponds to a metaphor in Latin, English, French and German languages, such in Engl. Venus's looking glass, Lat. Legousia speculum Veneris Dur, Germ. Venusspigel, Fr. Miroir de Venus. Analysis of the semantics of metaphors showed that they were formed on the basis of the plots of Argonautics and its characters – Aphrodite, Hera, Athena, Jason, Boot. Boot was the lover of Aphrodite, a priest on Mount Boot, there was a sanctuary of Aphrodite and the throne of Boot, whose nickname was the bull or bootes (βούτης). The sanctuary of goddess Anahit (astral code of Astghik) was on the Mount Boot, the priest of Mount Boot was Boot, and there was the throne of Boot. He was also a cattle breeder. The argonaut Boot and the Armenian Booth are the same persons. The plot of Argonautics is reflected in the game of dice (astragalus) between Ganymede and son Eros. The astragalus is a sacred plant and a game of animal dice of the Armenians too. The semantics of plant names and plots indicates a relationship to Indo-European mythology. The collapse of the Indo-European communities in the Armenian Highlands and the Balkans, and the migration of ethnic groups to the West led to the emergence of new plant terminology the content of whic was unknown to the local population: there were no such gods and myths in the pantheon of populations of England, France, and Germany.

Middle-income countries of the Global South hold significantly more favorable views of China and its influence than those held by high-income countries of North America, Europe, and Northeast Asia, according to newly released findings of a poll of 34 countries released Tuesday by the Pew Research Center.The survey, the latest in an annual series by the Pew Global Attitudes project, found that a median of 56% of respondents in 17 middle-income nations across Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia held an overall "positive" view of China.That contrasted sharply with a median of 24% of respondents in 18 high-income countries (including the United States) who shared that assessment. The only exception in the high-income group was Singapore, where 67% of respondents said their view of China was "positive."The survey also found a sharp divide in views of China's influence on global peace and security between respondents in India, Japan and South Korea on the one hand and respondents in six smaller countries of South and Southeast Asia. Solid majorities in the latter group agreed that Beijing contributed "a great deal" or "a fair amount" to peace and security, while large majorities in the former group rated Beijing's contribution as "not too much" or "not at all." The poll, which interviewed more than 44,000 respondents across 34 countries, excluding the United States, between January and May, is the latest in an annual series dating back more than two decades. In addition to Singapore, India, Japan, and South Korea, the countries surveyed in the Asia-Pacific region included Australia, Bangladesh, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.In Europe, representative samples of respondents were polled in France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Spain, and the UK. In the Americas, the poll covered Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Canada, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, while in sub-Saharan Africa, it surveyed opinion in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. Respondents in Israel, Tunisia, and Turkey were also interviewed.The latest release found that the United States enjoys more favorable views than China, both in high-income countries where a median of 53% view the U.S. as "positive" and in middle-income countries where a median of 61% of respondents said they held a "positive" view. In Malaysia, Singapore, Tunisia and Turkey, more people held a positive view of China than the U.S., while views were roughly evenly split among respondents in Bangladesh, Greece, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. One key finding of the latest survey makes clear that the perception of China's global economic influence is now well established. In 10 of the 13 countries where respondents were asked both in 2019 and in 2024 about the impact of China on their own country's economy, a significantly larger share said China has a "great deal of impact" than said so five years ago.As to the nature of that impact, however, a median of 47% of respondents said in middle-income countries that it was "positive," while 29% assessed it as "negative." In the 18 high-income countries (including the U.S.), on the other hand, a median of 28% described China's economic influence as positive, while 57% said they viewed it as "negative." U.S. respondents were the most negative.Of the countries whose respondents were also asked to assess China's economic impact on their country in 2019, Pew found that views have generally become more negative, notably in Argentina, Brazil, Israel, Japan, South Korean, and Tunisia.Asked about their views on the conduct of Chinese companies in their countries, respondents in middle-income countries were mostly positive. A median of 7 % of respondents in nine such countries said they held generally positive views about these companies' effect on the local economy, while a 63% median said the companies worked to protect the environment; and a 57% median said they treated local workers fairly.At least two out of every three respondents in Thailand, Kenya, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka gave Chinese companies positive marks ("very" or "somewhat well") in all three areas, while respondents in Nigeria, the Philippines, and South Africa were more reserved. While around half of Ghanaian and Indian respondents said the companies' operations were generally good for the economy, they were more critical about the companies' environmental practices and how they treated local workers.Among the 10 Asian-Pacific countries surveyed, majorities or pluralities of respondents expressed concern about territorial disputes between China and its neighbors. Respondents in the Philippines, where tensions with China over the Spratley Islands have, if anything, increased since the poll was completed, 91% of respondents said they were either "very" (65%) or "somewhat" (25%) concerned about Manila's conflict with Beijing. Nearly nine of ten respondents in South Korea and Japan also expressed concern – 57% in each country said they were "very concerned." Four out of 10 respondents in Australia and three of four respondents in Malaysia also expressed concern – 36% in each said they were "very concerned." Seven of ten respondents in India, which also has a territorial dispute with China in the Himalayas, expressed concern – 44% said they were "very concerned."By contrast, 61% of Thai respondents said they were "not concerned," while pluralities in Singapore and Bangladesh said they were "somewhat concerned."

Las relaciones de Cartago con la Península Ibérica tradicionalmente se han interpretado como el resultado de una dominación, desde una óptica invasionista. La historiografía más tradicional, hasta los años 80, había interpretado la actuación de Cartago en Iberia como un episodio más de su política imperialista, encaminada a la sustitución del dominio colonial fenicio por la ocupación cartaginesa a fines del siglo VI a.C. Las bases sobre las que se sustentaba esta interpretación eran fundamentalmente literarias, cimentadas en el análisis acrítico y descontextualizado de una colección exigua, dispar y polémica de textos griegos y latinos. Sin embargo, a partir del estudio fundamental de C.R. Whittaker Carthaginian imperialism in the fifth and fourth centuries, en 1978, se puso de manifiesto la inexistencia de una política cartaginesa agresiva y antihelénica, imperialista propiamente dicha, en Sicilia. Esta 6 interpretación, salvo algunas excepciones, fue la adoptada por los investigadores españoles que asimilaron el concepto de hegemonía en sustitución del de imperialismo, y propusieron el comercio administrado como expresión de la supremacía cartaginesa en vez de la anexión y el control territorial. No obstante, disponemos de datos literarios que testimonian la hegemonía cartaginesa en el sur de Iberia con anterioridad a la época bárquida. Además recientemente se han publicado dos tesorillos de moneda cartaginesa procedentes de El Gandul (Alcalá de Guadaíra, Sevilla) y noticias de otros hallados en Fuentes de Andalucía (Sevilla), con una cronología de fines del siglo IV o principios del III a.C., que han reavivado la cuestión de la presencia de ejércitos cartagineses en Iberia con anterioridad a la llegada de Amílcar Barca en 237 a.C. Con esta interpretación no pretendemos resucitar el obsoleto esquema invasionista e imperialista, sino reflexionar sobre estos hallazgos arqueológicos en un marco histórico definido por las relaciones entre estados. Los datos literarios siempre se han contemplado desde la perspectiva de una supuesta aspiración cartaginesa de ocupación sobre Iberia, pero nunca desde la óptica de las comunidades púnicas peninsulares, probablemente más interesadas en la protección cartaginesa que Cartago en su dominio. Gadir y otras ciudades púnicas demandarían protección, sobre todo contra los endémicos ataques piráticos y las amenazas de vecinos potencialmente peligrosos, y Cartago, en contrapartida, veía asegurado el suministro de metales, sobre todo plata, del que dependía casi exclusivamente. En esta tradición diplomática entre Cartago y las ciudades púnicas de Iberia es donde encuentra explicación la presencia de ejércitos cartagineses en Turdetania entre los siglos IV y III a.C. ; The relations between Carthage and the Iberian Peninsula have mainly been viewed from the perspective of military domination. The traditional historiography up to the 80's interpreted the Carthaginian policy on the Iberian Peninsula at the end of the VI century BC as basically one of imperial domination directed at replacing the Phoenician presence by direct Carthaginian control. This particular view was based on a not too critical use of Greek and Latin written sources, themselves very limited in scope and many times of polemical interpretation. Nevertheless, ever since the publication in 1975 of a fundamental work by C. R. Whittaker, Carthaginian imperialism in the fifth and fourth centuries, it became evident that there had not been such a consistently aggressive, anti-Hellenic, imperialist Carthaginian policy. This interpretation, with few exceptions, was taken up by Spanish investigators who adopted the concept of assimilation versus imperialism, and proposed a commercial administration as the expression of Carthaginian supremacy in lieu of direct control of territory. Nevertheless, we do have literary references that testify to Carthaginian hegemony in the south of the Iberian Peninsula prior to the Barquid period. Yet the recent appearance of two treasure troves of Carthaginian coins one in El Gandul (Alcala de Guadaíra, Seville) and the indirect evidence of a second found in Fuentes de Andalucia (Seville) both with a chronology of the end of the IV century or the beginnings of the III century BC, has rekindled interest in the question of Carthaginian armies in the Iberian Peninsula prior to arrival of Hamilcar Barca in 237 BC. By this information we do not in any way pretend to re-instate the old imperialist scheme, but rather we wish to view these archaeological troves in a historical context defined by the relations between states. The literary quotes have always been contemplated from the exclusive perspective of a supposed Carthaginian aspiration of occupying the Iberia, but never from the perspective of the Punic communities already long established in the Peninsula, who were probably much more interested in the protection offered by the Carthaginians than in their domination. Gadir and other Punic cities would demand protection, especially against the endemic piracy and the threats by potentially dangerous neighbours, and Carthage, in exchange, would be guaranteed an assured supply of metals, especially silver, for which Iberia was virtually its only source. This diplomatic tradition between Carthage and the Punic cities in Iberia is where we can find an explanation for presence of Carthaginian armies in the Turdetania between the IV and III centuries BC.

Resumen. La poblacion humana ha crecido a una tasa inprecedente en los ultimos tres siglos. Para 2001 la poblacion mundial llego a 6.2 billiones. A una tasa actual de crecimiento de 1.4% annual, la poblaciona se duplicara en 51 anos. La mayoria del crecimiento ocurrira en los paises en via de desarrollo de Asia, Africa, y Latino America. Hay una preocupacion de que la poplacion humana y su impacto negativo sobre el medio ambiente pondra en peligro la existencia de los sytemas de soporte vital del mundo. La tasa cruda de nacimineto es el numero de nacimientos entre el promedio de la poblacion. Una medida mas exacta de crecimiento poblacional es la tasa general de fertilidad que toma en cuenta la estructura de la poblacion y la fecundidad poblacional. La diferencia entre la tasa cruda de nacimiento y la mortalidad nos da la tasa natural de incremento. Cuando esta tasa alcanza el nivel al cual la gente solamente remplaza a si mismo numericamente, se obtiene la tasa cero de crecimiento poblacional. En los países avanzadas del mundo, el crecimiento ha sido reducido o ha puesto en forma negativa, de tal modo que sin inmigracion en estos paises, la poblacion estará disminuyendo. El cambio de las tasas altas de nacimiento y mortalidad a las tasa bajas se denomina la transición demografica. Muchos países desarrolldos han empezado esta transición demográfica. La tasa de mortanda ha bajado en estos países sin que disminuyera la tasa de nacimiento. A medida que la tasa de mortalidad infantil se reduzca en estos países y la economía progresa mas y trae seguridad económico para la gente, entonces será possible una transición demográfica a una poblacion estable o un estandard de vida mas alta. Mientras que las poblaciones grandes traen muchos problemas, tamien pueden servir como recursos de enegia e inteligencia que permiten controlar el problema de la limitación de los recursos. Una idea de la justicia social argumenta que una distribución mas equitativa del capital puede reducir tanto el crecimiento excesivo poblacional como problemas ambientales. Hay muchos métodos de control de fertilidad en comparación con antes. Algunas técnicas son mas seguros, mas fácil de usar y mas placenteras que antes. Se requiere de cambios profundos culturales, como mejoramiento de estatus social, educacional, y económico, valores mas altos de los jóvenes, aceptar la responsabilidad en la vida, seguridad social, estabilidad política, el conocimiento, y el uso efectivo de medidas de control de natalidad, para permitir que la gente planea con seguridad hacia el futuro. Abstract. Human populations have grown at an unprecedented rate over the past three centuries. By 2001, the world population stood at 6.2 billion people. If the current trend of 1.4 % per year persists, the population will double in 51years. Most of that growth will occur in the less developed countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. There is a serious concern that the number of humans in the world and our impact on the environment will overload the life support systems of the earth. The crude birth rate is the number of births in a year divided by the average population. A more accurate measure of growth is the general fertility rate, which takes into account the age structure and fecundity of the population. The crude birth rate minus the crude death rate gives the rate of natural increase. When this rate reaches a level at which people are just replacing themselves, zero population growth is achieved. In the more highly developed countries of the world, growth has slowed are even reversed in recent years so that without immigration from other areas, population would be declining. The change from high birth and death rates that accompanies in industrialization is called a demographic transition. Many developing nations have already begun this transition. Death rates have fallen, but birth rates remain high. Some demographers believe that as infant mortality drops and economic development progresses so that people in these countries can be sure of secure future, they will complete the transition to a stable population or a high standard living. While larger populations bring many problems, they also may be a valuable resource of energy, intelligence, and enterprise that will make it possible to overcome resource limitation problems. A social just view argues that a more equitable distribution of wealth might reduce both excess population growth and environmental degradation. We have many more options now for controlling fertility than were available to our ancestors. Some techniques are safer than those available earlier; many are easier and more pleasant to use. Sometimes it takes deep changes in a culture to make family planning programs successful. Among these changes are improved social, educational, and economic status for women; higher values on individual children; accepting responsibility for our own lives; social security and political stability that give people the means and confidence to plan for the future; and knowledge, availability, and use of effective and acceptable means of birth control.

El grupo Humanizados, del Centro de Estudios Generales de la Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, muestra de qué manera por medio del arte y de la cultura se efectúa la tarea de estímulo y sensibilización hacia la disciplina de la danza, acercándola a la comunidad universitaria, con especial énfasis en el alumnado que estudia en el Centro.Esta tarea ha sido posible por medio de la creación de un grupo de danza, un espacio creativo que desde el año 2012 desarrolla una tarea de difusión y extensión a través de diversas acciones, entre ellas la creación de espectáculos artísticos, talleres y conversatorios, donde los y las estudiantes en contacto con el arte del movimiento han obtenido una formación integral que les ha permitido entender el humanismo como un conocimiento y como una forma de vida, como seres humanos preocupados por su entorno y por su realidad, mientras estudian en el Centro de Estudios Generales.Los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, realizados con los y las integrantes de Humanizados, se visualizan por la cantidad de talleres realizados con diversidad de maestros y maestras, actividades que permiten la interacción, el trabajo solidario y de equipo y el logro de objetivos comunes; fomentan la disciplina, el desarrollo de destrezas y habilidades en los bailarines y las bailarinas, que exploran a partir de su propio cuerpo con nuevas posibilidades de movimiento, haciendo uso de la creatividad, la originalidad y la innovación. También contribuyen a despertar nuevos horizontes, nuevas experiencias, de descubrir, con su cuerpo y mente, la vivencia ante lo nuevo; pararse en un escenario ante un público les permite experimentar el miedo escénico y con la experiencia, a futuro, serán potenciales públicos para ir al teatro.Estos procesos emprendidos desde el año 2012 se han efectuado gracias a la participación en el grupo de baile Humanizados, a lo largo de este tiempo, de cincuenta y cinco estudiantes, al montaje de más de treinta y cinco coreografías, a la participación activa a través de talleres de doce maestros y maestras nacionales e internacionales y a la realización de quince espectáculos artísticos, dos por año, efectuados en el Auditorio Clodomiro Picado de la Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica. La experiencia incluye además la participación en calidad de organizadores de cinco Encuentros Internacionales Artístico-Humanistas, a través de ponencias conversatorios, espectáculos y talleres artísticos con participación de países de Latinoamérica, en la ciudad de Heredia y con numerosas presentaciones de extensión en comunidades dentro del país. El aprendizaje se amplía con siete participaciones internacionales con el grupo, en Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras y México.El arte es una excelente manera de estimular una cultura de paz, de fortalecer la autoestima y la seguridad en el individuo, así como de mantener a la gente alejada de vicios y drogas.Gracias a los Encuentros creados ha sido posible la consolidación y coordinación de equipos interdisciplinarios con las cinco universidades estatales, y con entidades gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. Sin duda, una experiencia de aprendizaje significativa para sus vidas. ; The group Humanizados, from the Centro de Estudios Generales de la Universidad Nacional [Center for General Studies of Universidad Nacional], Costa Rica, shows how the task of stimulating and raising awareness in regards to the discipline of dance is carried out through art and culture, bringing it closer to the university community, with special emphasis on the students who study at the Centro.This task has been by creating a dance group, a creative space that develops a task of dissemination and extension through various actions since 2012. These actions include the creation of artistic performances, workshops, and lectures. They put students in contact with the art of movement, allowing them to obtain comprehensive training to understand humanism as knowledge and as a way of life; so the students can consider themselves as human beings concerned about their environment and their reality while studying at the Center for General Studies.Teaching-learning processes, carried out with the members of Humanizados, are facilitated through the number of workshops conducted with a diversity of teachers. These workshops allow interaction, solidarity and teamwork, and the achievement of common objectives; they encourage discipline, the development of skills and abilities in dancers who explore new possibilities of movement from their own bodies, having recourse to creativity, originality, and innovation. They also contribute to awakening new horizons and new experiences to discover, with their body and mind, the experience of the new. Standing on stage in front of an audience allows them to experience stage fright; in the future, this experience will let them be potential audiences to go to the theater.Since 2012, these processes have been carried out thanks to the participation of fifty-five students in the dance group Humanizados throughout this time, the staging of more than thirty-five choreographies, the active participation of twelve national and international teachers through workshops, and the organization of fifteen artistic performances, twice a year, showcased in the Clodomiro Picado Auditorium of the Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. The experience also included the participation as organizers of five International artistic-humanist meetings, through lectures, talks, shows, and artistic workshops, with the participation of Latin American countries, in the city of Heredia, and numerous university extension presentations in communities within the country. Besides, seven international tours with the group in Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and Mexico extended the learning experience.Art is an excellent way to stimulate a culture of peace, strengthen self-esteem and security in the individual, and keep people away from vices and drugs. Thanks to the meetings, it has been possible to consolidate and coordinate interdisciplinary teams with the five state universities and governmental and non-governmental bodies. Undoubtedly, it is a significant learning experience for their lives.

La Revista Publicaciones, de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y del Deporte del Campus de Melilla de la Universidad de Granada, es una revista científica, de acceso abierto, que se ofrece como medio de comunicación de investigaciones y trabajos relevantes en temas del ámbito educativo. Así pues, surge la invitación para realizar un número especial que conmemorara los cincuenta años de una organización que ha promovido la integración educativa, científica, tecnológica y cultural de países de América Latina, el Caribe y España. Este homenaje se hace a la Organización del Convenio Andrés Bello; por el trabajo constante e ininterrumpido hacia la construcción de una ciudadanía global, que integra diversas culturas y desde los elementos de estas a las raíces de sus miembros. En consecuencia, es importante reconocer el espíritu visionario de sus organizadores, allá por 1970, siendo España uno de sus miembros y donde en 1990 se sustitituye el Tratado de 1970 y se adhiere a la Organización como parte de sus países miembros; simplemente, porque observaba los resultados de un pacto que fortalecía la unión y la integración entre los pueblos y que planteaba innovaciones políticas que beneficiaban a sus habitantes. Conocido por sus siglas, el CAB se ha proyectado con el sueño de Andrés Bello, unos de los intelectuales más prolíficos del siglo XIX. Él es autor de un clásico de la literatura castellana, la Gramática de la Lengua Castellana al uso de los americanos, publicada por primera vez en Chile en 1847. Sin embargo, la obra de este insigne hombre es tan amplia que aborda la ciencia, la tecnología, la filosofía y la política. Fue, sin lugar a dudas, una persona adelantada a su época, pero que logró dejar en sus escritos suficientes evidencias de su trabajo multitemático, con aportes significativos en todos ellos. Promovió la unidad e integración hispano americana y fue por ello propuesto para que esta organización adoptara su nombre. Un nombre al que ha hecho mérito el CAB desde su creación. En sus primeros ejercicios por la integración, los países miembros buscaron establecer un mecanismo que permitiera que los estudiantes pudieran moverse de un país a otro, sin que resultase en perjuicio de sus estudios; es así como surge la Tabla de Equivalencias del CAB, instrumento de integración singular de la Organización que, además de otros, ha servido para impulsar prospectiva política en los campos de la educación, la ciencia y la cultura.La colección de artículos que se publican en este número son el reflejo de avances y logros en el desarrollo de temas diversos; que desde el CAB pretenden contribuir al debate y reflexión necesarios en torno a los mismos, pues han sido llevados adelante desde distintos escenarios. Se han escogido en torno a tres áreas temáticas, en las cuales se ha hecho presente el CAB: educación, cultura y sociedad digital. Dentro de cada una de esa áreas se presentan: desde La Estrategia de Integración Educativa (ESINED) en los países del CAB: desafíos y oportunidades, eje fundamental del actual acontecer en el CAB para el mejoramiento de la calidad de la educación en la región; el artículo basado en la necesidad de un currículo integrado y articulado que contribuya al desarrollo del talento ante la realidad migratoria de nuestros pueblos, que rescata la Tabla de Equivalencias como una herramienta de uso actual, renovada y adoptada por otros Estados, que, sin ser miembros del CAB, otorgan a este instrumento un valor para la preservación del derecho a la educación de los niños; el artículo sobre "Progresión de aprendizajes y tipos de evaluación", que propone una forma de mejorar en el aula. De gran relevancia para los momentos que vivimos, el artículo "Sensibilidades y ciudadanías interculturales. Retos para la educación." Testimonios del quehacer del CAB en estos 50 años, son los artículos "Proyectos educomunicacionales que inspiran, entretienen y educan. "multimediando" hacia una cultura de paz" y "Los concursos como herramienta para visibilizar buenas prácticas de integración educativa ante la movilidad humana", temáticas que han sido objeto de líneas de acción en los programas de educación y cultura a lo largo de su trayectoria.En adición, se presentan los temas de la investigación científica que se desarrollan desde las universidades y que permiten el intercambio de saberes para mejorar los problemas educativos o sociales; es un acercamiento con el artículo "La Formación de pensamiento matemático en niños y niñas durante los primeros años de la escuela: opiniones de maestros que les enseñan en Panamá" y lo que aspiran estos sistemas universitarios con el artículo "Un modelo de acreditación que asegure la mejora de la calidad de un programa de estudios. Experiencia en el nivel universitario."En el campo de la cultura, "Narramos el Centro Histórico de Quito: las historias familiares preservan la memoria" y "Los productos culturales en los países del Convenio Andrés Bello en el escenario global", nos permiten valorar los complejos caminos de la cultura, para ser visibilizados ante el mundo, como un pivote para crear las Cuentas Satélite de Cultura (CSC), metodología generada por el CAB y que ha sido adoptada e implementada en la actualidad por países miembros y no miembros. Y en el campo de la sociedad digital, como respuesta a uno de los componentes de la ESINED, el artículo "Síntesis del Estudio de Tendencias Innovadoras en Recursos Educativos Digitales a Nivel Mundial", realizado por el IPANC-CAB-2018, y "Una propuesta para potenciar el aprendizaje STEM basado en Robótica BEAM", como parte de esos recursos digitales que requerimos saber usar, más que nunca, en estos momentos. La relación de artículos presenta las distintas facetas del trabajo del CAB en sus cincuenta años y las formas que en el presente han tomado esas acciones, sus implicaciones y el futuro que les depara a todas.Finalmente, nuestra gratitud para la Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y del Deporte de Melilla, por esta invitación que celebra las bodas de oro del CAB y a los autores de los artículos que han brindado sus conocimientos y experiencias, donde se plasma la sintonía con la misión de nuestra Organización y los retos, desafíos y prospectivas de la educación, la cultura, la ciencia y la tecnología. ; The journal Publicaciones, put out by the Department of Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Granada's Melilla Campus, is an open-access scientific journal that is offered as a means of transmitting research and relevant work in the field of Education. Thus, an invitation was extended to produce a special issue to commemorate the 50th anniversary of an organisation that has promoted the educational, scientific, technological and cultural integration of Spain and the Latin American countries, including those in the Caribbean.This tribute is offered to the Andrés Bello Agreement Organisation for its constant and tireless work towards the development of a global citizenship integrating diverse cultures, their elements, and the roots of their members. Consequently, it is important to recognise the visionary spirit of its organisers, back in 1970, when Spain was already part of it. In 1990 the 1970 Accord was superseded, and Spain joined the Organisation as one of its member countries, simply because it observed the results of an alliance that strengthened the union of and integration between countries and proposed political innovations benefitting their inhabitants. Known by its Spanish acronym, the CAB was conceived to realise the dream of Andrés Bello, one of the most prolific intellectuals of the 19th century. He was the author of a classic of Spanish literature, the Grammar of the Spanish Language, first published in Chile in 1847. However, the body of work produced by this distinguished man was so extensive that it encompassed science, technology, philosophy and politics. He was, without a doubt, ahead of his time, but he managed to leave in his writings ample evidence of his multi-thematic interests, with significant contributions to all of them. He promoted Latin American unity and integration, hence the organisation's adoption of his name, one which the CAB has merited and honoured ever since its creation. In their first integration exercises, the member countries sought to establish a mechanism that would allow students to move from one country to another without this adversely affecting their studies. This is how the CAB's Table of Equivalences came about, a unique integration instrument that, in addition to others, has served to promote prospective policies in the fields of Education, Science and Culture.The set of articles published in this issue is a reflection of progress and achievements in a range of areas in which the CAB seeks to contribute to the necessary debates and reflections in a number of different settings. They were chosen with a view to three thematic areas, in which the CAB has made its presence felt: Education, Culture and the Digital Society. Each of these areas are addressed in the latest publication. With reference to the Educational Integration Strategy (ESINED) in the CAB countries, one examines the challenges and opportunities related thereto, as the fundamental axis of current activity by the CAB to improve the quality of education in the region. The article is based on the need for an integrated and coordinated curriculum that contributes to the development of talent in the face of the migratory reality of our peoples, one that recovers the Table of Equivalences as a tool for current use, renewed and adopted by other States, which, without being members of the CAB, grant this instrument value for the preservation of children's right to education. The article on "Learning progression and types of assessment", meanwhile, proposes a way to improve in the classroom. And, of great relevance to the times we are currently living in is the article "Intercultural sensibilities and citizenship. Challenges for education". Testimonials of the CAB's work over these 50 years are provided in the articles "Educommunicational projects that inspire, entertain and educate: using multiple media towards a culture of peace", and "Contests as a tool for showcasing good educational integration practices in the face of human mobility", topics that have constituted lines of action in education and culture programmes over the course of the organisation's history.Also featured are scientific research topics tackled by universities and that facilitate exchanges of knowledge to resolve educational and social problems, as in the article "The training of mathematical thinking in children during their first years of school: the opinions of educators who teach them in Panama". What these university systems aspire to is discussed in the article "An accreditation model that assures improvement in the quality of study programmes. Experience at the university level."In the field of Culture, there is "Narrating the Historical Centre of Quito: family stories preserve memories", and "Cultural products in the countries of the Andrés Bello Agreement on the global stage", which allow us to appreciate the complex paths of culture, to be made visible to the world, as grounds for creating the Culture Satellite Account (CSA), a methodology generated by the CAB and that has been adopted and implemented today by both member and non-member countries. In the realm of the Digital Society, as a response to one of the components of the ESINED, there is the article "Synthesis of a study of innovative trends in Digital Educational Resources at a Global Level", carried out by the IPANC-CAB-2018; and "A proposal to promote STEM learning based on BEAM Robotics", as part of those digital resources that we need to know how to use, more than ever, at this time in history. The list of articles illustrates the different facets of the CAB's work in its 50 years and how those actions have shaped the present, their implications, and the future that awaits them all.Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the University of Granada's Department of Education and Sport Sciences in Melilla for this invitation celebrating the CAB's golden anniversary, and to the authors of the articles, who have shared their knowledge and experience, thereby revealing their support for the mission of our organization and the challenges and prospects facing Education, Culture, Science and Technology.