Suchergebnisse

This article will present an overview of the external factors that determine education within the entrepreneurship and its importance in the European Union. Also, how the education and training of professionals influence the competitiveness of enterprises, exposing an overview of the current situation in Europe on this issue, which is considered important in the teaching-learning method, some successful examples of good practice European in the training of professionals, conclusions and recommendations.Realidad y Reflexión Año 16, No 43 Enero-Junio 2016: 110-123 ; En este artículo se presentará un vistazo sobre los condicionantes externos que determinan la educación comprendida en el espíritu empresarial y su importancia en la Unión Europea. Además, cómo la educación y la formación de profesionales influyen en la competitividad de las empresas, exponiéndose una visión general de la situación actual en Europa sobre este tema, lo que se considera importante en el método enseñanza-aprendizaje, algunos ejemplos exitosos de buenas prácticas europeas en la formación de profesionales, las conclusiones y las recomendaciones.Realidad y Reflexión Año 16, No 43 Enero-Junio 2016: 110-123

Evaluation of the EU's economic performance is often couched in shortterm analyses. However, innovation and knowledge are strongly linked to long-term growth. Therefore, this paper takes a broader, big-picture approach and explores knowledge creation in a long-run context. A discussion of innovation is provided that includes the basic concepts, characteristics, and dynamics of innovation, as well as a discussion of systems of innovation and several policy concerns regarding innovation. The benefits of a competition structure for innovation will be demonstrated by building on well-known economic growth theories, particularly Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction and radical innovation, as well as Hayek's theory of discovery. The rationale and justification of an industrial policy structure (i.e., market intervention) will also be presented. A short analysis of the EU Lisbon Strategy is provided, as well as a short discussion of the effects of a rigid industrial policy that may hinder innovative efforts. Finally, a short examination of innovation in the European automotive industry is provided.

The European Union (EU) stands at a crossroads regarding its biofuel policies. For more than a decade, the EU sought to create a market for and govern sustainable biofuels for the transport sector, even as debates over sustainability escalated. It did so by devising novel hybrid (public and private) governance arrangements. We took stock of the nature and outcomes of this experiment in hybrid biofuel governance. We relied on qualitative methods of analysis, whereby we reviewed and synthesized the evolution of EU biofuel governance arrangements over time, through detailed document analysis of secondary and primary literature, including EU and related policy documents and private certification scheme websites. Our analysis reveals that, instead of yielding an increasingly stringent sustainability framework, the hybrid EU governance arrangements resulted in a proliferation of relatively lax, industry-driven, sustainability standards, even as the notion of "sustainable biofuels" remained contested in public and political debate. These findings contribute to an ongoing debate about the merits of hybrid (public–private) governance arrangements, and whether a hybrid approach helps strengthen or weaken sustainability objectives. We conclude that a more stringent EU meta-standard on sustainability needs to be developed, to underpin future governance arrangements.

In an era of increased globalisation, the need for a sense of belonging and an identity is becoming more pressing. The way nations form images of others and, conversely, conscious or unconscious images of themselves is becoming increasingly important as these images impact on public opinion and on political and decision-making discourse. With the development of supranationalism in Europe, the age-old notion of European identity has come more and more to the fore. Conflicting interpretations and a general disinclination to consider the matter leave the notion of European identity as polysemic as ever. Furthermore, the expansion of the EU has contributed to blurring this notion, so much so that in the collective psyche, it has become closely linked to the membership of the European Union and it is proving sometimes difficult to dissociate one from the other. In this context, the debate surrounding Turkey's membership of the EU gives an insight into prototypical and stereotypical representations of Europe. As the controversy has been particularly salient in France, the aim of this study is to explore the European self-conceptions and images of the other through the example of France's opposition to Turkey's membership of the EU. For this purpose, opinion polls and the Press will be used as forms of narrative in order to highlight these representations and how they have evolved in time. The first part of the study will concentrate on the arguments put forward to justify the opposition to Turkey joining the EU. The second part will then evaluate how the image of the other contributes to the prototypical representation French citizens have of Europe.

Abstract Immense uncertainty and the need for drastic interventions cause politicians to rely heavily on scientific advice for underpinning or legitimating their COVID-19 decision-making. This paper explores the role of scientific advice in this policy field in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK. It shows that scientific advice is based on the disciplinary, mainly medical, backgrounds of advisors but is also influenced by social and economic values, which are core to what politicians find important. During the pandemic a growing gap between scientific advice and political decisions is observed.

Immense uncertainty and the need for drastic interventions cause politicians to rely heavily on scientific advice for underpinning or legitimating their COVID-19 decision-making. This paper explores the role of scientific advice in this policy field in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK. It shows that scientific advice is based on the disciplinary, mainly medical, backgrounds of advisors but is also influenced by social and economic values, which are core to what politicians find important. During the pandemic a growing gap between scientific advice and political decisions is observed.

Using data of contested decisions in the Council of the European Union, combined with data on the position of member states on the left-right and support for European integration dimensions, this paper provides an overview of winning coalitions formed in the council in the 1998 to 2004 time span. It shows distance between the combined policy positions of winning coalitions to individual EU states within these coalitions and demonstrates that most winning coalitions in the Council have a large combined voting weight, minimal winning coalitions are rare, and ideological connectedness plays a much smaller role than expected. Adapted from the source document.

Today Europe has different pension systems. According to the history of forming, there are some based on the Bismarck model, like in central and southern Europe; and others on Beveridge's model, like in UK, Ireland, Netherlands and Cyprus; and those based on the Scandinavian model in the Scandinavian countries. In the past two decades there are pension reforms that are conducted in the eastern European countries based on the World Bank model. Most Western European countries did not reform their pension systems. In the past two decades they have made only adjustments but not reforms. Some countries of the EU, like Greece, France, Spain and Portugal, have problems with the financing of their pension systems and also they have worker strikes over this issue. Conversely, Netherlands, UK, Sweden, Ireland and Denmark do not have those kinds of problems. The question is what is the difference in the pension models that makes the models of some countries to be more sustainable and others not. What are the differences in the models? On the one hand, some models can provide better solutions for the elderly population and, on the other hand, some models are not enough suitable for the future retirees. If we know that the EU is a market that is based on the freedom of movement of capital, goods and labor force, the question is, if EU countries do not have similar or connected pension systems, do we have a problem with freedom of movement of the labor force within the EU? In a time of crises, it is notable that in the USA, for example, the equality of the pension rights made it easier for the people to move from one region to another and to mitigate the effect of the crisis. Is it possible to have the same situation in the EU? Do we have to think of a Pan European Pensions System? What will be the features of that kind of system?

Worldwide, organic waste represents one of the most significant shares in the waste management system. Within the framework of circular bioeconomy, new and cutting-edge infrastructure has been developed at the European level to turn organic waste into valuable resources. The present paper aims to provide an exhaustive comparison between the European Union and Latin America regarding organic waste valorization. To this end, an introductive analysis about the state of the art circular bioeconomy in Latin America and Caribbean countries was developed. Subsequently, a systematic literature review in the context of South and Central America was conducted to detect differences and similarities in technologies and best practices for treating biowaste. The results show that the Latin American region is home to numerous bio-based infrastructures: biogas recovery, composting facilities and bioremediation strategies. Nevertheless, a conclusive remark underlines that some social, economic and political barriers are still encountered in the region, and therefore, new and locally-based studies are of paramount importance.

This article deals with the evolution of the concepts of "family life" and marriage in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Its genre is a case note of Re Schalk and Kopf (24/6/2010). The Court redefines family life to include that of same sex couples. It holds nonetheless, that the definition of marriage as a heterosexual institution is not discriminatory. However, the argumentation of the votes is a contradictory one, raising doubts about the possibility of upholding this ruling in the near future. An analysis on the precedents of the Court concerning family issues exposes a trend to deconstruct the definition of marriage and turn family into a diluted concept. We observe a parallel progression in the rulings of the Courts involving the main topics of family law. The article ends with a small reference to the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and a short notice about the legalization of same sex marriage in Argentina. ; El artículo analiza, a partir del fallo "Case of Schalk and Kopf v. Austria" del 24/6/2010 referido al matrimonio y las uniones de personas del mismo sexo, la evolución jurisprudencial de la Corte Europea de derechos humanos respecto de los conceptos de "vida familiar" y matrimonio. La Corte redefine vida familiar para incluir a las parejas de personas del mismo sexo. Decide, sin embargo, que la definición heterosexual de matrimonio no es discriminatoria. Sin embargo, la argumentación de los votos parece desmentir el fallo en este punto, despertando dudas sobre la posibilidad de que esta jurisprudencia se sostenga. Un análisis de los precedentes al caso "Schalk" exhibe una tendencia a deconstruir el matrimonio y a tornar a la familia un concepto diluido. Al analizar la jurisprudencia respecto de los principales tópicos del derecho de familia, puede advertirse la misma progresión. El artículo cierra con una comparación con el sistema americano de derechos humanos, en especial a partir de la ley de legalización de las uniones de personas del mismo sexo ...

Resumen: El artículo analiza, a partir del fallo "Case of Schalk and Kopf v. Austria" del 24/6/2010 referido al matrimonio y las uniones de personas del mismo sexo, la evolución jurisprudencial de la Corte Europea de derechos humanos respecto de los conceptos de "vida familiar" y matrimonio. La Corte redefine vida familiar para incluir a las parejas de personas del mismo sexo. Decide, sin embargo, que la definición heterosexual de matrimonio no es discriminatoria. Sin embargo, la argumentación de los votos parece desmentir el fallo en este punto, despertando dudas sobre la posibilidad de que esta jurisprudencia se sostenga. Un análisis de los precedentes al caso "Schalk" exhibe una tendencia a deconstruir el matrimonio y a tornar a la familia un concepto diluido. Al analizar la jurisprudencia respecto de los principales tópicos del derecho de familia, puede advertirse la misma progresión. El artículo cierra con una comparación con el sistema americano de derechos humanos, en especial a partir de la ley de legalización de las uniones de personas del mismo sexo como matrimonio en Argentina. ; Abstract: This article deals with the evolution of the concepts of "family life" and marriage in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Its genre is a case note of Re Schalk and Kopf (24/6/2010). The Court redefines family life to include that of same sex couples. It holds nonetheless, that the definition of marriage as a heterosexual institution is not discriminatory. However, the argumentation of the votes is a contradictory one, raising doubts about the possibility of upholding this ruling in the near future. An analysis on the precedents of the Court concerning family issues exposes a trend to deconstruct the definition of marriage and turn family into a diluted concept. We observe a parallel progression in the rulings of the Courts involving the main topics of family law. The article ends with a small reference to the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and a short notice about the legalization of same sex marriage in Argentina.