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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nageshanahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 686 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 61 per cent is covered by soils, 37 per cent by rock outcrops and two per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 37 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface, 13 per cent loamy soils and 11 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  About 48 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 8 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) and 53 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 26 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 35 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 3 per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.5), 16 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 41 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4) and 1 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 11 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 51 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 57 per cent area and 5 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 30 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 109(16) 141 (20) Pomegranate 53 (8) 278 (40) Maize 42 (6) 92 (13) Guava 53 (8) 126 (18) Bajra 42 (6) 183 (27) Jackfruit 53 (8) 126 (18) Red gram 42 (6) 199 (29) Jamun 10 (1) 320 (47) Bengalgram 67 (10) 183 (27) Musambi 119 (17) 211 (31) Groundnut 53 (8) 134 (20) Lime 119 (17) 211 (31) Sunflower 109 (16) 132 (19) Cashew 10 (1) 144 (21) Cotton 67 (10) 183 (27) Custard apple 119 (17) 237 (35) Chilli 42 (6) 58 (8) Amla 53 (8) 304 (44) Tomato 42 (6) 56 (8) Tamarind 10 (1) 231 (34) Drumstick 53 (8) 189 (27) Marigold 42 (6) 208 (30) Mulberry 53 (8) 211 (31) Chrysanthemum 42 (6) 208 (30) Mango 10 (1) 79 (12) Jasmine 42 (6) 56 (8) Sapota 53 (8) 126 (18) Crossandra 42 (6) 90 (13) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Drainage line treatment, soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 125 (59.24%) men and 85 (40.28%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5.33, small farmers' was 5.23, semi medium farmers' was 4.64 and medium farmers' was 8.  The data indicated that, 39 (18.48%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 87 (41.23%) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (28.44%) were in 36-60 years of age and 25 (11.85%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Nageshanahalli-1 had 28.44 per cent illiterates, 36.49 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.37 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.54 per cent of them had high school education, 9.48 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.95 per cent of them did diploma, 2.84 per cent of them had degree education and 0.95 per cent of them did masters.  The results indicate that, 90 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 10 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers and 2.50 per cent were general labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 62.09 per cent of the household members, 10.90 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.95 per cent were general labour, 0.47 per cent were in government service, 2.84 per cent were in private service, 20.85 per cent were students, 0.47 per cent were housewives and 0.95 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 15 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 62.50 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 22.50 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 72.50 per cent of the households possess TV, 45 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 40 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 40 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5 per cent of the households possess landline and 90 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8413, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, bicycle was Rs. 2000, motor cycle was Rs.37500, landline was Rs.2000 and mobile phone was Rs.2141.  About 7.50 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20 per cent of them possess plough, 2.50 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 20 per cent of them possess sprayer, 70 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.50 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.23333, plough was Rs.894, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.500, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1400, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2000, and the average value of weeder was Rs.83.  The results indicate that, 10 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 10 per cent of the households possess local cow, 7.50 per cent possess crossbred cow and 2.5 per cent possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 6.83, average own labour (women) available was 12.61, average hired labour (men) available was 1.31 and average hired labour (women) available was 2.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 12.50 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Nageshanahalli-1 micro watershed possess 29.68 ha (54.74%) of dry land and 24.54 ha (45.26%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.80 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.07 ha (79.93%) of dry land and 3.28 ha (20.07%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.94 ha (39.28%) of dry land and 10.74 ha (60.72%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (31.58%) of dry land and 10.52 ha (68.42%) of the farmers possess irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 266,098.46 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 484,713.06. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 436,983.99 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 275,294.12 for dry land and Rs. 852,774.36 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 201,515.15 for dry land and Rs. 539,992.46 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 164,666.67 for dry land and Rs. 313,500 irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 45 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 44.96 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.37 ha, 2.45 ha, 5.32 ha and 2.43 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (8.9 ha), groundnut (10.39 ha), maize (24.81 ha), paddy (9.12 ha), redgram (2.13 ha), sunflower (2.51 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, groundnut and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize, paddy and redgram. Semi medium farmers 3 have grown bajra, maize, paddy and redgram. Medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize and paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nageshanahalli-1 micro watershed was found to be 89.28 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 87.18 and medium farmers it was 79.17 per cent.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of the households have bank account and 40 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 42.50 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 29.41 per cent of the households have availed loan from commercial bank, 64.71 per cent of the households have availed loan from grameena bank, 5.88 per cent of them have availed loan from traders and another 5.88 per cent have availed loan from money lender.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs. 57500, Rs. 68571.43, Rs. 400000 and Rs. 83333 respectively.  The results indicate that, 93.75 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production and 6.25 per cent have borrowed for education.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agriculture production.  The results indicated that 68.75 per cent of the households did not repay their loan, 25 per cent partially paid their loan and 6.25 per cent have fully paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 25 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 56.25 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 18.75 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirement.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirements.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58737.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79076.74. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 20339.08, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 37036.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31634.30. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -5401.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.85. 4  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 90393.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102073.97. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 11680.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.13.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 240103.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50533.08. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -189570.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.21.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 26893.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28194.14. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 1300.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 26893.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40997.50. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 14104.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The results indicate that, 7.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 15 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results also indicated that 10 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.50 per cent opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 60,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 82,608.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 165,115.38, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 210,090.91 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 270,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,259.84. For landless households it was Rs. 5,920, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,238.89, for small farmers it was Rs. 14,559.17, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 18,735.54, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 26,000.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for irrigation facility was Rs. 400 and for improved livestock management Rs. 125.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 7.5 per cent for irrigation facility and 2.5 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, maize, paddy, redgram and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and groundnut was sold to the extent of 99.28 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 65 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 5 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 42.5 per cent have sold their produce to agents/traders. 5  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 5 per cent have also used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 42.50 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 16.67 per cent of the marginal farmers, 38.46 per cent of the small farmers, 54.55 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 55 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 84.62 per cent of the small farmers, 27.27 per cent of semi medium farmers and 40 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 92.50 per cent of the households used fire wood, 5 per cent used LPG and 2.50 per cent of the households used dung cake.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 47.50 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 47.50 per cent of the households in the micro watershed, open well and lake were the source of drinking water for 2.50 per cent of the households respectively.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 33.33 per cent of the marginal, 38.46 per cent of the small, 27.27 per cent of the semi medium and 60 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 97.50 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 5 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 42.50 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 90 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.5 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 2.5 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.5 per cent, milk was adequate for 95 per cent, eggs were adequate for 87.5 per cent and meat was adequate for 12.5 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 72.50 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.50%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25%), high rate of interest on credit (15%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (67.5%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (67.50%), 6 inadequate extension services (65%), less rainfall (12.50%) and source of agri technology information (12.50%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hatti-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 425 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 425 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by rock out crops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 9 per cent of the area is sandy, 54 per cent loamy and 33 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 75 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 2 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 95 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 9 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 88 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 71 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 13 per cent slightly alkaline(pH 7.3 to 7.8), 6 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 4 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 3 per cent soils very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 50 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 64 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 34 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 53 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 45 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 180 (42) 46(11) Pomegranate 135(32) 118(28) Maize 115(27) 112(26) Guava 112(26) 85(20) Bajra 156(37) 113(26) Jackfruit 135(32) 62(15) Redgram 121(28) 74 (17) Jamun 64(15) 121(28) Bengal gram 24(6) 220 (51) Musambi 159 (37) 94(22) Groundnut 66(34) 239 (56) Lime 159 (37) 94 (22) Sunflower 145 (5) 82 (19) Cashew 123(29) 102 (24) Cotton 88 (21) 139(32) Custard apple 195(46) 219(51) Chilli 156(37) 14(3) Amla 171(40) 243 (57) Tomato 156(37) 14(3) Tamarind 64(15) 106(25) Drumstick 121(28) 197 (46) Marigold 121(28) 106(25) Mulberry 121(28) 276(65) Chrysanthemum 121(28) 106 (25) Mango 64(15) 71(17) Jasmine 121(28) 50(12) Sapota 135(32) 62(15) Crossandra 121(28) 82(19) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 101 (53.44%) men and 88 (46.56%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 5.42, small farmers' was 5.27, semi medium farmers' was 4.83, medium farmers' was 4.83 and large farmers' was 11.  The data indicated that, 42 (22.22%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (47.62%) were in 16-35 years of age, 42 (22.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.94%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hatti-2 had 31.75 per cent illiterates, 26.98 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.52 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.76 per cent of them had high school education, 6.88 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.53 per cent had ITI, 4.76 per cent of them had degree and 0.53 per cent of them did masters.  The results indicate that, 61.11 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 33.33 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.51 per cent of the household members, 30.69 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.59 per cent were general labourers, 1.06 per cent were in private service, 0.53 per cent was into trade and business, 22.75 per cent were students and 4.76 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.53 per cent of the households participated in sthree shakthi sangha and 99.47 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.56 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 58.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 19.44 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 16.67 per cent of the households possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 77.78 per cent of the households possess TV, 88.89 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.78 per cent of them possess bicycle, 30.56 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 80.56 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,428, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,296, bicycle was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 40,416 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,526.  About 13.89 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 5.56 per cent of them possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.78 per cent of 2 them possess irrigation pump, 13.89 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.78 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 69.44 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 24,000, plough was Rs. 1,850, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.3,500, irrigation pump was Rs. 10,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,060, sprinkler was Rs.800 and weeder was Rs. 49.  The results indicate that, 27.78 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 36.11 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.56 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 8.33 per cent possess buffalo, 2.78 per cent possess sheep, 2.78 per cent possess goat and 2.78 per cent of them possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.68, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 14.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.19.  The results indicate that 77.78 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hatti-2 micro-watershed possess 27.87 ha (52.35%) of dry land and 25.37 ha (47.65%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.08 ha (90%) of dry land and 0.45 ha (10%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.47 ha (83.04%) of dry land and 2.34 ha (16.96%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.65 ha (60.87%) of dry land and 4.28 ha (39.13%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.67 ha (30.30%) of dry land and 13.03 ha (69.70%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 5.26 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 390,981.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 327,074.22. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 710,615.08 for dry land and Rs. 882,142.85 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 461,926.60 for dry land and Rs. 255,960.68 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 255,413.62 for dry land and Rs. 397,256.38 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 176,428.57 for dry land and Rs. 276,149.07. In case of large farmers the average land value was Rs. 380,000.  The results indicate that, there were 12 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning and 1 de-functioning open wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 33.33 per cent and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.56 per cent of the farmers. 3  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 40.40 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 8.81 per cent.  The results indicate that small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 3.25 ha, 6.10 ha, 12.96 ha and 5.26 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (22.99 ha), bajra/pearl millet/sajje (19.03 ha), groundnut (6.57 ha), redgram (3.64 ha) and navane (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize and bajra. Small and semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra, redgram, groundnut and navane. Large farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut.  The results indicate that small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 3.25 ha, 6.10 ha, 12.96 ha and 5.26 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (22.99 ha), bajra/pearl millet/sajje (19.03 ha), groundnut (6.57 ha), redgram (3.64 ha) and navane (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize and bajra. Small and semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra, redgram, groundnut and navane. Large farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hatti-2 micro-watershed was found to be 66.22 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31242.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76824.86. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 45581.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.46.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 19242.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 25217.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 29582.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59280. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 29697.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 19973.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 24486.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.23.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 53039.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45570.78. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -7468.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.56 per cent of them opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 52.78 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. 4  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 29,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 40,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 61,181.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 83,000, for medium farmers it was Rs. 105,666.67 and for large farmers it was Rs. 355,800.  The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.56 per cent of them opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 52.78 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 29,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 40,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 61,181.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 83,000, for medium farmers it was Rs. 105,666.67 and for large farmers it was Rs. 355,800.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,202.65. For landless households it was Rs. 3,120, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,394.56, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,833.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,222.22, for medium farmers it was Rs. 10,888.89 and for large farmers it was Rs. 170,100.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 105 coconut trees, 20 lemon trees and 69 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 202 neem trees, 22 tamarind trees, 2 acacia trees and 2 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,527.78 for land development, Rs. 388.89 for irrigation facility, Rs. 972.22 for improved crop production and Rs. 388.89 for orchard development/maintenance.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 13.89 per cent for land development, for 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility, for 16.67 per cent for improved crop production and for 8.33 per cent for orchard development/maintenance. Soft loan was the source of additional investment capacity for 2.78 per cent of the households for land development.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut and maize were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Navane was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent and redgram was sold to the extent of 64 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 13.89 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 86.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 30.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.56 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households used cart, 2.78 per cent of them used truck and 83.33 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation. 5  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent of the households used firewood and 13.89 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 80.56 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 11.11 per cent, open well was the source of drinking water for 2.78 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 2.78 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 30.56 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 63.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 63.89 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.56 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.78 per cent, milk was adequate for 47.22 per cent, eggs were adequate for 33.33 per cent and meat was adequate for 22.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were in adequate for 33.33 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 75 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.89 per cent, milk was inadequate for 47.22 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 61.11 per cent and meat was inadequate for 55.56 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 41.67 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 8.33 per cent of the households, fruits were market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households, milk was market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households and meat was market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 36.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (52.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.44%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (19.44%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.22%), low price for the agricultural commodities (41.67%), inadequate extension services (22.22%), lack of transport for safe transport of the 6 agricultural produce to the market (27.78%), less rainfall (61.11%) and Source of Agri-technology information (30.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-3 microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 536ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent byrock outcrops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13soil series and 24soil phases (management units) and 6land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 10 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface, 73 per cent loamy soils and 13 per cent sandy soils.  About 58per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m)in available water capacity.  About 92 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 4 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%)lands.  An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and68 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 12per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 2 per cent soils are strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 25 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),54 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and3 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in47 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 68 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 28 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 64 per cent area,26per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 6 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 36 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 33 per cent area.  Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 256 (48) 87 (16) Pomegranate 53 (10) 226 (42) Maize 37 (7) 179 (34) Guava 53 (10) 101 (19) Bajra 154 (29) 162 (30) Jackfruit 52(10) 100 (19) Red gram 53 (10) 226 (42) Jamun 29 (5) 204 (38) Bengalgram 102 (19) 280 (52) Musambi 122 (23) 157 (29) Groundnut 29 (5) 262 (49) Lime 122 (23) 157 (29) Sunflower 122 (23) 157 (29) Cashew 67 (12) 87 (16) Cotton 132 (25) 212 (40) Custard apple 256 (48) 196 (37) Chilli 154 (29) 63 (12) Amla 154 (29) 298 (56) Tomato 154 (29) 87 (16) Tamarind 29 (5) 117 (22) Drumstick 53 (10) 260 (49) Marigold 67 (12) 276 (52) Mulberry 53 (10) 236 (44) Chrysanthemum 67 (12) 276 (52) Mango 29 (5) 24 (4) Jasmine 67 (12) 174 (33) Sapota 53 (10) 100 (19) Crossandra 67 (12) 243 (45) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 110 (55.28%) men and 89 (44.72%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 4.46, small farmers' was 4.63, semi medium farmers' was 4.3 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 39 (19.6 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (41.21 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (30.15 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.05%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gabbur-3 had 43.72 per cent illiterates, 32.66 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.51 per cent of them had middle school education, 7.54 per cent of them had high school education, 7.54 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.50 per cent of them had diploma and 2.01 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 88.64 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 13.64 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.10 per cent of the household members, 59.30 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.50 per cent was in private service, 16.08 per cent of them were student and 4.02 per cent were children.  The results show that only 1.01 per cent of the household members have participated in NGOs and 98.99 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.36 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 68.18 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 18.18 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results shows that 77.27 per cent of the households possess TV, 61.36 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 11.36 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 43.18 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 79.55 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 5075, mixer grinder was Rs.1903, motor cycle was Rs.47473, mobile phone was Rs.2108 and bicycle was Rs.1600.  About 45.45 per cent of the households possess plough, 18.18 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 4.55 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 4.55 per cent of the households possess tractor, 20.45 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 56.82 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1550, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15625, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 1571, 2 the average value of tractor was Rs. 250600, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1758 and the average value of weeder Rs.80.  The results indicate that, 31.82 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 31.82 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.27 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.93, average own labour (women) available was 1.49, average hired labour (men) available was 13.52 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.89.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-3 micro watershed possess 23.38 ha (40.61%) of dry land and 34.19 ha (59.39%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.02 ha (86.97%) of dry land and 1.05 ha (13.03%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.14 ha (78.55%) of dry land and 1.95 ha (21.45%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 2.14 ha (15.03%) of dry land and 12.13 ha (84.97%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 7.07 ha (27.07%) of dry land and 19.06 ha (72.93%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 299238.49 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 358119.30. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 526743.52 for dry land and Rs. 1709999.98 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 237903.69 for dry land and Rs. 819917.0 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 186415.09 for dry land and Rs. 424441.11 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 169.565.22 for dry land and Rs. 194033.97 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 30 functioning bore wells and 24 defunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 72.73 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 53.06 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 2.58 hectares, small farmers had 2.76 hectares, semi medium farmers had 12.13 hectares and medium farmers had 18.62 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (29.14 ha), bajra (14.49 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), sugarcane (2.23 ha), bengalgram (2.11 ha), cotton (1.71 ha), redgram (1.62 ha), sunflower (1.62 ha) and sapota (0.91 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-3 micro watershed was found to be 88.60 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 83 per cent and medium farmers had a cropping intensity of 71.43 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 65.91 per cent of the households possess bank account and savings in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 69.23 per cent of marginal, 75 per cent of small, 60.0 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that 3.45 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, semi medium have availed a credit of Rs.12500.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent of the households opined that the loan helped them to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 63406.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 162690.67. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 99284.17, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.57.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27366.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39524.14. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 12158.052, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 30365.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30642.85. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 277.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 38588.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55008.96. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 16420.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The total cost of cultivation for Sapota was Rs. 29035.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 262300.89. The net income from Sapota cultivation was Rs. 233265.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:9.03.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 41171.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45975.22. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 2409.43, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.12.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 38588.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55008.96. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 16420.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31812.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 53105. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 21292.33, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.67. 4  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 38703.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 137289.48. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 98586.02, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.55.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 17728.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41496. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 23767.05, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.34.  The results indicate that, 18.18 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 2.27 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also, 31.82 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 32,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 60,307.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 69,750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 120,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 117,125.38.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,656.59. For landless households it was Rs. 2,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs 5,847.63, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,468.75, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,583.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 6,410.94.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 33 coconut trees, 5 guava trees, 31 mango trees and 3 orange trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 85 neem trees, 19 teak trees, 5 tamarind trees, 4 acacia trees, 12 banyan and 3 peepul trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.4,022.73 for land development, Rs.454.55 for irrigation facility and Rs.545.45 for improved crop production.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.27 per cent for irrigation facility and for 4.55 per cent for improved crop production. Loan from bank was the major source of investment for 2.27 per cent of households for land development and for 2.27 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 25 per cent for land development, for 2.27 per cent for irrigation facility and for 4.55 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 11.36 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 95.22 per cent, bengalgram was sold to the extent of 80.39 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 96.22 per cent, paddy and redgram were sold to the extent of 50 per cent. Cotton, sapota, sugarcane and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 93.18 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 9.09 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. 5  The results indicated that 95.45 per cent of the farmers have used tractor and 2.27 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 22.73 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 65.91 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 47.73 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 52.27 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 86.36 percent used fire wood and 13.64 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 90.91 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 6.82 per cent possessed APL card and 2.27 per cent did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 43.18 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.73 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 79.55 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 20.45 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 31.82 per cent, fruits were adequate for 29.55 per cent, milk was adequate for 15.91 per cent and eggs were adequate for 20.45 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.27 percent, pulses were inadequate for 18.18 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 59.09 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 47.73 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 40.91 per cent, milk were inadequate for 40.91 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 54.55 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 13.64 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 18.18 per cent and fruits were market surplus for 4.55 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 63.64 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (68.18%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (43.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (13.64%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.64%), high rate of interest on credit (18.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (13.64%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (13.64%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (13.64%), ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kotakkanahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 492 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent mining/industrial, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 7 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 7 per cent area has loamy soils, 28 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 62 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 40 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 54 per cent and 42 per cent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  About 11per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 90 per cent area and 7 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 70 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 45 (9) 112 (23) Sapota 37 (8) 153 (31) Maize 27 (5) 130 (26) Pomegranate 53 (11) 136 (28) Bajra 70 (14) 218 (44) Musambi 37 (8) 152 (31) Groundnut 1 (<1) 413(84) Lime 37 (8) 152 (31) Sunflower 35 (7) 49 (10) Amla 72 (15) 393 (80) Red gram 35 (7) 49 (10) Cashew 44 (9) 145 (30) Bengalgram 1 (<1) 134 (27) Jackfruit 37 (8) 152 (31) Cotton 12 (2) 144 (29) Jamun 14 (3) 172 (35) Chilli 42 (9) 111 (23) Custard apple 75 (15) 390 (79) Tomato 42 (9) 111 (23) Tamarind 14 (3) 58 (12) Brinjal 72 (15) 240 (49) Mulberry 39 (8) 328 (67) Onion 50 (10) 258 (53) Marigold 23 (5) 133 (27) Bhendi 50 (10) 261 (53) Chrysanthemum 23 (5) 133 (27) Drumstick 51 (10) 210 (43) Jasmine 23 (5) 133 (27) Mango 14 (3) 48 (10) Crossandra 35 (7) 118 (24) Guava 37 (8) 153 (31) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 103 (52.55%) men and 93 (47.45%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.80, marginal farmers' was 5.17, small farmers' was 5.91, semi medium farmers' was 4.57 and medium farmers' was 6.50.  The data indicated that, 46 (23.47%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (39.80%) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (26.53%) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (10.20%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kotakkanahalli-2 had 28.57 per cent illiterates, 28.06 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.81 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.80 per cent of them had high school education, 9.18 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.20 per cent had diploma and ITI and 2.04 per cent had degree education.  The results indicate that, 56.76 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 35.14 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 2.70 per cent of the households were into trade and business and 5.41 were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 25.51 per cent of the household members, 39.80 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.02 per cent were in private service, 0.51 per cent were trade and business, 26.02 per cent were students, 3.57 per cent were housewives and 3.57 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 13.51 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 83.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 5.41 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 2.70 per cent of the households possess semi pucca houses.  The results show that 91.89 per cent of the households possess TV, 86.49 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 32.43 per cent of them possess bicycle, 32.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 8.11 per cent of them possess auto, 2.70 per cent of the households landline phone and 94.59 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,500, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,806, bicycle was 1,983, motor cycle was Rs. 62,666, auto was 233,333, landline was 600 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,896.  About 27.03 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 37.84 per cent of them possess plough, 2.70 per cent of them possess seed/ fertilizer drill, 8.11 per cent of them possess power tiller, 8.11 per cent of them possess tractor, 29.73 per cent of them possess sprayer, 70.27 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.70 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,900, plough was Rs. 2,180, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 4,500, power tiller was Rs. 90,000, tractor was Rs. 433,333, sprayer was Rs. 4,541, weeder was Rs. 71 and the average value of earth remover/duster was Rs. 25,000.  The results indicate that, 35.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 35.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.41 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 2.70 per cent possess buffalo and 5.41 per cent of them possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.74, average own labour (women) available was 1.44, average hired labour (men) available was 6.91 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.29.  The results indicate that 59.46 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 29.73 per cent opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kotakkanahalli-2 micro-watershed possess 33.56 ha (75.85%) of dry land and 10.68 ha (24.15%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.34 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.76 ha (88.03%) of dry land and 1.74 ha (11.97%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.46 ha (77.97%) of dry land and 3.24 ha (22.03%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.71 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 342,517.79 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 336,818.18. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 492,501.08 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 336,746.99 for dry land and Rs. 633,333.34 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 226,765.54 for dry land and Rs. 339,625 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 245,074.41 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 5 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 13.51 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 13.18 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.74 ha, 4.86 ha and 2.83 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (15.22 ha), bajra (10.64 ha), groundnut (4.29 ha), redgram (3.72 ha), sunflower (2.15 ha), paddy (1.62 ha), Bengalgram (2.98 ha), pearl millet (1.21 ha), navane (0.87 ha) and cotton (0.53 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kotakkanahalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 73.30 per cent.  The results indicate that, 21.62 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. 3  The results indicate that, 21.62 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33752.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34742.67. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 990.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.03.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 20906.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35755.12. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 14848.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.71.  The total cost of cultivation for bakra was Rs. 34806.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22489.38. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 12317.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.65.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal grma was Rs. 33541.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90478.09. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 56936.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.7.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 35918.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47435.23. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 11516.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 38615.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52487.50. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 13872.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 47544.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55389.08. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 7844.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 63539.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57000. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. - 6539.37. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 38388.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18467.29. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. - 19921.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.48.  The results indicate that, 27.03 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.51 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Also, 29.73 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 5.41 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 28,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 63,388.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 76,681.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 164,881.57 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 111,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,353.22. For landless households it was Rs. 3,840, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,785.71, for 4 small farmers it was Rs. 6,945.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 18,576.53 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 20,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 8 coconut trees and 19 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 44 neem and 6 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,783.78 for land development, Rs. 324.32 for irrigation facility, Rs. 1,324.32 for improved crop production and Rs. 243.24 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 18.92 per cent for land development, for 5.41 per cent for irrigation facility, for 18.92 per cent for improved crop production and for 5.41 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 10.81 per cent for crop production, for 10.81 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.7 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 68 per cent, Bengalgram was sold to the extent of 56 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 64 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 97 per cent, navane and paddy were sold to the extent of 50 per cent, redgram was sold to the extent of 57 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 92 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 32.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agents/traders, 16.22 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 56.76 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 8.11 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 18.92 per cent of the households used cart and 94.59 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 51.35 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 48.65 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 81.08 per cent of the households used firewood, 2.70 per cent used biogas and 16.22 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 43.24 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 55 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 5.41 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. 5  The results indicated that, 5.41 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card, 91.89 per cent of them possessed BPL card and 2.70 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 40.54 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.59 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 56.76 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 24.32 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 40.54 per cent, fruits were adequate for 16.22 per cent, milk was adequate for 78.38 per cent and meat were adequate for 62.16 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 35.14 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 62.16 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 40.54 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 48.65 per cent, milk was inadequate for 13.51 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 18.92 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 10.81 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 8.11 per cent of the households and eggs were market surplus for 2.70 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 72.50 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (30%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.5%), inadequate extension services (10%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25%), less rainfall (60%) and Source of Agri-technology information (37.5%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sidganhalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 808 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 96 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by mining and industrial area, 2 per cent by rock outcrops and 1 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 27 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 68 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 17 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 36 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 91 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 78 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 18 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 42 per cent soils are moderately acid to slightly acid (pH 5.5-6.5), 26 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 28 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 46 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 1 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 94 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in 48 per cent area and high (>20 ppm) in 48 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 59 per cent is low (1.0 ppm) in available boron content.  An area of about 64 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 32 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 41 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 77(9) 301(37) Sapota 44(5) 274(34) Maize 44(5) 334(41) Pomegranate 44(5) 425(53) Bajra 44(5) 655(81) Guava 44(5) 274(34) Groundnut - 465(58) Jackfruit 44(5) 274(34) Sunflower 77(9) 195(24) Jamun - 417(52) Cotton 33(4) 345(43) Musambi 77(9) 392(49) Red gram 44(5) 228(28) Lime 77(9) 392(49) Bengalgram 57(7) 445(55) Cashew 44(5) 269(33) Chilli 44(5) 183(23) Custard apple 102(13) 670(83) Tomato 44(5) 183(23) Amla 44(5) 729(90) Brinjal 69(9) 336(42) Tamarind - 195(24) Onion 44(5) 234(29) Marigold 44(5) 334(41) Bhendi 44(5) 362(45) Chrysanthemum 44(5) 334(41) Drumstick 44(5) 253(31) Jasmine 44(5) 183(23) Mulberry 44(5) 498(68) Crossandra 44(5) 183(23) Mango - 98(12) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 114 (52.53%) men and 103 (47.47%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 6.33, small farmers' was 5.2, semi medium farmers' was 5.9, medium farmers' was 8.63 and large farmers' was 6.5.  The data indicated that, 39 (17.97%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 115 (53%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (24.88%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (4.15%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Sidganahalli-2 had 25.81 per cent illiterates, 27.65 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.52 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.51 per cent of them had high school education, 6.45 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.38 per cent had diploma, 0.92 per cent did ITI, 4.61 per cent of them had degree education, 1.84 per cent did masters and 0.46 per cent of them did PhD.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 32.35 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 54.84 per cent of the household members, 10.60 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.84 per cent were in government service, 2.76 per cent were in private service, 2.76 per cent were in trade and business, 21.20 per cent were students, 1.84 per cent were children and 4.15 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 0.46 per cent of the households participated in NGO and 99.54 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 41.18 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 8.82 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 52.94 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 94.12 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 55.88 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,382, mixer grinder was Rs. 3,030, motor cycle was Rs. 34,473 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,350.  About 38.24 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.12 per cent of them possess plough, 5.88 per cent of them possess power tiller, 8.82 per cent possess tractor, 58.82 per cent of them possess sprayer and 85.29 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17,538, plough was Rs. 2,600, power tiller was Rs. 25,000, tractor was Rs. 533,333, sprayer was Rs. 3,742 and the average value of weeder was Rs.36.  The results indicate that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 61.76 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.94 per cent possess buffalo and 2.94 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.86, average hired labour (men) available was 7.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.55.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Sidganahalli-2 micro-watershed possess 25.59 ha (38.53%) of dry land and 40.83 ha (61.47%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 1.42 ha (76.96%) of dry land and 0.43 ha (23.31%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.27 ha (82.89%) of dry land and 1.30 ha (17.11%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.28 ha (39.41%) of dry land and 11.20 ha (60.59%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.95 ha (21.14%) of dry land and 18.45 ha (78.86%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 5.67 ha (37.45%) of dry land and 9.46 ha (62.55%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 386,669.83 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 443,082.26. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 842,045.43 for dry land and Rs. 1,846,728.88 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 430,258.06 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.98 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 397,944.44 for dry land and Rs. 598,084.57 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 384,042.55 for dry land and Rs. 384,752.08 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers it was Rs. 211,714.29 for dry land and Rs. 200,727.12 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 19 functioning and 8 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 55.88 per cent of the farmers and open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.94 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 59.08 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.90 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 0.43 ha, 1.30 ha, 9.15 ha, 15.79 ha and 7.29 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (6.21 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), groundnut (11.49 ha), maize (32.95 ha), mango (3.24 ha), navane (0.81 ha), paddy 3 (2.02 ha) and sunflower (2.02 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra and maize while small farmers have grown bajra, groundnut and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize, mango, navane and paddy. Medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, mango paddy and sunflower. Large farmers have grown groundnut, maize and mango.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Sidganahalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 72.18 per cent.  The results indicate that, 82.35 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 82.35 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 25906.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30262.58. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 4356.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 68808.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67654.56. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -1153.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 86548.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 12251.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.14.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 20913.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21082.35. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 169. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 11965.51. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 25084.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.1.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 47294.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 154841.56. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 107546.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.27.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 45974. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 101887.50. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 55913.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.22.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 21407.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 822.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The results indicate that, 64.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 2.94 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 40,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 77,166.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 4 192,833.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 93,250, for medium farmers it was Rs. 257,812.50 and for large farmers it was Rs. 169,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,285.54. For landless households it was Rs. 1,800, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,222.22, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,486.11, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 1,962.50, for medium farmers it was Rs. 11,562.50 and for large farmers it was Rs. 17,500.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 65 coconut trees and 640 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 tamarind and 60 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8,235.29 for land development, Rs. 3,441.18 for irrigation facility, Rs. 4,705.88 for improved crop production, Rs. 1,852.94 for improved livestock management and Rs. 88.24 for orchard development and maintenance.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 76.47 per cent for land development, for 52.94 per cent for irrigation facility, for 61.76 per cent for improved crop production, for 29.14 per cent for improved livestock management and for 2.94 per cent for orchard development/maintenance. Soft loans were the source of funds for additional investment for 5.88 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for improved crop production and for 11.76 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 82.5 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 76.17 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.69 per cent, mango and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent, navane was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent and paddy was sold to the extent of 86.67 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 135.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 5.88 per cent of them sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 2.94 per cent of the households used cart, 126.47 per cent of the households used tractor and 8.82 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 61.76 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 5 17.14 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 5.88 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.06 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.94 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 85.29 per cent, milk was adequate for 91.18 per cent and eggs were adequate for 11.76 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 94.12 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 14.17 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.88 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 88.24 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 2.94 per cent of the households and milk was market surplus for 2.94 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.29 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (20.59%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.24%), low price for the agricultural commodities (55.88%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (67.65%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (32.35%) and inadequate extension services (5.88%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hanumanahatti microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 469 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by rock outcrops, habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 32 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 15 per cent has sandy soils at the surface, 43 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 38 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 35 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 8 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 87 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 2 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 30 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 67 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 20 per cent are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 20 per cent are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 53 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 5 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 89 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is high (>57 kg/ha) in the entire cultivated area in the microwatershed.  About 96 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in the area of about 5 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 95 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 2 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 93 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 72 (15) 148 (31) Sapota 30 (6) 112 (24) Maize 8 (2) 212 (45) Pomegranate 30 (6) 177 (38) Bajra 88 (19) 190 (41) Musambi 95 (20) 112 (24) Groundnut 25 (5) 281 (60) Lime 95 (20) 112 (24) Sunflower 72 (15) 99 (21) Amla 126 (27) 304 (65) Red gram 8 (2) 164 (35) Cashew 8 (2) 135 (29) Bengalgram 65 (14) 186 (40) Jackfruit 30 (6) 112 (24) Cotton 65 (14) 156 (33) Jamun - 207 (44) Chilli 11 (2) 148 (31) Custard apple 161 (34) 269 (57) Tomato 11 (2) 148 (31) Tamarind - 134 (29) Brinjal 107 (23) 235 (50) Mulberry 59 (13) 262 (56) Onion 43 (9) 206 (44) Marigold 8 (2) 213 (45) Bhendi 43 (9) 299 (63) Chrysanthemum 8 (2) 213 (45) Drumstick 59 (13) 255 (54) Jasmine 8 (2) 148 (31) Mango - 69 (15) Crossandra 8 (2) 121 (26) Guava 8 (2) 134 (29)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 90 (52.94%) men and 80 (47.06%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal farmers' was 5.85, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5.25, medium farmers' was 6 and large farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 52 (30.59%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 54 (31.76%) were in 16-35 years of age, 49 (28.82%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.82%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hanumanahatti had 37.06 per cent illiterates, 25.88 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.71 per cent of them had middle school education, 20 per cent of them had high school education, 2.35 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.59 per cent had diploma, 1.18 per cent of them did ITI and 2.94 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 66.67 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 19.44 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 13.89 per cent were general labour and 2.78 per cent of them were students.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.24 per cent of the household members, 5.88 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.59 per cent were in private service, 30.59 per cent were students and 5.29 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 13.89 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 86.11 per cent of the households possess Katcha house.  The results show that 2.78 per cent of the households possess radio, 25 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.33 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 41.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of radio was Rs.500, television was Rs.8555, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, bicycle was Rs. 2500, motor cycle was Rs.37000 and mobile phone was Rs.2281.  About 13.89 per cent of the households possess plough and 8.33 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1500 and the average value of weeder was Rs.80.  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 19.44 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.88 per cent of them possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.56, average own labour (women) available was 1.35, average hired labour (men) available was 7.65 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.26.  The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hanumanahatti micro-watershed possess 13.17 ha (35.54%) of dry land and 23.89 ha (64.46%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.03 ha (100%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (7.44%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 8.13 ha (47.21%) of dry land and 9.10 ha (52.79%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.29 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (100%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 5.26 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 500,983.41 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 464,458.75. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 675,080.38 for dry land and Rs. 1,482,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 393,233.83 for dry land and Rs. 725,177.93 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 397,106.11 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 211,714.29 for irrigated land and in case of large farmers it was Rs. 152,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 18 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 50 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 48.26 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 9.10 ha, 6.30 ha, 2.83 ha and 5.26 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (4.86 ha), chilly (0.81 ha), green gram (0.81 ha), red gram (0.81 ha) and maize (27.66 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, chilly and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, green gram, maize and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown chilly and maize. Medium farmers have grown maize. Large farmers have grown bajra and maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hanumanahatti micro-watershed was found to be 82.62 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100.09 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 85.85, medium farmers it was 100 per cent and in case of large farmers it was 38.46 per cent.  The results indicate that, 36.11 per cent of the households have bank account and 22.22 per cent have savings. 3  The results indicate that, 36.11 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 84.62 per cent of the households availed loan from loan from grameena bank, 7.69 per cent of the households obtained loan from friends/relatives and another 7.69 per cent borrowed from cooperative bank.  The results indicate that the average credit borrowed was Rs.162692.31.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was also agricultural production.  The results indicated that 91.67 per cent of the households did not repay their loan and 8.33 per cent of the households partially paid the loan that they borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 91.67 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 8.33 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirements.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent of the households opined that the credit borrowed from private sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 25583.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38552.82. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 12969.43, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 33089.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 167466. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 134376.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:5.06.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 18570. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28775.50. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 10205.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 19969.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 123500. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 808.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.18.  the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 56285.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 93860. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 37574.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.67.  The results indicate that, 13.89 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.89 per cent opined that green fodder is adequate. 4  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 63,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 100,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 112,941.18, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 118,500, for medium farmers it was Rs. 120,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 135,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,982.43. For landless households it was Rs. 7,583.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 7,836.73, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,603.56, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,437.50, for medium farmers it was Rs. 80,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 110,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 31 coconut and 5 mango tree in their fields. They have also planted 6 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 69 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees, 2 acacia and 5 banyan trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 16.67 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 66.67 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants and 2.78 per cent have sold their produce to agent/traders.  The results indicated that, 86.11 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 28.57 per cent of the marginal farmers, 58.82 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of medium and large farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.56 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 5.56 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 47.22 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 47.22 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 47.22 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 42.86 per cent of the marginal, 47.06 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium, 100 per cent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, 91.67 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 11.11 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card. 5  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.22 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 19.44 per cent, fruits were adequate for 8.33 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.44 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 16.67 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 5.56 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 88.89 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 80.56 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 91.67 per cent, milk was inadequate for 2.78 per cent and meat was inadequate for 83.33 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80.56 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (33.33%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.56%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.56%), high rate of interest on credit (80.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (83.33%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (77.78%) and inadequate extension services (83.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Jabbalgudda-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 449 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 58 per cent is covered by soil, 40 per cent by rock out crops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 3 per cent loamy (sandy loam) and 55 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 11 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 54 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 47 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 0.75%) in entire area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 14 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 25 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 33 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 38 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 177 (39) Pomegranate - 48(11) Maize - 159 (36) Guava - 27(6) Bajra - 192(43) Jackfruit - 27(6) Redgram - 47(11) Jamun - 20(5) Bengal gram - 193(43) Musambi - 48(11) Groundnut - 156 (35) Lime - 48(11) Sunflower - 48 (11) Cashew - - Cotton - 177(39) Custard apple - 193(43) Chilli - 156(35) Amla - 192 (43) Tomato - 173(39) Tamarind - 20(5) Drumstick - 48(11) Marigold - 177(39) Mulberry - 30(7) Chrysanthemum - 177 (39) Mango - 3(<1) Jasmine - 173(39) Sapota - 27(6) Crossandra - 173(39)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Jabbalgudda-1 micro watershed among them 6(17.14%) were marginal farmers, 18 (51.43 %) were small farmers, 5 (14.29%) were semi medium farmers and 1 (2.86%) were medium farmers and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 162 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 96 (59.26%) men and 66 (40.74 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 4, marginal and medium farmers were 6, small and semi medium farmers were 5.  The data indicated that 31 (19.14%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 68 (41.98%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (31.48 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.41%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Jabbalgudda-1 had 34.57 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent were functional literates, 33.95 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.85 per cent of them had middle school, 11.73 per cent them had high school education, 7.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.62 per cent of them had diploma, ITI and masters, 3.09 per cent of them had degree education and 4.94 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 65.43 per cent of the household members, 3.09 per cent were agricultural labourers, 8.64 per cent were general labours, 1.85 percent were in private sector, 16.67 per cent of them were students and 3.09 per cent of them were children. In case of landless households 4.76 per cent were agricultural labours, 66.67 per cent were general labourers, 4.76 per cent were in private service and 19.05 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 71.43 per cent were both agriculturist and 3.57 per cent were agricultural labour and 14.29 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 81.48 per cent of them were agriculturist, 2.47 per cent of them were agriculture labour, 1.23 per cent was in private service and 11.11 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 61.54 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 3.85 per cent were agriculture labour and in private service and 26.92 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 50 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 50 per cent of them were students.  The results showed 100 per cent of the farmers have not participated in any local institutions. 2  The results indicated that 91.43 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Pucca house and 5.71 per cent of them possess Thatched house.  The results showed that, 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 71.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 22.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder and bicycle, 11.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 80 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of radio was Rs.500, television was Rs. 9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1875, bicycle was Rs.6125, motor cycle was Rs.26250 and mobile phone was Rs.1682.  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 51.43 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results showed that the average value of plough was Rs. 650, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4000 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 50.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow. In case of small farmers, 5.56 per cent of households possess bullock and 16.67 per cent possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 20 per cent of the households possess bullock and local cow respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, average own labour (women) available was 1.33, average hired labour (men) available was 8.19 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.90.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was also 1.17, average hired labour (men) was 8.50 and average hired labour (women) available was also 4.33. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.06, average own labour (women) was 1.39, average hired labour (men) was 7.47 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.95. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.80, average own labour (women) was 1.40, average hired labour (men) was 12.20 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.20. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was10 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Jabbalgudda-1 micro watershed possess 24.25 ha (66.34 %) of dry land and 12.31 ha (33.66%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.36 ha (89.25%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (10.75%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 17.97 ha (79.23%) of dry land and 4.71 ha 3 (20.77%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.92 ha (38.57%) of dry land and 4.65 ha (61.43%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.54 (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 350,325.38 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 633,541.60. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 565,421.69 for dry land and Rs. 988,000.00 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 339,270.43 for dry land Rs. 870,017.18 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 171,052.64 for dry land and Rs. 536,956.52 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 315,151.52 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 12 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 34.29 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 32.22 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.40 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 4.71 ha of irrigated land, in case of semi medium farmers there was 4.66 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 1.21 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 10.99 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (6.19 ha), maize (18.24 ha), paddy (8.51 ha) and groundnut (0.45 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Bajra and paddy. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, paddy and groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize and paddy. Medium farmers have grown only paddy.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Jabbalgudda-1 micro watershed was found to be 92.10 per cent. In case of marginal and medium farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of small farmers cropping intensity was 89.99 per cent and in semi medium farmers it was 93.48 per cent.  The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings. Among small farmers 16.67 percent of them possess bank account and savings respectively. 40 per cent of semi medium farmers possess bank account and savings correspondingly.  The results indicated that, 16.67 per cent of small and 40 per cent of semi medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank and 80 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank. 4  The results indicated that, small and semi medium, farmers have availed Rs. 110,000 and Rs. 115,000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 112,000.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  Results indicated that100 percent of the households have unpaid their institutional credit.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households were opined that institutional source of credit was helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 34882.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37944.06. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 3061.16, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 35091.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41594.39. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6502.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 128045.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 130222.80. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 2177.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.02.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 110872.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 276772.32. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 165899.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.5.  The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder were adequate respectively.  The table indicated that, in case of landless, the average income from wage Rs. 124000. In case marginal farmers the average income from wage was Rs.28333.33 and agriculture was Rs.67666.67. In small farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 29,166.67 and agriculture was Rs. 119,652.78. In semi medium farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.27000, wage was Rs.2000 and agriculture was Rs.152040. In medium farmers the average income from agriculture was Rs.120000.  The results indicated that, in case of land less, the average expenditure from wage Rs. 85200. In marginal farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs.37333.33 and agriculture was Rs.39000 In small farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs.36777.78 and agriculture was Rs.59666.67. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.50000, 5 wage was Rs.6000 and agriculture was Rs.75600. In medium farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.60000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 8 coconut trees in their field and also planted 1 coconut trees in their back yard.  The results indicated that, households have planted 29 neem trees in their field and 1 neem tree in their back yard.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, maize and paddy crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 45.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant and 48.57 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 94.29 per cent of them have used tractor as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 66.67 percent of marginal farmers, 72.22 per cent of small farmers, 40 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 percent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 77.14 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 22.86 per cent of the households have used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 31.43 per cent households, 45.71 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water and 22.86 per cent of them were using lake/tank.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 16.67 per cent of marginal, 44.44 per cent of the small, 40 per cent of the semi medium and 100 medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 8.57 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 50 percent of the marginal, 38.89 per cent of the small, 20 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent of the household correspondingly. Vegetables and fruits were adequate for 11.43 per 6 cent of the household respectively. Pulses, oilseed and meat were adequate for 91.43 per cent, 2.86 per cent and 8.57 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits and meat were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, 97.14 per cent, 88.57 per cent, 82.86 per cent and 91.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households experienced by lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint, wild animal menace on farm field (62.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (48.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (42.86%), high rate of interest on credit (45.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (71.43%), inadequate extension services (71.43%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Vojenahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 541 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soil and 13 per cent by water bodies, settlements The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to16 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 15 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 71 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 72 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 9 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 77 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 62 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 25 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 12 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 20 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 20 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 28 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 7 per cent very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 57 kg/ha) in (337 kg/ha) in 39 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 38 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 6(1) 369 (68) Sapota 6(1) 64(12) Maize 6(1) 369 (68) Pomegranate 6(1) 276(51) Bajra 16(3) 410(76) Guava 3(<1) 67(12) Redgram 6(1) 189(35) Jackfruit 6(1) 64(12) Bengal gram - 393(73) Jamun 3(<1) 223(41) Groundnut - 75(14) Musambi 6(1) 276(51) Sunflower 6 (1) 244 (45) Lime 6(1) 276(51) Cotton 3(<1) 372(69) Cashew 6(1) 68(13) Chilli 6(1) 81(15) Custard apple 16(3) 437(81) Tomato 6(1) 32(6) Amla 16(3) 437(81) Brinjal 36(7) 367(68) Tamarind 3(<1) 182(34) Onion 27(5) 40(7) Marigold 6(1) 368(68) Bhendi 27(5) 376(70) Chrysanthemum 6(1) 368 (68) Drumstick 6(1) 271(50) Jasmine 6(1) 157(29) Mulberry 6(1) 224(41) Crossandra 6(1) 87(16) Mango 3(<1) 86(5) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 91 (53.53%) men and 79 (46.47%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers was 5, small farmer was 5, semi medium farmer was 7.3 and medium farmers were 7.8.  The data indicated that 36 (21.18%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (43.53%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (29.41 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.88%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Vojenahalli-1 had 32.94 per cent illiterates, 1.18 per cent functional literates, 27.65 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.05 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.76 per cent of them had high school education, 3.53 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.18 per cent of them had Diploma, 2.94 per cent of them had degree education, 0.59 per cent of them had ITI and 1.18 per cent of them had other education.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of households were practicing agriculture.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.82 per cent of the household members, 14.71 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.76 percent were in general labour, 0.59 per cent of them were in government services, 1.76 per cent of them were private services, 26.47 per cent of them were students 2.94 per cent were housewives.  The results showed that 1.18 per cent of them participated in Sthree Shakthi Sangha, 1.76 per cent of them participated in self help group and 97.06 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 46.67 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 23.33 per cent of them possess Pucca house/RCC and 33.33 per cent of them possess Semi Pacca house.  The results showed that 86.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 86.67 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 63.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.33 per cent of the households possess auto and 80 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.7000, mixer grinder was Rs.1965, Auto was Rs.42500, bicycle Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.37600, auto was Rs. 500000 and mobile phone was Rs.1975.  About 26.67 per cent of the households possess plough, 13.33 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 10 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 16.67 per cent of the households posses irrigation pump, 3.33 per cent of the households possess power tiller, 13.33 cent of the households possess tractor, 26.67 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 66.67per cent of them possess weeder, 33.33 per cent of the households possess harvester, 3.33 per cent of them were 2 possess chaff cutter and 3.33 per cent of the households possess earth remover/duster.  The results showed that the average value of plough was Rs.1900, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 19750, the average value of seed/Fertilizer drill Rs. 3625, irrigation pump Rs. 245000, the power tiller Rs. 250000, the average value of tractor Rs. 525000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2500, the average value of weeder Rs. 139, the average value of harvester Rs. 50, the average value of chaff cutter Rs.2000, and the average value of earth remover/duster Rs.150000.  The results indicated that, 16.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30 per cent of the households possess local cow and 10 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 6.67 per cent of the households buffalo, 3.33 per cent of the households sheep and poultry birds, respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.72, average own labour (women) available was 1.53, average hired labour (men) available was 15.73 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.27.  The results indicated that, 63.33 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 36.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Vojenahalli-1 micro-watershed possess 10.79 ha (32.90%) of dry land and 22.02 ha (67.10%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.78 ha (86.08%) of dry land and 0.93 ha (13.92%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.01 ha (43.11%) of dry land and 6.61 ha (56.89%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.47 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 564941 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 553933. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 596326 for dry land and 855411 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 528715 for dry land Rs. 680232 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 594189 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 405373 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 17 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 56.67 per cent of the farmers and canal was the source of irrigation for 3.33 per cent of farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 83.08 meters. 3  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.94 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 7.07 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 5.47 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 8.60 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 22.07 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown Bajra (0.81 ha), Cotton (0.49 ha), Cowpea (1.21 ha), Maize (28.70 ha), Paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (1.7 ha), Bengal gram (0.81 ha), Groundnut (1.21 ha) and Jowar (0.53 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown cotton, maize, Bengal gram, jowar and red gram. Small farmers have grown maize, paddy and cowpea. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, red gram and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown bajra and cowpea.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Vojenahalli-1 micro-watershed was found to be 91.06 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 93.55 per cent, for small farmers it was 99.21 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 98.22 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 75.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 40666.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39436.99. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -1229.56, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 113058.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 600810.80. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 487752.20, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:5.31.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 70320. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65455. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -4865. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 30057.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21736. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs.-8321.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 37179.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11115. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -26064.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.3.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 64625.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 428133.32. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 363507.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.62.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 20307.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16171.11. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. -4136.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.8. 4  The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 69450.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20900. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. - 48550.1. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.3.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 33231.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38696.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 5465.37. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 33561.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18648.50. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 14913.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.56.  The results indicated that, dry fodder available in the micro watershed was 85 tons and it was available for 64 days. Green fodder available was 55 tons and it was available for 49 days.  The results indicated that, 36.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The data also revealed that 36.67 per cent of the farmers opined that green fodder is adequate and 10 per cent of the farmers opined that green fodder is inadequate  The results indicated that the average annual gross income in the micro watershed was Rs. 65,153.33. Marginal farmers had an income of Rs. 53,860, for small farmers it was Rs. 53,500, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 116,000, for medium farmers it was Rs.77,500.  The results indicated that the average expenditure of marginal farmers was Rs. 5,310, small farmer was Rs. 2,881.94, semi medium farmer was Rs. 11,300 and medium farmer was Rs. 9,250.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 42 coconut trees and 4 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicated that, households have planted 30 Neem, 5 Banyan trees, 3 tamarind trees and 2 peepul trees in their field and also 91 Neem trees in the backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra, bengal gram, cotton cowpea, groundnut, paddy, jowar, redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Maize and tomato were sold to the extent of 99.88 per cent and 33.33 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 6.67 percent of the households have sold their produce to agents/ traders, 83.33 percent of the households sold their produce in local/village merchant, 33.33 percent of the households sold their produce to regulated market and 10 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing society and contract marketing arrangement respectively.  The results indicated that 30 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 96.67 per cent have used tractor and 6.67 per cent have used truck. 5  The results indicated that, 80 percent used fire wood, 20 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 50 per cent, 40 per cent of households used bore well water, 6.67 per cent of households used open well water and 6.67 per cent of households used lake/tank water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 70 per cent of marginal, 33.33 per cent of small, 50 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 6.67 per cent of the sample households possess APL card and 3.33 per cent of the households have not possessed any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 16.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the marginal, 16.67 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium and 25 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, vegetables, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 percent, 53.33 percent, 16.67 percent, 26.67 percent, 16.67 percent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.67 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (46.67%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (36.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (20%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (16.67%), high rate of interest on credit (10%), low price for the agricultural commodities (43.33%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (23.33%), inadequate extension services (16.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20%), less rainfall (100%) and Source of Agritechnology information(Newspaper /TV/Mobile) (53.33). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Danakkanadoddi-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the delineated physiographic boundaries were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 631 ha in Koppaltaluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86 per cent is covered by soils, 13 per cent by rock outcrops and one per cent by settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 27 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 6 per cent of the area is having sandy soils at the surface,62 per cent loamy and 18 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 72 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 13per cent has gently sloping lands.  An area of about 10 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 76 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 0.75%) in 3 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 70 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 13 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low(4.5 ppm) in 76 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 12 per cent of the soils.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 29(5) 138 (22) Pomegranate 29(5) 83(13) Maize - 167 (26) Guava 29(5) 59(9) Bajra 63 (10) 179 (28) Jackfruit 29(5) 58(9) Redgram 29(5) 79 (12) Jamun 29(5) 83(13 ) Bengalgram - 235 (37) Musambi 29(5) 83(13 ) Groundnut 63 (10) 289 (46) Lime 29(5) 83(13 ) Sunflower 29 (5) 79 (12) Cashew 29(5) 76 (12) Cotton 29(5) 138(22) Custard apple 82(13) 361 (57) Chilli 29(5) 113(18) Amla 63(10) 381(60) Tomato 29(5) 113 (18) Tamarind 29(5) 59(9) Drumstick 29 (5) 263(42) Marigold 29(5) 138(22) Mulbery 29(5) 286(45 ) Chrysanthemum 29(5) 138(22) Mango 29(5) 25 (4) Jasmine 29(5) 113(18) Sapota 29(5) 58 (9) Crossandra 29(5) 113(18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the fiveidentified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 104 (57.14%) men and 78 (42.86%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 3.6, small farmers' was 5.75, semi medium farmers' was 6, medium farmers' was 5.17 and large farmers' was 8. The data indicated that, 28 (15.38%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (49.45%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (28.02%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (7.14 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Danakanadoddi-1 had 32.42 per cent illiterates, 0.55 per cent functional literates, 28.02 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.44 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.09 per cent of them had high school education, 6.59 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.10 per cent of them did diploma, 5.49 per cent of them had degree education and 3 persons were doing masters.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 20 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 5.71 per cent were general laborers, 2.86 per cent were housewives and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were involved in other occupation.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.51 per cent of the household members, 18.68 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.85 per cent were general laborers, 22.53 per cent of them were student, 4.40 per cent of them were housewife, 1.10 per cent of them were in private services, 1.10 per cent government service and 1.10 per cent were involved in trade and business.  The results show that 0.55 per cent of the households participated in self help group and 99.45 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 42.86 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 40 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 97.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 88.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 31.43 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 62.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tempo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto, and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.5617, mixer grinder was Rs.1629, motor cycle was Rs.29000, mobile phone was Rs.1147, Auto was Rs.50000, tempo was Rs.100000, mobile phone was Rs.1147 and bicycle was Rs.1545.  About 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 40 per cent of them possess plough, 14.29 per cent of them possess tractor, 20 per cent of them posses 2 sprayer, 20 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 94.29 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.892, the average value of tractor was Rs. 420000 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.4000, the average value of bullock cart Rs.19416, and the average value of weeder Rs.56.  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 45.71 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo, 11.43 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.10, average own labour (women) available was 1.50, average hired labour (men) available was 10.13 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.70.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of medium and large farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Danakanadoddi-1 micro watershed possess 22.29 ha (38.40%) of dry land and 35.76 ha (61.60%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.37 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 8.20 ha (76.02%) of dry land and 2.59 ha (23.98%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 6.07 ha (38.95%) of dry land and 9.51 ha (61.05%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 19.21 ha (100%) of irrigated land, large farmers possess 3.64 ha (45%) of dry land and 4.45 ha (55%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 339,989.27 and average value of irrigated was Rs.509,201.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 48.57 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 47.46 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.21 hectares, small farmers had 1.62 hectares, semi medium farmers had 10.81 hectares and medium farmers had 12.15 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (6.88 ha), chilly (0.40 ha), groundnut (10.57 ha), ladies finger (0.81 ha), maize (25.13 ha), mango (0.81 ha), paddy (5.75 ha) and tomato (1.21 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown groundnut and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize and mango.  Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize and paddy.  Medium farmers have grown bajra, chilly, ladies finger, maize, paddy, tomato and bajra.  Large farmers have grown groundnut and maize. 3  The cropping intensity in Danakanadoddi-1 micro watershed was found to be 54.50 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 93.66 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 28.38 per cent and for large farmers it was 45.45 per cent.  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households possess bank account and 48.57 per cent of the households possess savings.  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 62.50 per cent of small, 10 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 13.04 per cent have availed loan from commercial, 4.35 per cent have availed loan from cooperative banks, 13.04 per cent of have availed loan from friends and relatives, 4.35 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs and 69.57 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers have availed Rs.66000, Rs.93000, Rs.166428, Rs.85000 and Rs.100652 respectively.  The results indicate that, 95 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production and 5 per cent have borrowed for animal husbandry.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 23568.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25247.75. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 1679.36, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.07.  The total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 63221.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. - 18761.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.7.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 24133.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32595.49. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 8462.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42148.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58198.83. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 16049.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.38.  The total cost of cultivation for ladies finger was Rs. 15822.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 200070. The net income from ladies finger cultivation was Rs. 184247.43, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:12.64.  The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 67264.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49400. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. -17864.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.73. 4  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 71430.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. - 3505.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95.  The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 60 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.120800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.96510, for small farmers it was Rs.76403, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.120400, for medium farmers it was Rs.79000 and large farmers it was Rs.118000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11425.24. For landless households it was Rs.15333.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs 15,500, for small farmers it was Rs. 4520.83, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 13590, for medium farmers it was Rs. 5608.33 and for large farmers it was Rs.40000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconut, and 167 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 3 coconut trees in their backyard.  Households have planted 115 neem trees, 11 tamarind trees, 3 pongamia trees and 9 banyan trees.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5628.57 for land development, Rs. 2600 for irrigation facility, Rs. 2514.29 for improved crop production and Rs. 1142.86 for improved livestock management.  The results indicate that, loan from bank is the major source of investment for 42.86 per cent of households and soft loan were the source of investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. For irrigation facility 22.86 per cent of the households depend on loan from bank, 17.14 per cent depend on own funds and 2.86 per cent depend on soft loan. For improved crop production 17.14 per cent of the households depend on bank loan, 8.57 per cent depend on own funds, 17.14 per cent depend on soft loans. For improved livestock management 11.43 per cent of households depend on loan from bank, 17.14 per cent depend on own funds, and 2.86 per cent depend on soft loan.  The results indicated that, bajra, chilly, groundnut, ladies finger, mango, paddy, tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Maize was sold to the extent of 93.38 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 74.29 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village, another 22.86 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, and 25.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 28.57 per cent have used cart, 71.43 per cent have used tractor and 22.86 per cent of the farmers have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems. 5  Around 85.71 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, only 8.57 per cent have adopted field bunding.  The results indicated that 33.33 per cent of the structures were in good condition and 66.67 per cent of the soil conversation structures needed full replacement required.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 68.57 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 31.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 85.71 percent used fire wood, and another 17.14 percent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 20 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 10 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, and 2.86 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 22.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 45.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 34.29 per cent, milk was adequate for 77.14 per cent, eggs were adequate for 82.86 per cent and meat was adequate for 65.71 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 40 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 8.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 22.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, vegetables were market surplus for 2.86 per cent, and fruits were market surplus for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (60%), high rate of interest on credit (62.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (68.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%), less rainfall (2.86%) and inadequate extension services (51.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bachanahalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 456 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%) in 10 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 16 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 9 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 24 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 47 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 56 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 8 (2) Pomegranate - 3 (<1) Maize - 8 (2) Guava - 3 (<1) Bajra - 8 (2) Jackfruit - 3 (<1) Redgram - 3 (<1) Jamun - - Bengal gram - 8 (2) Musambi - 3 (<1) Groundnut - 14 (3) Lime - 3 (<1) Sunflower - 3 (<1) Cashew - 144 (31) Cotton - 8 (2) Custard apple - 158 (35) Chilli - 8 (2) Amla - 158 (35) Tomato - 8 (2) Tamarind - - Drumstick - 9 (2) Marigold - 8 (2) Mulberry - 153 (33) Chrysanthemum - 8 (2) Mango - - Jasmine - 8 (2) Sapota - 3 (<1) Crossandra - 8 (2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The result indicated that 30 farmers were sampled in Bachanahalli-3 microwatershed among them 14 (46.67%) were marginal farmers, 5 (16.67%) were small farmers, 9 (30%) were semi medium farmers and 2 (6.67%) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 82 (58.99%) men and 57 (41.01%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4, small farmer was 4, semi medium farmer was 5, and medium farmers were 4.  The data indicated that 18 (12.95%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 59 (42.45%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (35.97 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (8.63%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Bachanahalli-3 had 31.65 per cent illiterates, 38.13 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.16 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.99 per cent of them had high school education, 5.04 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.72 per cent of them had ITI, 2.88 per cent of them had degree education and 1.44 per cent of them had other education.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of households practicing agriculture and only 3.33 per cent of the household heads were doing other work.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 59.71 per cent of the household members, 21.58 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.88 per cent of them were in private sector and 11.51 per cent of them were students and 0.72 percent of households were general labours, doing household industry and artisans respectively.  In case of marginal farmers 61.29 per cent were agriculturist, 16.13 percent were agricultural labour and 12.90 per cent were students. In case of small farmers, 54.55 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 31.82 per cent were agricultural labour and 9.09 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 60.87 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture, 21.74 per cent of them were agricultural labours and 13.04 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers, 55.56 per cent of the household members were performing agriculture and 33.33 per cent of them were agricultural labour.  The results showed that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 36.67 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 13.33 per cent of them possess Pucca house and 46.67 per cent of them possess Semi Pacca house. Only 3.33 per cent of them possess Thatched house. 2  The results showed that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 66.67 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 66.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 6.67 per cent of the households possess auto and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 2,766, mixer grinder was Rs. 1125, bicycle Rs.6433, motor cycle was Rs.34045, Auto was Rs.39000 and mobile phone was Rs.1186.  The results indicated that 26.67 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 40 per cent of them possess plough, 13.33 cent of the households possess tractor, 43.33 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 90 per cent of them possess weeder, 13.33 per cent of them were possess chaff cutter, 6.67 per cent of them were possess harvester and 16.67 per cent of the households possess Earth remover/Duster.  The results showed that the average value of plough was Rs.1655, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 21000, the average value of tractor Rs. 312500, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3788, the average value of weeder Rs. 42, the average value of chaff cutter Rs.1187, and the average value of duster was Rs. 19720.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 6.67 per cent of the households possess local cow and crossbred cow, 10 per cent of the household possess buffalo and 3.33 per cent of the households possess sheep and poultry birds respectively.  In case of marginal farmers, 21.43 per cent of the households possess bullock and 7.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, buffalo and sheep respectively. In case of small farmers, 20 per cent of households possess bullock and crossbred cow correspondingly. In case of semi medium farmers, 44.44 per cent of the households possess bullock, 22.22 per cent possess buffalo and 11.11 per cent possess poultry birds. In medium farmers, 100 per cent of the households possess bullock and 50 per cent possess local cow and crossbred cow respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the microwatershed was 1.87, average own labour (women) available was 1.50, average hired labour (men) available was 10.30 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.30.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.86, average own labour (women) was 1.29, average hired labour (men) was 6.86 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.43. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.80, average own labour (women) was 1.40, average hired labour (men) was 13.60 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.60. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men 3 available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.78, average hired labour (men) was 15 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.89. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 2, average hired labour (men) was 5 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.30.  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 10 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small, 88.89 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of the medium have opined that the hired labour was adequate and 20 per cent of small farmers, 11.11 per cent of semi medium farmers and 50 per medium farmers were opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Bachanahalli-3 micro-watershed possess 17.33 ha (47.84%) of dry land and 18.90 ha (52.16%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.37 ha (91.25 %) of dry land and 0.90 ha (8.75%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 2.95 ha (53.28%) of dry land and 2.59 ha (46.72%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.91 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.01 ha (66.72%) of dry land and 2.50 ha (33.28%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 369,173.29 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 423,216.96. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 490,799.13 for dry land and 1,223,873.86 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 439,863.03 for dry land Rs. 540,312.49 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs.387147.34 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 99838.32 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 200162.07 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 15 functioning and 2 defunctioning bore wells in the micro-watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 53.33 per cent of the farmers and 3.33 per cent of the farmers were using canal for irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 69.70 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there were 2.75 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 3.40 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 20.80 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 2.50 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 29.45 ha of irrigated land. 4  The results indicated that, farmers have grown Bajra (8.20 ha), Bengal gram (1.85 ha), Cotton (4.05 ha), Sorghum (0.81 ha), Maize (12.76 ha), Red gram (3.03 ha), Sugarcane (2.59 ha) and Sunflower (3.35 ha) in kharif season and Bajra (1.30 ha), Bengal gram (4.14 ha), Cotton (1.21 ha), Maize (1.73 ha) and Sunflower (0.81 ha) in Rabi season.  Marginal farmers have grown Bajra, Bengalgram, Cotton, Sorghum, Maize and Red gram. Small farmers have grown Bajra, cotton, Sugarcane and Sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown Cotton, Maize, Red gram, Sugarcane and Sunflower. Medium farmers have grown Bajra and maize.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Bachanahalli-3 microwatershed was found to be 99.69 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers, semi medium farmers and medium farmers it was 100 per cent, and in case of small farmers it was found 97.83 per cent.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 20833.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24479.15. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 3645.76, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38319.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40292.44. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 1973.12, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13240.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38532.00. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 25291.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.91.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 28575.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 85887.53. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 57312.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.01.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 20323.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32403.40. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 12079.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 36144.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65076.27. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 28931.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.8.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 30493.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54715.48. The net 5 income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 24221.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 568202.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 1728897.05. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 1160694.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.04.  The results indicated that, 135 tons of dry fodder was available in microwatershed for 52 days and 68 tons of green fodder was available for 54 days.  The results indicated that, 18.18 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 24.24 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate also the data revealed that 33.33 per cent of the farmers opined that green fodder is adequate and 12.12 per cent of the farmers opined that green fodder is inadequate.  The results indicated that the average income from service/salary was Rs. 9,090.91, business Rs. 4,848.48, wage Rs. 1,696.97, agriculture Rs. 118,028.79 and non farm income Rs. 1,333.33 and dairy farm Rs. 1,298.18.  The results indicated that the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 6,666.67, business Rs. 4,545.45, wage Rs. 1,060.61, agriculture Rs. 74,606.06 and dairy farm Rs. 545.45.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 45 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 76 Neem, 3 Banyan trees and 6 Eucalyptus trees in their field and also grown 3 Neem tree in the backyard.  The results indicated that, Bengal gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Maize, Red gram, Sugarcane and Sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and only Bajra was sold to the extent of 93.98 per cent.  The results indicated that, 54.29 percent of the households have sold their produce to agents/ traders, 42.86 percent of the households sold their produce in local/village merchant, 51.43 percent of the households sold their produce to regulated market and 2.86 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing society and outside the state respectively.  . The results indicated that 16.67 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 47.22 per cent have used tractor and 27.78 per cent have used Truck and 8.33 households have used head load as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 66.67 percent used fire wood, 30.56 percent of the households used LPG and 2.78 percent of the households used Biogas as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source for drinking water for 29.73 per cent and 62.16 per cent of households used piped supply water for drinking purpose. 6  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 97.30 per cent of the households in micro-watershed.  The results indicated that, 43.24 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of marginal, 30 per cent of small, 50 per cent of semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 91.89 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 5.41 per cent of the sample households possess APL card.  The results indicated that, 37.84 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 7.14 percent of the marginal, 10 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 66.67 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, Egg and meat were adequate for 100 percent, 16.22 percent, 45.95 percent, 43.24 percent, 2.70 percent, 54.05 percent, 43.43 percent, and 43.24 percent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 2.63 per cent, 76.32 per cent, 7.89 per cent, 18.42 per cent, 23.68 per cent, 36.84 per cent, 44.74 per cent and 31.58 per cent of the households respectively.  The data regarding farming constraints experienced by households in Bachanahalli-3 micro-watershed is presented in Table 49. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 5.26 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (42.11%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.11%), inadequacy of irrigation water (15.79%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (52.63%), high rate of interest on credit (47.37%), low price for the agricultural commodities (13.16%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (52.63%), inadequate extension services (5.26%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (47.37%), less rainfall (100%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (55.26%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chilkamuki microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 659 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 17 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 8 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 14 per cent area has sandy soils, 48 per cent area has loamy soils and 24 per cent area has clay soils.  About 34 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 12 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 74 per cent area has very gently to gently sloping (1-5%) lands.  About 19 per cent area is slight eroded (e1) and 67 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  About 52 per cent area is strongly to slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 17 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 17 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  Entire area is non saline (0.75%) in 75 per cent area.  About 19 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 67 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 33 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  About 40 per cent area is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 67 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 70 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 30 (5) 193(29) Pomegranate 40 (6) 220 (33) Maize 27(4) 232 (35) Guava 40 (6) 124 (19) Bajra 50 (8) 384 (58) Jackfruit 40 (6) 124 (19) Groundnut 63 (10) 262 (40) Jamun - 237 (36) Sunflower 30 (5) 130 (20) Musambi 43 (7) 217 (33) Cotton 3 (<1) 219 (33) Lime 43 (7) 217 (33) Red gram 27 (4) 109 (17) Cashew 40 (6) 140 (21) Bengalgram 72 (11) 214 (32) Custard apple 67 (10) 409 (62) Chilli 27 (4) 100 (15) Amla 64 (10) 412 (63) Tomato 27 (4) 100 (15) Tamarind - 113 (17) Drumstick 41 (6) 181 (27) Marigold 27 (4) 196 (30) Mulberry 42 (6) 298 (45) Chrysanthemum 27 (4) 196 (30) Mango - 41 (6) Jasmine 27 (4) 100 (15) Sapota 40 (6) 124 (19) Crossandra 27 (4) 127 (19) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Chilkamuki micro watershed among them 15 (42.86%) were marginal farmers, 14 (40 %) were small farmers, 1(2.86 %) were semi medium farmers and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 148 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 80 (54.05%) men and 68 (45.95 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 3, marginal farmers and medium farmers were 4, small farmer was 6 and semi medium farmer was 5. On an average the family size was 4.  The data indicated that 18(12.16%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (48.65 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 42 (23.38 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (10.81%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Chilkamuki had 38.51 per cent illiterates, 20.95 per cent of them had primary school education, 12.84 per cent of them had both middle school, 18.24 per cent them had high school education, 6.76 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.68 per cent them had ITI education, 1.35 per cent of them had degree education and 0.68 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 5.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour 8.57 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 72.30 per cent of the household members, 4.05 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.76 per cent were general labours and 14.86 per cent of them were students. In case of landless households 31.25 per cent were agriculture labour, 56.25 per cent were general labourers and 12.50 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 89.83 per cent were agriculturist and 10.17 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 75 per cent of them were agriculturist and 17.65 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 60 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 40 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 1.35 per cent of them participated in self help groups and 98.65 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 82.86 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of the households possess Pucca house and Thatched house respectively.  The results showed that, 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV and Mixer grinder, 80 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 11.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile. 2  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 3000, mixer grinder was Rs.1018, bicycle was Rs.1089, motor cycle was Rs.26000 and mobile phone was Rs.772.  Data showed that 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 37.14 per cent of them possess plough, 20 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 85.71 per cent of the households possess weeder and 22.86 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20000; the average value of plough was Rs. 591, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3571, the average value of weeder was Rs. 31 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 2500.  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow. In case of marginal farmers, 26.67 per cent of the households possess bullock. In case of small farmers, 64.29 per cent of households possess bullock and 7.14 per cent possess crossbred cow.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 11.23 average own labour (women) available was 10.97, average hired labour (men) available was 1.57 and average hired labour (women) available was 1.83. In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 8.33, average own labour (women) was also 8.53, average hired labour (men) was 1.53 and average hired labour (women) available was 1.87. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 14.64, average own labour (women) was 13.79, average hired labour (men) was 1.57 and average hired labour (women) available was 1.86. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 7, average own labour (women) was 8, average hired labour (men) was 2 and average hired labour (women) available was 1.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Chilkamuki micro watershed possess 30.97 ha (96.23 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (3.77%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.02 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 19.95 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 1.21 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 293,701.82 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 411,666.67. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 389,904.55 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 240,535.60 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 411,666.67 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 1 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. 3  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 2.44 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of semi medium farmers there was 0.81 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown groundnut (9.66 ha), Navane (0.81 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (1.62 ha), sunflower (4.98 ha) and maize (1.62 ha). Marginal farmers have grown groundnut, navane and sunflower. Small farmers have grown groundnut, redgram, sunflower and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown paddy.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Chilkamuki micro watershed was found to be 100 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 103per cent, in small farmers it was 100 and in semi medium farmers it was 66.67.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have bank account including 40 per cent of the landless and 100 per cent of the marginal, small and semi medium farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the landless, 86.67 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small and semi medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 11.76 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank and friends/ relatives correspondingly, 52.94 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank, 23.52 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 29.41 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicated that, marginal, small and semi medium have availed Rs.10000, Rs. 11923.08 and Rs. 16428.57 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 13500.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan institutional credit for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, about 80 percent of private credit was taken for agriculture production and 20 per cent of the loan taken for household consumption.  Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their institutional loan.  Results indicated that 82.82 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially, 9.09 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 9.09 per cent of them fully paid their loan.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24649.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22656.01. The net income from 4 maize cultivation was Rs. -1993.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35697.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 109359.25. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 73661.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.06.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 43389.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56396.58. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 13007.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 26654.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45506.01. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 18851.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.71.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 16982.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 148200. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 131217.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:8.73.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 17558.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23341.50. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. 5783.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.33.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 51000. In marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.5333.33, wage was Rs.41000 and agriculture Rs.28654. In case of small farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.6785.71, wage was Rs.28928.57, agriculture was Rs.57380 and dairy farm was Rs.964.29. In case of semi medium farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.10000 and agriculture Rs.110000.  The results indicated that, in landless farmer, the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 1250.In marginal farmers; the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.15866.67. In small farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.35071.43 and dairy farm was Rs.8000. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.65000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 9 coconut trees and 6 mango tree in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 1 teak trees, 69 neem trees, 5 tamarind tress and 2 banyan trees in their field. 5  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1428.57 for land development, Rs. 571.43 for improved crop production and Rs.2571.43 for improved livestock management. Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6000 for improved livestock management. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3571.43 for land development and Rs.1428.57 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that for 2.86 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank for land development and irrigation facility and improved crop production respectively. 5.71 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, maize, navane, paddy, red gram and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra and groundnut were sold to the extent of 98.78 per cent and 90.65 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 25.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant and 68.57 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 62.86 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport, and 31.43 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 26.67 percent of marginal farmers and 28.57 per cent of small farmers.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 94.29 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 8.57 percent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent and 2.86 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 14.29 per cent of small and 100 per cent of semi medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, marginal and semi medium and 7.14 percent of the small farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent, 94.29 per cent, 2.86 per cent, 45.71 per cent, 14.29 per cent, 74.29 per cent and 8.57 per cent of the households respectively. 6  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 5.71 per cent,65.71 per cent, 54.29 per cent,88.57 per cent, 25.71 per cent, 85.71 and 97.14 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 51.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (62.86%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (65.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60%), inadequate extension services (28.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43%), less rainfall (14.29%) and Source of Agritechnology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kukanapalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 639 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent is by habitation. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 28 soil phases (management units) and 9 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 3 per cent area has sandy soils, 36 per cent area has loamy soils and 54 per cent area has clay soils.  About 36 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 10 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 82 per cent area has very gently to gently sloping (1-5%) lands.  About 45 per cent area is slight eroded (e1) and 48 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Very minor (0.75%) in 67 per cent area.  About 36 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 56 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 12 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  About 55 per cent area is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) 12 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 56 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 65 (10) 259 (41) Sapota 28 (4) 16 (3) Maize 28 (4) 296 (46) Pomegranate 28 (4) 162 (25) Bajra 28 (4) 312 (49) Guava 28 (4) 16 (3) Groundnut - 148 (23) Jackfruit 28 (4) 16 (3) Sunflower 65 (10) 125 (20) Jamun - 81 (13) Cotton 37 (6) 288 (45) Musambi 65 (10) 125 (20) Red gram 28 (4) 80 (13) Lime 65 (10) 125 (20) Bengalgram 37 (6) 248 (39) Cashew 39 (6) 5 (<1) Chilli 28 (4) 113 (18) Custard apple 81 (13) 266 (42) Tomato 28 (4) 113 (18) Amla 44 (7) 303 (48) Brinjal 44 (7) 287 (45) Tamarind - 83 (13) Onion 39 (6) 109 (17) Marigold 28 (4) 296 (46) Bhendi 39 (6) 293 (46) Chrysanthemum 28 (4) 296 (46) Drumstick 39 (6) 158 (25) Jasmine 28 (4) 150 (24) Mulberry 39 (6) 168 (27) Crossandra 28 (4) 232 (36) Mango - 39 (6) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 104 (55.32%) men and 84 (44.68%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 6.33, small farmers' was 4.30, semi medium farmers' was 5.82 and medium farmers' was 4.33.  The data indicated that, 37 (19.68%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (41.49%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (28.72%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.11%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kukanpalli-2 had 27.13 per cent illiterates, 27.13 per cent of them had primary school education, 12.77 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.09 per cent of them had high school education, 9.04 per cent of them had PUC education and 3.72 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 8.33 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 11.11 per cent were general labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 62.23 per cent of the household members, 6.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 6.91 per cent were general labour, 0.53 per cent were in private service, 21.28 per cent were students, 0.53 per cent were housewives and 2.13 per cent were children.  The results show that 98.94 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. Only 0.53 per cent of the population participated in gram panchayat and self help group.  The results indicate that 8.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.78 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 19.44 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 63.89 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.89 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.44 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent of them possess car/four wheeler, 2.78 per cent of the households possess landline and 86.11 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.3608, mixer grinder was Rs.1607, bicycle was Rs. 1000, motor cycle was Rs.39060, car/four wheeler was Rs.500000, landline was Rs.2000 and mobile phone was Rs.2929.  About 8.33 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 16.67 per cent of them possess plough, 5.56 per cent of the households possess tractor, 16.67 per cent of them possess sprayer, 8.33 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 38.89 per cent of them possess weeder, 5.56 per cent possess harvester, 2.78 per cent possess thresher and 16.67 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.7000, plough was Rs.1331, the average value of tractor drill was Rs.500000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.416, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3100, the average value of harvester was Rs.200000, the average value of thresher was Rs.166, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.562, and the average value of weeder was Rs.220.  The results indicate that, 22.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.56 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent possess crossbred cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 6.83, average own labour (women) available was 12.61, average hired labour (men) available was 1.31 and average hired labour (women) available was 2.  The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kukanpalli-2 micro watershed possess 35.37 ha (68.46%) of dry land and 16.29 ha (31.54%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.32 ha (89.13%) of dry land and 0.4 ha (10.87%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 13.35 ha (95.65%) of dry land and 0.61 ha (4.35%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 16.27 ha (69.07%) of dry land and 7.28 ha (30.93%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (23.39%) of dry land and 8 ha (76.71%) of the farmers possess irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 285,467.44 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 460,134.13. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 753,048.79 for dry land and Rs. 1,729,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 295,741.13 for dry land and Rs. 1,317,333.33 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 205,833.33 for dry land and Rs. 466,555.56 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123,500 for dry land and Rs. 325,000 irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.22 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.70 meters.  The results indicate that, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 6.48 ha and 6.70 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (40.31 ha), groundnut (4.34 ha), bajra (4.09 ha), sunflower (1.31 ha), paddy (1.21 ha) and tomato (0.80 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, groundnut and maize. Small farmers have 3 grown maize, groundnut, bajra and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, groundnut, bajra, paddy and tomato. Medium farmers have grown groundnut and maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kukanpalli-2 micro watershed was found to be 89.05 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 79.53 and medium farmers it was 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 6.67 per cent of the households have availed loan from commercial bank, another 6.67 per cent of the households have availed loan from grameena bank and 13.33 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, landless, marginal and small farmers have availed Rs. 20000, Rs. 23333 and Rs. 11166.67 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agriculture production (50%) and household consumption (50%).  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 50 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources and 50 per cent did not repay it.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53954.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 124634.36. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 70680.31, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 19343.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34686.73. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 15343.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 28509.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 92872. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 64362.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.26.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 30067.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38562.42. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 8495.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.28.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 28509.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38216.63. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 9707.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.34. 4  The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 187339.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 432249.99. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 244910.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31.  The results indicate that, 38.89 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.89 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 100,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 72,975, for small farmers it was Rs. 106,640, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 169,545.45 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 346,666.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,473.61. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,194.44, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,996.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,477.27, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 52,222.22.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 184 coconut and 606 mango tree in their fields.  Households have planted 173 neem trees, 10 teak and 2 tamarind trees in their field. They have also grown 3 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, maize and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, groundnut 80 per cent, paddy 44.44 per cent and tomato 90 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 30.56 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 69.44 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 13.89 per cent have used truck and 5.56 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 36.11 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 50 per cent of the small farmers, 18.18 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households used fire wood and 27.78 per cent used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 72.22 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 11.11 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and lake/tank were the source of drinking water for 16.67 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 33.33 per cent of the marginal, 50 per cent of the small, 27.27 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 97.32 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 30.56 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 55.56 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.22 per cent, milk was adequate for 58.33 per cent, eggs were adequate for 19.44 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.56 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 63.89 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 38.89 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 75 per cent, milk was inadequate for 36.11, eggs were inadequate for 77.78 per cent and meat was inadequate for 91.67 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 2.50 per cent, vegetables, milk and meat were market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 83.33 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (75%), inadequacy of irrigation water (19.44%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.56%), high rate of interest on credit (30.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (63.89%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75%), inadequate extension services (25%) and less rainfall (16.67%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kotakkanahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the delineated physiographic boundaries were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 838 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 69 per cent is covered by soils, 2 per cent by rock outcrops, 10 per cent by mining/Industrial area, 150 cm).  About 64 per cent of the area is having loamy at the surface and 5 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 42 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 3 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands, 66 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 0.75%) in 34 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 29 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 20 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 41 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 63 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 53 per cent of the soils.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agriculture and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 88 (10 ) 110(13) Pomegranate 48(6) 288(34) Maize 12(1) 164(20) Guava 48 (6 ) 267 (32) Bajra 88 (10) 258(31) Jackfruit 48 (6 ) 266(32) Redgram 48(6) 118(14 ) Jamun 37(4) 299(36) Bengalgram 22(3) 176(21) Musambi 48(6) 288(34 ) Groundnut 11 (1) 392 (47) Lime 48(6) 288(34 ) Sunflower 48 (6) 118(14 ) Cashew 1(<1) 303(36 ) Cotton 37 (4) 161 (19) Custard apple 127 (15) 424 (51) Chilli 50(6) 125(15) Amla 127 (15) 424 (51) Tomato 50(6) 125(15) Tamarind 37(4) 90(11 ) Drumstick 48(6) 301 (36 ) Marigold 11(1) 187(22 ) Mulberry 11(1) 508(61 ) Chrysanthemum 11(1) 187(22 ) Mango 37(4) 68(8) Jasmine 11(1) 165(20) Sapota 48(6) 267 (32) Crossandra 48(6) 127 (15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the six identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 118 (50.43%) men and 114 (48.72%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.33, marginal farmers' was 5.24, small farmers' was 5.80, semi medium farmers' was 4.50 and medium farmers' was 7.67.  The data indicated that, 58 (24.79%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 102 (43.59%) were in 16-35 years of age, 58 (24.79%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (6.84%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kotakkanahalli-1 had 34.19 per cent illiterates, 0.43 per cent functional literates, 31.20 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.41 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.38 per cent of them had high school education, 5.98 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.85 per cent had diploma education, 0.85 per cent had diploma, 0.85 per cent of them did ITI, 1.28 per cent of them had degree and 0.43 per cent of them had masters level education.  The results indicate that, 67.44 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 25.58 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.33 per cent of the household heads were involved in households industry.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 35.04 per cent of the household members, 28.21 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.85 per cent had households industry, 0.85 per cent were in private service, 0.43 per cent was in trade and business, 27.35 per cent were students, 2.99 per cent were housewives and 3.85 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.85 per cent were in self help group, 0.43 per cent were in user group and 98.72 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.63 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 81.40 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 4.65 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 6.98 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 88.37 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.21 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 4.65 per cent of them possess bicycle, 27.91 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.33 per cent of them possess auto and 90.70 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,707, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,775, bicycle was 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 36,892, auto was 300,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,805. 2  About 2.33 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.63 per cent of them possess plough, 6.98 per cent of them possess tractor, 4.65 per cent of them possess sprayer and 18.60 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 30,000, plough was Rs. 3,860, tractor was Rs. 450,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,900 and weeder was Rs. 481.  The results indicate that, 13.95 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25.58 per cent of the households possess local cow and 6.98 per cent possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.34, average hired labour (men) available was 5.24 and average hired labour (women) available was 3.84.  The results indicate that 67.44 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 18.60 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kotakkanahalli-1 micro-watershed possess 31.64 ha (71.84%) of dry land and 12.40 ha (28.16%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.98 ha (94.79%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (5.21%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 13.55 ha (76.48%) of dry land and 4.17 ha (23.52%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.45 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 4.65 ha (37.52%) of dry land and 7.74 ha (62.48) irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 442,312.61 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 362,642.74. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 812,207.21 for dry land and Rs. 1,214,754.11 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 368,766.80 for dry land and Rs. 695,436.90 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 128,981.73 for dry land and Rs. 129,116.57 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 10 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.26 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.90 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.89 ha, 4.37 ha and 4.10 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (20.66 ha), bajra (11.86 ha), jowar (2.85 ha), sugarcane (1.84 ha), cotton (1.62 ha), groundnut (1.62 ha), cowpea (0.81 ha), navane (0.81 ha), sunflower (1.62 ha), tomato (1.21 ha) and 3 chilly (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, bajra, jowar, cotton, cowpea, chilly and tomato. Small farmers had maize, bajra, jowar, sugarcane, cotton, groundnut, navane and sunflower. Semi medium farmers had grown maize. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra, jowar and tomato.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kotakkanahalli-1 microwatershed was found to be 72.02 per cent.  The results indicate that, 13.95 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 13.95 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 72207.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50618.43. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -21589.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.7.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 70878.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 676114.55. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 605235.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:9.54.  The total cost of cultivation for Cowpea was Rs. 22209.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 6916. The net income from Cowpea cultivation was Rs. -15293.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.31.  The total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 30058.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 123500. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 93441.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.11.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31958.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16672.50. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -15286.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.52.  The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 38688.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11578.13. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. -27110.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.3.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 21725.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23218. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 1492.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.07.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 46218.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 148200. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 101981.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.21.  The total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 16245.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 9880. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. -6365.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61. 4  The results indicate that, 20.93 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 16.28 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 23,833.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 49,609.41, for small farmers it was Rs. 109,080, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 60,250 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 87,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,844.14. For landless households it was Rs. 2,611.11, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,339.39, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,524.13, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 19,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 14,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 22 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in their field. Also, 12 coconut and 1 mango tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 62 eucalyptus, 1 cashew and 7 teak trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 953.49 for land development, Rs. 69.77 for irrigation facility, Rs. 813.95 for improved crop production and Rs. 186.05 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 9.09 per cent for land development, for 2.27 per cent for irrigation facility, for 11.36 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.27 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 15.91 per cent for land development, for 18.18 per cent for improved crop production and for 6.82 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 96.43 per cent, chilly was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, cowpea was sold to the extent of 50 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 66.67 per cent, jowar was sold to the extent of 53.85 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.31 per cent, navane was sold to the extent of 25 per cent, sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, sunflower was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 80 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 55.81 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 37.21 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 27.91 per cent of them sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 96.43 per cent, chilly was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, cowpea was sold to the extent of 50 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 66.67 per cent, jowar was sold to the extent of 53.85 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.31 per cent, navane was sold to the extent of 25 per cent, 5 sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, sunflower was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 80 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 55.81 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 37.21 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 27.91 per cent of them sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that, 83.72 per cent of the households used tractor, 30.23 per cent of them used cart and 6.98 per cent of them used head load as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 41.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 34.88 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 81.40 per cent of the households used firewood and 25.58 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 53.49 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 55.81 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 11.63 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 20.93 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.33 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card, 95.35 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.33 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 65.12 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 90.70 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 20.93 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 27.91 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.63 per cent, milk was adequate for 67.44 per cent, eggs were adequate for 55.81 per cent and meat were adequate for 53.49 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 30.23 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 79.07 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 72.09 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 86.05 per cent, milk was inadequate for 23.26 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 37.21 per cent and meat was inadequate for 32.56 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 72.50 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals 6 (30%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.5%), inadequate extension services (10%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25%), less rainfall (60%) and Source of Agri-technology information (37.5%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kerehalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 362 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 76 per cent is covered by soils, 4 per cent by mining and industrial, 10 per cent by rock outcrops and 10 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 15 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 37 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 25 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 31 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 14 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 63 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 54 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 23 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 18 per cent soils are strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 19 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 39 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) and 1 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH- >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 22 per cent area.  An area of about 28 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 48 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 76 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) and 9 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 133(37) Sapota <1(<1) 168(46) Maize - 163(45) Pomegranate <1(<1) 187(52) Bajra 66(18) 154(43) Guava - 168(46) Groundnut 66(18) 180(50) Jackfruit <1(<1) 168(46) Sunflower <1(<1) 130(36) Jamun - 142(39) Cotton <1(<1) 133(37) Musambi <1(<1) 187(52) Red gram <1(<1) 130(36) Lime <1(<1) 187(52) Bengalgram 16(4) 117(32) Cashew - 123(34) Chilli <1(<1) 114(31) Custard apple 66(18) 166(45) Tomato <1(<1) 114(31) Amla 66(18) 166(45) Brinjal 66(18) 142(39) Tamarind - 19(5) Onion 66(18) 139(38) Marigold - 133(37) Bhendi 66(18) 142(39) Chrysanthemum - 133(37) Drumstick <1(<1) 172(47) Jasmine - 114(31) Mulberry <1(<1) 229(63) Crossandra - 114(31) Mango - <1(<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The data indicated that there were 114 (62.30%) men and 69 (37.70%) women in the micro watershed.  The average family size of landless was 4.8, marginal farmers were 4, small farmers were 5.37, semi medium farmer were 5.25 and medium farmers were 5.25.  The data indicated that 32 (17.49%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 84 (45.90%) were in 16-35 years of age, 57 (31.15%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.46%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Kerehalli-1 had 36.07 per cent illiterates, 39.89 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.28 per cent of them had both middle schools, 7.10 per cent of them had high school education, 7.10 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent them had ITI and 4.92 per cent them had degree education.  The results indicated that, 84.62 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 15.38 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 21.31 per cent of the household members, 53.55 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.55 per cent were general labours, 1.64 per cent of them were in private sector, 21.31 per cent of them were students and 1.09 per cent of them were children.  The results showed that 100 per cent of population have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 12.82 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 69.23 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 7.69 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 10.26 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results showed that, 92.31 per cent of the households possess TV, 84.62 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 25.64 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 33.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.87 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 4,611, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,612, bicycle was Rs. 1,881, motor cycle was Rs. 39,384 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,878.  Data indicated that, 7.69 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 12.82 per cent of them possess plough, 2.56 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 2.56 per cent of them possess tractor, 20.51 per cent possess sprayer, 7.69 per cent possess thresher and 76.92 per cent possess weeder.  The results showed that, the average value of bullock cart was Rs.19,333, plough was Rs.5.428, irrigation pump was Rs.50,000, tractor was Rs.500,000, sprayer was Rs.2,938, weeder was Rs.21 and thresher was Rs.271. 2  The results indicated that, 25.64 per cent of the households possess both bullocks, 7.69 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo, 2.56 per cent of the households possess sheep and 58.97 per cent of the households did not possess any livestock.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.03, average own labour (women) available was 1.38, average hired labour (men) available was 9.13 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.97.  The results indicated that, 10.26 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 89.74 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Kerehalli-1 micro-watershed possess 30.17 ha (60.23%) of dry land and 19.92 ha (39.77%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.92 ha (90.98%) of dry land and 0.59 ha (9.02%). Small farmers possess 7.44 ha (75.15%) of dry land and 2.46 ha (24.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.14 ha (52.05%) of dry land and 10.26 ha (47.95%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.67 ha (46.16%) of dry land and 6.61 ha (53.84%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 274,996.65 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 421,535.96. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 675,324.67 for dry land and Rs. 2,044,137.99 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 295,486.68 for dry land Rs. 568,750.01 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 152,524.52 for dry land and Rs. 409,069.39 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 70,571.43 for dry land and Rs. 242,008.57 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 17 functioning and 16 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 43.59 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 29.78 meters.  The results indicated that, marginal farmers had 0.42 ha of irrigated land, small farmers had 1.62 ha, semi medium farmers had 9.85 ha and medium farmers had 10.60 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown maize (28.22 ha), bajra (10.09 ha), groundnut (6.88 ha), paddy (2.62 ha), Bengal gram (1.33 ha), pearl millet (0.61 ha) and tomato (0.16 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, peralmillet and tomato. Small farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra, Bengal gram, paddy and groundnut. Medium farmers had grown maize, groundnut and paddy. 3  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Kerehalli-1 micro-watershed was found to be 73.83 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in case small farmers it was 83.61 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 70.70 per cent and in case of medium farmers it was 63.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, 76.92 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicated that, 81.82 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 81.82 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 29561.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28434.50. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -1126.84, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31339.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41126.68. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 9787.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 50686.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 114685.30. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 63998.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.26.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 45998.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50527.97. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 4529.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengalgram was Rs. 36913.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 118680.49. The net income from Bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 81766.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.22.  The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 191338.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 222300. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 30961.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The results indicated that, 10.26 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.56 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results also showed that 20.51 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.56 per cent opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The table indicated that, the average annual income for landless farmers was Rs. 33,000, marginal farmers was Rs.36304.64, small farmers was Rs.62,700, semi medium farmers was Rs.129,754.55 and medium farmers was Rs.129,950.  The results indicated that, in case of landless farmers the average annual expenditure was Rs.5900, for marginal farmers the average annual expenditure was Rs.2433.88, for small farmers it was Rs.4062.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.7409.90 and in case of medium farmers was Rs.13,375. 4  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 32 coconut trees and 1 mango trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 67 neem trees and 2 tamarind tress trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,487.18 for land development, Rs.666.67 for irrigation facility and Rs.743.59 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 10.25 per cent for land development, for 7.69 per cent for irrigation facility, for 10.26 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 33.33 per cent for land development, for 2.56 per cent for irrigation facility, for 2.56 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 33.33 per cent for land development, 2.56 per cent for irrigation facility and 2.56 per cent improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 82.69 per cent, tomato to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 79.57 per cent, maize to the extent of 79.64 per cent, paddy to the extent of 64.86 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 95.56 percent.  The results indicated that, 12.82 per cent of the households have sold their produce to agents/traders, 45.71 percent have sold to local/village merchant and 42.86 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 2.56 per cent of the households have carried head loads, 5.13 per cent of the households have used cart and100 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 35.90 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 45.45 percent of marginal farmers, 62.50 per cent of small farmers, 27.27 per cent of semi medium farmers and 25 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 76.92 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 94.87 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 5.13 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 38.46 per cent and 64.10 per cent of them were using bore well.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 51.28 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 18.18 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 9.09 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. 5  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 53.85 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 9.09 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of the small farmers, 27.27 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that cereals were adequate for 97.44 per cent, pulses were adequate for 87.18 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 33.33 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 41.03 per cent, fruits were adequate for 23.08, milk was adequate for 41.03 per cent, eggs were adequate for 35.90 and meat was adequate for 10.26 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk and eggs were inadequate for 15.38 per cent, 64.10 per cent, 53.85 per cent, 43.59 per cent, 15.38 per cent and 61.54 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.92 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.49%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (56.41%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.13%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (23.08%), high rate of interest on credit (7.69%), low price for the agricultural commodities (25.64%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (10.26%), inadequate extension services (5.13%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market were (20.51%), less rainfall (48.72%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (23.08%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkashindhag-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 637 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soil and 5 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 5 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 90 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 64 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 21 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 73 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 54 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 41 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 2 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 38 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 55 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 3 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 64 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 30 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 3 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 28 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 44(7) 387(61) Sapota 19(3) 72(11) Maize 19(3) 412(65) Pomegranate 19(3) 230(36) Bajra 91(14) 328(51) Musambi 30(5) 218(34) Groundnut 32(5) 59(9) Lime 30(5) 218(34) Sunflower 30(5) 218(34) Amla 91(14) 340(54) Redgram 19(3) 209(33) Cashew - 59(9) Bengal gram 12(2) 419(66) Jackfruit 19(3) 72(11) Cotton 12(2) 419(66) Jamun - 229(36) Chilli 32(5) 59(9) Custard apple 103(16) 328(52) Tomato 32(5) 59(9) Tamarind - 214(34) Brinjal 59(9) 372(59) Mulberry 76(12) 161(25) Onion - 91(14) Marigold 19(3) 412(65) Bhendi - 431(68) Chrysanthemum 19(3) 412(65) Drumstick 63(10) 186(29) Jasmine 19(3) 254(40) Mango - 108(17) Crossandra 19(3) 105(17) Guava 19(3) 72(11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 105 (57.69%) men and 77 (42.31%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 5.06, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 6 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 22 (12.09%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 95 (52.2%) were in 16-35 years of age, 56 (30.77%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (4.95%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chikkashindhag-2 had 25.82 per cent illiterates, 16.48 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.04 per cent of them had middle school education, 28.57 per cent of them had high school education, 10.99 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent had ITI education, 6.59 per cent of them ha degree education and 1.10 per cent of them had degree level education.  The results indicate that, 55.56 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 41.67 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 39.56 per cent of the household members, 36.26 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.20 per cent were private service, 15.38 per cent were students, 3.85 per cent were housewives and 2.75 per cent were children.  The results show that, 3.30 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in user group and 96.70 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 83.33 per cent of the households possess katcha, 11.11 per cent of the households pucca/RCC and5.56 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house. The results show that 75 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.78 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, 58.33 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 44.44 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 91.67 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,333, DVD/VCD player was Rs. 2,000, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,952, motor cycle was Rs. 42,687 and mobile phones was Rs. 1,980.  About 5.56 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 30.56 per cent of them possess plough, 19.44 per cent of them possess sprayer and 52.78 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18,000, plough was Rs. 1,636, sprayer was Rs. 4,428 and weeder was Rs.75.  The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.22 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent possess crossbreed cow and goat and 5.56 per cent of them possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.13, average own labour (women) available was 1.29, average hired labour (men) available was 13.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.74.  The results indicate that 86.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chikkashindhag-2 micro-watershed possess 26.67 ha (67.76 %) of dry land and 12.69 ha (12.69 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.71 ha (75.19%) of dry land and 1.55 ha (24.81%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 3.22 ha (52.17%) of dry land and 2.95 ha (47.83%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.26 ha (69.80%) of dry land and 5.31 (30.20%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (69.23%) for dry land and 2.88 ha (30.77 %) for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 401,107.91 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 653,939.39. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,379,295.53 for dry land and Rs. 1,801,041.66 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 341,761.01 for dry land and Rs. 677,640.61 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 220,099.01 for dry land and Rs. 546,376.81 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 61,750 for dry land and Rs. 208,438.81 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 15 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 41.67 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 44.87 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.96 ha, 5 ha, 3.36 ha, 6.93 ha and 2.88 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (23.72 ha), sunflower (3.24 ha), Bengal gram (2.83 ha), sorghum (2.43 ha), sugarcane (1.7 ha), jowar (0.81 ha), cotton (0.41 ha), bajra, cluster bean and onion (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, Bengal gram, cotton, bajra, cluster bean and onion. Small farmers had grown maize,. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, Bengal gram, sorghum, sugarcane, and jowar. Medium farmers had grown maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chikkashindhag-2 micro-watershed was found to be 84.92 per cent.  The results indicate that, 11.11 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative and grameena bank. 3  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 205,000.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 40 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from high rate of interest.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 36799.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31616. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -5183.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 162755.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 262007.31. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 99251.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61.  The total cost of cultivation for Beans was Rs. 40614.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88920. The net income from Beans cultivation was Rs. 48305.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.19.  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 62559.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47681.83. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. - 14877.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.76.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 24327.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33962.50. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 9635.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 43641.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61186.67. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 17545.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4.  The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 95996.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 197600. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 101603.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.06.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 27307.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46312.50. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 19004.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 22141.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27052.38. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 4911.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.22.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 22.22 green fodders was adequate, 5.56 per cent of the households opine dry fodder was in adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate. 4  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 39,533.33 for for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 36,666.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 104,375 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 110,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,373.84. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,708.89, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,366.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,578.13 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 30,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 48 coconut and 2 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 34 teak, 49 neem and 4 tamarind tree in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,750.22 for land development, Rs. 361.11for improved crop production and Rs. 277.78 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 13.51 per cent for land development and improved crop production and 8.11 per cent for irrigation facility. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development and improved crop production and 5.41 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra and sorghum was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, beans and Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent, cotton, sugarcane and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 97.62 per cent and onion was sold to the extent of 98 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 8.33 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 47.22 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 19.44 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 13.89 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households used tractor and 13.89 per cent of the households use truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 36.11 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.78 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 77.78 per cent of the households bore well and canal/nala was the source of drinking water for 11.11 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent and 2.78 per cent of the households used kerosene lamp in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 27.78 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 25 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 47.22 per cent, fruits were adequate for 16.67 per cent, egg were adequate for 80.56 per cent and meat were adequate for 77.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 66.67 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 52.78 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 75 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate were 5.56 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 8.33 per cent and fruits were market surplus for 2.78 per cent and meat were market surplus for 11.11 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil water and inadequacy of irrigation water was the constraint experienced by 72.22 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (86.11%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (69.44%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (75%), low price for the agricultural commodities(8.33%), less rainfall (22.22%) and Source of Agri-technology information (8.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project