LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KOTAKKANAHALLI-1 (4D3A9C2d) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka ; Not Available

Abstract

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kotakkanahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the delineated physiographic boundaries were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 838 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 69 per cent is covered by soils, 2 per cent by rock outcrops, 10 per cent by mining/Industrial area, 150 cm).  About 64 per cent of the area is having loamy at the surface and 5 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 42 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 3 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands, 66 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 0.75%) in 34 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 29 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 20 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 41 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 63 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 53 per cent of the soils.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agriculture and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 88 (10 ) 110(13) Pomegranate 48(6) 288(34) Maize 12(1) 164(20) Guava 48 (6 ) 267 (32) Bajra 88 (10) 258(31) Jackfruit 48 (6 ) 266(32) Redgram 48(6) 118(14 ) Jamun 37(4) 299(36) Bengalgram 22(3) 176(21) Musambi 48(6) 288(34 ) Groundnut 11 (1) 392 (47) Lime 48(6) 288(34 ) Sunflower 48 (6) 118(14 ) Cashew 1(<1) 303(36 ) Cotton 37 (4) 161 (19) Custard apple 127 (15) 424 (51) Chilli 50(6) 125(15) Amla 127 (15) 424 (51) Tomato 50(6) 125(15) Tamarind 37(4) 90(11 ) Drumstick 48(6) 301 (36 ) Marigold 11(1) 187(22 ) Mulberry 11(1) 508(61 ) Chrysanthemum 11(1) 187(22 ) Mango 37(4) 68(8) Jasmine 11(1) 165(20) Sapota 48(6) 267 (32) Crossandra 48(6) 127 (15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the six identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 118 (50.43%) men and 114 (48.72%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.33, marginal farmers' was 5.24, small farmers' was 5.80, semi medium farmers' was 4.50 and medium farmers' was 7.67.  The data indicated that, 58 (24.79%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 102 (43.59%) were in 16-35 years of age, 58 (24.79%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (6.84%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kotakkanahalli-1 had 34.19 per cent illiterates, 0.43 per cent functional literates, 31.20 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.41 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.38 per cent of them had high school education, 5.98 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.85 per cent had diploma education, 0.85 per cent had diploma, 0.85 per cent of them did ITI, 1.28 per cent of them had degree and 0.43 per cent of them had masters level education.  The results indicate that, 67.44 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 25.58 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.33 per cent of the household heads were involved in households industry.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 35.04 per cent of the household members, 28.21 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.85 per cent had households industry, 0.85 per cent were in private service, 0.43 per cent was in trade and business, 27.35 per cent were students, 2.99 per cent were housewives and 3.85 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.85 per cent were in self help group, 0.43 per cent were in user group and 98.72 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.63 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 81.40 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 4.65 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 6.98 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 88.37 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.21 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 4.65 per cent of them possess bicycle, 27.91 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.33 per cent of them possess auto and 90.70 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,707, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,775, bicycle was 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 36,892, auto was 300,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,805. 2  About 2.33 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.63 per cent of them possess plough, 6.98 per cent of them possess tractor, 4.65 per cent of them possess sprayer and 18.60 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 30,000, plough was Rs. 3,860, tractor was Rs. 450,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,900 and weeder was Rs. 481.  The results indicate that, 13.95 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25.58 per cent of the households possess local cow and 6.98 per cent possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.34, average hired labour (men) available was 5.24 and average hired labour (women) available was 3.84.  The results indicate that 67.44 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 18.60 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kotakkanahalli-1 micro-watershed possess 31.64 ha (71.84%) of dry land and 12.40 ha (28.16%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.98 ha (94.79%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (5.21%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 13.55 ha (76.48%) of dry land and 4.17 ha (23.52%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.45 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 4.65 ha (37.52%) of dry land and 7.74 ha (62.48) irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 442,312.61 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 362,642.74. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 812,207.21 for dry land and Rs. 1,214,754.11 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 368,766.80 for dry land and Rs. 695,436.90 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 128,981.73 for dry land and Rs. 129,116.57 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 10 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.26 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.90 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.89 ha, 4.37 ha and 4.10 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (20.66 ha), bajra (11.86 ha), jowar (2.85 ha), sugarcane (1.84 ha), cotton (1.62 ha), groundnut (1.62 ha), cowpea (0.81 ha), navane (0.81 ha), sunflower (1.62 ha), tomato (1.21 ha) and 3 chilly (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, bajra, jowar, cotton, cowpea, chilly and tomato. Small farmers had maize, bajra, jowar, sugarcane, cotton, groundnut, navane and sunflower. Semi medium farmers had grown maize. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra, jowar and tomato.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kotakkanahalli-1 microwatershed was found to be 72.02 per cent.  The results indicate that, 13.95 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 13.95 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 72207.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50618.43. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -21589.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.7.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 70878.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 676114.55. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 605235.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:9.54.  The total cost of cultivation for Cowpea was Rs. 22209.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 6916. The net income from Cowpea cultivation was Rs. -15293.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.31.  The total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 30058.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 123500. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 93441.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.11.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31958.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16672.50. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -15286.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.52.  The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 38688.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11578.13. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. -27110.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.3.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 21725.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23218. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 1492.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.07.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 46218.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 148200. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 101981.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.21.  The total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 16245.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 9880. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. -6365.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61. 4  The results indicate that, 20.93 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 16.28 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 23,833.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 49,609.41, for small farmers it was Rs. 109,080, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 60,250 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 87,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,844.14. For landless households it was Rs. 2,611.11, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,339.39, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,524.13, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 19,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 14,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 22 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in their field. Also, 12 coconut and 1 mango tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 62 eucalyptus, 1 cashew and 7 teak trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 953.49 for land development, Rs. 69.77 for irrigation facility, Rs. 813.95 for improved crop production and Rs. 186.05 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 9.09 per cent for land development, for 2.27 per cent for irrigation facility, for 11.36 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.27 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 15.91 per cent for land development, for 18.18 per cent for improved crop production and for 6.82 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 96.43 per cent, chilly was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, cowpea was sold to the extent of 50 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 66.67 per cent, jowar was sold to the extent of 53.85 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.31 per cent, navane was sold to the extent of 25 per cent, sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, sunflower was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 80 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 55.81 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 37.21 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 27.91 per cent of them sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 96.43 per cent, chilly was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, cowpea was sold to the extent of 50 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 66.67 per cent, jowar was sold to the extent of 53.85 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.31 per cent, navane was sold to the extent of 25 per cent, 5 sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, sunflower was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 80 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 55.81 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 37.21 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 27.91 per cent of them sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that, 83.72 per cent of the households used tractor, 30.23 per cent of them used cart and 6.98 per cent of them used head load as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 41.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 34.88 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 81.40 per cent of the households used firewood and 25.58 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 53.49 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 55.81 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 11.63 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 20.93 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.33 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card, 95.35 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.33 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 65.12 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 90.70 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 20.93 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 27.91 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.63 per cent, milk was adequate for 67.44 per cent, eggs were adequate for 55.81 per cent and meat were adequate for 53.49 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 30.23 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 79.07 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 72.09 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 86.05 per cent, milk was inadequate for 23.26 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 37.21 per cent and meat was inadequate for 32.56 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 72.50 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals 6 (30%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.5%), inadequate extension services (10%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25%), less rainfall (60%) and Source of Agri-technology information (37.5%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project