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PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and devel-op one of the church institutions with pecuniary advantage to yourself. Address H. S. BONER, Supt. 1 The CClevQUpy. The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. Vol. XIII. GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1905. No. 8 CONTENTS 'WHERE PROVIDENCE PREVAILED," , . . 246 BY MISS HARRIET MCGILL, '06. THE NOVEL OF SENTIMENT,* 25.0 "IMBEM." THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE, . . . 259 BY H. F. SMITH, '07. RELIGION AND SOLITUDE, . 265 BY SAMUEL E. SMITH, '07. THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A MILLIONAIRE,*' . . 268 "NOMEN." EDITORIALS, . • . 274 EXCHANGES, ". .276 ♦Contributed for Pea and Sword Prijze Essay Conteat. LiUlMUflMfti i \| 246 THE MERCURY. WHERE PROVIDENCE PREVAILED. Bv Miss HARRIET MCGIU., '06. THE woman waited; as in the lulls of the moaning, De-cember night wind, she heard the sound of sleigh bells mingled with the laughter of happy lovers, who sped swiftly by, she smiled, then gave a little sob, and smiled straight away again. "For what," she said, " if the waiting is long, one has always the past as a companion." Yes, "as a companion" and as such, Time had been kind to the woman. True, he had streaked the black hair with grey, and hardened the strong large hands with marks of toiling, but these things mattered little, for had he not left the great dark eyes undimmed? Just as twenty years ago, when they had look-ed frankly up into the face of the man whom their mistress call-ed ''husband," and smiling through their tears, spoke more plain-ly than any language the great word "courage," even so had they looked ever since into the face of Old Father Time, and looking smiled; no wonder then that he could not dim them. And the man : he also was waiting; the woman waited in a room bare and cheerless, the room of a servant in a great city, that of the man was equally bare and cheerless, it was the pris-on cell of one whom the world called "criminal." Now comes the strange part of our prelude, in the fact that neither of these people knew, how that for which they waited would come to them. Those who had placed the man in his present position, knew well how to make arrangements, by which his wife should not be permitted to see him. He was "in for life," and it was granted, even by the faithful few who remained true to the conviction of his innocence, that his case was hopeless. Yet throughout the twenty years, firmly, as upon the day of their parting, had these two believed in the hope of deliverance, and trusted, as it is the lot of few to trust. The night wind also sighed and moaned around a rude log cabin, that lay a tiny speck upon the broad stretches of the great western prairie. Lonely, sequestered, isolated, truly might ^HHHH THE MERCURY. 247 * * this humble home have been called the " Lodge of some vast wilderness," so far was it removed from the haunts of men, so little did its inhabitants know about the lives of their fellows, in the great outside world. ■ Here, upon this winter night of which we W rite, the good wife of the house, a plain, simple, country woman, who had, up to this time, lived her even, uneventful life, in a spirit of honest contentment, lay down to rest, worn with the day's work. This woman knew nothing of our convict or his wife, the story of the crime whose tragic consequences had involved him in ruin, and blasted the life of the girl whose eyes said "courage," had never even reached these humble prairie dwellers, and when Marie Cor-douy closed her eyes that night, she expected nothing but the "sleep of the just," the usual reward of her hard labor. Instead —well let us hear the story of her dream; she says, "I was there, and yet not there; for somehow I know that the girl I saw was alone, after she bade her sister good-bye, saying that she would go through the wood to the farm of a neighbor who lived about two miles away. I can see her now as she walked along, she was a pretty girl, with hair like gold, and eyes like the "bluets,". which grew all around her in the forest, as she walked among them barefoot, her shoes in her hand, for she took them off to save them, when she came to the wood. So she walked on for sometime until she came to a large rock that stood out on the bank of a stream, and here she sat down to rest, for the day was warm, and she tired. Suddenly two men crept out from the trees behind the girl. One was tall with a scar 0.11 bis face, he seem-ed to be middle aged, the other was smaller, and from his looks could have been a son of the first. Just as she sat there, with-out any thought of harm, those men rushed on the girl, and throttled her, then they carried the poor tiling, into the bed of the stream, and foully murdered her there, while the water washed away the signs of their bloody work. When it was done, they went back to the rock and tried to move it. At last they got space enough to dig a kind of a grave underneath, where they buried the girl, her shoes beside her, and the knives with which ■^^■HnuAfl-fi 248 THE MERCURY. they had stabbed her. When I saw them sneak away, through the trees, the horror of the thing awakened me." So great was this horror, that Marie awoke her husband, and told him of the dream, but, saying that it was nothing, told her to try to sleep once more. Yet again came the dream, as viv-idly as before, and then again, three times, did she have it be-fore morning came to deliver her. Still John Cordouy said that it contained no portent, and advised her to forget it, this how-ever was easier said than done, and from that nig*ht Marie was a changed woman. The dream never seemed to leave her mind, its weight oppressed her, and finding no sympathy in John, she yet persisted in telling her gruesome tale, not only to him, but to any chance traveller whom she could persuade to listen.— Finally, for the world is a small place, after all, the news of the dream reached the ears of the woman who waited. Teresa Jardain, wife of the supposed murderer, whose life imprisonment instead of death because of inability to find the body of the girl, had been secured by the man who accused him ; a man high in power, a tall man, with a scar on his face. .This man's son had once loved the dark eyed beauty of Teresa, who had refused his offer of marriage, and had afterwards been spurned by the girl, whose strange disappearance had so affect-ed the life of the Jardains, the neighbors, to whose farm she was last seen starting out. Now into Teresa's life, since her brave fight against the world began, had entered much wisdom ; it was as the " wisdom of the serpent," and with it she determined to save her husband, and see his face once more. As has been said, there were some few friends remaining who believed him innocent; to these men Teresa went, with the strange story of the dream, implor-ing their aid. At last this plan was agreed upon. Two of these men, who were fortunately wealthy and influential, went secretly to the prairie home of Cordouy, disguised as travellers. As usual Marie, eager for listeners, related the story of her dream, she seemed to find relief in telling it as often as possible. They then took Cordouy into their confidence, and proposed to him a trip through the East to the place where the tragedy occurred. BBlnflftFi THE MERCURY. 249 Marie would of course accompany them, and should she recog-nize the surroundings, identify the men, and find the body of the girl, the murderers might be forced into a revelation of the truth. In the meantime the story was to be kept secret so that they might be taken off their guard. Their plans were strangely successful, when Marie, in the course of their journey, reached the neighborhood where the murder took place, she seemed to grow more and more excited, at last she could stand it no longer, and told the others that this was the place of her dreams. Eagerly leading them into the wood, (a. strange place remember, where she had never been before,) she hurried on until she reached the rock by the streamlet, and began in her haste to dig away the earth beneath it, with her own hands. She was however persuaded to give place to work-men, who arrived with suitable tools, and soon dug from their resting place of twenty years or more, the skeleton of the girl, the knives and even the remainder of the shoes, which lay by themselves, near her head, showing that she had worn them. The story now spread far and wide, and the real murderers, fail-ing in an attempt to flee the country, confessed their guilt, and met the punishment which had been for so long a time delayed. The night winds no longer moaned around the prairie cabin, with a story of duty left undone, its sound bears rather comfort to the woman within, her mission is fulfilled, Marie Cordouy is satisfied. No longer does a captive, Paul Jardain, stretch im-ploring hands, behind his prison bars and implore it to bear the message of his innocence to the world. The weary watch of Teresa, the woman who waited, is over, for Providence worked a miracle with the passing of the night wind. [D1^B^HHHHHEthere are many novel readers who might express the bitterness -of their experience in the lines of Thompson— " Ah from real happiness we stray, By vice bewildered, vice which always leads However fair at first to wilds woe." Every man has a model for his life, an ideal, and how much -does a man's welfare depend on the ideal which is enshrined in ihis heart of hearts ! Any force which has the power of chang-ing ideals should be (both) helped and hindered in its opera-tion, aided that it may effect the greatest good and hindered Jest it accomplish the most of evil. Fiction has shaped ideals and it is moulding ideals today and in many cases this is being ■done with great injury to humanity. Too many of our novelists picture woman as an angel or a fiend. At one time they por-tray woman, as the flatterer, the seducer, the destroyer, and as-sociate her with such deadening villianies that she appears as .a veritable Medusa petrifying all that is noble in the nature of man; while at another time, under the spell of their pens she ■■■■■■■^■■■■H ■: , ' '\U- U --- v - -^ 256 THE MERCURY. stands forth as semi-divine a creature too wondrous for daily contact with the world. From a social standpoint, it is truly alarming to observe the opinions which are held by thousands-of the male sex concerning women, and not a few of these de-praved ideas can be traced to the popular novel. While wo-man can fall lower and can also attain greater heights than* man, yet the vast majority of women occupy a middle plane where virtue is a companion and the ordinary duties of life keep the angelic qualities in the background. It can safely be said that the average work of fiction is too radical in depicting the characters of women. Somewhat allied to the above topic is the illusive idea so-prominent in current fiction that it is an absolute fault to be commonplace. All real life is commonplace. It is a round of duty and service and only once in a great length of time does a man spring forth who rises above his fellows. Anything that derides the homely toil of the private citizen or makes men* dissatisfied with their station in life by infatuating them with visions of power selfishly attained, must be characterized as-pernicious, because it places false ideals before the eyes of men. There is also an influence at work today of the same nature,, that makes the securing of wealth the one thing for which men should strive, and many novels of the twentieth century are strongly imbued with this spirit. After an examination of many popular books, it is found in numerous instances that wealth is regarded as the greatest thing in the world. This is-not done in a direct way, but is brought by a hint here and a* suggestion there, benumbing reason and calling into action all that is sordid in the soul of man. Thus there are novels which speak of millions with an air of studied carelessness, while others recount the struggles of a hero who begins life as a poor boy and finally becomes the possessor of hundreds of thousands and even millions. Such ideas held out before the young peo-ple of today are most harmful. While wealth is- desirable, it is of secondary importance. It does not bring character nor happiness to its possessor, and is often a hindrance to noble endeavor. How refreshing it is when some novelist deigns to> m WIUHMWJIlllWi THE MERCURY. 257 give to the public a story of the poor, of people in ordinary-circumstances, showing to mankind that riches are not the passport to happiness. Let our writers take Thackeray for their pattern. That the ideals in our current literature may be truer and nobler, let our talented authors acknowledge Dickens their patron saint and tell to humanity the strange story of the toil-ing world. When the character of the novel of sentiment has been re-viewed, the mind naturally becomes alert to observe the effects of reading popular fiction. The results are only obvious when, after the reading of books, an investigation is made among one's friends, and every man looks into his own soul, with a view of discerning their exact measure ot influence. Many surprises await one making such an investigation, but probably the most astonishing is the fact that the opinion of many people can be known if one is familiar with the last book which they have read. In other words, too many men and women accept the statements of books without applying the test of common sense and reason. Thus, through the frailty of humanity, the novel of sentiment is efficacious for much of good and evil. The greatest fault, perhaps, of the twentieth century novel is the depraved condition of the mind which it produces. By its stimulating power the novel gives an unnatural tone to the mind and brings it into such a condition that there can be no true appreciation for the more noble works of literature. The public libraries and the ones in many colleges testify to the pre-vailing order of affairs, since it is stated on good authority that nine-tenths of all the books which are taken from their shelves are fiction. A doctor of divinity of the Presbyterian Church confessed not long ago, that while he was visiting a neighbor-ing minister and helping to conduct evangelistic services, he found a set of historical novels in the library of his friend, and having become interested, he did not rest until he had read the entire series. " During that week," he said, " I read three of those novels and I had such a feverish interest in them that I purchased the entire set as soon as I returned home." In- 258 THE MERCURY. stances of such fascination are numerous among all classes, and they are destructive to true mental development. Again, the novel of sentiment, within whose pages vice and unnatural affections are so vividly portrayed, debases ten while it is helpful to one. By many it is argued that the immoral book is the most severely moral because it shows to the reader the blackness of evil. This is a fallacy which has always been urged concerning sin; it is the siren voice of the tempter. Such arguments have destroyed the virtues of a multitude. How shall their falsity be shown ? The philosophy of the poet in the lines so frequently quoted reveals the truth— " Vice is a monster of such frightful mien, As to be hated, needs but to be seen ; But seen too oft—familiar grows her face, We first endure; then pity ; then embrace." Throughout the body of this essay a spirit of criticism has been manifested toward the novel of of the last twenty years. In view of the facts such criticism is needed. But praise should be given to authors like Ralph Connor, who has written books with a definite purpose. However, it is very difficult to select really good novels from the great mass of fiction. An inquiry, with the purpose of obtaining a basis for the discrimination be-tween the good and bad in fiction, makes a most fitting con-clusion to our observations on this subject. Under what cir-cumstances is the novel of sentiment a safe agent ? Only when some noble purpose fires the writer; only when the author has some real message for humanity in his book. Sentiment con-nected with the fickle things of life becomes a demoralizing power. The average novel is dangerous from its lack of prin-ciple and purpose. Thus it must be said that this lack of prin-ciple in most of our sentimental novels characterizes them as unfit for a place in our libraries. THE MERCURY. 259 THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. BY. H. F. SMITH, '07. ■** their greatness to the long struggle between France and England," says Thiers in his History of the Consulate and Empire, in speaking of the sale of Louisiana by Bonaparte to the United States. This statement contains two views in them-selves somewhat debatable: First, Whether the United States is indebted for its birth to France. Some think in all proba-bility we would have gained our independence without the aid of France. This could be so and yet the indebtedness not be lessened, for France did help us by the revival of spirits and by material means in the battle of Yorktown. Second, that we are indebted for our greatness to the long struggle between France and England, and not so much to ourselves, we shall en-deavor to establish. In so doing let us look at matters from the French side instead of the American side, and it is proper to do this, since it came to us through French statesmanship with little agency of our own. ' Except the Floridas, the thirteen original colonies with their western claims extended to the Mississippi. Colonization was for France a question of life or death. The French were es-pecially active in this line. As colonizers they far exceeded the English in brilliancy. They were more energetic, persis-tent and courageous; but when an eminent Frenchman had achieved anything great, he was so v?in or ambitious as to wish no other Frenchman to share his glory and would even in some cases war against a rival; furthermore he was not sus-tained by the home government. But the primary cause of lack of results was internal dissention, a constant warring among themselves. Had the energy which they directed toward one another been applied to the obstacles to be overcome, " they would have been consumed as a pathway through the Alps was eaten by the vinegar of Hannibal." The noble Champlain, the indefatigable La Salle, Cartier, Jberville, and Bienville, all figured in the establishment of set- 26o THE MERCURY. tlements in Louisiana. Men were kidnapped and sent over by the thousands. Women became so scarce that cargoes of marriageable girls, filles a la cassette, so-called from the little trunks in which each prospective bride carried the trosseau pro-vided for her by the government, were sent over and on arrival at the levee, were speedily and happily mated. But in a series of wars culminating in the defeat of Montcalm by Pitt and Wolfe combined, all of what were before known as the Colonies Western Claims, were lost and France had only New Orleans and the unexplored area west of the Mississippi. On account of these misfortunes France thought it best to-give up her scheme of colonization and develop home interests. So, desiring an ally in her weakness, she secretly ceded Louis-iana to Spain. This treaty was long kept secret and was much lamented. When the news was broken to the Creoles, the con-sternation was similar to that of the Acadians when they were entrapped. This stripping of France of her American posses-sions created a craving for revenge which was fully satisfied when she helped to tear the thirteen colonies from England, The Louisiana subjects remained true to the French in their hearts, although Spain ruled them generously. Napoleon now became almost absolute ruler with the title of First Consul. He had marvelous schemes of colonization and immediately set about to regain Louisiana. Godoy, who was the power behind the throne in Spain, fearing a probable attack by England, negotiated a treaty very advantageous to us, satis-factorily establishing boundaries, and the " right of deposit " at New Orleans. But when Spain became hopelessly dependent on France, Godoy resigned in despair. A treaty was then negotiated with Berthier, Bonaparte's agent, by which France was to have Louisiana and also the two Floridas while Spain was to have a kingdom of at least one million subjects taken from the French conquests in the northern half of Italy, over which was to be set the Duke of Parma, husband of the infanta, the daughter of Carlos IV. This treaty was negotiated Oct. I, 1800, and was considered by Mr. Adams the source of our title to Louisiana. The king of Spain did ■■nCMBlnMIMrlBwHtHMHMMIIl THE MERCURY. 26 r not as yet sign the treaty. All subsequent treaties were but modifications of this. After some time Napoleon sent his brother Lucien to Madrid to finish the treaty, but he did not succeed in obtaining the king's signature because Godoy who was recalled to power suc-ceeded in bribing him and thus baffling Napoleon. France then prepared to take Louisiana by force and would probably have succeeded if the San Domingo Revolution had not occur-red and blocked all the schemes. But on Oct. 15, 1802, Na-poleon through his agent secured the king's signature but only under most exacting conditions. The United States now comes upon the scene. A new Presi-dent, Jefferson, sat in the presidential chair. " Peace is our passion," was one of his favorite sayings. When it became known that France was dealing secretly with Spain for the retrocession of Louisiana, the West and South, who hated the Spaniards, became wild lest the French getting New Orleans would close the lower Mississippi to commerce and thus ruin them. Accordingly a new minister,' Robert R. Livingston, was sent by us in August, 1801. He was set against the supercilious, deceitful, and arch dissimulator, Talleyrand, who denied every-thing, with some truth, for as yet the king of Spain had not given his signature. But we received definite information from our minister in England. Jefferson thought that trouble was imminent. In 1802 Morales, the civil officer of New Orleans, abrogated the right of deposit, closing absolutely the Mississippi to the United States. This right had been enjoyed since the treaty of 1795. By that treaty it was to last for three years; but at the end of that time, the right was suffered to continue. Now that the right was taken away, the alarm in the West made war seem inevitable. But matters were somewhat calmed by the Spanish minister at Washington and the Governor of Louisiana disclaiming the action of Morales. Jefferson now hit upon a scheme to allay the turbulent ill-humor of the settlers; but in this plan he 262 THE MERCURY. builded far wiser than he knew. He sent a special envoyv James Monroe, to buy outright New Orleans and Florida, with #2,000,000 in hand. The French envoy at this point used his influence to get Napoleon to do away with the interdict of Morales. Monroe had definite instructions : I. He was to purchase, if possible, New Orleans and the Floridas, and he might expend up to #10,000,000 rather than lose the chance. 2. Should France refuse to sell even the site for a town, the old right of deposit as granted in 1795 was to be tried for. Should that fail, further instructions were to be awaited. Jefferson was de-termined to have peace, and showed great moral courage and strength of character in maintaining so steadfastly, in that war-like age, his noble attitude. But if Napoleon would not have wanted to sell Louisiana, no statesmanship or money on our part could have bought it. After they had first sold it to Spain, there was nothing but re-gret, which was not satisfied until negotiations for its retroces-sion were begun. We have seen with what zeal these were pushed. Now that it was in his grasp again could anything tear it from him ? We have said that Napoleon had marvellous schemes of col-onization. The building of a New France in Louisiana was one of them. But his plans were doomed to failure. His own campaign in Egypt and the project for the great invasion of India by Massena had first come to naught; now his schemes in the Occident were meeting with disaster. In San Domingo,, general and army had perished under the weapons of the blacks and the stroke of pestilence. The gloom of a mighty European struggle was ominously looming up on the national horizon. At this time occurred the incident in the drawing room of Josephine, when Napoleon, without any ceremony,, went up to the British ambassador and after an insulting con-versation said that he would have Malta or war. Joseph, Napoleon's other brother, first became apprised of Napoleon's intentions and then informed Lucien. Their cha-grin and astonishment were unequaled. Napoleon had deter- ' Pe.2±fj:#uvaiatf#IHwlBIMR^KHAB[lafl THE MERCURY. 263 mined to get funds to carry on his war with England, to dis-pose of the whole of Louisiana, quite independently of any de-sires or wishes on our part. We see now, as we said in the beginning, our acquisition of Louisiana, and hence our great-ness, depends on the- long struggle between England and France. Napoleon had determined to do this without in the least consulting the Chambers or people of France. In so doing he was risking exile or even his life. His brothers, therefore, were greatly concerned and determined to prevent him from doing this. They formed a plan by which Lucien was to see Napoleon first, and if possible break the ice or lead the conver-sation to Louisiana, and then Joseph was to appear; in this way Napoleon would not suspect their collusion. Lucien found Napoleon in his perfumed bath. He tried to broach the Loui-siana topic, but Napoleon always talked about something else. Finally it was time for Napoleon to leave his bath and they had not reached the Louisiana subject. At this point Joseph knocked for admittance. Napoleon said he would stay in his bath a quarter of an hour longer and had him admitted. Lu-cien whispered to him that he had not yet broached the sub-ject. A stormy interview followed, only Napoleon's shaggy locks and gleaming eyes were above water. Their tones reached a very excited pitch and Joseph rushed at Napoleon. And here occurred the wonderful bath-room incident. Napoleon was so angered that he raised himself from the water and then suddenly fell back, giving Joseph a good ducking. Lucien then followed with a quotation from the Aeneid, which drew the electricity from the cloud and discharged it harmlessly. Then when Joseph had withdrawn, followed an almost equally stormy interview with Lucien. But this only hastened the matter, Na-poleon being anxious to commence his war with England. Words cannot describe the labor and extent oi the work which Livingston accomplished. He won the admiration and respect of Napoleon and Talleyrand. One of his duties was to obtain payment of the spoiliation claims. He wrote a series of papers elaborately setting forth the expediency for France to 264 THE MERCURY. dispose of New Orleans and the Floridas to us. These, per-haps, won him the respect of Napoleon. Far in advance of other statesmen he even showed that it would be best for France to sell us that part of Louisiana north of the Arkansas River, which turned out to be the best part of the bargain, in order to separate Canada or the British'from her province. Then, too, he had to deal with Napoleon, who would accept no counsel, and the wily Talleyrand. Furthermore, he did not have very definite instructions. But, as said in the beginning, we would never have gotten Louisiana by any efforts of Livingston or anybody else, had not Napoleon desired to dispose of it. Now when Livingston had all but accomplished his task, Napoleon offered the whole of Louisiana, and Monroe came in over Livingston. Napoleon had another object in selling Louisiana. If he should retain it, England might, through her all-powerful navy, wrest it from him ; while .in selling it to America, he would make a power which one day would humble England. Marbois, the French agent, and Livingston and Monroe were on very friendly terms, which greatly facilitated matters. Of course our commissioners never dreamed of the whole of Lou-isiana, but Livingston agreed to take it, and three treaties were made: 1. As to the cession; 2. As to the price, and 3. As to the spoiliation claims. It cost us #1 5,000,000, minus the spoli-ation claims. As Jefferson was a strict constructionist, he really overstepped his power in his own opinion. A storm of opposition arose which was gradually overcome. We have not time to discuss this opposition or the results, but will merely state a few of the results: (l) it secured to us the port of New Orleans, the entire control of the Mississippi, and it doubled the area of the United States ; (2) it strengthened the bond of Union in the Southwest; (3) it gave new force to arguments for internal improvements; (4) finally, it weakened strict con-struction and encouraged the interpretation of the Constitution according to the spirit and not the letter. - THE MERCURV. 265 RELIGION AND SOLITUDE. SAMUBI. E. SMITH, '07. WHEN these terms are considered in the sense in which they are ordinarily used, there seems to be a certain impropriety in using them together. The average man thinks of religion as something tangible. Not infrequently is the re-mark made concerning someone that he has very little religion; •which statement would point to the fact that religion is often considered as a kind of veneer, which can be placed over the lives of men for the instruction and helping of those about them. How then can solitude, which implies a separation from men have any relation to religion ? The preceding idea of religion is a very superficial one, although it is widely accepted. Religion has a deeper significance ; it is as its root meaning implies "a thinking again;" it is potential rather than kinetic •energy; it is z;«planted and never /m«jplanted into an indi-vidual. Such is the quality that is to be considered in connec-tion with solitude. All religions have had their origin in solitude. Ab'ram was sent by God into the eastern wilderness ; Moses was alone with Jehovah on Sinai; David had much time for reflection while tending his flock; the prophets were children of the desert; John Baptist was a son of the wilderness; and the Saviour of the world had his forty days, and very often during his active ministry he felt the loneliness of the midnight hour. Thus, in •solitude, there sprang forth from the souls of these men the principles which are the foundation stones of Christianity. Mohammedanism had its beginning in a cave a few miles from Mecca. Mohammed left the busy city and retired to that lonely spot for days at a time. He said that it was there the angel Gabriel appeared to him and told him of heavenly things which he should make known to his fellow-men. The new faith spread over many a mile of sea and land until it reached the rock of Gibraltar, and the Moslem hordes were dreaded in the great cities of Europe. Such was the power of the religion which was conceived of in the lonely cave near Mecca. As 266 THE MERCURY. the beginnings of great religions are studied it is found that all burst forth in solitude. Solitude has been the conserving force of every religion. The lonely vigil, the contemplations on divine things, has done more than the preacher and sword in keeping alive the great religions of the world. The monk in his gloomy cell, who-spent almost countless hours in meditation and fervent devotion,, gave the impetus which made the Roman Church the mighty agent which it has been. Even the savage races of mankinJ can be called upon to furnish examples. Without a doubt the crude religion of the American Indian was kept up by the in-fluence of solitude. In his solitary journey through the forest he saw his religions in the rocks and trees and streams. Where the Indians were deprived of their solitude by the advent of the white man, almost immediately they lost their faith in the Great Spirit. Christianity, today, shows the relation between" religion and solitude. The greatest preachers are those who-spend the most time apart from the rush of the world; the most truly religious are those who have spent many an hour in solitude. When the lives of the great ministers of our country-are considered, it is found that nearly all of them were brought up in the country, where the youth is compelled to spend a great portion of his time with nothing to keep him company but the voices of nature. Indeed, it can be said that every re-ligion enjoins its devotees to spend a part of each day in soli-tude. -Thus religion and solitude are very closely'related, and one is inclined to speculate as to the grounds on which this relation) exists. There must be solitude before religion can manifest itself. To understand how this can be true it is imperative that religion should be defined with the greatest precision. Al-ready it has been shown that it is not a tangible thing. But the definition must not stop with this statement. Religion is intuitive; it is a divine essence rising up in the sub-conscious-mind ; it is a spark which shows unmistakably that man is in-deed a son of the Infinite. Thus the religious impulse of the lowest savage is just as strong as is the desire of the civilized 1.1,. ,11. THE MERCURY. 267 man to worship a supreme being. Religion, lying as it does in the sub-conscious mind of man, how can it manifest itself unless there is solitude during which it can lise up? But this spark of the Infinite, religion, which abides in the darkest chamber of the soul, is a peculiar thing. If it is continually-forced back by the authority of the conscious mind, it at length goes out forever, and man is left destitute of the greatest power of his existence. Such a state of affairs does not often come to pass, but it can happen. But how can one conceive of this infinite spark as perishing? It is merely a small part of the great Infinity, which may have a million finite parts lost, as it were by atrophy, and yet remain the same. If, on the other hand, the divine spark is allowed to rise into the conscious mind, it fires the imagination and intensifies every purpose of the man. In the light of this reasoning one can easily see that solitude is of vital importance to religion. Thus, as religion is considered in its true nature, it is seen that religion and solitude are supplementary to each other. Re-ligions have sprung forth in solitude and have been kept alive through its influence. To those accepting the superficial view of religion, many ot the inner workings are inexplicable. For example, they cannot account for the fact that many a man turns to religion on a sick bed, or when he is suddenly removed from the walks of men into the solitude of a wilderness. But those who appreciate its hidden meaning understand that such conduct is due to the divine element which has sprung up dur-ing the solitary hours. Such is the relation of these two terms made plain, which seem at the first glance to be so foreign to each other. 268 THE MERCURY. THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A MILLIONAIRE. [Contributed for the Pen and Sword Ptize Essay contest.'] WHEN Columbus discovered this new world, he little knew that he was opening to the known world the greatest discovery of that or any other age. When three centur-ies later George Washington fought for the freedom of the colonies and, having succeeded in that, helped organize and guide the thirteen colonies on the road of progress, even he with his almost prophetic insight could not foresee what a won-derful future was in store for them. Now this lusty young giant stands with his feet firmly planted on the Isthmus of Panama, his bulk reaching from Ocean to Ocean, from Canada to the Gulf, a hand reached eastward in the Philippines, another extending into the frozen north, Alaska. Covered with farms and forests, factories and cities, honeycombed with mines, bound in the bonds of fraternal friendship by almost two hundred thousand miles of railroad, inhabited by a people the most pro-gressive and civilized of any living; is it any wonder that with all these advantages, natural and artificial, he has rapidly forged to the front in riches also. The natural advantages sur-pass those of all Europe. Now in the midst of this amazing national growth there has been a wonderful growth in private riches. When the country was young and poor the people were also poor. With the rapid settling of the West, the opening of coal and iron mines, the invention of the locomotive and the steamboat, the wealth of individuals rapidly increased. Yet up until the Civil War huge private fortunes might be counted on the fingers of one hand. But after the Civil War begins the period of inventive and industrial advancement, the age of the millionaire. Now a millionaire is a man who by inheritance, in-dustry and economy or by other means too numerous to men-tion, has become possessed of a million dollars or its equivalent. He may have come by this sum honestly or dishonestly but it is the responsibility which comes with this sum of money of which we will take notice. iPIMMIfBm^MW THE MERCURY. 269 Let us take the millionaire from boyhood. He is probably no brighter, no different in outside appearance than the average run of boys, yet by saving a dollar where the other man spends two, by judicious investment where money will the most surely and rapidly increase, these by the time he has reached manhood have made him a comparatively wealthy man. Of course no matter what his morals, his ability to earn money has been held up as a model to other struggling youths, his past has been re-hearsed by the Oldest Inhabitant, boyhood chums are proud to call him by name, so by his example many are willing to jise or fall. Here his responsibility as a moral factor begins. All the while his fortune is increasing until some day when he "takes stock" he finds he is a millionaire. If he is not vastly different from the majority of us, he begins to get a little more exclusive and distant. His old acquaintances gradually fall away and he seeks new friendships among men of his own business standing. If he is selfmade there are no doubt a few rough corners to be smoothed down and polished up in order that he may not appear at a disadvantage among his fellows. This process is usually one of marriage. All this time he is looming larger and larger in the public eye and more and more do newspapers devote space to his goings and comings. Indeed he has no privacy, his every act is under the scrutiny of a lynx eyed public. Now let us glance at a few calamities for which the million-aires of this country may be justly held responsible. There was a time when ability was the measure of success. The time also was when thrift was considered a virtue. Once our poli-tics were pure and uncorrupted. Equality between men as spoken of in the Constitution was not a joke. Honesty in business was a maxim. Human life was regarded as precious not many decades since. Divorce was synonymous with dis-grace. In a word the American people have seen the day when virtue, not money, was the goal of every honest man's ambition. Now all this is changed. Why ? Who are respon-sible for the change? When men like Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Seward, Lincoln, , I : , 27o THE MERCURY. Douglass and others thundered in our legislative halls, there was no thought of their money. The taste of the people had not been debauched by a bribed press, which by skillfully ad-vertising the merits of their customer and belittling the ability of his opponent render it almost impossible for a poor man to secure high office. For example look at our Senate. No men of tremendous personality and ability sit in seats made famous by their predecessors. No orators arise and hold their hearers spellbound by the power of their oratory. No indeed. Instead there sit in our once glorious Senate a body of men whose money has been the open sesame to halls to which their brains would have been found an insurmountable barrier. This ignoble condition is laid at the doors of the millionaires. Again, what has changed a people from a race thrifty and economical, always striving (and usually succeeding) to live within their income, into a people rushing, with a frenzy that amounts to madness almost, in pursuit of the Almighty Dollar? Isn't it the extravagance of the rich from whom the people model their deportment? Million-dollar homes, yachts, autos, balls, operas and the like have such an irresistible attraction for the majority ot people that it is only a man of the most in-flexible will power who can live his life undisturbed by the glitter of much gold. So overwhelming is the desire to possess the fixtures enumerated above that men throw all virtues and vices aside, in order-to secure them. Robbery, embezzlement, fraud and even murder are the agents used in extreme cases. The ostentation of the millionaire is responsible for this. In the magazines of the past year there have been a number of articles pro and con as to whether we have an American Aristocracy. Our Constitution says all men are created free and equal and for almost one hundred years this doctrine was held sacred and we prospered. But with the coming of the millionaire all that was changed. Believing that because they owned more valuable real estate and more gilt-edged bonds than their poor neighbor, they were of superior clay, our mil-lionaires began to ape the degenerate though genteel aristo-cracy of Europe. And those who have occasion and oppor- THE MERCURY. 271 tunity to observe say that they have aped not too wisely but too well. Forgetting that a cad is not a gentleman, that cul-ture, education and brains, not money, give grace and elegance in speech and deportment, some of our would be Aristocrats pose and strut with an affectation of superiority that would be insufferable, were it not so ridiculous. So many owners of >much money gladly take the responsibility for opening the breach of class between man and man. Joseph Folk, swept into the Governor's Chair by a tidal wave ■of reform votes, reached his position by the conviction of bood-lers in the city of St. Louis. When Folk began his now famous •investigation, whom did he find were the bribers, lawbreakers and corruptors of public morality ? They were rich men, the ■financial backbone of St. Louis. It is the same everywhere. The wealthy, the millionaires, have bought outright whole ■city councils, legislatures, judges and have even carried their infamous designs into the nation's lawmakers themselves. In-deed the venal character of our judges have caused the poor to give up all hope of justice when combatted by a man of wealth. And in business men eminently respectable, men above re-proach, lend their names and influence to schemes which, if attempted by an ordinary gold-brick speculator or bunco steerer, would result in that worthy rusticating behind the bars of some penal institution. But because there are millions in it, it is considered high finance to unload Lake Superior, U. S. Ship-building, Amalgamated Copper and Bay State Gas, on a public dazzled by the prospect of sure dividends which never come; and rendered trustful by an eminently respectable directorate. Year by year the man of the monster death has been feeding thousands of victims through the negligence and greed of corpor-ations. This number has increased so rapidly that the President thought it worthy of mention in his last message to Congress. It was high time; men in mills have been burned, maimed, crushed, torn and mutilated; either because the price of their work was so low that they had to constantly work under the •shadow of violent death, or because the owner, squeezing every last cent, refused to place safeguards around death-traps. So : 272 THE MERCURY. long as a mill, railroad or factory pays dividends, what matters it how many poor wretches are ground to fragments, providing: their death does not entail any extra expense on the firm P This criminal disregard of human life does not confine itself to-a purely impersonal matter like a mill or factory. It takes a form of amusement when reckless men crazed with the mad-ness of much money hurl giant automobiles through crowded city streets, at express-train speed. The desire to make a dol-lar was never better illustrated than in the case of a Western) railroad which, by removing a switch-light to save the oilr caused a wreck which hurled scores of human beings into eter-nity. Last but not least, look at the responsibility which million-aires bear to the gravest danger which threatens us at the pres-ent day. We will consider divorce, because the divorce evil1 had its inception among the moneyed class in this country. The home is the bulwark of all lands and all peoples. Where the home is sacred there courage, fidelity and all kindred vir-tues flourish. There also are found the brightest ideals. Ir* this country in the last ten years there has been a flood of divorces so overwhelming that almost all churches have taken* steps to check the evil. On the most trifling charges the bondr which should bind men and women for life, has been rudely snapped asunder, and all over the land we see the distressing; sight of homes desolated and families scattered. Beyond any doubt the millionaires must be held accountable for this. In> New York the so called Four Hundred has more divorces to-the square inch than any similar body of people in this country. Since New York sets the fashions and the rest of the country sheepishly follows, this fashion soon became the reigning fad" in Smart (?) Sets. Other States anxious to keep in the proces-sion enacted lax divorce laws until South Dakota made six-months residence equivalent to divorce. This is the greatest responsibility which rests on the shoulders of our millionaires. Now for a summing up of the misdeeds for which our moneyed men must some day suffer. Overlooking the fact that in our belief no man is fit for heaven who selfishly spends- .MM _ . THE MERCURV. 273 forty thousand dollars a year on himself, what have millionaires individually and collectively done ? They have corrupted our politics, made bare money the criterion of success, destroyed the desire for thrift and economy by lavish expenditure, en-couraged dishonesty directly and indirectly, made a joke of equality between man and man, have made divorce so common that it excites almost no comment, have encouraged race sui-cide and have by gifts of money, dishonestly earned, pauperized ■a portion of our people. They have lowered the ideals which made this republic possible. In a word, if the people have not degenerated under the paralyzing influence of huge fortunes, it is because the heart of the people beats time, in spite of all inducements to the contrary. If they have degenerated it is because of the examples cited above. And weighing all these facts, taking into consideration the good done by much money, we are led to believe, half unwillingly, that it would have been better to have held fast to the conservative principles which ruled in the days of our grand-fathers. A more contented, happy people we should certainly be in place of a nation of vulgar money-grabbers. We would not, of course, have been a world power, with a navy to sweep the seas; but we would have been more respected and feared than we are now. And last and most important, we would have been consistent to the high ideals of which we gave promise in our National Youth. But it is done, our course is changed, time alone can tell what the future has in store for us. As a body our millionaires have much to answer for. Yet setting our faces to the right, let us all in a simple, unassuming way do what destiny has marked for us and all will yet be well with the grandest republic on «arth. ■■■■■■Hi THE MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class Matter VOL. XIII GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1905 No. 8 Editor-in-chief C. EDWIN BUTLER, '05 Exchange Editor CHARLES GAUGER, '05 Business Manager A. L. DILLENBECK, '05 Asst. Business Manager JOHN M. VAN DOREN, '06 Associate Editors H. C. BRILLHART, '06 ALBERT BILLHEIMER, '06 H. BRUA CAMPBELL, '06 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Busi-ness Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. How swiftly the months pass ! One after another in endless succession they come and go, yea even with this issue the MERCURY adds another year to its history and closes forever the pages of another volume. If it has been any improvement over its predecessor, if it records with any reasonable precision the literary attainments of the student body, and if it is worthy of preservation in the archives of the College, then our labor has not been bought without a price and the high mark, to which we have been endeavoring to approach, has not been entirely missed. As the last line and the last word is written and the time for our departure is come, we go, but not until our faithful contri-butors, our patrons and loyal friends, than which there are none more loyal, are assured of our sincere gratitude and apprecia-tion. THE MERCURY. I 275 Without you our existence would have been impossible, with you the most happy relation has been enjoyed. If we have merited commendation the glory is to you, if censure, we are the chief offenders, and by the much importunity we invite all criticism to be placed to our credit. We bequeath not un-willingly to the associate and assistant staff a very generous portion of this rich legacy—if it may not improperly be so termed. That the termination of the close relation as a staff and as friends of the staff has inevitably come we regret but at the same time remember the sweet incense which the memory of the past year will send so often floating through our minds. This alone is reward enough and for our efforts a princely re-compense. Not even the trained minds of philosophers would be able to divine the origination of the .mysterious ideas and current rumors which are frequently promulgated without authority or xredence. For the benefit of those who may not know it, we announce that a few philosophic prodigies have been secured and are really matriculated with the student body, though the MERCURY has been unfortunate enough not to have had the honor to publish any of their esoteric cogitations, and even they would not perhaps venture a solution. The hypothesis nevertheless is agitated and really believed by some that the MERCURY will cease to be the organ of the College Literary Societies ; will cease to be a medium for the publication of the Literature of merit in the College; will cease to print the different prize essays and preserve them for future reference; in fine will cease to exist after this issue. We have said, just where such incongruous fancies first originated seems to be somewhat of a mystery. The claims are unfounded from the start but from some inexplicable cause they have seized many of the students. As our college publica-tions, unfortunately, are wholly student papers their existence of course depends on the pleasure of said body. The position we presume to maintain with regard to the continuance, dis-continuance or uniting with our weekly we will not define here 276 THE MERCURY. for obvious reasons. The decision of such a grave problem should receive the careful, thoughtful and deliberate attention of the members of our literary societies. In any event the staff deems it advisible to lay down here the present status of affairs for the benefit of those who are in-tensely interested and not now of the student body. Financially the Journal is by no means embarrassed. If there be an en-cumbrance at all, it will be insignificant. Generally a surplus over and above current expenses has been handed down from manager to manager, if this indicates anything. Relerring to the numbers of the magazine now on file, this volume is not believed to be inferior to its antecedents, yet we are not pre-sumptuous enough to flatter ourselves with its superiority. Who have "fought and bled" for it in the years past have writ-ten us very encouraging letters which have been voluntary contributions on their part. Generally speaking, we do know the students of the College have not supported the magazine by liberal literary contribu-tions but we believe since many other interests which formerly slumbered are now throbbing with life and activity, the MER-CURY will also within a comparatively short time receive its due apportionment of interest and enthusiasm. EXCHANGES. With this issue of THE MERCURY the "Ex-man's" qurll will be handed down to his successor. 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My submission (How effectively has the law since 1997 ensured a 'work life balance' for workers with family responsibilities? Answer this question with reference to the relevant statutory materials, case law, legal commentary and social science literature) is essentially about how the law in the UK can be used to help those within the workforce achieve an effective work-life balance, meaning they have ample time and energy to focus on their professional responsibilities as well as their family life and leisure time. This article outlines that despite an apparent long-standing commitment by successive governments to tackle this issue, the legal framework created has largely failed to ensure people have an effective work-life balance. This is especially true for migrant workers who are often exploited within the UK workforce, as well as women, who arguably are not effectively protected by this area of law after pregnancy/early maternity and increasingly are having to find ways to cope with the dual burden of paid work and childcare/homemaking responsibilities. This submission also considers how this area of law has been impacted by the coronavirus pandemic as well as Brexit, both of which have created new challenges and exacerbated existing ones. - Consider these two quotations from UK government White Papers/Consultation documents: "Helping employees to combine work and family life satisfactorily is good not only for parents and children but also for businesses". (Fairness at Work, White Paper, May 1998, para 5). "The proposals in this document will bring benefits for employers as well as employees, by increasing participation in the labour market while also helping people to balance work with their family and personal responsibilities". (Consultation on modern workplaces, May 2011). How effectively has the law since 1997 ensured a 'work life balance' for workers with family responsibilities? Answer this question with reference to the relevant statutory materials, case law, legal commentary and social science literature. Much like the other areas of labour and employment law, the legal framework used to help those in the labour market achieve an effective 'work life balance' has had to adapt to new challenges in society, which has in turn affected the realities of the UK workforce.[1] Primarily, this issue has become increasingly more prevalent since the latter half of the 20th century because of societal and legal changes that have meant the traditional model of a male breadwinner and female homemaker has become increasingly unrepresentative of the UK labour market.[2] The quotations contained in this essay question, although from different UK governments, suggest a firm and longstanding commitment to ensuring employees with familial responsibilities can use the law to achieve an effective work life balance. This essay will discuss and evaluate the various reasons for this commitment. However, it is arguable that since 1997 successive governments have failed to effectively tackle the UK's long working hours 'culture', as well as the ineffective legal framework that seeks to help achieve an effective work life balance.[3] This essay recognises the fact that there have been some positive advancements since 1997 in the statutory entitlements employees have (or can obtain) that afford them greater flexibility at work in order that they can also fulfil their familial responsibilities.[4] Examples discussed later include the introduction of shared parental leave and the laws protecting and promoting the rights of women during pregnancy and early maternity.[5] However, this essay will seek to show how these positive policies have had a limited overall effect in terms of achieving an effective work life balance, especially for women and immigrants participating in the UK workforce.[6] This will involve a statistics-based criticism, employ case law and a feminist theoretical perspective, as well as give general ideas and propositions as to how the law needs to go further to achieve its aims. I will argue that the law is currently tempered too much by fears of damaging businesses or the UK economy as a whole. Furthermore, the impact of coronavirus will be considered, specifically how new problems have emerged and existing issues have been exacerbated.[7] The Development of the Law Concerning Work Life Balance Since 1997: Changes and Problems Although this essay is primarily concerned with the impact of the legal framework developed since 1997, there are some important contextual developments that occurred before this and are worth mentioning. Throughout the 20th century, the UK labour market moved from a laissez faire model to one characterised by increased regulation. This was controversial and different governments varied in their commitment to pursuing greater order in the labour market using the law.[8] This trajectory was reversed in the 1970s and afterwards, wherein the Thatcher government (influenced significantly by the ideas of neoliberalism)[9] pursued policies of de-regulation and privatisation. Moreover, from 1975 until 2020 the legislature of the UK was required to effectively implement EEC/EC/EU law and directives, which has had a profound impact on the labour market.[10] Furthermore, as previously mentioned the advent of feminism meant that more women than ever were entering (or re-entering) the workforce after having children, whereas before they would have been homemakers.[11] In terms of the narrative of legal development this essay's starting point is the introduction of the 'New Labour' government in 1997, led by Tony Blair. This government helped to produce the Fairness at Work white paper, Chapter 5 of which contained a number of 'family friendly policies' aimed at ensuring a more effective work life balance for those with families.[12] The New Labour government had a few reasons behind the implementation of such policies, but primarily they were utilised to increase competitiveness in the market to ensure its prosperity[13] and to implement the 1996 EC Parental Leave Directive.[14] This directive had ambitious aims that even with the margin of appreciation would have been hard for the UK, with its long working hours culture, to achieve. These aims included promoting equal opportunities; flexible working; greater women's involvement in the labour market and; men taking an equal share of the responsibilities associated with family life.[15] Subsequently, Conservative led governments that published the Consultation on Modern Workplaces[16] and Good Work: A Response to the Taylor Review of Modern Working Practices[17] were also driven by rationales based on economic prosperity. It was thought that this would increase productivity, worker loyalty, the quality of work and reduce the costs associated with high employee turnover.[18] The culmination of this narrative, i.e., the current legal framework governing the work life balance people in the UK labour market can achieve, covers a wide range of situations and involves many protected rights. Yet, despite this scope it also has many failings, primarily because it is fragmented and lacks a unified approach. The focus of this area of law on using skilled workers to diversify and increase competitiveness within the market means that often those working in more flexible or atypical employment are denied some of these rights and protections.[19] For example, most women require some level of maternity pay to be able to afford to take maternity leave, yet to qualify for it there must have been 26 weeks of continuous employment before the expected week of childbirth as well as a paycheck of at least £116 a week. So, for women without provisions for maternity pay within contracts and who earn less than this because they are employed on a temporary basis, work in the gig economy or other types of atypical work, statutory maternity pay is unobtainable.[20] Evidence from the Office for National Statistics found that 55% of the people working on zero-hour contracts (one example of atypical work) were women in its report Contracts That Do Not Guarantee a Minimum Number of Hours, which is even more significant because women make up only 46.8% of those employed not on zero hours contracts.[21] By contrast, 87% of men are in full time work.[22] This means that women who are entitled to statutory maternity leave under the Maternity and Parental Leave Regulations 1999 are not always able to take it because the law fails to provide them with an adequate way of surviving financially: the only other option is a very low level of maternity allowance from the government.[23] Additionally, there are many scholars who argue that flexible working for women with family responsibilities is the way forward, yet the right to request this also requires continuous employment of at least twenty-six weeks.[24] Arguably, this is a cyclical issue: more women are in atypical work because it allows the flexibility to fulfil private domestic obligations, but these women lack statutory and contractual protections and so cannot achieve the same type of flexibility in full time, permanent employment which in turn excludes them from fully participating in the labour market.[25] Additionally, the non-profit organisation Trust for London found that migrants were more likely to work "during night shifts and in non-permanent jobs".[26] This means that similarly migrant women who are in types of atypical work, such as zero-hour contract hospitality jobs (which is very common for this demographic), cannot claim maternity pay and cannot have help at home from their husbands who cannot get paternity leave under the Paternity and Adoption Leave Regulations 2002 because this also requires 26 weeks of continuous employment.[27] Of course, because of the numerous, inflexible requirements needed for shared parental leave to be available under the current law this is also not a viable option for immigrant families or women in low skilled or low paid areas of work that are atypical in nature.[28] All of this demonstrates that the law has little interest in human rights or equality as a justification for an effective work life balance, and that this economic focus has resulted in a legal framework that ignores the problems and experiences of these key demographics that make up a significant amount of the population who have both work and family commitments. It will only go so far as not to damage the competitiveness or prosperity of the economy.[29] Furthermore, if those working part time in the labour market or in atypical work wanted to make an application based on the Part Time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulation 2000 because they were being excluded from such rights, they would have to use their own resources and time to make a complaint to the Employment Tribunal. Arguably, this is not a particularly effective form of remediation as it only offers compensation for losses incurred because of this "less favourable treatment" and hear that the employer has been recommended to stop this action.[30] The Impact of EU Law The law concerning work life balance has been significantly impacted by EU law both before and after 1997. Unlike the mainly economic rationales behind the UK law, the EU acknowledges these benefits whilst also having a focus on social equality, equality of opportunity between men and women, the socioeconomic rights of individuals as well as dismantling harmful societally imposed gender roles.[31] This was evidenced clearly by the ambitious Parental Leave Directive.[32] It has influenced both the legal framework of rights concerning workers and employees with family responsibilities as well as UK equality law, as the UK legislature and judiciary is obliged to implement the aims of these directives using domestic law (albeit with a margin of appreciation).[33] However, academic Nicole Busby in her article 'The Evolution of Gender Equality and Related Employment Policies: The Case of Work-Family Reconciliation'[34] has argued that the focuses of the EU are conflicting, "parallel and incoherent".[35] The dual focus of both on improving the market as a whole by using policies to allow more people to be involved and using the law to equalise equality between men and women has resulted in "a patchwork of provisions rather than an overarching framework".[36] This argument is an interesting one that definitely has its merits, especially the characterisation of familial responsibilities as a form of unpaid work because of its significant contribution to society - it re-frames the way these two goals are thought of.[37] Busby argues that this approach means the EU "subordinates gender equality to economic objectives".[38] Additionally, Busby makes agreeable statements about how EU law and the Court of Justice has failed to promote the rights and roles of men in the domestic setting.[39] However, she arguably fails to account for the numerous and ambitious advancements in work life balance law that has been facilitated in the UK by the EU. The examples of directives that have, even in a de jure way, protected women in the UK workforce from discrimination on the basis of pregnancy or maternity and helped to facilitate a more gender-neutral approach to governing parenting responsibilities. For example, section 18(2) of the Equality Act 2010 which protects women from discrimination or dismissal on the basis of pregnancy or related sickness was influenced by the need to implement the Pregnant Workers Directive[40] and the Equal Treatment Directive,[41] which formalised the previous case ruling of Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd by removing the need for a male comparison in cases of discrimination.[42] The Pregnant Workers Directive also influenced the introduction of statutory maternity pay and the Equal Treatment Directive ensures a woman has a right to return to work after maternity leave.[43] However, it is important not to overstate the influence or importance of EU law, especially because of the fact that the UK is due to leave the EU imminently. There is significant statistical evidence that EU law and UK equality law fails to tackle more "surreptitious" forms of discrimination against pregnant women.[44] The Equality and Human Rights Commission found in its report Pregnancy and Maternity Discrimination and Disadvantage: Summary of Key Findings found that ¾ of mothers surveyed said they had a negative/discriminatory experience during pregnancy and maternity leave, 20% said they experiences harassment or negative comments because of pregnancy or flexible working and 11% felt forced to leave their jobs.[45] On the side of employers, 84% said it was in their interests to support pregnant women yet 70% also felt women should declare upfront if they were pregnant and 27% felt the cost of maternity leave put an unreasonable burden on them.[46] Despite this widespread discrimination, only around 1% of claims are brought.[47] This demonstrates how the de facto reality is that both EU and UK law fails to protect women from discrimination due to pregnancy, and remedies for this are few and far between because (like many other aspects of this area of law) there is poor take up of such rights. Furthermore, in 2019 the EU introduced the Directive on Work-Life Balance For Parents and Carers which aims to do everything the current UK legal framework has failed to do: increase the participation of women in the workforce, increase the de facto use of family related leave and flexible working arrangements.[48] This would be incredibly influential in UK law, especially in terms of strengthening paternity rights and moving towards normalising men taking a more active role in familial responsibilities.[49] However, because of Brexit and the fact the transition period will not be extended again, the UK would have to choose to implement this directive,[50] and perhaps they will in the form of the Good Work Plan, which would have various implications in and of itself.[51] The Good Work Plan – Gender Norms and the Legal Framework Beyond Pregnancy and Birth In 2018, the UK government produced the Good Work Plan: Proposals to Support Families,[52] which was responding to the earlier Taylor Review and reiterated the same economic benefits that would be had from helping individuals to achieve a better work life balance.[53] There are definitely benefits to the approach that would be adopted. Recommendation 41 recognises that pregnancy and maternity discrimination remain a problem, and that an inherent cultural shift is needed to change this that the law should support and facilitate.[54] Overall, the idea of a "balance between flexibility and worker protections" sounds positive.[55] Arguably one of the most positive aspects of the Good Work Plan is that it recognises how the rights of atypical workers are often subverted under the current law and the fact that this needs to change. However, the reality is that the EU directive would have gone further because the UK still lacks a fundamental concern for a regulatory framework that is genuinely concerned with the rights of workers and not just the economic benefits of having more women in the workforce. Additionally, it does not directly relate the current law concerning pregnancy/maternity discrimination and an effective work life balance with the subversion of atypical worker's rights, which would be a significant step forward in and of itself.[56] Furthermore, the Trades Union Congress (TUC) has essentially argued that the Good Work Plan does not go far enough.[57] They point out that the reality is that the current legal framework reinforces harmful gender norms that continues to reproduce patriarchal ideas regarding gender roles. They quote an article by Helen Norman ('Does Paternal Involvement in Childcare Influence Mother's Employment Trajectories During the Early Stages of Parenthood in the UK?' which essentially found that "mothers with preschool children are twice as likely to return to employment at nine months and at three years' post-childbirth if the father is involved by sharing or doing the most childcare at these times".[58] This area of law simply does not want to concern itself with supporting mothers in the workforce, which is yet again one of its primary downfalls. This is significant in terms of establishing one of the least talked about but most problematic aspects of the current law concerning work life balance: it has a significant number of statutory rights and protections for during pregnancy and immediately after birth but fails to provide long term support for mothers.[59] This is because the law refuses to tackle the bigger issue of gendered norms in society that would allow women to be more active in the labour market and normalise men taking a more active role in the domestic sphere of life.[60] Shared Parental Leave and the Feminist Perspective Another important and influential source of criticism of the system governing work-life balance is the feminist perspective on how women are disproportionately affected and pushed out of the labour market as a result.[61] Primarily, feminist scholars of sociology argue that women, far from being freed from the oppressive nature of gender norms in society, now have a dual burden.[62] This is because the law concerning work life balance has failed to tackle these gender norms, which means the unpaid labour burdens of the domestic sphere and childcare is still disproportionately placed on women rather than men; women have the burden of paid work as well as those roles "associated with femininity and motherhood".[63] This is because, as this essay has previously mentioned, the law concerning work life balance in both the UK and Europe has failed in substantially tackling these gender norms despite the fact societal changes have significantly decreased the relevance of the male breadwinner and female homemaker model.[64] Moreover, there are feminist scholars who argue that women have poorer long term career prospects because they need to be in part time/atypical employment to manage their familial responsibilities because the law has not created an effective system where they would be able to do this in full time employment.[65] This is another way in which the law concerning work life balance fails to support mothers in a long-term sense beyond pregnancy and its immediate aftermath. However, there has been some argument amongst legal scholars and officials about whether such arguments have been abated by the introduction of Shared Parental Leave in 2014. This new regulation, in theory, "makes it possible for partners to share the entitlement to maternity leave and maternity pay between them".[66] As Grace James put it in her article 'Family-friendly Employment Laws (Re)assessed: The Potential of Care Ethics' this has been added to the existing framework of rights for working parents and reiterates a commitment by the law to dismantling the gender norms that are keeping women from effectively and substantially engaging with the labour market.[67] Despite this, Grace James is right when she points out that this "package of rights" (including shared parental leave) is fundamentally flawed.[68] Firstly, this shared parental leave package fails to deal with the continued discrimination against pregnant women and mothers that statistically feel pushed out of the labour market.[69] Furthermore, the refusal by the law on work life balance to place too much of a financial burden on the employers means that only a small proportion of the workforce are even eligible for this.[70] Both parents must be employees and pass the relevant statutory and common law requirements to be categorised as such, i.e., they must have a contract of employment under s.230 of the Employment Rights Act 1996, be able to satisfy the control test;[71] have their activity be an integral part of the business;[72] as well as the tests of economic reality;[73] mutuality of obligations and;[74] continuity of employment. Beyond these already numerous requirements, both parents also must have earnt at least £390 in thirteen out of the sixty-six weeks of employment.[75] Additionally, as couples are likely to work for different employers there is a great deal of organisational effort that goes into organising shared parental leave.[76] Again, this means that those working in atypical work are automatically not covered by such provisions. Furthermore, the slow uptake on this due to the law's failure to tackle traditional gender roles in society effectively enough has severely limited the de facto effectiveness of shared parental leave in dealing with the problems facing people with work and family responsibilities in the UK.[77] Moreover, this article offers an interesting contextual background about how remedies for people whose employers deny them such rights are limited because of cuts in "legal aid funding and the closure of many legal advice centres".[78] Arguably, this helps us understand how developments outside of the immediate legal framework also affect work life balance in a significant way which need to be remedied in the future if it is to be effective. Jamie Atkinson offers an interesting perspective on shared parental leave in their article 'Shared Parental Leave in the UK: Can it Advance Gender Equality by Changing Fathers into Co-Parents?' by comparing it with similar policies in Nordic countries that have much higher levels of gender equality.[79] To summarise, she argues that generous levels of compensation to parents, flexibility about how the leave is taken, wide reaching eligibility requirements and "other incentives to get the father to take leave" are the most important elements in ensuring the success of such policies (which she measures by the amount of people who make use of it).[80] Although she rightly identifies that these Nordic countries are also not perfect, it provides an interesting perspective for how shared parental leave in the UK can improve on itself to further gender equality.[81] Impact of Coronavirus: Problems Old and New The feminist narrative of women being disproportionately affected by poor regulation of work-life balance in the UK has only been strengthened by the impact of coronavirus.[82] Within the private sphere of unpaid work, women are already doing the majority of this work and school closures combined with millions of people working from home has meant this burden has only grown.[83] In her article 'The COVID-19 Pandemic has Increased the Care Burden on Women and Families', Kate Power cites a statistic that 41% of women currently inactive in the UK labour market are so because of their unpaid care responsibilities.[84] It is very unlikely that the law will recognise this problem or endeavour to solve it, because it is occurring in the private sphere.[85] These are the problems that coronavirus has exacerbated. Additionally, the coronavirus pandemic has created new issues in the UK workforce because many people, most notably women and immigrants in atypical work, have lost their jobs due to the economic downturn and the law has failed to recognise that the issues facing men and women during this pandemic are different in many ways.[86] Women are more likely to be frontline healthcare workers, which additionally will have only increased their already substantial burden in terms of balancing professional work and private life responsibilities.[87] Furthermore, immigrant women (who like all other women are bearing a lot of the economic brunt of this crisis) because of the "'no recourse to public funds' condition stamped on many non-EU visas".[88] Additionally, undocumented women face even more issues because they are fearful of making use of social security or NHS services.[89] The response from the UK government in terms of labour law has failed to account for these differences. Furthermore, arguably this is more evidence of how the law is unconcerned with assisting women beyond pregnancy and childbirth because it demonstrates their unwillingness to get too over involved with the private sphere of life that would bring about a significant change in terms of the position of women within society. Conclusion This essay has demonstrated how UK law since 1997 has failed to ensure an effective work-life balance for those with familial responsibilities, an issue that has disproportionately affected women, as well as immigrants in the labour market. Additionally, it has shown that feminist perspectives are extremely useful in helping us to understand how women are still excluded from the UK workforce because the law refuses to go far enough to tackle harmful gender roles within society.[90] This is because the law is purely concerned with increasing competitiveness in the market and benefiting the economy and so ignores concerns about equality and human rights that EU law has adopted in its own rationales.[91] Women and immigrants in atypical or part time work are therefore often excluded from such benefits and arguably the Good Work Plan does not go far enough in the future to deal with these issues in the same way that perhaps the Directive on Work-Life Balance For Parents and Carers could if Brexit was not happening.[92] Furthermore, whilst the government response to coronavirus has been much more regulatory and helpful than predictions suggested, it has ignored the fact that women and men are experiencing different adverse effects because of the pandemic and worsened the dual burden women have to bear of paid and unpaid responsibilities.[93] [1] Hugh Collins, K.D. Ewing, Aileen McColgan, Labour Law (2nd edition, Cambridge University Press 2019) 398. [2] ibid. [3] Chris Kerridge, 'How can we overcome the UK's long working hours culture?' (People Management, 8 November 2019) accessed 15 November 2020. [4] Collins (n 1), 399. [5] Grace James, 'Family-friendly Employment Laws (Re)assessed: The Potential of Care Ethics' [2016] Industrial Law Journal 45(4), 477. [6] Sarah Dyer, 'Migrant work, precarious work-life balance: what the experience of migrant workers in the service sector in Greater London tells us about the adult worker model' [2011] Gender, Place and Culture; A Journal of Feminist Geography' 18. [7] Kate Power, 'The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families' [2020] Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 16(1), 69. [8] Collins (n 1), 9. [9] Jamie Robertson, 'How the Big Bang changed the city of London for ever' (BBC News, 26 October 2016) accessed 5 December 2020. [10] Maria Koumenta and others, 'Occupational Regulation in the EU and UK: Prevalence and Labour Market Impacts' (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills Final Report, July 2014) accessed 30 November 2020. [11] Pat Hudson, 'Women's Work' (BBC History, 29 March 2013) accessed 25 November 2020. [12] Board of Trade, Fairness at Work (White Paper, Cm 3968, 1998). [13] ibid. [14] [1996] 96/34/EC. [15] ibid. [16] Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, Consultation on modern workplaces (Consultation, first published 16 May 2011). [17] HM Government, Good Work: A response to the Taylor Review of Modern Working Practices (Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and Employment Agency Standards Inspectorate, 2018). [18] Matthew Taylor, The Taylor Review of Modern Working Practices (Independent Review, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 2017). [19] Conor D'Arcy, Fahmida Rahman, 'Atypical Approaches; Options to Secure Workers with Insecure Income' (Resolution Foundation, January 2019). [20] Collins (n 1), 406. [21] Contracts That Do Not Guarantee a Minimum Number of Hours (Office for National Statistics, 23 April 2018) accessed 30 November 2020. [22] Trades Union Congress, Good Work Plan: Proposals to Better Support Families; TUC Responds to BEIS Consultation' (Consultation Response, 13 December 2019) accessed 7 December 2020. [23] Collins (n 1), 406. [24] Employment Rights Act 1996, section 80(G)(1). [25] Trades Union Congress, Good Work Plan: Proposals to Better Support Families; TUC Responds to BEIS Consultation' (Consultation Response, 13 December 2019) accessed 7 December 2020. [26] Mariña Fernández-Reino, 'Migrants in the UK Labour Market: An Overview' (Trust for London, 17 July 2017) accessed 4 December 2020. [27] Steve French, 'Between Globalisation and Brexit: Migration, Pay and the Road to Modern Slavery in the UK Hospitality Industry' [2018] Research in Hospitality Management 8(1). [28] Shared Parental Leave Regulations 2014. [29] Joanne Conaghan, Kerry Rittich, Labour Law, Work and Family: Critical and Comparative Perspectives (Oxford University Press 2005). [30] Collins (n 1), 425. [31] Nicole Busby, 'The evolution of gender equality and related employment policies: The case of work– family reconciliation' [2018] International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 18(2),105. [32] 96/34/EC. [33] Busby (n 33), 106. [34] ibid. [35] ibid at 105. [36] ibid. [37] ibid at 106. [38] ibid at 120. [39] ibid at 112. [40] 92/85. [41] 2006/54/EC. [42] C-32/93. [43] Collins (n 1), 407. [44] ibid at 404. [45] Lorna Adams and others, Pregnancy and Maternity Discrimination and Disadvantage: Summary of Key Findings (Equality and Human Rights Commission, Department for Innovation, Business and Skills, 2016). [46] ibid. [47] Amelia Gentleman, 'Pregnant? Wait Till the Boss Hears' (The Guardian, 23 June 2011) accessed 1 December 2020. [48] 2019/1158. [49] Rachel Crasnow, Chesca Lord, 'Will the New Radical Work-Life Balance Directive Help UK Parents and Carers? (Cloisters – Employment, 25 June 2019) accessed 5 December 2020. [50] ibid. [51] Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 'The Good Work Plan' (Policy Paper, 17 December 2018) accessed 15 December 2020. [52] ibid. [53] Taylor (n 18). [54] Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 'The Good Work Plan' (Policy Paper, 17 December 2018) accessed 15 December 2020. [55] ibid. [56] Trades Union Congress, Good Work Plan: Proposals to Better Support Families; TUC Responds to BEIS Consultation' (Consultation Response, 13 December 2019) accessed 7 December 2020. [57] ibid. [58] Helen Norman, 'Does Paternal Involvement in Childcare Influence Mother's Employment Trajectories During the Early Stages of Parenthood in the UK' [2019] British Sociological Association 54(2). [59] James (n 5), 480. [60] ibid. [61] Emily Grabham, 'The Strange Temporalities of Work-Life Balance Law' [2014] feminists@law 4(1). [62] Gaëlle Farrant, Luca Maria Pesando, Keiko Nowacka, 'Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labour Outcomes' (OECD Development Centre, 2014) accessed 2 December 2020. [63] ibid. [64] Mick Cunningham, 'Changing Attitudes toward the Male Breadwinner, Female Homemaker Family Model: Influences of Women's Employment and Education over the Lifecourse' [2008] Social Forces 87(1). [65] Collins (n 1), 422. [66] Collins (n 1), 409. [67] James (n 5), 480. [68] ibid at 478. [69] ibid. [70] Collins (n 1), 410. [71] Established by Yewens v Noakes [1880] 6 QBD 530. [72] Established by Stevenson Jordan v Macdonald and Evans [1952] 1 TLR 101. [73] Stringfellows v Quashie [2012] EWCA Civ 1735. [74] Carmichael v National Power plc [1999] UKHL 47. [75] Collins,(n 1), 410. [76] ibid at 411. [77] James (n 5). [78] Ibid at 485. [79] [2017] International Journal of Law in Context 13(3). [80] Jamie Atkinson, 'Shared Parental Leave in the UK: Can it Advance Gender Equality by Changing Fathers into Co-Parents?' [2017] International Journal of Law in Context 13(3), 361. [81] ibid. [82] Power (n 7). [83] ibid at 68. [84] ibid. [85] ibid. [86] Jenna Norman, 'Gender and COVID-19: The Immediate Impact the Crisis is Having on Women' [2020] British Politics and Policy at LSE. [87] ibid. [88] ibid. [89] ibid. [90] James (n 5). [91] Board of Trade, Fairness at Work (White Paper, Cm 3968, 1998). [92] 2019/1158. [93] Alison Andrew and others, 'How are mothers and fathers balancing work and family under lockdown' (Institute for Fiscal Sciences, 27 May 2020) accessed 12 November 2020.

Bodenerosion durch Wasser ist ein ubiquitäres Problem, dass sowohl die landwirtschaftliche Produktivität vermindert, Bodenfunktionen einschränkt und auch in anderen Umweltkompartimenten schädliche Auswirkungen haben kann. Oberflächengewässer sind durch die mit Bodenerosion einhergehende Belastung durch Sediment, sedimentgebundenen und gelösten Nährstoffen sowie anderen Schadstoffen besonders betroffen. Das Wissen über Erosionsprozesse und Sedimentfrachten hat daher große Bedeutung für den Schutz der Güter Boden und Wasser und darüber hinaus eine ökonomische Bedeutung. Generell kann innerhalb eines Hanges oder Einzugsgebietes von einer Zone der Erosion, des Transports und der Sedimentation ausgegangen werden. Jedoch führen Abflussbildungsprozesse und rauhigkeits- bzw. topographiebeeinflusste Abflusskonzentration zu einer individuellen Differenzierung. Räumliche und zeitliche Prozessdiskontinuitäten oder Konnektivitäten und Schwellenwerte modifizieren die Erosions- und Sedimentaustragssituation in einem Einzugsgebiet darüber hinaus. Die Landschaftstrukturelemente Relief und Boden kontrollieren demnach über die Bodenfeuchtedifferenzierung im entscheidenden Maße die Abflussbildung und Sedimentfracht in einem Einzugsgebiet. Obwohl in den gemäßigten und kühlen Klimaregionen ein großer Teil der Abflussbildung im Winter stattfindet und von Bodenfrost sowie Schneeschmelzen geprägt sein kann, ist über die Prozesse und die Größe der Sediment- und Nährstoffausträge bei solchen winterlichen Randbedingungen nur wenig bekannt. Systematische Untersuchungen existieren vor allem für Norwegen und Russland. Dieses Defizit spiegelt sich auch in den vorhandenen Modellansätzen zur Abbildung der Bodenerosion und der Abschätzung von Sedimentausträgen aus Einzugsgebieten wider. Zum einen werden in der Regel weder Schneedeckenaufbau bzw. -schmelze noch die Veränderungen des Bodenwasserflusses bei Bodenfrost berücksichtigt. Zum anderen werden die Erosivität des Schneeschmelzabflusses und die Beeinflussungen der Bodenerodibilität, z.B. durch Frost-Tau Zyklen, nicht hinreichend wiedergegeben. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher, auf der Analyse von Daten aus einem deutschen und einem russischen Untersuchungseinzugsgebiet aufbauend, die wichtigsten Prozesse und Größen der Abflussbildung und Stoffausträge bei winterlichen Rahmenbedingungen zu charakterisieren und in einem Modellsystem umzusetzen. Die weitergehende Anwendung dieses Modellsystems dient der Interpretation räumlicher Heterogenitäten und zeitlicher Variabilitäten sowie der Auswirkungen von klimatischen- und Landnutzungsänderungen auf den Sedimentaustrag der beiden Untersuchungseinzugsgebiete. Das 1.44 km² große Einzugsgebiet Schäfertal liegt im östlichen Unterharz. Über den Grauwacken und Tonschiefern haben sich aus einem periglazialen Decklagenkomplex Braun- und Parabraunerden entwickelt, die ackerbaulich mit einer Wintergetreide-Raps Fruchtfolge genutzt werden. In der Tiefenlinie dominieren hydromorph überprägte Böden mit Wiesennutzung. Das Klima weist bei einer Jahresmitteltemperatur von 6.8°C und 680 mm Jahresniederschlagssumme eine geringe kontinentale Überprägung auf. Neben langjährigen umfangreichen hydro-meteorologischen Messungen finden seit mehreren Jahren Untersuchungen zum Sediment- und Nährstoffautrag statt. Eine regelmäßige zweiwöchentliche Beprobung des Abflusses am Gebietsauslass wird durch eine automatisierte Hochwasserprobenahme vor allem bei Schneeschmelzen ergänzt. Neben der Sedimentkonzentration werden unter anderem Phosphor und gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff nach Standardmethoden bestimmt. Auch im russischen Zielgebiet Lubazhinkha liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Charakterisierung der Abflussbildung und der Stoffausträge bei den jährlich auftretenden Schneeschmelzen. Das Einzugsgebiet liegt ungefähr 100 km südlich von Moskau im Übergangsbereich der südlichen Taiga zur Waldsteppe. Die insgesamt 18.8 km² werden zur Hälfte landwirtschaftlich und zu einem Drittel forstwirtschaftlich genutzt. Die aktuelle räumliche Differenzierung der Nutzung in diesem Gebiet wird durch die reliefbedingte Kappung und hydromorphe Überprägung der vorherrschenden grauen Waldböden bestimmt. Das Klima und die Hydrologie sind durch Schneedeckenaufbau und –schmelze, bei einer Jahresdurchschnittstemperatur von 4.4°C und einer Jahresniederschlagsmenge von 560 mm, geprägt. Zur Erfassung des Stoffaustrags werden Hochwasserprobenahmen am Gebietsauslass sowie an den beiden wichtigsten Zuflüssen genommen und neben Sediment- und Nährstoffkonzentrationen weitere physikalische und chemische Parameter bestimmt. Die Auswertung der Daten des Schäfertals zeigen für den Untersuchungszeitraum eine deutliche Dominanz der Hochwasserereignisse, die durch Schneeschmelzen hervorgerufen werden. Einzugsgebietsbedingungen mit gefrorenem Boden führen zu einer Modifizierung der Abflussentwicklung vor allem im ansteigenden Teil des gemessenen Hydrographen durch Auftreten von schnellen oberflächen- oder oberflächennahen Abflüssen. Der Spitzenabfluss bei den acht zur Interpretation herangezogenen Hochwasserereignissen variiert zwischen 30 und 270 l s-1, bei Abflussmengen von 1-50 mm. Die am Gebietsauslass ermittelten maximalen Sedimentkonzentrationen liegen für die beiden Ereignisse ohne gefrorenen Boden bei unter 650 mg l-1 und damit deutlich unter den bis zu 6000 mg l-1 bei teilweise oder ganz gefrorenen Böden im Schäfertal. Lediglich bei einem Ereignis mit Niederschlag und ungefrorenem Boden treten hohe Sedimentkonzentrationen auf, die auf Gerinnepflegemaßnahmen und dadurch leichte Mobilisierbarkeit von Material zurückzuführen sind. Dementsprechend schwanken die Sedimentfrachten der Einzelereignisse und erreichen bis zu 17 t. Die wichtigste Steuergröße ist dabei die Ausbildung erosiven Abflusses auf den Hängen durch eine Verminderung der hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit bei gefrorenen Böden. Der Vergleich der Sedimentkonzentrationen der Hochwasserereignisse mit der zweiwöchentlichen Grundbeprobung verdeutlicht, ebenso wie Hysteresekurven der Einzelereignisse, die unterschiedlichen Dynamiken der Austragssituationen. Während die durch Bodenfrost geprägten Ereignisse ein gegen den Uhrzeigersinn verlaufendes Abfluss-Sedimentkonzentrationsverhältnis aufweisen, das auf eine Sedimentquelle auf den Hängen hinweist, sind die Hysteresekurven bei nicht gefrorenen Böden im Uhrzeigersinn orientiert. Eine Sedimentherkunft in Gerinnenähe oder den Gerinneböschungen selbst ist daher wahrscheinlich. Diese Annahmen werden auch durch eine differenzierte Phosphoranreicherungsrate im ausgetragenen Sediment bestätigt. Darüber hinaus kann teilweise eine ereignisinterne Dynamik beobachtet werden, die auf zeitliche Variabilität in der Abflussbildung und damit zusammenhängend, eine räumliche Heterogenität der Sedimentquellen belegt. Während im Untersuchungsgebiet Schäfertal ein mehrmaliges Auftreten von Schneeschmelzen innerhalb eines Winters möglich ist, kommt es im russischen Einzugsgebiet zu einem regelmäßigen Schneedeckenaufbau über den Winter hinweg und einer Schneeschmelze in der Regel im März oder in der ersten Aprilhälfte. Die Auswertung mehrjähriger Datenreihen belegt die Bedeutung der Schneeschmelze für die Abflussbildung und den Sedimentaustrag aus dem Untersuchungsgebiet Lubazhinkha. Für die drei zur Interpretation herangezogenen Schneeschmelzen liegt die Sedimentfracht zwischen 50 und 630 t bei deutlichen Unterschieden in den hydrologischen Rahmenbedingungen. Die ereignisbezogene Sedimentfracht von mindestens 0.3 t ha-1 liegt zwar über der für das Schäfertal ermittelten, befindet sich aber im Bereich der Werte, die in anderen Studien bei vergleichbaren Böden und Nutzungsformen bestimmt wurden. Eine detaillierte Analyse der Messwerte der Schneeschmelze im Jahr 2003 belegt eine Dynamik innerhalb dieses Einzelereignisses. Bei Sedimentkonzentrationen im Abfluss am Gebietsauslass von 6 bis 540 mg l-1 kommt es zu einer Sedimentfracht von ungefähr 190 t. Während die maximalen Konzentrationen von Sediment und Phosphor mit der Spitze des Abflusses einhergehen, liegt für DOC eine Verzögerung vor, die durch eine langsamere Schneeschmelze und Mobilisierung von DOC aus dem humusreichen Oberboden der Waldflächen ausgelöst wird. Eine Differenzierung der Abflusskomponenten ermöglicht eine weitergehende Interpretation der ereignisinternen Dynamik der Stoffquellen und Eintragspfade. Bei geringen Abflussmengen (< 2,5 mm d-1) findet ein Stoffeintrag überwiegend in gelöster Form über die Bodenwasserpassage und langsame Abflusskomponenten in den Vorfluter statt. Bei höheren Abflussmengen dominieren schnelle Abflusskomponenten bzw. Oberflächenabfluss, der zeitlich dynamisch unterschiedliche Stoffquellen mobilisiert. Neben diesen ereignisinternen treten interanuelle Variabilitäten auf, die durch witterungsbedingte Faktoren bestimmt werden. Wie im Schäfertal spielt auch im Lubazhinkhaeinzugsgebiet die Ausbildung von Bodenfrost und damit verbundene Veränderung der Infiltrationseigenschaften der Böden eine große Rolle. Das Schneewasseräquivalent, die Schneeschmelzdynamik und Bodenfrosteigenschaften, z.B. Eindringtiefe, sind die wichtigsten Steuergrößen. Die Variabilität dieser Randbedingungen führt zu einer hohen interannuellen Differenzierung der Abflussbildung und der Sedimentausträge. Für die Schneeschmelze 2004 kann so bei überdurchschnittlich hohen Wintertemperaturen und nur teilweise gefrorenen Böden sowie geringem Schneewasseräquivalent eine geringe Sedimentfracht ermittelt werden. Darüber hinaus verdeutlichen die Hysteresekurven der Sedimentkonzentrationen Unterschiede in der Sedimentquelle für die Einzeljahre, die von den oben genannten Rahmenbedingungen abhängen. Auf der Basis des Monitoring lassen sich für beide Einzugsgebiete die wichtigen abflussbildenden Prozesse charakterisieren und Einflussgrößen erfassen. Dem Bodenfrost und der Schneeschmelzdynamik kommen dabei übergeordnete Bedeutung zu. In beiden Gebieten werden bei winterlichen Rahmenbedingungen erhebliche Mengen an Sediment und Nährstoffen ausgetragen. Die Interpretation physikalischer bzw. chemischer Parameter des Abflusses ermöglicht darüber hinaus auch Aussagen über die zeitliche Variabilität und räumliche Heterogenität der Sedimentherkunftsräume. Aus den Erkenntnissen der Einzugsgebietsbeobachtung ergeben sich für einen Modellansatz verschiedenen Anforderungen, die vor allem die räumlich differenzierte Darstellung des Einflusses von Bodenfrost auf den Bodenwasserhaushalt sowie die Bodenerosion durch oberflächlich abfließendes Schneeschmelzwasser betreffen. Die Grundlage für das Modellsystem "IWAN" (Integrated Winter erosion And Nutrient load model) stellt das hydrologische Modell WASIM ETH Ver. 2 und das Stoffhaushaltsmodell AGNPS 5.0 dar. Die Verknüpfung dieser beiden auf Rasterzellen aufbauenden Modelle ermöglicht die Nutzung von kontinuierlichen, räumlich differenzierten Informationen zum Oberflächenabfluss für die Abschätzung der Bodenerosion. Durch diese Schnittstelle wird die sehr hohe Parametersensitivität des SCS-CN Verfahrens in AGNPS durch geringere Einzelsensitivitäten verschiedener Parameter des Bodenwasserhaushaltes in WASIM ersetzt und gleichzeitig eine plausible, prozessbasierte räumliche Abflussbildung berechnet. Durch die Implementierung eines Moduls zur Abschätzung der Bodentemperatur in WASIM ist zusätzlich die Grundlage für eine weitergehende Verbesserung der Abflussbildung bei winterlichen Randbedingungen gelegt. Durch das Modul wird die Oberbodentemperatur aus Werten der Lufttemperatur unter Einbeziehung der Exposition und der Landnutzung auf der Basis einer Polynomanpassung abgeschätzt. Bei einer modellierten Schneedecke von mehr als 5 mm Schneewasseräquivalent wird die berechnete Bodentemperatur des Vortages übernommen. Bei Bodentemperaturen unter dem Gefrierpunkt wird darüber hinaus die gesättigte hydraulische Leitfähigkeit des Bodens auf Null herabgesetzt, so dass im Zuge der Schneeschmelze zunächst das noch freie Porenvolumen aufgefüllt wird und danach Oberflächenabflussbildung beginnt. Für das Schäfertal liegt die Güte der Anpassung der Bodentemperatur bei Korrelationskoeffizienten von 0.62 bis 0.81 und für das Lubazhinkhaeinzugsgebiet bei Werten von 0.82 bis 0.91. Die räumlich und zeitlich differenzierte Oberflächenabflussinformation dient als Grundlage einer neu entwickelten Berechnung der Rillenerosion bei Schneeschmelzen, die den dafür nicht geeigneten empirischen Ansatz in AGNPS ersetzt. Basierend auf der Grundannahme eines dreieckigen, nicht durch Frost in der Eintiefung beeinträchtigten Rillenprofils und, da wassergesättigt, nichtkohesiver Bodeneigenschaften wird für jede Rasterzelle eine Rille simuliert. Die Erodibilität des Bodens wird als Funktion von Wurzelparametern und des Durchmessers der wasserstabilen Aggregate erfasst. Die Scherkraft des Schneeschmelzeabflusses in der Rille wird in Abhängigkeit von der Oberflächenrauhigkeit und dem Aggregatdurchmesser betrachtet und darauf aufbauend in einem Impulsstromansatz die erodierte Bodenmenge berechnet. In Verbindung mit dem durch das modifizierte WASIM berechneten und gerouteten Oberflächenabfluss ergibt sich so ein räumlich differenziertes Bild der Bodenerosion. Das Modellsystem IWAN beinhaltet neben der Erosionsberechnung ein eingabefenstergesteuertes Menü zur Datenkonvertierung und zum Prä- sowie Postprozessing. Die Ergebnisse der Anwendung des Modellsystems für die beiden Einzugsgebiete belegen, dass sowohl die entscheidenden Prozesse der Abflussbildung als auch des Sedimentaustrags wiedergegeben werden. Für das Schäfertal wurde für die Kalibrierungsjahre 1994 bis 1995 eine Modellierungsgüte von R2 0.94 bzw. 0.91 erzielt. Mit Ausnahmen der Schneeschmelze im Jahr 1996 werden die Episoden hohen Abflusses in den Jahren 1996 bis 2003 mit dem kalibrierten Parametersatz gut wiedergegeben und das witterungsbedingte Trockenfallen im Sommer zufriedenstellend dargestellt. Auf dieser Basis wird für die experimentell erfassten und diskutierten Schneeschmelzereignisse das Gesamtabflussvolumen dieser Ereignisse mit hoher Güte abgebildet. Die räumlich differenziert berechnete Bodenfeuchte und Bodenfrostvorkommen bedingen einen variablen Anteil des Oberflächenabflusses am Gesamtabfluss. Für das Schneeschmelzerosionsmodul hat das Abflussvolumen ebenso wie die Hangneigung und Abflusslänge eine positive Sensitivität. Aufgrund von Parameterkombinationen und nichtlineare Algorithmen kann es jedoch vor allem für die Wurzelparameter und den Manning Koeffizienten zu differenzierten Sensitivitätsentwicklungen kommen. Für die Simulation der Erosion im Schäfertal wurde daher zunächst auf einen Parametersatz zurückgegriffen, der auf der Basis von Erosionsparzellenversuchen kalibriert wurde. Die Mittelwerte der berechneten Erosion liegen zwischen 0.0006 und 0.96 t ha-1 für die sechs gemessenen Einzelereignisse im Schäfertal. Die Medianwerte und hohen Standardabweichungen belegen jedoch, dass insgesamt Zellen mit geringen Erosionswerten überwiegen. Die Ereignisse mit gefrorenen Böden weisen eine signifikant höhere Erosion auf. Unterschiede in der Erosion treten bei gleichen Gesamtabflussvolumen wie z.B. bei den Ereignissen vom 20.01.2001 und 26.02.2002 durch differenzierte Abflusskonzentration auf dem nord- bzw. südexponierten Hang auf. Neben einer Überprüfung der Plausibilität der berechneten Werte, werden die räumlichen Verteilungsmuster durch Geländeaufnahmen bestätigt. Die Anpassung der berechneten Sedimentfracht an die gemessenen Werte erfolgte durch die Kalibrierung des Manning Koeffizienten für ein Ereignis. Die simulierte Sedimentfracht ist in einigen Hangfußbereichen aufgrund der Abflussakkumulation besonders hoch und erreicht für den Gebietsauslass Werte zwischen 0.0 und 13.84 t. Mit der Ausnahme des Ereignisses vom 26.02.2002 ist die Sedimentfracht leicht unterschätzt, so dass sich in der Summe für die drei Winterhalbjahre 2001 bis 2003 ein Gesamtfehler von 11 t ergibt. Die Differenz zwischen der simulierten und beobachteten Sedimentfracht ist für den 26.12.2002 am größten. Als mögliche Ursache für die Abweichungen der berechneten zu den gemessenen Werten, wird die zeitliche Variabilität und räumliche Heterogenität der Oberflächenrauhigkeit, vor allem in Hinblick auf Bodenbearbeitung und Bodenfrosteinflüssen, diskutiert. Die generelle Verteilung der Sedimentquellen, Transportwege und Übertrittstellen vom Hang ins Gewässer stimmt mit Geländebeobachtungen überein. Eine quantitative Überprüfung der räumlichen Ergebnisse auf der Einzelereignisebene ist für das Schäfertal jedoch nicht möglich. Für das Lubazhinkhaeinzugsgebiet können zwei Parametersätze für das Kalibrierungsjahr 2004 identifiziert werde, die eine zufriedenstellende Modellierungsgüte für das hydrologische Modell erreichen. Obwohl einer dieser Parametersätze die Schneeschmelzsituationen und Maximalabflüsse gut darstellt, sind die Areale mit Oberflächenabflussbildung innerhalb des Einzugsgebietes nicht plausibel verteilt. Im Gegensatz dazu werden die lateralen Wasserflüsse und damit die prozessbestimmende Bodenfeuchteverteilung durch den anderen Parametersatz besser abgebildet. Es kommt jedoch zu einer Überschätzung der Spitzenabflüsse der Schneeschmelzhochwasser für die Validierungsjahre 2003 und 2005. Die auf der Basis der Messwerte erkannten Unterschiede zwischen den Einzeljahren werden ebenso dargestellt wie die differenzierte Abflussbildung innerhalb einer Schneeschmelzsituation. Neben Oberflächenabflussbildung auf den flachen Kuppenbereichen und auf Sättigungsflächen in den Talböden, wird auch die beobachtete verzögerte Abflussbildung unter Wald durch das Modell berücksichtigt. Bei zehn Tagen mit Oberflächenabfluss innerhalb der drei Schneeschmelzen 2003 bis 2005 mit Oberflächenabflussvolumen von 0.3 bis 24.1 mm d-1 werden durch das Modellsystem IWAN Erosionssummen von 10 bis 280 t d-1 simuliert. Bei einem variablen Flächenanteil von ca. 5 bis 46 % des Gesamtgebietes, auf dem Erosion stattfindet, bewegen sich die Werte der effektiven Erosion bei 0.1 bis 0.32 t ha-1 für die Einzeltage und 0.44 bis 0.92 t ha-1 für die mehrtägigen Schneeschmelzen. Die am Gebietsauslass simulierte Sedimentfracht liegt zwischen 6.7 und 365.8 t pro Tag und summiert sich auf 246.2 t für die Schneeschmelze 2003. Im Jahr 2004 werden 99.9 t und im Jahr 2005 sogar 757.9 t Austrag simuliert. Für das Kalibrierungsjahr 2004 kommt es zu einer Überschätzung der Sedimentfracht im Vergleich zur gemessenen von lediglich 10 t bzw. 12%. Für die Schneeschmelze im Jahr 2003 liegt die Abweichung mit diesem Parametersatz bei -9 %. Für das Jahr 2005 fällt die Berechnung mit einem Fehler von 33 % nicht so gut aus. Insgesamt führen Schneeschmelztage mit geringer simulierter Erosionsmenge zu einer zusätzlichen Mobilisierung von Sediment aus dem Gerinne und umgekehrt, hohe Erosionsmengen zu einer Deposition von Material auf den Wald- und Grünlandflächen und im Gerinne selbst. Hohe Sedimentfrachten werden daher vor allem für die Talflanken und die kerbtalähnlichen Talanfänge berechnet. Durch die räumliche Differenzierung der Abfluss- und Erosionsprozesse kommt es zu signifikanten Unterschieden bei der berechneten Sedimentfracht für die beiden Teileinzugsgebiete. Bei Schneeschmelztagen mit Abflussbildung unter Wald wird aufgrund des höheren Waldanteils im Lubazhinkhateilgebiet eine höhere Sedimentmenge ausgetragen. Die Unterschiede im Gerinneverhalten und zwischen den Teileinzugsgebieten verdeutlichen die insgesamt hohe Prozessrepräsentanz der Modellergebnisse. Das Modellsystem IWAN bildet für beide Einzugsgebiete mit hoher Plausibilität die räumliche und zeitliche Dynamik der Oberflächenabflussbildung während der Schneeschmelze und die damit verbundenen Erosionsprozesse ab. Der Modellansatz stellt somit eine Möglichkeit zwischen Modellergebnisaggregierung für den Gebietsauslass und aufwendiger Geländebeobachtung bzw. –messungen dar. Die prozessbeschreibende Modellierung mit zufriedenstellender Güte sowohl für das Schäfertal als auch für das Lubazhinkhaeinzugsgebiet stellt die Grundlage für die Berechnung von Klima- oder Landnutzungsszenarien dar. Eine Auswertung der bestehenden langjährigen Datenreihe aus dem Schäfertal bestätigt zunächst den allgemeinen Trend zur Erwärmung vor allem im Winterhalbjahr. Demgegenüber lässt der instrumentenbedingte Fehler bei der Niederschlagmessung keine Ableitung eines Trends aus den vorhandenen Daten zu. Aus der meteorologischen Datenreihe des Schäfertals wurden insgesamt 13 Jahre mit definierter Abweichung von +2.5 bis -2.5 °C und fünfmal +0.5 °C von der durchschnittlichen Winterlufttemperatur (Jd 330-90) gegenüber dem langjährigen Wintermittel ausgewählt. Im Gegensatz zu Wettergeneratoren werden dadurch eine Kombinationen aus Lufttemperatur und Niederschlag erfasst, die typischen Witterungssituationen entsprechen. Die Niederschlagssummen für den Winterzeitraum dieser Szenariojahre liegen zwischen -45 % und + 75 % gegenüber den langjährigen Mittelwerten. Die Modellergebnisse belegen die große Bedeutung der Witterungssituationen für die Abflussbildung in der Art, dass eine erhöhte Niederschlagsumme nicht zwingend auch eine überdurchschnittliche Abflussmenge hervorruft. Schneedeckendynamik und Bodenfrost sind die prägenden Elemente. Die Anzahl der Schneetage und die Dauer einer Schneeperiode liegt bei negativen Temperaturabweichungen deutlich über den Szenarien mit positiver Abweichung. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse der hydrologischen Simulation für die Szenarien, dass sowohl eine starke Abweichung nach oben oder unten vom bisherigen Durchschnitt vermehrt zu Oberflächenabflussbildung führt. Die Erosionssummen der Szenariotage mit Oberflächenabfluss variieren zwischen 4 und 141 t d-1 und stehen aufgrund des nicht veränderten Parametersatzes in direkter Abhängigkeit zum Abflussvolumen. Die berechneten Erosionssummen für Situationen ohne Bodenfrost fallen generell geringer aus, befinden sich aber wie auch die Ereignisse mit Bodenfrost im Wertebereich der Referenzereignisse. Im Bereich der Referenzereignisse liegen auch die Sedimentfrachten mit 0.03 bis 13.15 t d-1. Eine erhöhte Variabilität ist zu erwarten, wenn die Veränderungen der Vegetationsperioden und der Fruchtfolgen in den Modellansatz aufgenommen würden. Eine Betrachtung der Erosionsummen und Sedimentfrachten nicht auf Basis von Tageswerten sondern von Schneeschmelzereignissen zeigt deutlich, dass die Klimaszenarien mit hohen Abweichungen von den Normwerten auch erhöhte Gesamtstoffausträge verursachen. Im russischen Lubazhinkhaeinzugsgebiet führen die Transformationsprozesse im Landwirtschaftssektor zu tiefgreifenden Änderungen der Landnutzung. Auf einer Analyse der Entwicklung in den letzten 15 Jahren aufbauend, kann für das Gebiet von einer deutlichen Modifikation im Verhältnis Grünland, Acker und Wald ausgegangen werden. Diese Dynamik spiegelt sich in den fünf Szenarien wider, die flächenspezifische Änderungen vorsehen. Die Variationen reichen von einem Szenario, in dem ein ausländischer Investor die landwirtschaftliche Nutzfläche auf alle geeigneten Böden ausdehnt, über eine Ausdehnung der Waldflächen in einem laufenden staatlichen Waldschutzprogramm bis hin zum Aufbau kleinbäuerlicher Strukturen und lokale Vermarktung der Produkte durch sich entwickelnden Tourismus. Die Gesamtabflussmenge der Szenarien liegt zwischen 276.4 und 293.3 mm für die Simulationsperiode 2003 bis 2005. In Abhängigkeit vom Waldflächenanteil und der damit verbundenen Evapotranspiration treten im Vergleich zum Ist-Zustands des Referenzszenarios nur geringe positive oder negative Abweichungen auf. Im Unterschied dazu treten bei der Betrachtung der Oberflächabflussentwicklung für die drei Schneeschmelzperioden relativ große Abweichungen bis zu über 20 mm auf. Diese Unterschiede sind am deutlichsten in den durch Bodenfrost und hohes Schneewasseräquivalent ausgezeichneten Jahre 2003 und 2005 für das Szenario mit dem größten Waldflächen- und Grünlandanteil. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen führen die Szenarien zu einer Erhöhung der simulierten Sedimentfracht am Gebietsauslass. Die Ergebnisse belegen darüber hinaus, dass eine Verminderung der Erosion auf den Hängen allein nicht zu einer Frachtreduzierung führen muss, da bei geringer Sedimentbelastung im Gerinne Material aufgenommen werden kann. Ein flächenspezifischer Vergleich zweier Szenarien belegt die Bedeutung der Verortung der Nutzungsänderungen innerhalb des Einzugsgebietes und der damit einhergehenden Konnektivität von abflussbildenden Arealen und Erosionsflächen zum Gerinne hin. Die Szenarioergebnisse weisen auf die steigende Bedeutung von Extremereignissen hin, die im Zuge des Klimawandels zu erwarten sind. Ebenso wird die Verknüpfung von Hang- und Gerinneprozessen als Attribut eines Einzugsgebietes unterstrichen, das bei Managementmaßnahmen beachtet werden muss. Insgesamt belegen die Ergebnisse für beide Untersuchungsgebiete, dass das Modellsystem IWAN nach einer Kabibrierung erfolgreich zur Abschätzung von möglichen zukünftigen Sedimentquellen und Sedimentausträgen eingesetzt werden kann. Weitergehender Forschungsbedarf besteht in der Frage der Übertragbarkeit des Monitoringansatzes in Naturräume mit anderen, zum Teil komplexeren hydrologischen Einzugsgebietsreaktionen und darauf aufbauenden Stoffausträgen und Austragspfaden. Darüber hinaus kann im Modellsystem IWAN eine Verbesserung durch eine Berechnung der Rillenausbildung auf dem Hang sowie eine Modifikation der Sedimenttransportberechnung erzielt werden. Bei einer Übertragung auf andere Einzugsgebiete sollte eine umfassende Sensitivitätsanalyse und Ergebnisunsicherheitsbetrachtung vor allem in Hinblick auf die Kopplung von Teilmodellen innerhalb des Modellsystems erfolgen.:Gliederung Gliederung V Liste der Abbildungen VII Liste der Tabellen XII 1 Einleitung und Fragestellung 3 1.1 Bodenerosion und Sedimentfracht in Einzugsgebieten 3 1.1.1 Abflussbildung, Bodenerosion und Sedimentaustrag 3 1.1.2 Winterliche Situationen 5 1.2 Modellierungsansätze 13 1.2.1 Modelle und Modellkopplungen 13 1.2.2 Probleme der Modellanwendung 17 1.3 Wissensdefizite und Zielstellung 23 2 Untersuchungsgebiete und Methoden 25 2.1 Schäfertal 25 2.1.1 Naturraum 25 2.1.2 Methoden 28 2.2 Lubazhinkha 31 2.2.1 Naturraum 31 2.2.2 Methoden 36 2.3 Datenverarbeitung 38 3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion des Monitorings in den Einzugsgebieten 41 3.1 Schäfertal 41 3.1.1 Abflussbildung 41 3.1.2 Stoffausträge bei Hochwasserereignissen 45 3.2 Lubazhinkha 54 3.2.1 Bedeutung der Schneeschmelze für den Stoffaustrag 54 3.2.2 Stoffdynamik während der Schneeschmelze 57 4 Modellentwicklung 69 4.1 Zielstellungen der Modellmodifikation und -entwicklung 69 4.2 WASIM-AGNPS 70 4.2.1 Wasserhaushaltsmodell WASIM 70 4.2.2 Stofftransportmodell AGNPS 72 4.2.3 Schnittstelle WASIM-AGNPS 74 4.3 Modifikation von WASIM für winterliche Abflussbildung 76 4.3.1 Grundlagen 76 4.3.2 Datenerhebung 77 4.3.3 Sensorauswahl 77 4.3.4 Ergebnisse 79 4.3.5 Empirisches Modell 82 4.3.6 Bodentemperaturteilmodul 83 4.3.7 Anpassung mit Daten aus dem Einzugsgebiet Lubazhinkha 85 4.4 Schneeschmelzerosionsmodell (SMEM) 87 4.4.1 Rillenprofil 87 4.4.2 Bodenerosion 90 4.4.3 Technische Umsetzung 96 4.5 Modellsystem IWAN 97 4.5.1 Schnittstelle SMEM-AGNPS 97 4.5.2 Graphische Benutzeroberfläche 99 5 Modellergebnisse und Diskussion 105 5.1 Schäfertal 105 5.1.1 Bodentemperatur 105 5.1.2 Hydrologie 108 5.1.3 Schneeschmelzerosion 113 5.1.4 Sedimentfracht 120 5.2 Lubazhinkha 126 5.2.1 Hydrologie 126 5.2.2 Schneeschmelzerosion 133 5.2.3 Sedimentfracht 137 6 Szenariorechnungen 143 6.1 Klimaszenarien Schäfertal 143 6.1.1 Szenarienauswahl 143 6.1.2 Modellergebnisse und Diskussion 148 6.2 Landnutzungsszenarien Lubazhinkha 158 6.2.1 Szenarienauswahl 158 6.2.2 Modellergebnisse und Diskussion 163 7 Schlussfolgerungen 169 7.1 Einzugsgebiete 169 7.2 Modellsystem IWAN 172 7.3 Szenarien 176 7.4 Forschungsbedarf 178 8 Zusammenfassung 179 9 Summary 189 10 Literatur 199 Appendix 207 Abkürzungen Modellübersicht Quellcode (VBA) ; Soil erosion by water is a ubiquitous problem that impairs the agricultural productivity, diminishes soil functionality and may harmfully affect neighbouring environmental compartments. Surface waters are especially affected by the sediment, sediment bounded and soluble nutrients as well as pollutants mobilised by soil erosion. The knowledge about erosion processes and sediment loads is of high relevance for the protection of the soil and water and has moreover an economic dimension. Generally, a slope or catchment can be divided into three zones: erosion, transport and sedimentation. However, runoff generating processes and roughness or topography triggered runoff concentration lead to an individual differentiation. Furthermore, spatial and temporal discontinuities of processes or connectivities and thresholds modify the erosion and sediment characteristics. Relief and soil as structural elements of a catchment control accordingly the soil moisture differentiation and in an essential way the runoff generation and sediment load. In temperate and cold climates an important portion of runoff is generated in winter and can be affected by soil frost and snowmelt. However, only little knowledge exists about the processes and dimension of sediment and nutrient emissions under these wintry conditions. Systematic research exists particularly in Russia and Norway. The related deficits are also reflected in existing model approaches to estimate soil erosion and sediment fields from catchments. On the one hand neither the snow development or snow melt nor the modification of the soil water flow in case of frozen soil is considered. On the other hand the erosivity of the snow melt runoff and the modification of the soil erodibility through, for example frost-thaw cycles, is adequately reflected. It is the main focus of the presented work to identify, by analysing data from a German and a Russian catchment, the dominant processes and triggers of runoff generation and diffuse pollution under winter conditions. The results are implemented into a model system which is utilised to analyse spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of processes and to estimate the effects of climate and land use change on sediment loads in the two target areas. The 1.44 km² catchment Schaefertal is located in the eastern lower Harz Mountains approx. 150 km SW of Berlin, Germany. Cambisols and Luvisolos have developed from periglacial slope deposits on greywacke and argillaceous shale. These slopes are utilised agriculturally with a crop rotation of mainly winter grain and canola. The thalweg is dominated by hydromorphic soils and pasture. The climate is slightly continental with an annual average temperature of 6.8°C and 680 mm total annual precipitation. In addition to long-time hydro-meteorological measurements, since several years research into sediment and nutrient emissions is conducted. A routine biweekly sampling of the runoff at the catchment outlet is supplemented by automatic high flow sampling especially during snow melt flows. Besides suspended sediment concentration, phosphorus species and dissolved organic carbon are sampled and analysed following standard methods. Also in the Russian catchment Lubazhinkha the main focus is the characterisation of runoff generation and sediment/nutrient transport during snowmelt events. The catchment is located about 100 km south of Moscow, Russia in the transition zone from southern Taiga to forest steppe. The area of 18.8 km² is utilised half by agriculture and one third by forestry. The recent spatial differentiation of this land use is triggered by the relief determined erosive shortening and hydromorphic characteristics of the dominant grey forest soils. Climate and hydrology are dominated by snow cover accumulation and snow melt; annual average temperature is 4.4°C and the annual precipitation sum is 560 mm. High flow samples are taken at the catchment outlet behind a small dam and at the two most important tributaries to characterise mobilisation processes and the sediment and nutrient concentrations. The interpretation of data from the Schaefertal demonstrate for the period of investigation the importance of high flow situations that are caused by snow melt. Catchment conditions characterised by frozen soils lead to a modification of the measured hydrograph, especially through the occurrence of fast surface or near-surface components. The peak flow of the eight high flow events which are employed for interpretation vary between 30 and 270 l s-1, with total runoff volumes in a range from 1 to 50 mm. The sediment concentrations that are observed at the catchment outlet are below 650 mg l-1 for the two events without frozen soil and therewith distinct below the maximum of around 6000 mg l-1 for events with frozen or partly frozen soil conditions. Solely, one event with rainfall on unfrozen soil is characterised by high sediment concentration which is caused by channel maintenances and easy mobilisation of material from the channel banks. According to this, the sediment yields vary for the single events and achieve up to 17 t. The most important trigger is the generation of erosive surface runoff on the slopes by reduction of the hydraulic conductivity of the frozen soils. The comparison of the sediment concentrations of high flow events and the biweekly sampling as well as hysteresis curves of the single events clarify the differing dynamics of sediment export situations. The soil frost affected events show an anti-clockwise direction of the discharge-sediment relationship which points to a sediment source on the slope, whereas the hysteresis curves of unfrozen soil conditions are oriented clockwise. For these events a sediment source near the channel or the channel bank is probable. These assumptions are also supported by a differentiated phosphorus enrichment ratio in the exported sediment. Furthermore, a dynamic in the progress of the single events can be observed which is caused by the temporal variability of the runoff generation and confirms the related spatial heterogeneity of sediment sources. Contrary to the Schaefertal with several snow melt events per year, in the Russian catchment the snow cover is accumulated over the entire winter and one snow melt flood occurs in March or during the first half of April. The interpretation of multiannual data document the importance of the spring snow melts for the runoff generation and sediment export from the catchment Lubazhinkha. The sediment yield of three observed snow melt events varies between 50 and 630 t in dependency on the hydrological conditions. The event related sediment load of at least 0.3 t ha-1 is above the values that were measured in the Schaefertal but in the range of other studies with comparable soils and land use. Detailed analyses of the measurements of the snow melt in spring 2003 document the dynamic within one event. A sediment concentration at the catchment outlet from 6 to 540 mg l-1 led to a total event sediment yield of 190 t. The maximum concentrations of sediment and phosphorus peak with the discharge. In contrast, the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is delayed compared to the runoff peak due to the slow snow melt development under forest stands and mobilisation of DOC from the organic rich topsoil of these forest areas. A differentiation of runoff components allows a further interpretation of event specific dynamic of sediment sources and transport pathways. In case of low discharge (< 2.5 mm d-1) the material transfer is dominated by dissolved forms and enters the channel passing the soil as slow runoff. Fast runoff components or surface runoff dominate situations with higher amounts of discharge in which sediment and nutrient sources are mobilised with temporal dynamic. Besides this event internal dynamic inter-annual variability exists that is a result of weather conditions in the specific winter. Similar to the Schaefertal, the development of frozen soils and the related modification of infiltration characteristics of the soils play an important role in the Lubazhinkha catchment. Other important triggers are snow water equivalent, snow melt dynamic and specific soil frost characteristics, i.e. depth of penetration. The variability of these boundary conditions led to a high inter-annual differentiation of runoff generation and sediment loads. Thus, for the snowmelt 2004 with above average winter air temperatures and only partly frozen soils, as well as low snow water equivalent, a comparable low sediment load was observed. In addition, the hysteresis curves of the discharge-sediment concentration relationship indicate differences in the sediment sources for the single snow melt events which are in dependency of the abovementioned factors. For both catchments the established monitoring system and selected parameters provide an insight into runoff generating processes and relevant triggers. Occurrences of soil frost and snow melt dynamics are most important factors. Wintry conditions led to high sediment and nutrient yields in both catchments. The interpretation of physical and chemical parameters of discharge allows the identification of spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of sediment source areas. Several demands for a model approach arise from these findings of catchment monitoring which are especially related to the spatial differentiated estimation of surface runoff generating areas and soil erosion through snow melt water. The basis for the model system "IWAN" (Integrated Winter erosion And Nutrient load model) is the hydrological model WASIM ETH Ver.2 and the nutrient load model AGNPS 5.0. The linking of these two raster-based models facilitates the utilisation of continuous, spatial differentiated information for surface runoff to estimate soil erosion. By this, the high parameter sensitivity of the SCS-CN approach in AGNPS is replaced with sensitivities distributed among different parameters of the soil water calculation in WASIM and the concurrent calculation of a plausible process based spatial differentiated runoff generation. The implementation of a module to estimate the soil temperature forms the basis for an improved calculation of soil water flows and runoff generation under winter conditions. This module calculates the topsoil temperature based on values of air temperature and considers exposition and land use. The calculated soil temperature of the previous day is assumed in case of a snow cover of more than 5 mm water equivalent. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil is set to zero if the calculated soil temperature drops below freezing and surface runoff begins after the water free soil pore volume is filled up. The goodness of fit for the Schaefertal shows a correlation coefficient of 0.62 to 0.81 and for the Lubazhinkha catchment values in a range between 0.82 and 0.91. The spatial and temporal differentiated information of surface runoff is fundamental to a new developed calculation of rill erosion during snow melt situations which replaces the empirical erosion estimation of AGNPS. One rill for each raster cell is simulated on the assumption of a non-cohesive soil through water saturation and that soil frost does not hinder the deepening of the triangular rill profile. The soil erodibilty is a function of root parameters and diameter of water stable aggregates. The erosivity of the snow melt runoff in the rill is calculated in dependency of surface roughness and soil aggregate diameter. A spatial differentiated estimation of soil erosion is possible in combination with the routed surface runoff from the modified WASIM. In addition to the erosion estimation, the model system IWAN comprises a user interface for data conversion as well as pre- and post-processing options. The results of the model system application for both catchments demonstrate that the dominant processes of runoff generation as well as sediment loss are matched. For the Schaefertal a modelling agreement of r² equalling 0.94 and 0.91 is realised for the year of calibration 1994 and the year of validation 1995, respectively. With the exception of 1996 all periods of high flow and the falling dry of the channel in summer from 1996 until 2003 are represented satisfactorily with the calibrated set of parameters. On this basis, the total runoff volume of the observed and above discussed snow melt events has been modelled with a high degree of accuracy. The spatially differentiated calculation of soil moisture and soil frost occurrence results in a variable fraction of surface runoff on the total runoff for these events. Runoff volume, slope and flow length show positive sensitivities in the new snow melt erosion module. However, parameter combinations and non-linear algorithms, especially for root parameters and the Manning coefficient, may lead to more complex sensitivity properties. Thus, the simulation of soil erosion in the Schaefertal was first conducted with a set of parameters that was calibrated with results of erosion plot experiments. The average values of calculated erosion vary between 0.0006 and 0.96 t ha-1 for the six events from the Schaefertal. However, the median values and high standard deviations prove that most of the cells have low erosion values. The results for events with frozen soils are characterised by significant higher values of erosion. Despite similar total runoff volume i.e. of the events from 20.01.2001 and 26.02.2002 differences occur because of distinctions in runoff concentration on the north and south exposed slope. The spatial results are positively compared to field mapping in addition to a plausibility control of the calculated values. The adjustment of the calculated values for sediment load against the observations is done with calibration of the Manning coefficient for one randomly selected event. The sediment load in some footslope areas caused by runoff concentration is especially high and in the range of 0.0 to 13.84 t for single events. The event sediment yield is generally underestimated with the exception of the event on 26.02.2002. The total absolute error for the three winter seasons is 11 t. The difference between simulated and observed sediment load is highest for the 26.12.2002. This distinction may originate in the temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of surface roughness against the background of soil frost influences and tillage operations. The general distribution of modelled sediment sources, transport pathways and connecting points to the channel are confirmed by field observations. However, a quantification of the spatial model results on the basis of the observed single events is not possible. For the Lubazhinkha catchment two sets of hydrological parameters are identified for the year of calibration 2004 which achieve satisfying results in comparison to the observed discharge. Although one of these set of parameters performed better in reproducing the peak flows of the snow melt situations, the spatial distribution of surface runoff generating areas was not plausible. Contrary, the second set of parameters characterises the lateral water flows and thus the important spatial soil moisture distribution in a more realistic way. However, the snow melt peak flows for the years of validation 2003 and 2005 are overestimated. The difference between the years, which was identified on the basis of the interpretation of the observations, is matched as well as the dynamic of runoff generation. Surface runoff generation on the flat interfluves areas and saturated areas in valley bottoms are modelled satisfactorily as well as the delayed runoff generation under forest stands. The model system simulates erosion sums of 10 to 280 t d-1 for a total of ten days with surface runoff in a range of 0.3 to 24.1 mm d-1 in the entire modelling period of three years. Considering the variable area of 5 to 46 % on which erosion takes place, the values of effective erosion vary between 0.1 and 0.32 t ha-1 for single days and between 0.44 to 0.92 t ha-1 for multi-day snow melts. The simulated sediment load at the catchment outlet range from 6.7 to 365.8 t per day and sums up to 246.2 t for the snow melt 2003. For the year 2004 99.9 t and for 2005 757.9 t are calculated. In comparison to the observations for the calibration year 2004, the sediment load is overestimated by 10 t or 12 %. The deviation for 2003 is -9 %, with the same set of parameters. The result for 2005 is with an error of 33 % not as good as in the two other years. Overall, the days of snow melt with a low amount of erosion cause additional mobilisation of sediment from the channel banks and contrary, high amount of erosion on the slopes result in deposition processes on the forest and pasture areas near in the valley bottom and in the channel itself. Thus, high sediment loads are estimated for the bottom slopes and the small V-shaped first order valleys. The sediment loads for the two sub-catchments differ significantly because of the spatially differentiated processes of runoff generation and soil erosion. For the days with runoff generation in forest areas higher sediment yields are calculated for the Lubazhinkha-subcatchment which is characterised by a higher degree of forested areas. Differences in slope-channel interaction and variations between the two subcatchments illustrated the overall high process relevance of the model results. The model system IWAN estimates for the Schaefertal and the Lubazhinkha catchment the spatial and temporal dynamics of surface runoff generation and the related erosion processes during snow melt episodes with high plausibility. The model approach demonstrates an option between model result aggregation at the catchment outlet and intensive spatial field observation and measurement within a catchment. The satisfactory modelling of processes for the Schaefertal, as well as for the Lubazhinkha catchment, forms the basis for the calculation of climate and land use scenarios. An analysis of the existing long-term dataset from the Schaefertal approves the general trend of warming, especially in the winter half year. Contrary, the instrument error for rainfall measurements disallows an identification of a trend in the present data. A total of 13 years with defined deviation of +2.5 to -2.5 °C and five years with a deviation of +0.5 °C from the average air temperature in winter (Jd 330-90) were selected from the data set. In contrast to the utilisation of weather generators, this selection provides a dataset with a combination of air temperature and rainfall/snow that is in accordance with typical atmospheric situations. The amount of rainfall for the winter period of the scenario years deviates -45 % to +75 % from the long term average of winter. The model results substantiate the role of weather situations such that an increased amount of rainfall does not automatically result in above-average runoff. Snow cover dynamics and soil frost occurrence are the controlling factors. The number of days with snow and the duration of each snow period are significant higher for scenarios with negative temperature deviation compared to the scenarios with positive deviation. Overall the results of the hydrological calculation of the scenarios show that extreme positive and negative deviations lead to increased surface runoff probability. The sums of erosion for single days with surface runoff varies between 4 to 141 t d-1 and are in direct relation to runoff volume due to the unchanged set of parameters. Generally the calculated sums of erosion for situations without soil frost are lower than with soil frost, but both types are in the range of values of the measured and modelled reference events. Also the calculated sediment yields from 0.03 to 13.15 t d-1 for the scenario days are in the range of the measurements. A higher variability could be expected when considering modifications to vegetation period or crop rotations. An interpretation of erosion and sediment yield on the basis of snow melt periods clarifies those scenarios with extreme deviations also tend to higher sediment export from the catchment. Transformation processes in the agricultural sector of Russia trigger fundamental changes in land use. Based on an analysis of the development of the past 15 years for the Lubazhinkha catchment a significant modification of the pasture, arable land and forest areas is probable in the future. This dynamic is reflected in five scenarios with area-specific changes in land use distribution. The variations range from scenarios with a foreign investor who extends the arable land to all suitable soils in the catchment, an expansion of forest areas in the frame of a governmental forest protection program to the development of small family farms with local market structures because of tourism. The calculated total runoff for the scenarios varies between 276.4 and 293.3 mm for the entire simulation period 2003 to 2005. Small positive or negative deviations occur compared to the as-is state in relation to the variable forest area and combined evapotranspiration. Contrary, the surface runoff shows large deviations of more than 20 mm for the three snow melt periods. These differences are pronounced for the scenario with highest portion of forest and pasture area in the years 2003 and 2005 that are characterised by soil frost and high water equivalent in snow. With only few exceptions the scenarios lead to an increase in simulated sediment yield at the catchment outlet. Moreover, the results document that a decrease of erosion on the slopes does not consequently result in a yield reduction. In the case of low sediment input from the slopes additional material from the channel bed and banks may attribute significantly to the sediment loading. An area specific comparison of two scenarios clarifies the importance of localisation of land use changes and the according connectivity of surface runoff areas and erosion areas to the channel. The scenarios document the increasing importance of extreme events that can be expected due to climate change. Additionally, the link of slope and channel processes, as attribute of a catchment, has to be considered in planning of management measures. The results prove for both catchments that the model system IWAN can be applied for estimating future potential sediment sources and sediment yield after successful calibration. Further research is needed in the question of transferability of the monitoring approach to other environments with a different, more complex hydrological catchment reaction and linked sediment sources and transport mechanisms. The model system IWAN can be improved by a dynamic calculation of rill network generation on the slope and a modification of the sediment transport algorithms. The transfer of the model system to other catchments has to be accompanied by a comprehensive sensitivity and uncertainty analysis especially respecting the model chain within IWAN.:Gliederung Gliederung V Liste der Abbildungen VII Liste der Tabellen XII 1 Einleitung und Fragestellung 3 1.1 Bodenerosion und Sedimentfracht in Einzugsgebieten 3 1.1.1 Abflussbildung, Bodenerosion und Sedimentaustrag 3 1.1.2 Winterliche Situationen 5 1.2 Modellierungsansätze 13 1.2.1 Modelle und Modellkopplungen 13 1.2.2 Probleme der Modellanwendung 17 1.3 Wissensdefizite und Zielstellung 23 2 Untersuchungsgebiete und Methoden 25 2.1 Schäfertal 25 2.1.1 Naturraum 25 2.1.2 Methoden 28 2.2 Lubazhinkha 31 2.2.1 Naturraum 31 2.2.2 Methoden 36 2.3 Datenverarbeitung 38 3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion des Monitorings in den Einzugsgebieten 41 3.1 Schäfertal 41 3.1.1 Abflussbildung 41 3.1.2 Stoffausträge bei Hochwasserereignissen 45 3.2 Lubazhinkha 54 3.2.1 Bedeutung der Schneeschmelze für den Stoffaustrag 54 3.2.2 Stoffdynamik während der Schneeschmelze 57 4 Modellentwicklung 69 4.1 Zielstellungen der Modellmodifikation und -entwicklung 69 4.2 WASIM-AGNPS 70 4.2.1 Wasserhaushaltsmodell WASIM 70 4.2.2 Stofftransportmodell AGNPS 72 4.2.3 Schnittstelle WASIM-AGNPS 74 4.3 Modifikation von WASIM für winterliche Abflussbildung 76 4.3.1 Grundlagen 76 4.3.2 Datenerhebung 77 4.3.3 Sensorauswahl 77 4.3.4 Ergebnisse 79 4.3.5 Empirisches Modell 82 4.3.6 Bodentemperaturteilmodul 83 4.3.7 Anpassung mit Daten aus dem Einzugsgebiet Lubazhinkha 85 4.4 Schneeschmelzerosionsmodell (SMEM) 87 4.4.1 Rillenprofil 87 4.4.2 Bodenerosion 90 4.4.3 Technische Umsetzung 96 4.5 Modellsystem IWAN 97 4.5.1 Schnittstelle SMEM-AGNPS 97 4.5.2 Graphische Benutzeroberfläche 99 5 Modellergebnisse und Diskussion 105 5.1 Schäfertal 105 5.1.1 Bodentemperatur 105 5.1.2 Hydrologie 108 5.1.3 Schneeschmelzerosion 113 5.1.4 Sedimentfracht 120 5.2 Lubazhinkha 126 5.2.1 Hydrologie 126 5.2.2 Schneeschmelzerosion 133 5.2.3 Sedimentfracht 137 6 Szenariorechnungen 143 6.1 Klimaszenarien Schäfertal 143 6.1.1 Szenarienauswahl 143 6.1.2 Modellergebnisse und Diskussion 148 6.2 Landnutzungsszenarien Lubazhinkha 158 6.2.1 Szenarienauswahl 158 6.2.2 Modellergebnisse und Diskussion 163 7 Schlussfolgerungen 169 7.1 Einzugsgebiete 169 7.2 Modellsystem IWAN 172 7.3 Szenarien 176 7.4 Forschungsbedarf 178 8 Zusammenfassung 179 9 Summary 189 10 Literatur 199 Appendix 207 Abkürzungen Modellübersicht Quellcode (VBA)

SITTENGESCHICHTE DES WELTKRIEGES. 2 Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges (-) Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges. 2 (II. / 1930) ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Abb.]: ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Impressum ( - ) Dreizehntes Kapitel Die Erotik des Hinterlandes Prostitution und Geschlechtskrankheiten in den Hauptstädten - Das Liebesleben der Kriegsjugend - Die Zerrüttung der Ehe - Wohin die Millionen der Kriegsgewinner wanderten - Nachtleben, Geheimclubs und Nacktbälle während des Krieges - Männliche Prostitution (1) [Abb.]: Hausball beim Heereslieferanten Zeichnung (1) [Abb.]: Der englische Kriegsgewinner zum deutschen: "Sie, armer Kollege, werden eingesperrt - mir geschieht nichts!" Aus "Punch", 1916 (2) [Abb.]: Zündholzmangel in Paris Zeichnung von A. Guillaume, 1917 (3) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Hinterland Holzschnitt (2)Europa im Kriege Zeichnung (4) [Abb.]: Die vermännlichte Kriegerbraut Der Standesbeamte: "Entschuldigen Sie, meine Herren - wer von Ihnen ist nun die Braut?" Zeichnung von E. Huldmann in "Lustige Blätter", 1918 (5) [Abb.]: Marguerite vor dem Entblättern Zeichnung von S. Montassier in "Le Sourire de France", 1917 (6) [Abb.]: "Tauben" über Paris Bild aus den Tagen der deutschen Fliegerüberfälle (7) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hunger und Liebe Zeichnung (2)Budapester Kriegsgewinner "mulatieren" Zeichnung (8) [Abb.]: Der Tod und der Kriegskapitalist Zeichnung von Albert Hahn in "De Notenkraker", 1915 (9) [2 Abb.]: (1)Urlaubsfreuden Titelblatt der "Jugend", 1915 (2)Nacktkultur aus Stoffmangel in Frankreich "Ein Meter Stoff genügt, sich anständig zu kleiden." Zeichnung von G. Pavis in "La Vie Parisienne, 1917 (10) [Abb.]: Die Marraine "Heute kommt mein Patenkind von der Front, massieren Sie mir, den Bauch weg!" (11) [Abb.]: Der vielumworbene Gurkha Deutsche Karikatur auf den Rassenfetischismus der Engländerin im Kriege Zeichnung von H. Strohofer in "Muskete", 1915 (12) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kriegsgewinnermoral Aus "Hallo! Die große Revue" (2)Postkarte aus der Kriegszeit Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (13) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Gott der Gerechte! Wird doch nicht ein Frieden ausbrechen, jetzt wo ich noch 10.000 Paar Stiefel und 1000 Rucksäcke auf Lager habe!" Zeichnung von D. R. André in "Glühlichter", 1915 (2)Gold nahm er für Eisen Zeichnung aus "Krieg dem Kriege", Prolet, Freidenker, Leipzig (14) [2 Abb.]: (1)(2)Eisenbahnfahrt im Kriege "Die Passagiere" haben auf die Bequemlichkeit der Mitreisenden Rücksicht zu nehmen." Zeichnung von Martin in "La Vie Parsienne", 1918 (15) [2 Abb.]: (1)Erkennst du mich nicht? Ich bin dein Gatte." Zeichnung von G. Pavis in "La Vie Parisienne", 1916 (2)Gemüsegarten und Hühnerhof im Heim Zeichnung von D. R. André in "Glühlichter", 1915 (16) [2 Abb.]: Vom Bois de Boulogne zum Priesterwald (1)Auf dem Pfade der Tugend (2)Auf dem Wege zum Kriege Zeichnung von C. Hérouard in "La Vie Parisienne", 1912 ( - ) [6 Abb.]: Seine Kriegstrophäen (1)1. "Kommen Sie mit, ich zeige Ihnen meine Kriegstrophäen!" (2)2. "Diese Helme habe ich an der Marne den Boches vom Kopf gerissen!"(3)3. "Diese Granate hätte mir bei einem Haar das Lebenslicht ausgeblasen." (4)4. "Eine ganz hübsche Sammlung, nicht wahr"? (5)5. "Oh, Sie sind ein Held!" (6)6. "Jetzt haben Sie eine Kriegstrophäe mehr!" Aus "La Vie Parisienne", 1915 (17) [Abb.]: Stahlbad zu Hause Zeichnung (18) [Abb.]: Revanche für Kolumbus Die Entdeckung einer neuen Halbwelt in Paris durch amerikanische Seefahrer Zeichnung von G. Pavis in "La Vie Parisienne", 1918 (19) [Abb.]: Graf Bernstorff amüsiert sich Photographische Karikatur aus "Fantasio", 1916 (20) [Abb.]: Rassenverbrüderung in London Zeichnung von Th. Th. Heine in "Gott strafe England", Simplicissimus-Verlag, 1916 (21) [2 Abb.]: (1)Fühlungsnahme Zeichung in "Fidibus", 1917 (2)Französische Kriegswohltätigkeit Plakat im Musee Leblanc, Paris (22) [Abb.]: Kriegskinder beim Broterwerb Zeichnung (23) [2 Abb.]: (1)Beim Uniformschneider "Für den Schützengraben?" - "Nein, für den Boulevard." Aus "Le Rire rouge", 1917 (2)"Licht auslöschen, Zeppelin kommt!" Zeichnung von Raoul Vion in "Le Rire roug", 1915 (24) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die fallengelassene Brotkarte Zeichnung von Auglay in "Le Rire Rouge", 1916 (2)Hinterlandstaumel Holzschnitt (25) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Stratege in Paris Zeichnung von Fournier in "Sourire de France", 1917 (2)Plakat einer Wohltätigkeitsaktion der Pariser Restaurateure zugunsten der Urlauber aus den besetzten Gebieten Nach dem Original im Musee Leblance, Paris (26) [2 Abb.]: (1)Frau Hamster im Kriege Zeichnung von Th. Th. Heine, aus "Kleine Bilder aus großer Zeit" (2)Untauglich "Aus dem nämlichen Grunde, der die Musterungskommission veranlaßt hat, Sie zurückzustellen." Zeichnung von K. A. Wilke in "Muskete", 1915 (27) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Amerikaner und die Pariserin Aus "Lustige Blätter", 1917 (2)Das Kriegskind hungert Zeichnung (28) [Abb.]: Durchhalten Zeichnung von George Grosz in "Abrechnung folgt" (29) [Abb.]: Aus der großen Zeit der Lebensmittelkarten "Haben Sie vom Arzt eine Bezugskarte für Milch?" Zeichnung von G. Zórád in "Fidibus", 1917 (30) [Abb.]: "Dreißigtausend Tote? Kellner, noch 'n Schnaps!" Zeichnung von E. Thöny in "Franzos' und Russ' in Spiritus", Simplicissimus-Verlag. 1915 (31) [Abb.]: Der lustige Krieg Zeichnung (32) [2 Abb.]: Das Kriegskind bei Volk und Hautevolee (1)Verdächtige Fülle "Was haben Sie da unter ihrem Rock verborgen?" "n'lütten Kriegsjung', Herr Wachtmeister!" (2)Im Zweifel "O Gott, Herr Sanitätsrat! Glauben Sie den wirklich, daß ich in der Hoffnung bin?" Aus der Mappe eines Heimkriegers, Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Sie sagen, das Kind ist schwarz? Hätten sie Ihre Frau nicht in den Unterstand kommen lassen!" Zeichnung von M. Rodiguet in "Le Rire Rouge", 1916 (2)Das Lob das Unabkömmlichen "Unsere Jungens schlagen sich gut, das muß man ihnen lassen!" Zeichnung (33) [Abb.]: Erwünschter Zuwachs "Warum sind Sie den heut' so kreuzfidel, Herr Offizial?" - "Ja wissen S', Fräul'n Mizzi, meine Frau hat Drillinge kriegt, und da bekommen wir jetzt um drei Brotkarten mehr." Zeichnung von H. Krenes, 1917 (34) [Abb.]: Auf der Flucht vor dem "Raid" Die Luftüberfälle auf Paris, vor denen man sich in die Keller flüchtete, gaben dem Klatsch und dem Witz reichen Stoff und den Friedhöfen Tote Zeichnung (35) [Abb.]: "Oh, the Zeppelins!" Zeichnung (36) [Abb.]: Die Zuaven in Paris Zeichnung aus "L'Illustration", 1914 (37) [3 Abb.]: (1)"Das Mehl oder das Leben!" Zeichnung von D. R. André in "Glühlichter", 1914 (2)Der Kriegssäugling (3)Hochbetrieb bei der Wahrsagerin Zeichnungen von Th. Th. Heine in "Kleine Bilder aus großer Zeit" (38) [Abb.]: Atelierfest in den Kriegsjahren Sammlung C. Moreck, Berlin (39) [2 Abb.]: (1)Mit Blut begossen blüht das Kapital Zeichnung (2)Siegreich woll'n wir Frankreich schlagen! Zeichnung von George Grosz in "Abrechnung folgt" (40) [2 Abb.]: (1)Wer ist an der Teuerung schuld? "Was diese verfluchten Sozialdemokraten nur immer vom Zwischenhandel wollen? Soll ich die Ware vielleicht unterm Selbstkostenpreis hergeben?" Zeichnung von R. Herrmann in "Glühlichter", 1915 (2)Der unerschöpfliche Stoff für Pariser Karikaturisten: Vor dem Zeppelin in den Keller (41) [2 Abb.]: (1)Pariser Geselligkeit 1917 Zeichnung (2)Schlußvignette aus "Fidibusz", 1916 (42) Vierzehntes Kapitel Die Verwundeten und Kranken Hodenschüsse und Rückenmarksverletzungen - Die Eunuchen des Weltkrieges - Der Invalide und die Frauen - Perversionen und Impotenz als Kriegsfolge - Kriegsneurosen und Sexualität - Sadistische Behandlungsmethoden - Selbstverstümmelung durch venerische Selbstansteckung (43) [Abb.]: "Weißt du, Kamerad, was sie mir wegoperiert haben?" Zeichnung (43) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Geschenk vom Militär Zeichnung von M. Dufet in "Le Sourire de France", 1917 (2)"Ich danke schön! Wenn man sich seine Verwundeten nicht einmal aussuchen kann, da tue ich nicht mit!" Zeichnung von R. Herrmann in "Glühlichter", 1914 (44) [Abb.]: Der Neid (!) Zeichnung von J. Simont in "L'Illustration", 1916 (45) [Abb.]: "Man hat mir's abgeschnitten." Zeichnung (46) [Abb.]: Ein Kriegseunuch Der von einem Geschoß entmannte italienische Soldat zeigt in typischer Weise Enthaarung, Fettablagerung und Gesichtsausdruck des Geschlechtslosen. Aus Hirschfeld, Sexualpathologie I (47) [Abb.]: Plakatkrieg im Kriege Links: Eine Kundmachung des Bürgermeisters des besetzten Brüssel, worin er eine von deutscher Seite verbreitete "Stimmungsnachricht" dementiert. Rechts: Die deutsche Antwort. Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (48) [Abb.]: Der Invalide und die Frauen Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: "Nur Mut, mein Lieber, in acht Tagen sind Sie wieder an der Front!" Zeichnung von R. Harrmann in "Glühlichter", Wien 1915 (49) [Abb.]: Für die Reichen ist die Beute, für das Volk die Not der Kriege Zeichnung von George Grosz in "Abrechnung folgt" (50) [Abb.]: Große und kleine Zeit "Jetzt hör' ma auf! Wiast Sodat warst, hast an Ausnahmspreis begehrt, und jetzt kummst mit der Ausred' als Heimkehrer." Zeichnung von D. Knapp in "Faun", 1919 (51) [Abb.]: "Den Kerl kenne ich, das ist ein Simulant, das falsche Bein ist nicht echt!" Zeichnung von R. Herrmann in "Bilder aus dem Alltagsleben" (52) [Abb.]: Die belohnte Tapferkeit oder der Singalese im Lazarett Zeichnung (53) [Abb.]: Der einbeinige Verehrer Zeichnung (54) [Abb.]: Ein von einer Granate verschütteter Soldat, der knapp vor dem Verhungern als Knochen und Haut gerettet und ins Lazarett geschafft wurde Photographische Aufnahme, Sammlung Dr. Sax, Wien (55) [Abb.]: Der Invalide Zeichnung von V. Erdey, 1915 (57) [Abb.]: Hoher Besuch im k. u. k. Kriegsspital Zeichnung (58) [Abb.]: Die Lesestunde Zeichnung von J. Simont in "L'Illustration", 1916 (59) [Abb.]: Die Kaufmannmethode In der Behandlung der Zitterneurose im Kriege lebten die mittelalterlichen Torturen mit modernsten Raffinement auf Zeichnung (60) [Abb.]: Hinter Lazarettmauern Zeichnung (61) [Abb.]: Dirne und Krüppel Zeichnung (62) [Abb.]: Der Pflichtvergessene Zeichnung (63) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Wunde Holzschnitt (2)Grabkarte eines jüdischen Soldaten im englischen Heer (64) [Abb.]: Das Brandopfer Aus dem russischen Antikriegsfilm "Der Mann, der sein Gedächtnis verlor" (65) [Abb.]: Freund Janosch hat es gut, seine Frau hat ihn besucht Zeichnung (67) [Abb.]: Der kriegsblinde Gatte Zeichnung (68) [Abb.]: Theatervorstellung der Patienten in einem englischen Kriegslazarett Photographische Aufnahme (69) [Abb.]: Frisch aus dem Stahlbad Zeichnung (70) [Abb.]: "Diese Leute könnten wohl - sie wollen bloß nicht arbeiten!" Zeichnung von George Grosz in "Gesicht der herrschenden Klasse" (71) [Abb.]: Verwundetentransport beim geschlagenen serbischen Heer auf mazedonischen Bauernkarren Aus "L'Illustration", 1916 (72) [Abb.]: "Der Dank des Vaterlandes ist euch gewiß!" Zeichnung von George Grosz in "Gesicht der herrschenden Klasse" (73) [Abb.]: Die Zarin und ihre zwei Töchter, die Großfürstinnen Olga und Tatjana, als Pflegerinnen Aus "L'Illustration", 1915 (74) [Abb.]: Die Nerven im Kriege 1. Vollkommen durchtrennter Nerv. 2. Scheinbar unvollkommen durchtrennter Nerv, der aber keinen Impuls mehr vermittelt. 3. und 4. Durch Geschoß zur Schwellung gebrachte funktionsunfähige Nerven. 5. und 6. Zerstörte Nerven (partielle Paralyse). Aus "The Graphic", 1916 (75) [Abb.]: Bordell in der französischen Etappe Zeichnung (77) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Klassenordnung Zeichnung (2)Es lebe Poincaré! - Es lebe Stinnes! Zeichnung von R. Minor, New York (79) [Abb.]: Das Kriegsbeil wird im Tintenfaß begraben Zeichnung (80) [Abb.]: Ernteurlaub Zeichnung von A. Stadler, 1916 ( - ) Fünfzehntes Kapitel Die Gefangenen Die Frauen und der Kriegsgefangene - Die Geschlechtsnot und ihre Folgen - Surrogatonanie und andere sexuelle Ersatzhandlungen - Homosexualität und Transvestitismus hinter dem Drahtzaun. (81) [Abb.]: Schönheitsparade vor dem Gefangenenlager Zeichnung (81) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hinter Stacheldraht Aus "L'Illustration", 1915 (2)Dämonen im Gefangenenlager Zeichnung eines Kriegsgefangenen Sammlung A. Munk, Subatica (82) [Abb.]: Deutsche Kriegsgefangene In "L'Illustration", 1915, als Photo zum Studium deutscher Physiognomien veröffentlicht (83) [Abb.]: Menschen im Käfig Szene aus dem amerikanischen Antikriegsfilm "Stacheldraht" (84) [2 Abb.]: Schwarze Franzosen in der Gefangenschaft Aus "Ill. Geschichte der Weltkrieges", Stuttgart (85) [Abb.]: "Russische Kriegsgefangene sterben Hungers!" Französisches Plakat Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (86) [3 Abb.]: (1)Der kriegsgefangene französische Maler Rogerol wurde wegen Rauchens in der Baracke in Holzminden drei Tage lang je zwei Stunden angebunden Nach der Originalaufnahme im Musée Leblanc, Paris (2)(3)Erlebnisse eines in Deutschland internierten japanischen Malers Links: Brotausgabe bei strömendem Regen, rechts: Eine Ausländerin wird eingeliefert Aus "The Graphic", 1915 (87) [Abb.]: Ein angeblich in deutscher Gefangenschaft während des Anbindens gestorbener Engländer Zeichnung von J. Touchet in "L'Illustration", 1916 (88) [Abb.]: Der Gefangenschaft entgegen Photographische Aufnahme (89) [Abb.]: Von englischen Luftballonen abgeworfene Botschaft an die deutschen Soldaten Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (90) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Künstler des Lagers bei der Arbeit Zeichnung (2)Der Starschi schmuggelt eine Frau ins Gefangenenlager Zeichnung (91) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Internierten in Deutschland Darstellung eines französischen Plakats, 1917 (2)Russische Kriegsgefangene als Bühnenkünstler Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (92) [2 Abb.]: Die deutschen Gefangenlager in Frankreich (1)für gewöhnlich . (2). und wenn der amerikanische Botschafter revidieren kommt Zeichnungen von O. Gulbransson in "Franzos' und Russ' in Spiritus", Simplicissimus-Verlag, 1915 (93) [Abb.]: "Fünfzig Kopeken für das Nachschauen!" Zeichnung (94) [2 Abb.]: (1)Geschlechtsnot und Geschlechtshunger hinter dem Zaun Zeichnung (2)Typen aus dem Jekaterinburger Freudenhaus Zeichnung eines Kriegsgefangenen Sammlung A. Munk, Subotica (95) [Abb.]: "Herbstmanöver" in einem russischen Kriegsgefangenentheater Photographische Aufnahme (96) [2 Abb.]: Typen aus einem französischen Gefangenenlager (1)Oben: Das Liebeslied. - (2)Unten: Der kleine Herrgott des Lagers. Zeichnungen von M. Orange in "L'Illustration", 1915 ( - ) [4 Abb.]: Französische und englische Kriegsgefangene spielen Theater Aus der Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (97) [Abb.]: Erotisches Ornament - ein häufiges Mittel der Ersatzbefriedigung im Gefangenenlager Zeichnung eines Kriegsgefangenen Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (98) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das dramatische Ensemble des österreichisch-ungarischen Mannschaftstheaters in Kresty (2)"Othello"-Aufführung im Gefangenenlager in Ruhleben Aus "The Graphic", 1916 (99) [2 Abb.]: (1)Szene aus einem Kriegsgefangenentheater deutscher Soldaten Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (2)Programm eines französischen Gefangenentheaters Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (100) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein transvestitischer Gefangener in seiner Lieblingsrolle Photographische Aufnahme Sammlung K. F. (2)Der mannweibliche Star des Gefangenentheaters Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (101) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Transvestit des Lagers und seine Flamme Lichtbild aus dem Besitz eines Kriegsgefangenen (2)Kriegskinder spielen Zeichnung von Th. Th. Heine in "Kleine Bilder aus großer Zeit" (102) Sechzehntes Kapitel Erotik und Spionage Die Frauen im Geheimdienste - Berühmte Spionageaffären und Spioninnen des Weltkrieges - Märtyrinnen, Abenteurerinnen und Kokotten (103) [Abb.]: Das Schlafpulver der Spionin Zeichnung (103) [Abb.]: Das Feldgericht als Hinrichtungsmaschine Plakat aus dem besetzten Rußland Sammlung A. Wolff. Leipzig (104) [Abb.]: Leibesvisitation einer Spionin durch russische Soldaten Zeichnung (105) [Abb.]: Was die Liebe bei ihr kostet Zeichnung (107) [Abb.]: Miss Edith Cavell, deren Hinrichtung als Spionin durch die deutschen Besatzungsbehörden in Belgien der Ententepropaganda die besten Dienste erwies Photographische Aufnahme (108) [Abb.]: In London wird die Hinrichtung der Pflegerin Miss Cavell zu Rekrutierungszwecken benutzt Photographische Aufnahme (109) [Abb.]: Die Hinrichtung der Miss Cavell im Spiegel der englischen Propaganda Postkarte, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (110) [Abb.]: Vor Landesverrat wird gewarnt! Photographische Aufnahme in "L'Illustration", 1915 (111) [Abb.]: Eine Kollektion deutscher Spione Zeichnung von L. Métivet in "Fantasio", 1915 (112) [Abb.]: Die Spionageangst auf einem deutschen Plakat Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig ( - ) [Abb.]: Typen deutscher Spione Pariser Straßenplakat zur Ankündigung eines Zeitungsromans über Spionage Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (113) [Abb.]: Das Schäferstündchen bei der Spionin Zeichnung (115) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ausschnitt aus der Wilnaer Armeezeitung Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Warnung vor Spionen Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (117) [Abb.]: Der Kampf der deutschen Besatzungsbehörden gegen Spionage Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (118) [Abb.]: Mata Hari vom ritterlichen Frankreich hingerichtet Zeichnung von Trier (nach einem Gemälde von Manet) in "Lustige Blätter", 1916 (119) [Abb.]: Die Treuhänderin der Generalstabsgeheinisse Zeichnung (121) [Abb.]: Spionagepsychose Deutsches Plakat aus dem Jahre 1914 Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (122) [Abb.]: "Du warst vor dem Kriege Spion?" "Keine Spur, ich war Fräulein bei einem Generalstäbler in Verdun." Zeichnung von R. Joly in "Baionnette", 1916 (123) [Abb.]: Russische Strafjustiz an einer Spionin Zeichnung (125) [Abb.]: Sexus dominator Zeichnung (126) [Abb.]: Spionage und Liebe Zeichnung (127) [Abb.]: Französische Haß- und Hetzkarikatur anläßlich der Hinrichtung der Miss Cavell ( - ) [Abb.]: Die Töchter des französischen Generals: "O Papa, das neue Fräulein ist ein Wunder; sie hat ihre Augen überall!" (Die in Frankreich beschäftigten deutschen Erzieherinnen wurden nach Kriegsausbruch samt und sonders für Spioninnen erklärt) Zeichnung von Gerda Wegener in "La Baionnette", 1916 (129) [Abb.]: Die Bekanntmachung des Todesurteils der Miss Cavell Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (130) [Abb.]: Englische Soldaten verhaften in Frankreich einen Spion beim Signalgeben Zeichnung eines englischen Offiziers in "Illustrated London News", 1915 (131) [Abb.]: Der russische Militärattaché in Bern Oberst von Romejko-Gurko (x) im Dienst Aus Ronge, Kriegs- und Industriespionage, Amalthea-Verlag (133) [Abb.]: Die Spionin im Kurierabteil Zeichnung (135) [Abb.]: Brief des russischen Generalstabes an Oberst Redl Aus Ronge, Kriegs- und Industriespionage, Amalthea-Verlag (136) [Abb.]: Oberst Redl Photo aus M. Hirschfeld, Geschlechtskunde (137) [2 Abb.]: Russische Konfidentin (Ruthenin) (1)in der Stadt (2)an der Front Aus Ronge, Kriegs- und Industriespionage, Amalthea-Verlag (139) [Abb.]: Schnelljustiz gegen Spione in Galizien Photographische Aufnahme (140) [Abb.]: Ein Exempel wird statuiert Zeichnung (141) [Abb.]: Auch die Kenntnis des Aufenthaltes eines Spions kostet das Leben Plakat aus Russisch-Polen Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (143) [Abb.]: Damenduell in Paris 1916 Zeichnung aus "La Baionnette" ( - ) [Abb.]: Hinrichtung eines Südslaven Photographische Aufnahme (145) [2 Abb.]: (1)Irma Straub, die gefürchtetste deutsch Spionin des Weltkrieges Photographische Aufnahme (2)Augustine - Joséphine A., eine in Nantes hingerichtete Spionin (146) [Abb.]: Deutsche Bekanntmachung im besetzten Nordfrankreich Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (147) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eugéne T . in Gesellschaft eines ihrer Liebhaber (wahrscheinlich deutscher Spion) (2)Der deutsche Geheimkrieg gegen Frankreichs Armee Das deutsche Fräulein: "Merk dirs, Kleine, Kinder zur Welt zu bringen ist eine Dummheit - du wirst das später verstehen!" Zeichnung von P. Portelette in "La Baionnette", 1916 (148) Siebzehntes Kapitel Der Drill Sadismus und Masochismus im Drill - Erotik in Verbrechen und Strafe - Hinrichtung zur Kriegszeit - Psychologie der Fahnenflucht - Vorgesetzte und Untergebene (149) [Abb.]: Kriegsgreuel einst wie jetzt Aus "Los desastres de la Guerra" von Francisco Coya (1746 - 1828) (149) [Abb.]: Manneszucht Zeichnung (150) [Abb.]: Offiziers- und Mannschaftsdienst Zeichnung (151) [3 Abb.]: (1)(2)Gestörtes Rendezvous oder die stramme Ehrenbezeigung Zeichnung von Puttkammer in "Lustige Blätter", 1917 (3)Äh, bei Etappenbelichtung, Krieg jöttliche Einrichtung Hurra, bei Lieb und Suff immer feste druff!! Aus "Hallo! Die große deutsche Revue", Bilderbuch zur Reichstagswahl 1924 (152) [Abb.]: Der deutsche Militarismus Russische Karikatur von J. Griselli in "Solnze Rossij" 1915 (153) [Abb.]: "Wie soll ich ihn nur aufmerksam machen, daß die Frau nicht standesgemäß ist?" Zeichnung von Rajki in "Le Rire rouge",1916 (154) [Abb.]: Willies letztes Aufgebot Aus dem Bilderbuch "The sad experience of big and little Willie", London (155) [Abb.]: Erziehung zum Blutdurst im englischen Heer - "Hau hin! Bring ihn um! Du kitzelst ihn ja nur!" Zeichnung von F. Reynolds in "Punch", 1918 (156) [Abb.]: "Wenn die Soldaten nicht solche Dummköpfe wären, würden sie mir schon längst davongelaufen sein" (Fridericus Rex) Zeichnung von George Grosz in "Abrechnung folgt" (157) [Abb.]: Erziehung zur Wehrhaftigkeit Zeichnung (158) [Abb.]: Die Offiziere trinken - die Mannschaft draußen zitterte vor Kälte Zeichnung (159) [Abb.]: Das Kriegsgericht Kupferstich von Jacques Callot (1594 - 1635) (160) [Abb.]: Blutrausch und Geschlecht Zeichnung von P. Nanteuil, Pairs 1916 ( - ) [Abb.]: Der Sturmangriff Zeichnung von Ch. Fouqueray in "L'Illustration", 1915 (161) [Abb.]: Moderne Sklaverei Zeichnung von R. Herrmann in "Bilder aus dem Alltagsleben" (162) [Abb.]: Die Frau des Majors und ihre Zofe Zeichnung (163) [Abb.]: Aus "Sourire de France", 1917 (164) [Abb.]: Französische "Nettoyeurs" an der Arbeit Zeichnung (165) [Abb.]: Aus großer Zeit . und die, denen die Verbindungen zur Kirche, Militarismus und Kapital fehlten, die nahm der Herr zu sich Zeichnung von J. Danilowatz in "Faun", 1919 (166) [Abb.]: Angebunden! Zeichnung (167) [Abb.]: Der Feldherr in der Kaserne und zu Hause Zeichnung (168) [Abb.]: Lustmord im Bilde Aus der Kriegsmappe des französischen Zeichners J. S. Domergue "Die deutschen Greuel" (169) [Abb.]: Aus großer Zeit - Verdiensttauglich! Zeichnung (170) [Abb.]: Wie die Kriegspropaganda arbeitet Dem auf dem Bilde ersichtlichen russischen Unteroffizier sollen die Deutschen die Ohren abgeschnitten haben. (!) Wenigstens wurde das Bild mit diesem Kommentar in einer Anzahl Ententezeitschriften veröffentlicht. Aus "The Graphic", 1915 (171) [Abb.]: Das Spielzeug für brave Kriegskinder (172) [Abb.]: Notzucht Zeichnung von H. Paul, Paris 1916 (173) [Abb.]: Ein französischer Soldat zeigt den Deutschen drüben sein auf Bajonett aufgespießtes Brot Zeichnung eines englischen Soldaten 1916 (174) [2 Abb.]: Kriegslüge und Photographie (1)Die Originalaufnahme, in einer englischen Zeitung veröffentlicht, zeigt den russischen Einfall in Ungarn. (2)Die retouchierte Wiedergabe in der "Wiener Illustrierten Zeitung" soll bereits den Zusammenbruch der Russen in Galizien darstellen. Aus "L'Illustration", 1915 (175) [Abb.]: "Um Gotteswillen, was treibt ihr hier?" - "Wir machen einen Gasüberfall" Aus "Punch", 1916 (176) [Abb.]: Die Streichholzkrise Zeichnung von G. Léonnec, Paris 1917 ( - ) [Abb.]: Knüppelpost, durch die französische Truppen die Deutschen zur Übergabe aufforderten Photographische Aufnahme (177) [Abb.]: Die Rednerkunst im Kriege Holzschnitt (178) [Abb.]: Ist der Krieg schon zu Ende? - Hausfassade mit Kriegsgreueln in Leipzig Photographische Aufnahme, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (179) [Abb.]: Der Zensor Zeichnung von R. Herrmann in "Glühlichter", Wien 1915 (180) [Abb.]: Vor der Schändung Aus der sadistischen Mappe von J. S. Domergue, "Les Atrocités Allemandes", 1915 (181) [Abb.]: Der Herr hat's gegeben, das Volk hat's genommen Zeichnung von Roland in "Faun", 1919 (182) Achtzehntes Kapitel Die Propaganda Die zwei Kategorien der Haß- und Lügenpropaganda - Haß und Sadismus in Literatur, Kunst und Pornographie - Wie Frauen und Kinder hassen - Die unbeabsichtigte Lüge im Weltkrieg - Massenpsychose in den Franktireurkämpfen - Einige sado-erotische Kriegslügen - Sexuelle Anwürfe gegen den Feind: die "deutsche" Päderastie und die "französischen" Perversitäten (183) [Abb.]: Der Sadismus in Kriegszeichnungen Das Blatt, der Mappe "Les Atrocités Allemandes" von J. S. Domergue entnommen, zeigt die Hinrichtung eines belgischen Soldaten, dem drei Deutsche den Halswirbel brechen. Der Bericht und seine Darstellung sind gleichermaßen bezeichnend für die sadistische Phantasie der Zeit (183) [Abb.]: Die Presse im Kriege Holzschnitt (184) [4 Abb.]: Vier Blätter aus der italienischen Mappe "Danza macabra". Die vor Italiens Kriegseintritt veröffentlichten, gegen alle Kriegsteilnehmer gerichteten Zeichnungen sind ausgesprochen sadistischer Art (185) [Abb.]: Deutsche Gedenkmünze - der Haßgesang in Metall Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (186) [Abb.]: Der Triumph des Hasses Zeichnung von Gordon M. Forsyth in "Labour Leader", 1915 (187) [Abb.]: Eine typische deutschfeindliche Hetzkarikatur Zeichnung von Emilio Kupfer in "Critica", Buenos Aires, 1915 (188) [2 Gedichte]: (1)Richard Dehmel wird nicht leugnen können, daß er einmal ein Gedicht geschrieben hat "An mein Volk": (2)Heute ist er Freiwilliger geworden und seine Begeisterung entzündet sich an dem Bersten des Schrapnells, an dem Zerschmettern des Fendes: (188) [Abb.]: "Wie sie Krieg führen!" Hetzgemälde (189) [Gedicht]: So kommt Arno Holz zu seinem "deutschen Schnadahüpfel": (189) [Gedicht]: Erwähnt sei noch H. Vierordts Aufruf "Deutschland, hasse"! (190) [Abb.]: Beitrag zur Franktireurpsychose: In Nordfrankreich werden Geiseln ausgehoben Plakat aus der Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (190) [Lied]: So, Sudermann, der über Nacht zum Bänkelsänger geworden war, mit einem Lied, das, von Humperdinck vertont, im Berliner Theater des Westens unter lebhafter Beteiligung des Publikums vorgetragen wurde: (190) [Abb.]: Neun Deutsche und eine Französin Aus der sadistischen Kriegsmappe "Les Atrocités Allemandes" (191) [Lied]: Das Lied, als dessen Herausgeber die "Vereinigung der Kunstfreunde" zeichnet, lautet: (191) [Gedicht]: Alfons Petzold schreibt: (191) [3 Gedichte]: (1)So feuerte ein dichtfroher französischer General, der wahrscheinlich niemals in der Kampflinie war, dafür aber allem Anschein nach als Sadist anzusprechen ist, seine Soldaten mit folgenden Versen zum Kampfe an: (2)Und in einem anderen "Chanson de route" überschriebenen Gedicht: (3)Der Choral der Gepeitschten. (192) [Abb.]: Flieger über Paris Zeichnung von A. Vallée in "La Vie Parisienne", 1918 ( - ) [Abb.]: Wie sie sich begeilen Zeichnung aus der sadistischen Hetzmappe von J. S. Domergue "Die deutschen Greuel", Paris 1915 (193) [Abb.]: Die Schreckensnacht in Löwen Französische Propagandapostkarte (194) [Abb.]: Die französische Propaganda gegen deutsche Waren. "Der Boche, der gemordet und geplündert hat und der Geschäftsvertreter, der seine Ware anbietet, sind ein und dieselbe Person" Nach dem Original im "Musée Leblanc", Paris (195) [Abb.]: Unterhaltung in Mußestunden Hetzkarikatur aus dem italienischen Kriegsalbum "Gli Unni e gli altri", Mailand 1915 (196) [Gedicht]: Wir zitieren als Beispiel ein Gedicht von Pierre Chapelle aus dem Jahre 1917 "L'horrible conception": (197) [Abb.]: Ein Beitrag zum Stahlbadhumor: Eine als Postkarte verbreitete Todesanzeige (198) [Abb.]: Das französische Mobilisierungsplakat in der Pariser Straße. Darunter gleich ein Plakat der Hetzpropaganda Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (199) [Abb.]: Die Stunde des Morgenhasses bei einer deutschen Familie Aus "Punch", 1915 (200) [Abb.]: Serbischer Knabe als Soldat Photo aus "La France héroique", Éd. Larousse, Paris (201) [Abb.]: Wie Kinder hassen! Zeichnung eines achtjährigen griechischen Mädchens. Der niedergestochene Feind ist ein Bulgare Aus "Fantasio", 1916 (202) [Abb.]: Helden fern vom Schuß "Haltet stand, ihr tapferen Soldaten - wir verspritzen begeistert unsere beste Tinte - tut ihr dasselbe mit eurem Blut!" Zeichnung von R. Herrmann, 1915 (203) [Lied]: Fast alle von uns hatten Frauen oder Geliebte, die zu Hause auf uns warteten, und es war ergreifend, eine Schar von Männern, deren Leben neun Pence von einem Pfund wert war, die Ballade singen zu hören: (203) [Lied]: Im übrigen stehe hier das unbestritten beliebteste und meistgesungene Lied der amerikanischen und englischen Soldaten des Weltkrieges, eine prächtige Blüte der Friedenssehnsucht: (203) [Abb.]: Englische Unschuld "O Mutter, ich möchte so gerne ein Engel sein!" - "Warum?" - "Weil ich dann fliegen und Bomben auf die Germans werfen könnte!" Aus "Punch", 1915 (204) [Abb.]: Von Pferden zerrissen Die Zeichnung, aus der sadistischen Hetzmappe von J. S. Domergue, "Die deutschen Greuel", zeigt die Hinrichtung eines französischen Offiziers, die zwar gemeldet wurde, aber natürlich niemals stattfand (205) [Abb.]: Russische Kinder spielen Soldaten Photo aus "Solnze Rossij", Petrograd 1915 (206) [Abb.]: Pariser Straßenplakat für einen deutschfeindlichen Roman aus den ersten Kriegswochen, von Abel Truchet Nach dem Original im Musée Leblance, Paris (207) [Abb.]: Die Französin zum französischen Offizier: Bring mir einen neuen Gummibusen aus Paris - der alte ist kaputt." - Der Offizier: "Ich schicke ihn ins Kriegsmuseum - es heißt ohnedies, die Deutschen schneiden unseren Frauen die Brüste ab!" Zeichnung (208) [Abb.]: Der erotische Kitsch in der Kriegspostkarten-Industrie der Entente ( - ) [Abb.]: Wo die Kriegsgreuel erfunden wurden Zeichnung (209) [Abb.]: Mit den Augen des italienischen Kriegskarikaturisten Zeichnung von Cesare Piris, 1916 (210) [4 Abb.]: Indische Kriegskarikaturen (1)Deutschland wird erdrosselt (2)Der britische Löwe und der Hunne (3)Indien betet für Englands Sieg (4)Indien und England einig Aus dem Witzblatt "The Hindi Punch", Bombay 1916 (211) [Abb.]: Feuilletonisten an die Front! "Behalten werden sie uns gewiß nicht. Wie könnten wir denn die Psychologie des Schützengrabens täglich beschreiben, wenn wir sie einmal selbst erleben müßten?" Zeichnung von Carl Josef in "Muskete", 1915 (212) [Abb.]: Anzeige einer Ausstellung über die "deutschen Verbrechen" in Paris (1917) Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (213) [Abb.]: D'Annunzios Manuskript zu seinem beim Flug über Wien abgeworfenen Flugzettel (214) [Abb.]: Der englische Schauspieler Salisbury als Wilhelm II. in einer englischen Kriegsposse, 1915 in London aufgeführt Phot. Foulshalm & Bonfield (215) [Abb.]: Die niedliche Marneschlacht Zeichnung von Hansi, 1915 (216) [Abb.]: Die Vergewaltigung Serbiens Nach einem Gemälde (217) [3 Abb.]: Das Hinterland soll Tabak, Zucker und Leder sparen! Plakatentwürfe französischer Schulkinder (218) [Gedicht]: Auch ein französisches, in einem Schulbuch abgedrucktes Gedicht von Flament berichtet in schlichten Worten: (218) [Abb.]: Der Haßgesang! Zeichnung von David Winar, London 1915 (219) [Abb.]: Plakat einer Ausstellung des begabten Kriegszeichners und Deutschenhassers Louis Raemaekers in Paris (1916) Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (221) [Abb.]: Französisches Plakat gegen den Ankauf deutscher Waren Nach dem Original im Musée Leblance, Paris (223) [Gedicht]: Ponsonby zitiert ein patriotisches Gedicht aus einem erst kürzlich erschienenen Band, worin die Leistungen des englischen Heeres im Kriege also gefeiert werden: (224) [Abb.]: Eine Kundgebung englischer Kinder zugunsten des freiwilligen Eintritts in die Armee - (Auf der Tafel "Mein Papa ist an der Front!") Aus "Illustrated London News", 1915 (224) [Abb.]: Erotische Karikatur auf die Entente Der Lord-Ober des Nachtcafés zum Viererverband: "Meine Herren, verhalten Sie sich nicht gar so neutral. Die Damen verlangen kein Geld, sondern bezahlen sogar ihre Liebhaber." Zeichnung von G. Stieborsky in "Muskete", September 1915 ( - ) Neunzehntes Kapitel Die Verrohung Regression als Kriegsfolge - Das Verhältnis der kriegsführenden Menscheit zum Tode - Schmutz und Laus im Schützengraben - Alkohol und Nikotin im Kriege - Verbrecher und Psychopathen in den Heeren - Religiöse Wiedergeburt oder Hochkonjunktur im Aberglauben? - Die erotische Verrohung (225) [Abb.]: Verrohung im Bilde Französische Karikatur auf die Fleischnot in Deutschland. Aus "La Baionnette", 1916 (225) [Abb.]: Englisches Familienidyll zur Kriegszeit - Die Damen wetteifern in der Herstellung von Dumdumgeschossen Aus dem "Simplicissimus", 1914 (226) [Abb.]: Kosaken verfolgen deutsche Soldaten, die in einem polnischen Dorf - Gänse requiriert haben Zeichnung von J. Waldimirow in "The Graphic", 1916 (227) [Abb.]: Der Papst und das Diplomatenkorps aller Länder beten in Rom für den Frieden Photographische Aufnahme (1915) (228) [Abb.]: Die beiden Geschlechter im Kriege Zeichnung von D. R. André in "Glühlichter", Wien 1915 (229) [Abb.]: Battisti und seine Henker Eine berühmte Aufnahme, die in Italien zu Ehren Battistis, in Österreich zur Abschreckung vor Landesverrat massenhaft als Postkarte verbreitet wurde (230) [Abb.]: "Herr Huber, n'Großvater haben's g'halten!" Zeichnung von D. R. André in "Glühlichter", Wien, 1915 (231) [Abb.]: So gebet dem Kaiser, was des Kaisers ist - und Gott, was Gottes ist Zeichnung (232) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Segen Zeichnung (2)Nenette und Rintintin, die wundertätigen Fetische der französichen Soldaten Aus "La Baionnette", 1918 (233) [Abb.]: Ein italienischer Priester segnet die Kanone Photographische Aufnahme, in "The Graphic", 1916, mit folgendem Zitat aus einer Rede Salandras veröffentlicht: "Ein atavistischer Rückfall in primitive Barbarei ist viel schwerer für uns, die wir zwanzig Jahrhunderte Kultur mehr hinter uns haben, als unsere Gegner" (234) [Abb.]: Eisernes Kreuz als Verzierung überall Eine kleine Kollektion von Kriegsgeschmacklosigkeiten (235) [Abb.]: Weihnachtsverbrüderung zwischen französischen und deutschen Soldaten Zeichnung eines französischen Frontsoldaten (1915) (236) [Abb.]: Russische Popen besprengen die Truppen vor dem Abgang an die Front mit Weihwasser Zeichnung von A. Garratt in "The Graphic", 1915 (237) [Abb.]: Der Feldkurat Zeichnung (238) [Abb.]: Die Kirche im Krieg Holzschnitt (239) [Abb.]: Kriegsannonce einer Wiener Likörfabrik (240) [Abb.]: Kriegskinder spielen Bilderbogen von Raphael Kirchner, Paris 1916 ( - ) [Abb.]: "Der Weg des Ruhmes" Französische Greuelkarikatur auf die Trunksucht im deutschen Heer. Aus "Le Rire Rouge", 1915 (241) [Abb.]: Läuse fraßen im Schützengraben den Soldaten auf - im Hinterland boten sie Anlaß zu solchen Spässen (242) [Abb.]: Gesellschaftsspiel bei der Kriegsmarine Zeichnung eines Kriegsteilnehmers in der Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (243) [Abb.]: Granatformen zum Hausgebrauch Photo aus "Geschichte des Völkerkrieges", Verlag Müller Nachf., Soest (244) [Abb.]: Mensch, Gott und Gaskrieg Szene aus dem russischen Film "Der Mann, der sein Gedächtnis verlor" (245) [Abb.]: Fronleichnamsgebet in einer deutschen Bomben beschädigten Kirche Zeichnung von J. Simont in "L'Illustration", 1918 (246) [Abb.]: Das Spiel mit Leichenteilen im Schützengraben Kriegsphantasie von L. Gedö 1916 (247) [Abb.]: Kriegsreklame einer ungarischen Bierbrauerei Plakat in der Sammlung der Nationalbibliothek, Wien (248) [Abb.]: Der Tschiksammler - ein Typus aus der Zeit der Tabaknot im Hinterland Zeichnung von R. Herrmann, 1917 (249) [Abb.]: Kinder hinter der französischen Front werden mit Gasmasken ausgerüstet (250) [Abb.]: Seite aus einem von Bédier in Faksimile veröffentlichten deutschen Soldatentagebuch, deren Inhalt sich auf Vergewaltigung bezieht Aus Bédier, Les crimes allemandes, Paris 1915 (251) [Abb.]: Einzug in eine polnische Stadt Zeichnung (252) [Abb.]: "Wie stolz sie einmal in der Heimat auf ihren Sieg sein werden!" Zeichnung aus "La Baionnette", 1916 (253) [Abb.]: Das Begräbnis zweier von Zeppelins getöteter Kinder Photographische Aufnahme (254) [Abb.]: Eine Strecke des Weges der deportierten Armenier, in der Nähe von Angora Sammlung des Mechitaristenstiftes, Wien (255) [Werbung]: Setzen wir also die Original-Anzeige hierher: (255) [Abb.]: Frauenraub Zeichnung (256) [Abb.]: Wilhelm II. in der russischen Karikatur. (Man beachte das Überwiegen des tierisch-satanistischen Elementes!) Fünf Blätter aus der Mappe "Wojna russkich s njemzami", Petrograd 1915 ( - ) [Abb.]: Worüber der Klerus sich ausschweigt: die Armeniergreuel Zeichnung (257) [Abb.]: "'s war so a zwölf vom 36 er Regiment" Zeichnung (258) [Abb.]: Szene aus dem Balkankrieg Zeichnung aus der Bildermappe "Balkangreuel" (259) [Abb.]: Der "Koltschaksche Handschuh" Koltschaksche Truppen zogen Gefangenen die Haut von den Händen und ließen ihre Oper verbluten. Originalphotographie (260) [Abb.]: "Bordell und Notzuchtslegende" Zeichnung (261) [Abb.]: "Die will ich haben!" Aus "Los desastres de la guerra" (262) Zwanzigstes Kapitel Grausamkeit und Sadismus im Weltkrieg Moderne und historische kriegsgreuel - Mordlust, Lustmord und Verstümmelung - Die primitiven Völker - Südslawische Kriegsbräuche - Die Armeniergreuel - Die Notzucht im Weltkrieg und die Frauen - Das Kapitel der Kriegskinder (263) [Abb.]: Der Zeppelin kommt! Pariser Straßenszene aus dem Kriege. Zeichnung von H. Lanos in "The Graphic", 1915 (263) [Abb.]: "Siehst du, Jumbi, zu uns kommen diese weißen Leite und predigen Nächstenliebe und sie selber töten hundertmal mehr, als sie auffressen können" Zeichnung von R. Herrmann in "Glühlichter", Wien 1915 (264) [Abb.]: In London lehrt man die Kinder, wie sie sich bei Zeppelinüberfällen zu verhalten haben Photographische Aufnahme (265) [Abb.]: Krieg! Zeichnung aus dem Balkankriege. Sammlung Prof. Fr. S. Krauss, Wien (266) [Abb.]: Serbien 1915 Nach einem Gemälde (267) [Abb.]: Der Neger mit der Zahnbürste Federzeichnung eines französischen Soldaten (268) [Abb.]: Vergast Zeichnung von Steven Spurrier in "The Graphic", 1915 (269) [Abb.]: Opfer des Ruhmes: Mangels Kohlen wirft Frankreich seine 17 jährigen ins Feuer Aus "Lustige Blätter", 1917 (270) [Abb.]: Die Zeppelins im Anzug! Zeichnung von David Wilson in "The Graphic", 1915 (271) [Abb.]: Gasvergiftete Soldaten, halb wahnsinnig, winden sich auf dem Boden vor dem Feldlazarett Photographische Aufnahme, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (272) [Abb.]: Zimmer in einem belgischen Schloß Photographische Aufnahme, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (273) [Abb.]: "Kolossal! Auch Frauen und Kinder gibt's darunter!" Französische Propagandapostkarte, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (274) [Abb.]: Der Zukunftskrieg Zeichnung (275) [Gedicht]: dann leistete er aber auch noch ein übriges: (275) [Abb.]: Eine Frau in Verdun Aus "The Graphic", 1916 (276) [Lied]: fing laut zur allgemeinen Erheiterung seiner Kampf- und Leidgenossen folgendes Lied zu singen an. Es ist eigentlich eine Verhöhnung des Krieges. (277) Sonstiges (277) [Abb.]: Der Sohn des Grauens Zeichnung von Michael Gábor, 1915 (278) [Abb.]: Mord aus der Luft Zeichnung (279) [Abb.]: Kreuzland, Kreuzland über alles: Die Waisen Zeichnung (280) [Abb.]: Wenn Deutschland Bulgarien als Verbündeten weiterhaben will, so muß es sich in die Rolle Salomos versetzen und entscheiden, ob das Kind (Dobrutschka) entzweigeschnitten werden soll, wie die Türkei es will, oder lebendig seiner wahren Mutter übergeben werden soll Aus einem bulgarischen Kriegsbilderbogen, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (281) [2 Abb.]: (1)Französisches Plakat Zur Ankündigung bombenfester Keller (2)Der Krieg mordet die Symbole des Friedens Kundmachung der deutschen Kommandantur in Kowno Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (282) [Abb.]: Der frisch-fröhliche Gaskrieg Zeichnung (283) [Abb.]: Stilleben in Schabatz nach Abzug des österreichischen Heeres Aus "L'Illustration", 1915 (284) [Lied]: ein altes Lied, das über die meuchlerische Ermordung des Cengic Smailaga durch die Schwarzenbegler berichtet. Da heißt es: (284) [Abb.]: Ein Kriegskind von Soldaten in den Trümmern eines abgebrannten Hauses aufgefunden Belgische Postkarte, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (285) [Abb.]:"Sie gehen schon wieder von Wien fort?" - "O ja, und wie gern! Sie müssen nämlich wissen, daß die wienerische Gemütlichkeit jetzt in Galizien ist." Zeichnung von Willy Stiborsky in "Muskete", 1915 (286) [Abb.]: Wie die "wienerische Gemütlichkeit" in Galizien aussah Wegen angeblicher Spionage gehenkte Frauen Photographische Aufnahme (287) [Abb.]: Der deutsche Olymp: Mars in neuer Rüstung Karikatur auf den Gaskrieg von J. Kuhn-Régnier in "Fantasio", 1916 (288) [5 Abb.]: Plakate der ungarischen Revolution und Gegenrevolution Obere Reihe: (1)1. Gegen den k. u. k. Stadtkommandanten von Budapest, Lukacsics, der knapp vor dem Umsturz eine große Anzahl Deserteure hinrichten ließ. (2)2. "Zu den Waffen!" Aufruf zum Eintritt in die Rote Armee der Räteregierung. - Untere Reihe: (3)1. Wahlplakat der Sozialdemokraten unter der Károlyi-Regierung. (4)2. "Schufte! Habt ihr das gewollt?" Plakat zur Proklamation der Räteregierung. (5)3. "Sie waschen sich." Plakat der Reaktion nach dem Sturz der Räteregierung. ( - ) [Abb.]: Armenische Bäuerinnen auf dem Weg zur arabischen Wüste Sammlung des Mechitaristenstiftes, Wien (289) [Abb.]: Deportierte armenische Kinder in der Wüste, dem Hungertod entgegenharrend Sammlung des Mechitaristenstiftes, Wien (290) [Abb.]: Auf dem Wege zur Deportation verhungerte Armenier Sammlung des Mechitaristenstiftes, Wien (291) [Abb.]: Die Armeniergreuel Englische Karikatur aus "Punch", 1916 (293) [Abb.]: Eine armenische Mutter, die mit ihren zwei Kindern verhungert am Wege liegen lieb Aufnahme deutscher Soldaten in der Türkei, 1915 Sammlung des Mechitaristenstiftes, Wien (295) [Abb.]: Die Kinder hungern Zeichnung (297) [Abb.]: "Wer ist der Vater?" Zeichnung (299) [2 Gedichte]: (1)Ein französisches Gedicht sagt: (2)So jung die Wissenschaft der Sexualpsychologie, so alt ist diese Erkenntnis, die schon vor zweitausend Jahren den Liebeslehrer Ovid seine Jünger den Rat erteilen läßt: (300) [Abb.]: Die "deutsche Notzucht" Zeichnung in "Le Mot",1915 (301) [Abb.]: "Mir scheint, du bist nur ein Kaffehaus-Schwarzer - Herzklopfen könnte man bei dir auch nicht bekommen" Zeichnung (302) [Abb.]: Liebesszene Zeichnung (303) [Abb.]: Tröste dich Kleine, wir werden sagen, ein Deutscher hätte dich vergewaltigt!" Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: U-Boot-Ungeheuer Zeichnung von H. Lanos in "The Graphic", 1915 (305) [Abb.]: Die Opfer eines deutschen Fliegerüberfalles im Dezember 1914: ein Hirt und zwei Lämmer Photographische Aufnahme (306) [Abb.]: Die Nacht des Urlaubers - Zeppelinalarm in Paris Zeichnung von C. Hérouard in "La Vie Parisienne", 1918 (307) Einundzwanzigstes Kapitel Die Erotik der Umsturzzeit Die Frauen in der Revolution - Russische Liebesleben im Krieg und Bürgerkrieg - Der Sadismus in der Gegenrevolution - Prostitution und Liebesleben im besetzten Rheinland - Schwarze Schmach und Reparationskinder (309) [Abb.]:Ordnung und Ruhe Zeichnung (309) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Revolution ist der Friede Zeichnung von R. Minor, New York (2)Verbrüderung zwischen deutschen und russischen Soldaten an der Dünaburgfront, während Miljukow den Krieg bis zum Siege fortsetzen will ("A. I. Z.") (310) [Abb.]: Der letzte Strich des Zensors Zeichnung von Trier in "Lustige Blätter", 1919 (311) [Abb.]: Feindliche Flugblätter ermutigen zur Revolution Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (312) [Abb.]: Feindliche Flugblätter ermutigen zur Revolution Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (313) [Abb.]: Illegale deutsche Zeitungen während des Krieges (314) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Fetzen Papier Aus "Lustige Blätter", 1919 (2)Postkarte aus dem ersten Nachkriegswochen Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (315) [2 Abb.]: (1)Aus den Januartagen Berlins Photographische Aufnahme (2)Berlin, Januar 1919 Photographische Aufnahme (316) [Abb.]: Berliner Straßenbild aus den Tagen der Bürgerkrieges Photographische Aufnahme (317) [Abb.]: Der Bürgerkrieg Aus "Die Pleite", Zürich 1923 (318) [2 Abb.]: (1)Szene aus dem Bürgerkrieg in Mitteldeutschland Photographische Aufnahme (2)Im Zweifel "Mein Gott, wenn ich nur wüßte, ob das eine Filmaufnahme oder ein Putschversuch ist." Aus "Lustige Blätter", 1919 (319) [Abb.]: Arbeitslos durch die Revolution Zeichnung von S. Heilemann in "Lustige Blätter", 1918 (320) [Abb.]: Die Dame und der Rotarmist Zeichnung ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ansichtskarte aus München 1918 Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Auf dem Strich der Verfassung Politische Karikatur aus dem Jahre 1919 (321) [2 Abb.]: (1)Krieg und Frieden Karikatur (2)Auf dem österreichischen Aussterbeetat Zeichnung von F. Goebel in "Faun", 1919 (322) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Ententemission in Wien arbeitet Zeichnung von K. Benedek in "Faun", 1919 (2)Plakat gegen das Frauenwahlrecht Zeichnung (323) [Abb.]: "Nach uns der Kommunismus!" Zeichnung von George Grosz in "Die Pleite", 1924 (324) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Jetzt soll s' kommen, die Volksehr, ich bin gewappnet." Zeichnung von F. Goebel in "Faun", 1919 (2)Deutsches Wahlplakat Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (325) [2 Abb.]: (1)Clémenceau:"Wie, Sie gehen mit der neuen Gesellschaft schwanger? Die werde ich Ihnen schon abtreiben!" Aus "L'Assiette au Beurre", 1919 (2)Der Friede, eine Idylle Zeichnung (326) [Abb.]: Der Friedensathlet Russische Karikatur (327) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Kommunist "Laßt sie doch sozialisieren, Kinder, laßt sie doch sozialisieren! Ich besitze nichts weiter im Überfluß wie Gallensteine, und die teil' ich gerne!" Zeichnung von F. Jüttner in "Lustige Blätter", 1919 (2)Das französische Siegesplakat "Clémenceau und Foch haben sich um das Vaterland verdient gemacht." Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (328) [Abb.]: Dublin nach sieben Tagen Revolution Aus "Illustrated London News", 1916 (329) [Abb.]: Der Zeichner als Prophet Die Stimme Ludwig XVI.: "Sie froh, Romanow! Kerenski ist kein Robespierre!" Zeichnung von Trier in "Lustige Blätter", 1917 (330) Nach Rasputins Tod Die Petersburger Fürstinnen 1 bis 6: "Ja, ja, mein Kind, nun hast du keinen Vater mehr!" Zeichnung von G. Müller-Schulte in "Lustige Blätter",1917 (331) [Abb.]: Zar Nikolaus II. im russischen Hauptquartier Aus "L'Illustration", 1917 (332) [Abb.]: Wenn der russische Bär Angst kriegt Aus "Glühlichter", 1915 (333) [Abb.]: In Petersburg Der Adjutant: "Majestät, wozu hier diese Fortifikationen? Nach Petersburg wird doch die deutsche Armee nicht kommen." Der Zar: "Die deutsche nicht, aber die russische." Zeichnung aus "Labour Leader", 1915 (334) [2 Abb.]: (1)General Wrangel wäscht sich die Hand Zeichnung von George Grosz in "13 Jahre Mord" (2)Von Koltschak ermordete russische Bauern Aus "An Alle", 10 Jahre Sowjetunion (335) [Abb.]: Der Auftakt zur russischen Revolution: Das Volk Petersburgs plündert Lebensmittelgeschäfte ("A. I. Z.") (336) [2 Abb.]: Bilder aus den Tagen der gegenrevolutionären Ausschreitungen in Ungarn Zeichnungen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Typus aus dem Todesbataillon Kerenskis Aus dem russischen Film "10 Tage, die die Welt erschütterten" (2)Auf der Strecke des russischen weißen Terrors Russische Zeichnung (337) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine Tapfere aus Kerenskis Frauenbataillon Aus dem russ. Film "10 Tage, die die Welt erschütterten" (2)Der russische Bourgeois: "Die Arbeiter essen Kaviar, denen geht's gut!" Aus der russischen Zeitschrift "Krassnaja Niwa" (Rote Wiese) (338) [Abb.]: Starkes und schwaches Geschlecht in der russischen Revolution Zeichnung (339) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Budapester Ententemissionen melden: "In Ungarn gibt es keinen weißen Terror." Zeichnung von Vértes, 1919 (2)Transdanubische Landschaft 1919 Zeichnung von Vértes in "Bilder aus der ungarischen Hölle" (340) [4 Abb.]: Köpfe aus der russischen Revolution (1)Lenin (2)Lunatscharski (3)Tschitscherin Zeichnungen von Paul Robert in ""L'Illustration", 1918 (4)Plakat mohammedanischer Frauen in Taschkent für die Gleichberechtigung Aus "Das neue Rußland", 1927 (341) [2 Abb.]: (1)Titelblatt einer Broschüre über den Fall der Frau Hamburger, die nach dem Sturz der Budapester Räteregierung Opfer des gegenrevolutionären Sadismus wurde (2)Antisemitisches Plakat der ungarischen Gegenrevolution nach dem Sturz der Räteregierung. Die Figur auf dem Bilde soll Szamuely darstellen. Die Aufschrift lautet: "Haben wir dafür gekämpft?" Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (342) [Abb.]: Liebesszene aus den Tagen der ungarischen Gegenrevolution Zeichnung (343) [Abb.]: Propagandapostkarte von Matejko Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (344) [Abb.]: Rheinland 1919 Zeichnung (345) [Abb.]: Titelseite eines im besetzten Rheinland von Deutschen herausgegebenen französischen Witzblattes Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (346) [4 Abb.]: (1)(2)Die Ruhrbesetzung Französisches Plakat und deutsche Antwort Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (3)(4)Erotischer Notgeldschein, sogenannte Ruhrtaler Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (347) [Abb.]: Gebet des Besatzungskommandanten: "Lieber Gott, gib, daß die Deutschen möglichst lange nicht zahlen!" Aus "Le Rire du Poilus", 1923 Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (348) [Abb.]: Offiziere und Gemeine im französischen Besatzungsheer am Rhein Zeichnung von Jacquement in "Le Rire du Roilus", 1923 (349) [Abb.]: Lorelei: "Jetzt weiß ich, was soll es bedeuten, daß ich so traurig bin!" Aus "Lustige Blätter", 1919 (350) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Und die deutschen Frauen am deutschen Rhein, Sie haben den Schwarzen zu Willen zu sein." Aus einem Flugblatt zu den preußischen Landtagswahlen 1921 (2)Nach dem Abzug der Engländer aus dem Rheinland "Unser Vaterland kann mit uns zufrieden sein. Wir haben dafür gesorgt, daß die Reparationszahler in Deutschland nicht alle werden." Zeichnung von Faludy in "Der Götz von Berlichingen", Wien 1930 (351) [Abb.]: Titelseite des deutschen Flugblattes "Notruf" gegen die schwarze Schmach Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (352) [Abb.]: Der schwarze Sturm Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Postkarte gegen die schwarze Schmach Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (353) [Abb.]: Jumbo, der Frauenfresser Zeichnung (355) [Abb.]: Postkarte gegen die schwarze Schmach Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (356) [Abb.]: Plakat gegen die schwarze Schmach Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (357) Zweiundzwanzigstes Kapitel Die Inflations- und Nachkriegsjahre Der Sinnestaumel: Heiratswut, Tanzepidemie, Rauschgiftseuche, Prostitution und Mädchenhandel nach dem Kriege - Erotische Straßenliteratur - Die Sexualreform und ihre Verwirklichung in Rußland - Die neuen Frauentypen: Flapper, Garçonne und die Frau von morgen (359) [Abb.]: Die Heimkehr der Vertriebenen Radierung (359) [Abb.]: Zweierlei Arbeitslose: Drinnen und draußen Zeichnung von J. Danilowatz in "Der Götz von Berlichingen", Wien 1919 (360) [Abb.]: Das Valuta-Mädel "Mein Schwede ist abgereist - nun kann ich mir zehn Deutsche suchen" Aus "Lustige Blätter", 1920 (361) [Abb.]: Nachkriegsidyll Zeichnung (362) [Abb.]: Das Morphium Zeichnung (363) [Abb.]: "Kindertransport" nach Rumänien (zum Thema: Mädchenhandel in der Nachkriegszeit) Zeichnung von F. Bayros, 1919 (364) [Abb.]: Der ertüchtigte Frauenkörper "Ihre Schwächen zeigt sie natürlich nicht öffentlich" Zeichnung von V. Weixler, 1920 (365) [Abb.]: Der Tanz auf dem Vulkan "Der Tanz ist wunderbar, bloß der Boden ist etwas heiß" Zeichnung von Lutz Ehrenberger in "Lustige Blätter", 1919 (366) [8 Abb.]: Der neue Anzug - eine Inflationstragödie (1)Bei noch so wenig Körperfülle bracht man dafür doch eine Hülle. (2)Der Anzug paßt von vornherein nicht gut in das Budget hinein. (3)Zu Ankaufszwecken meistens wir ein Pump und Vorschuß kombiniert. (4)Doch auch beim sorgsamsten Kalkül trifft heut kein Vorschuß in das Ziel. (5)Die Audienz beim "Kleiderkönig" ergab: das Geld ist viel zu wenig. (6)Man spart und wird beim Sparen reifer, doch auch der Kurs wird täglich steifer. (7)Die Kronen türmen sich zuhauf, doch nie langt's für den Kleiderkauf (8)Der neue Anzug blieb ihm fremd 's langt nicht mal mehr aufs Sterbehemd. Zeichnungen von L. Kmoch, Text von F. J. Gribitz, in "Faun", 1920 (367) [Abb.]: Soziale Umschichtung Der ehemalige Kriegslieferant auf der Heimfahrt von der Auktion: "Ja. den Galawagen hab ich gut gekauft, Rosalinde - ich fürchte bloß, sie wern uns mal für Wilhelm und Auguste halten!" Aus "Lustige Blätter", 1919 (368) [Abb.]: Rassenmischer Krieg Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Auch die Revolution hat ihr Gutes Der Kriegsgewinner in der Hofloge: "Laura, das Publikum guckt her, verneige dich huldvoll!" Zeichnung von Lutz Ehrenberger in "Lustige Blätter", Dezember 1918 (369) [Abb.]: Rassenmischung Von der Verbrüderung der Rassen halt' ich nichts. Höchstens die Babys hätten als Zebras eine schöne Varietézukunft Zeichnung (370) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Geheimnis Aus einer Mappe der Nachkriegserotik (2)Der Tanz der Gonokokken "Womit jemand sündigt - damit wird er geplagt" Zeichnung von Rob im "Faun" 1919 (371) [Abb.]: Freut euch des Lebens! Zeichnung von George Grosz in "Abrechnung folgt" (372) [Abb.]: Umsturzphilosophie "Heute müssen wir uns einen Rausch antrinken, daß wir die vielen Heimkehrer ein bißchen vergessen" Zeichnung (373) [Abb.]: Im Wartezimmer des Spezialisten Zeichnung (374) [Abb.]: Der Krieg geht in den Familien fort Zeichnung (375) [Abb.]: Der Triumphzug der Jazz Zeichnung (376) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kinderfürsorge in den Sowjetstaaten Die Moskauer Sammelstelle für Muttermilch, wo die säugenden Mütter ihren Überfluß an Milch abgeben (2)Frauensport in Sowjetrußland Russische Athletinnen trainieren zur Spartakiade ("A. I. Z.") (377) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die russische Propaganda gegen die kirchliche Trauung Zeichnung (2)Die russische Bäuerin verheizt die Ikone Zeichnung von Deni in "Bezboschnik" 1926 (378) [Abb.]: Frau Schesterkina vom Stamme der Mordwinen als Delegierte auf einem Sowjetkongreß (379) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Orientalin verhöhnt den alten Muselmann Karikatur von Deni in "Bezboschnik" 1924 (2)Mutterschaftsfürsorge in der Sowjetunion Aus "Mahnruf" 1930 (380) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die russische Schriftstellerin Sejfullina Aus "Das neue Rußland", 1927 (2)Eine berühmte russische Militärfliegerin: Nadeshda Sumarokowa Aus "Mahnruf" 1930 (381) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russische Arbeiterin lernt mit dem Gewehr umgehen Photographische Aufnahme (2)Die Sowjetdiplomatin und Schriftstellerin Kollontaj Karikatur von Paul Robert (Moskau, 1918) (382) [3 Abb.]: (1)Kinderfürsorge in Sowjetrußland Plakat gegen "schmutzige Kleidung, schlechte Ammen, dunkle Räume, schlechte Luft" (2)Russisches Fürsorgeplakat. "Warum trinkst du meine Milch ? Nährt dich denn deine Mutter nicht ?" (3)Säuglingsrevolution auf einem Sowjetplakat. "Wir verlangen: Schutz vor Fliegen, trockene saubere Windeln, Muttermilch, frische Luft und Sonnenlicht, gesunde Eltern!" Aus Rußland, Neuer Deutscher Verlag (383) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die muselmannische Frau auf dem Wege aus dem Harem Zeichnung von Deni aus "Bezboschnik" 1924 (2)Die antireligiöse Propaganda in Rußland Der Zeichner macht sich über das jüdische Osterzeremoniell lustig Zeichnung von Deni in "Bezboschnik" 1925 (384) [Abb.]: Tanzwut Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Die Frauenemanzipation in Rußland Samojedische Delegierte aus dem äußersten Norden der Sowjetunion auf einem Moskauer Parteikongreß Aus "Das neue Rußland" (385) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die Befreiung der Orientalin Russische Zeitung (2)Den Schleier nieder! Die Befreiung der Orientalin Zeichnung von Deni in "Bezboschnik" 1926 (3)Die russische Kirche und die Frauen Russische Karikatur (386) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russische Mutter zapft sich Milch für darbende Säuglinge ab. Die so gewonnene Muttermilch wird von der Moskauer Sammelstelle in Flaschen abgeliefert (2)Bäuerin in Turkestan mit ihrer primitiven Kornhandmühle Aus "Das neue Rußland" 1928 (387) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die Sowjetpropaganda gegen Taufe und Beschneidung Zeichnung von Deni in "Bezboschnik" 1924 (2)Die Russin politisiert Zeichnung von Ikoneikow in "Bezboschnik", 1924 (3)Der Pope und die abtrünnige Bäuerin Karikatur von Deni in "Bezboschnik", 1926 (388) [2 Abb.]: (1)Zur Vermännlichung der Frau in der Nachkriegszeit: Amerikanische Universitätshörerinnen in Männerkleidung Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (2)Frau Valerie Smith, genannt Captain Barker eine Frau, die, als Mann verkleidet, jahrelang als Führer des englischen Faschismus tätig war Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (389) [Abb.]: Genießertum in der Nachkriegszeit Zeichnung (390) [Abb.]: Der Feinschmecker Aus einer Mappe der Nachkriegserotik (391) [2 Abb.]: (1)Früh um 5 Uhr. Zeichnung von Gorge Groß in "Das Gesicht der herrschenden Klasse" (2)Plakat gegen die Tanzwut Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (392) [2 Abb.]: (1)Frühlingserwachen Zeichnung (2)Nachkriegsprostitution: "Kommen Sie mit, Onkel, ich bin minderjährig" Zeichnung (393) [Abb.]: Moderner Akt Zeichnung von Egon Schiele, 1918 (394) [Abb.]: Nachkriegsmoral "Ich würde meiner Tochter nie erlauben, abends alleine auszugehen, wenn sie mir nicht versichert hätte, daß sie unter polizeilicher Aufsicht stehe" Zeichnung von Vértes, 1919 (395) [Abb.]: Französische Soldaten haben in Palaipolis im zweiten Kriegsjahr eine antike Statue entdeckt. Die Statue stellte den Liebesgott des Griechen Eros dar. Gleich wie der Liebe im Kriege die echte Zuneigung und Vergeistigung fehlte, war auch dieser Eros ein Torso ohne Arme und Kopf aus "L'Illustration", 1915 (397) [Gedicht]: Diese Zukunft spricht zu uns aus den schönen Versen des Dichters Hermann Claudius, in denen unsere Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges ausklingen möge: (398) Anhang (399) I. Verbotene erotische Literatur im Kriege (399) [Abb.]: Kriegertraum Zeichnung von E. Hérouard in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (399) [Abb.]: Auf dem Friedhof von Ypern "Wofür haben wir uns gegenseitig ermordet?" Zeichnung von Rudolf Herrmann in "Bilder aus dem Alltagsleben" (400) [3 Abb.]: Kriegsnächte (1)Die blaue Nacht (2)Die weiße Nacht (3)Die rote Nacht Zeichnungen von C. Hérouard, Paris 1918 ( - ) [Abb.]: Zu den Waffen! Zeichnung von Alfred Roll, Paris (401) [Abb.]: Anstehen nach Kohlen, 1917 Zeichnung von H. Zille in "Kriegsmarmelade" (Die Veröffentlichung des Blattes war während des Krieges verboten) Mit freundl. Genehmigung des Neuen Deutschen Verlages (402) [Abb.]: Frankreich läßt die afrikanischen Untertanen Kriegsanleihen zeichnen Aus"L'Illustration", 1916 (403) [Abb.]: Wein, Weib und Gesang im Kriege Zeichnung (404) [Abb.]: Kriegsgreuel Zeichnung (405) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Sieger Holzschnitt (2)Etappenmädel Zeichnung (406) [2 Abb.]: (1)Schlachtvieh für das Kanonenfutter Französische Aufnahme (2)Abgesandte der Skupschtina setzen über den See von Skutari Aus "L'Illustration", 1916 (407) [3 Abb.]: (1)Schwarzweiße Liebe Aus "La Baionnette", 1916 (2)Exotische Gäste in Paris Aus "La Baionnette", 1916 (3)Japaner und Pariserin Zeichnung von A. Valès in "La Vie Parisienne", 1997 (408) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Ernte der Geschosse Szene aus dem russischen Antikriegsfilm "Der Mann, der sein Gedächtnis verlor" (2)Saal eines Schlosses in Guè-a-Tresme mit dem für deutsche Offiziere bereiteten Mahl, das von einem feindlichen Überfall unterbrochen wurde Aus "L'Illustration", 1914 (409) [Tabelle]: Es entfielen (in Prozenten ausgedrückt) von den dauernder Prüfung unterworfenen Druckschriften auf (409) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Kellnerin der Offizierskasinos Französische Karikatur (2)Chaplin im Kriege "Warum geht der Mann nicht an die Front? Dort würde er stark und gesund werden." Zeichnung von Reynolds in "Punch", 1917 (410) [Tabelle]: Wegen des gleichen Delikts wurden 1924/25 bestraft in: (410) [Abb.]: Aber die Liebe Die Kriegshunde erwiesen sich im Nachrichtendienst als sehr nützlich. Oft aber werden sie, durch Liebe verblendet, zu Vaterlandsverrätern Zeichnung von E. O Petersen in "Simplicissimus", 1915 (411) [Abb.]: Titelseite einer französischen Schützengrabenzeitung, von der nur die erste, konfiszierte Nummer erschien Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (412) [Abb.]: Aus großer Zeit Zeichnung von U. Zille Mit freundl. Genehmigung des Neuen Deutschen Verlags, aus "Für alle!" (413) II. Die Kriegserotik in der Literatur. (414) [Gedicht]: Aus Herbert Lewandowski, "Der lachende Soldat". Geschrieben 1915. Bezüglich der Zahl der Kriegsopfer habe ich mich allerdings damals erheblich (zugunsten der Diplomatie) geirrt. (414) [Abb.]: Der Tod und das Mädchen (frei nach dem Lied von Schubert) Politische Zeichnung von Jordaan in "De Notenkraker", 1915 (414) [Abb.]: Reicht es? Reichte es nicht? Zeichnung (415) [2 Abb.]: (1)Frohes Wiedersehen (2)Estaminet hinter der Westfront Französische Frontzeichnung, 1915 (416) [2 Abb.]: (1)Traurige Trennung Zeichnung von E. Herouard in "Fantasio", 1916 (2)Windgeblähte Phantasien Zeichnung von A. Guyon in "Le Courire de France", 1918 (417) [Abb.]: Feldbräute rechts und links Zeichnung (418) [Abb.]: Geschlechtsnot Zeichnung (419) [Abb.]: Die Menschheit im Kriege Zeichnung (420) [Abb.]: Die Flucht des serbischen Stabschefs Putnik Albanien Aus "L'Illustration", 1916 (421) [Abb.]: Im Olymp "Fix Laudon, jetzt wird's mir schon selber zu dumm. Jeden Tag an einer neuen Front - da soll ein anderer Kriegsgott sein!" Zeichnung von D. R. André in "Glühlichter", 1915 (422) [2 Abb.]: (1)Brandstifterkollegium Gedenkmünze von K. Goetz, die Außenminister der Entente darstellend Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2) Paris feiert den 14. Juli im letzten Kriegsjahr Titelzeichnung von J. Simont in "L'Illustration", 1918 (423) [Abb.]: Kriegsliebe "Nur mang mit de Ruhe, Kinna - Krawutschka, der Nächste!" Zeichnung (424) [Abb.]: Englisch-französisches Bündnis Zeichnung (425) [Abb.]: Die Schauspielerin Mlle. Chenal singt in der Pariser Opéra-Comique die Marseillaise Zeichnung (426) [Abb.]: Deutsche Soldaten bewundern den Manneken piss in Brüssel Photo aus der Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (427) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rußland stellt sich schützend vor Serbien Italienische Karikatur auf den Kriegsausbruch (2)Die erotische Revolution nach dem Kriege Titelseite eines Berliner Kolportageblattes (428) [Abb.]: Zeichnung von H. Zille Mit freundl. Genehmigung des Neuen Deutschen Verlags, aus "Für Alle" (429) [2 Abb.]: (1)Vorbereitungen zum Sturmangriff Karikatur von J. Priselli in "Solnze Rossij", 1915 (2)Scherz, Ironie und Bedeutung auf einer Postkarte. Umgekehrt gehalten ergeben die Ziffern im Spiegel eine drastisch-knappe Kritik der Reparationsforderungen) Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (430) [Gedicht]: Über die Kriegsprostitution möge hier ein Gedicht vom Schreiber dieser Zeilen Aufnahme finden: (430) [Abb.]: Russische Kriegslandkarte Sammlung A. Woff, Leipzig (431) [Abb.]: Der Elefant und das Nest der kleinen Nationen Eine englische Kaiserkarikatur von B. Partridge in "Punch", 1917 (432) [Abb.]: die gallische Henne hätte die Eier der Friedenstaube ausbrüten können - aber es sind doch nur deutsche Pickelhauben! Zeichnung von F. Bayros, 1919 ( - ) [Abb.]: "Für ein paar Bissen, Herr Oberoffizier!" Zeichnung (433) [Abb.]: "Ja, mein Kind! So ist unser ganzes Leben!" Zeichnung von H. Zille in "Kriegsmarmelade". Mit freundl. Genehmigung des Neuen Deutschen Verlags (435) [Gedicht]: Die Knaben im Krieg. (435) Schlusswort (437) Literaturangaben (439) Dreizehntes Kapitel (439) Vierzehntes Kapitel (439) Fünfzehntes Kapitel (440) Sechzehntes Kapitel (440) Siebzehntes Kapitel (441) Achtzehntes Kapitel (441) Neunzehntes Kapitel (442) Zwanzigstes Kapitel (443) Einundzwanzigstes Kapitel (444) Zweiundzwanzigstes Kapitel (445) Inhalt des zweiten Bandes ( - ) Illustratoren-Verzeichnis zu den zwei Bänden "Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges" ( - ) Verzeichnis der Farbentafeln ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

SITTENGESCHICHTE DES WELTKRIEGES I. BAND Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges (-) Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges I. Band (I. / 1930) ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Abb.]: ( - ) Titelseite ([III]) Impressum ([IV]) Vorwort (V) Einleitung Begriffsbestimmungen - Sitte, Moral und Recht - Sittengeschichtliche Bedeutung der Kriege und des Weltkrieges - Wirtschaftliche Notwendigkeit, Sittlichkeit und Erotik in ihrem Einfluß auf den Krieg (VII) [Abb.]: Der Krieg bei den Amazonen Zeichnung von Kuhn-Régnier, "La Vie Parisienne", 1915 (VII) [Abb.]: Das europäische Gleichgewicht Zeichnung (VIII) [Abb.]: Russische Karikatur auf Rasputin (IX) [Abb.]: Krieg heißt: Diebstahl, Notzucht, Mord Zeichnung von Delannoy in "Assiette au beurre", 1907 (XI) [Abb.]: Unsere Kinder werden ihnen Halt gebieten Zeichnung (XIII) [Abb.]: Wilhelm II. in der Karikatur Französische Postkarte aus der Zeit der Marokkokonfliktes Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (XIV) [Abb.]: Kaiser Franz Joseph als Ballerine Französische Postkarte aus der Vorkriegszeit Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (XV) [Abb.]: "Wo kommt denn diese bewaffnete Bande her? Wir wollen flüchten!" Zeichnung (XVII) [Abb.]: Kamarilla viribus unitis Wiener Diplomatie Zeichnung von Kupka, 1907 (XIX) [Abb.]: Kriegsgrauen (XX) [Abb.]: Italienische Postkarten aus dem Jahre 1916 Wilhelm II. und Franz Joseph I. in der erotischen Karikatur der Entente ( - ) Erstes Kapitel Die Umwälzung der Moral vor und in dem Kriege Sittengeschichtliche Tendenzen der Vorkriegsjahre - Wirtschaftliche, politische und erotische Frauenemanzipation - Die erotischen Typen der Vorkriegsfrau (1) [Abb.]: La belle Otero oder der Zauber des Trikots Ein Beitrag zur Vorkriegserotik Aus Hirschfeld-Spinner, "Geschlecht und Verbrechen" (1) [Abb.]: Nacktkultur in Friedenszeit - zehn Mark Strafe Photographische Aufnahme (2) [Abb.]: Frauensport und Nacktkultur im Kriege Französische karikaturistische Zeichnung von Valdés, 1918 (3) [Abb.]: Die schlafende Unschuld Psychoanalytische Zeichnung aus einem Sonderheft der Zeitschrift "Le Disque Vert" (4) [Abb.]: Die Tänzerin Gaby Deslys, die ihre Schönheit in den Dienst der Kunst und bei Kriegsausbruch in den der englischen Kriegspropaganda stellte Photographische Aufnahme (5) [Abb.]: Das Frauenideal der Vorkriegszeit Die Tänzerin Mata Hari aus Hirschfeld-Spinner, "Geschlecht und Verbrechen" (6) [Abb.]: Der Bürger: "Der nicht arbeitet, soll dafür gut essen!" Zeichnung (7) [Abb.]: Französische Postkarte als Antwort auf den bekannten "Oktoberaufruf der Dreiundneunzig" nach Kriegsausbruch Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (8) [Abb.]: Das Zuhältermotiv in der Karikatur Germania und ihr türkischer Freund, dem sie Geld zusteckt Aus einem russischen Kriegsbilderbogen Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (9) [Abb.]: Französische Frauen am Pflug Photographische Aufnahme (10) [Abb.]: Zum Thema: Krieg und Frauenemanzipation Kriegsbilderbogen "Woche", Berlin (11) [Abb.]: Das Kapital und der Krieg Zeichnung von Boris Jefimoff, Moskau (12) [Lied]: Ein vielgesungenes Pariser Couplet "Elles tiendront" von Jacques Folrey drückt diese Wahrheit auf seine Weise aus, idem es in den ersten Strophen die verschiedenen Formen verulkt, die die Erwerbstätigkeit der Frau im Frankreich der Kriegszeit annahm, um in der letzten Strophe auch gleich die politische Folgerung zu ziehen: (12) [Abb.]: Frauenarbeit im Kriege An der Granatendrehbank einer deutschen Munitionsfabrik Photographische Aufnahme (13) [Abb.]: Massage in der Vorkriegszeit Nach einem Gemälde (15) [Abb.]: Franz Joseph in der englischen Karikatur "Punch", 1916 (16) [Abb.]: Dirne und Zuhälter Rußland und Frankreich im Spiegel der Karikatur, "Muskete", August 1915 Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Frauenakt Zeichnung (17) [Abb.]: Mädchen (18) [Abb.]: Der Sündenfall Karikatur auf das russisch-französische Bündnis von C. Arnold Flugblatt der "Liller Kriegszeitung", 1916 (19) [Abb.]: Zärtliche Träume Zeichnung von Fabiano, aus "La Vie Parisienne", 1914 (20) [Abb.]: Die Ernte des Jahres 1915 Italienische Kriegskarikatur aus dem Witzblatt "L'Asino" (21) [Abb.]: Bethmann-Hollweg und die Wahrheit Politische Zeichnung (22) [Abb.]: Bad an der Seine Zeichnung von G. Léonnec, aus "La Vie Parisienne", 1914 (23) [Abb.]: Bei der Toilette Üppige Frauenschönheit vor dem Kriege Nach einem Gemälde (25) [Abb.]: "Werden Sie diskret sein?" Zeichnung (26) [Abb.]: Das Gänschen (ein verschwundener Mädchentypus) Zeichnung von A. Vallée aus "La Vie Parisienne", 1913 (27) [2 Abb.]: (1)Jochanaan tragt der Salome seinen Kopf nach Partie aus einem Fries (2)"Du mußt ihn gehen lassen, sonst heißt es gleich, du störst den Burgfrieden." Zeichnung von Th. Th. Heine, aus "Kleine Bilder aus großer Zeit" (28) Zweites Kapitel Erotik und Triebleben bei Kriegsausbruch Die Hurrabegeisterung und ihr libidinöser Hintergrund - Abschwächung oder Steigerung des Geschlechtstriebes bei Kriegsausbruch? - Der Krieg im Lichte der Soziologie und der Psychoanalyse (29) [Abb.]: "Sie müssen schon entschuldigen, seit mein Mann tauglich befunden wurde, läuft er tagsüber nackt herum" Zeichnung von M. Rodiguet in "Le Rire rouge", 1917 (29) [Abb.]: Ausmarsch Zeichnung von B. Wennerberg, aus "Simplicissimus", 1915 (30) [Abb.]: Europa auf dem wilden Stier Zeichnung (31) [Abb.]: Das patriotische Lied Zeichnung von A. Roubille in "Fantasio", 1914 (32) [Abb.]: Das Herz der Dame "Schick' den Kriegskrüppel um Gotteswillen fort. Ist es nicht genug, daß ich die ganze Nacht auf einem Kriegswohltätigkeitsball getanzt habe?" Zeichnung von A. Mazza, Milano ( - ) [Abb.]: Die Pariser Börse am Tage der Kriegserklärung Photographische Aufnahme (33) [Abb.]: Eine englische Reservistenfamilie oder eine Kriegslaokoongruppe mit den "Putties" (Wickelgamaschen) statt Schlangen Zeichnung von Townsend, "Punch", 1915 (34) [2 Abb.]: "Kopflose Maßnahmen des Publikums. - (1)Masseneinkauf von Mehl. - (2)Ansturm von unnötigerweise beunruhigten Sparern auf die Städtischen Sparkasse in Berlin" Zwei Bilder, die knapp nach Kriegsausbruch mit diesem Text in mehreren Blättern erschienen. Aus "Ill. Zeitung", Leipzig. 1914 (35) [Abb.]: Die Freiwilligen Holzschnitt (36) [Abb.]: Gewissen 1917 Holzschnitt von Franz Masereel, aus "Politische Zeichnungen", Erich Reiß-Verlag, Berlin (37) [Abb.]: Kriegsbegeisterung auch in Moskau? Photographische Aufnahme (38) [Abb.]: "Schwören wir, meine Damen, daß wir keinen Mann heiraten, der lebend aus dem Krieg zurückkommt!" "La Baionnette", 1916 (39) [Abb.]: Englisches Phlegma "Du mußt in den Krieg - und das Kind ist auf dem Wege." "Bis es heiratet, hoffe ich zurück zu sein." Zeichnung von R. C. Ventura, aus der italienischen Kriegsmappe "Gli Unni e gli altri" (41) [Abb.]: Die Gesundbeter oder die K. V.-Maschinen Zeichnung (42) [Abb.]: Die Menschen und der Krieg Holzschnitt von Franz Masereel, aus "Politische Zeichnungen", Erich Reiß-Verlag, Berlin (43) [Abb.]: Kriegsfreundliche Massenkundgebung vor dem Schloß in Berlin Photographische Aufnahme (44) [Abb.]: Die Pariser Schauspielerin Mlle. Delysia singt in London in einer Revue die Marseillaise Photo Wrather and Buy (45) [Abb.]: Einerseits um die Mannschaft bei guter Laune zu erhalten, andererseits um die Frauen mehr in den Dienst des Vaterlands zu stellen, wurde in den französischen Kasernen die Besuchszeit über Nacht ausgedehnt. Aus "Der Faun", Wien, 1916 (46) [Abb.]: Der heilige Krieg Holzschnitt von Franz Masereel, aus "Politische Zeichnungen", Erich Reiß-Verlag, Berlin (47) [Abb.]: Hurra, der Krieg ist da! Photographische Aufnahme (48) [Abb.]: Das Gespenst des Krieges Zeichnung (49) [Abb.]: Erschießung eines russischen Kriegsdienstverweigerers Aus "Geschichte der russischen Revolution", Neuer Deutscher Verlag, Berlin (50) Drittes Kapitel Die Dame in der Loge Geht der Kampf um sie? - Ihr Sadismus und ihre Kraftanbetung - Uniformfetischismus - Die Dame als Mittel der Kriegspropaganda, als Kriegshetzerin und Pflegerin - Die Kriegsmode und ihr erotischer Hintergrund (51) [Abb.]: Der hohe Damenstiefel als Fetisch Zeichnung von G. Zórád im ungarischen Witzblatt "Fidibusz", 1918 (51) [Abb.]: Der Brief des Poilu: "Ich sehe Sie vor mir, wie Sie, jeder Zoll eine Frau, in duftiger Mousseline einherschweben." Zeichnung von Ed. Touraine in "La Baionnette", 1915 (52) [Abb.]: Ein frommer Wunsch deutscher Modeschöpfer: Die militarisierte Damenmode Aus "Elegante Welt", 1915 (53) [Abb.]: Die versuchte Militarisierung der Frauentracht Modebild aus "Elegante Welt", 1915 (54) [Abb.]: Die Kraftanbetung der Frau (Bizepsfetischismus) Photographische Aufnahme (55) [Abb.]: Die Dame im Werbedienst Die englische Schauspielerin Miss Lorraine hält im Dienste der englischen Rekrutierung eine Ansprache Photographische Aufnahme (56) [Abb.]: Von allen beneidet, stolziert die Französin am Arm ihres Helden durch die Pariser Straßen Zum Kapitel: Heldenverehrung der Frau Zeichnung von Fabiano in "La Baionnette", 1915 (57) [Abb.]: Stacheldrahtkrinoline 1916 Die Kriegsmode in der englischen Karikatur Aus "London Mail" (58) [Abb.]: Der Frühling kommt schon als Soldat Zeichnung (59) [Abb.]: Die deutsche Sängerin im Spiegel der französischen Karikatur Zeichnung (60) [Abb.]: Die Kriegskrinoline "Lustige Blätter", 1916 (61) [Abb.]: Die Pariser und die Berliner Mode Französische Karikatur (62) [Abb.]: Am Morgen vor dem Abmarsch Zeichnung (63) [Abb.]: Derby braucht Soldaten "Mister Tomson zum Militär? Ausgeschlossen! Bereits von mir assentiert!" Kriegflugblatt der "Liller Kriegszeitung" (64) [Gedicht]: Auch hier wendet sich der Dichter Harold Begbie an den Drückeberger, den es allerdings im eigentlichen Sinne in England damals nicht gab, da der Eintritt in die Armee freiwillig erfolgte: (64) [Abb.]: Marianne empfängt ihren Sieger Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Beitrag zur Vermännlichung der Frau im Kriege Pariser Theaterreklame aus dem Jahre 1916 Aus der Sammlung des Archives photographiques d'Art et d'histoire, Paris (65) [Abb.]: "Du bist nicht mehr freiwillige Pflegerin?" - "Nein, warum auch? Mein Bild als Rote-Kreuz-Schwester ist ja in der 'Illustrierten' schon erschienen." Zeichnung von E. A. Lamm in "Muskete", 1915 (66) [Abb.]: In allen Ländern träumen junge Mädchen von Uniformen Zeichnung von Fabiano in "La Baionnette", 1915 (67) [Abb.]: "Warum spazierst du im Evakostüm herum?" "Mein Schneider ist eingerückt" Zeichnung von G. Hantot in "Le Rire rouge" (68) [Abb.]: "So verliert man den Krieg daheim" Englische Propagandazeichnung gegen die Putzsucht und Kaufwut der Dame Aus "Punch", 1917 (69) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Ist mein Rock zu kurz? Ist mein Jupon zu lang?" Englische Modekarikatur aus "London Mail", 1916 (2)Politische Karikatur (70) [Abb.]: Die Frau als Werbemittel auf einem amerikanischen Kriegsanleiheplakat Sammlung Wolff, Leipzig (71) [Abb.]: Titelvignette aus der Zeitschrift "La Baionnette" (72) [Abb.]: Sie schreibt an die Front: "Mein lieber Mann, du kannst dir denken, wie sehr ich alle Leiden und Entbehrungen mit dir teile." Zeichnung (73) [Abb.]: Madelaine ohne Pariser Mode "Eigentlich gar nicht so übel, diese neue deutsche Tracht!" Kriegsflugblatt der "Liller Kriegszeitung" (74) [Abb.]: Wie die Mode des Highlanders die der Pariserin beinflußt und umgekehrt Zeichnung von G. Léonnec in "La Vie Parisienne", 1915 (75) [Abb.]: Inserat, das in zahlreichen deutschen Blättern nach Kriegsausbruch erschien "Leipzig Ill. Zeitung", 1914 (76) [Abb.]: Junge Mädchen führen in London Freiwillige zum Rekrutierungsamt Photographische Aufnahme (77) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Die neuen Zeppelinmodelle sind eingetroffen" Französische Karikatur auf die Kriegsmode Aus "La Baionnette", 1914 (2)Was der Schlitzrock verrät Die Dame meint, man brauche den Stoff für die Soldaten Aus den italienischen Witzblatt "L'Asino", 1915 (78) [Abb.]: "Und wenn der Krieg noch so lange dauert, noch weiter und noch kürzer darfst du die Röcke nicht tragen." Zeichnung (79) [Abb.]: Die deutsche Frau in der französischen Kriegskarikatur Zeichnung von Brunner, aus "La Baionnette", 1914 (80) [Abb.]: Feldpostalisches "Ein Fünfkilopaket möchte ich sein und mich per Feldpost als Liebesgabe versenden lassen!" Zeichnung von E. H. Lamm, "Muskete", 1914 ( - ) [Abb.]: "Bitte, erzählen Sie doch, was war also das Schrecklichste, was Sie draußen erlebt haben?" Zeichnung von Th. Th. Heine, aus "Kleine Bilder aus großer Zeit" (81) [Abb.]: Der Urlauber nach der Ankunft in München: "Da sieht man gleich, daß hier fleischloser Tag ist." "Soldatenzeitung im Schützengraben" das bayr. Ers.-I.-R. Nr. 1, 1916 (82) [Abb.]: Zeichnung von Carlègle in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (Text verdeutscht) (83) [Abb.]: "Ich lese die Blätter und kann mir recht gut vorstellen, wie schrecklich es an der Front zugehen muß." Die auf dem Bilde ersichtlichen Blätter sind Modezeitschriften Zeichnung von Maurice Motet in "La Baionnette", 1914 (84) [Abb.]: In England versuchte man, aus patriotischen Sparsamkeitsgründen eine Einheitstracht für Frauen (standard dress) einzuführen. Mit welchem Erfolge, zeigt diese Karikaturreihe aus "Punch", 1915 (85) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der "Schuhliebhaber" auf Urlaub Französische Karikatur auf den durch die Kriegsmode anscheinend sehr begünstigten Stiefelfetischismus (2)Eine Kriegstrauung Zeichnung von Th. Th. Heine, aus "Kleine Bilder aus großer Zeit" (86) Viertes Kapitel Die Kriegerfrau auf dem Leidenswege Mannesarbeit und Vermännlichung - Kriegstrauungen - Die Unsittlichkeit der Kriegerfrau - Ehebruch, Selbstmord und andere Psychosen - Die Gefangenenliebe - Enthaltsamkeit und ihre Folgen (87) [Abb.]: Gretchen, vom Geist der Pariser Mode verlassen Zeichnung von Georges Pavis in "Fantasio", 1914 (87) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Gnädige Frau, ich muß Ihnen dasselbe sagen, was unserer Armee nachgerühmt wird: Sie sind ungeschwächt aus dem Kriege hervorgegangen." Zeichnung von Jean Plumet in "Le Rire", 1918 (2)"Was tätest du, wenn ich meine beiden Beine verlöre?" "Ich würde dir einen hübschen Wagen mit Kautschukrädern kaufen." Zeichnung von Laforge in "Le canard enchaîné", 1916 (88) [Abb.]: Aus dem täglichen Leben der Kriegerfrau Photographische Aufnahme (89) [Abb.]: 1915: Die Pariserin ist noch Hausfrau Französisches Plakat von A. Willette Aus dem Archiv des französischen Kriegsministeriums (90) [Abb.]: Der Urlauberzug Zeichnung von Louis Icart in "Fantasio", 1917 (91) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Büromädchen im Kriege Der Chef: "Schön, daß Sie endlich doch kommen, wir erwarten Sie schon seit Bürobeginn." "Punch", 1916 (2)Die Damen: "Bitte, wir möchten heute wieder einen Verwundeten spazieren führen, aber einen, dem man auch ansieht, daß er verwundet ist." "Punch", 1915 (92) [Abb.]: Zeichnung von Carlègle in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (Text verdeutscht) (93) [Abb.]: Humoristische Feldpostkarte (94) [Abb.]: "Andere Zeiten, Kinder, wer von euch erinnert sich eigentlich noch daran, daß man einmal Tango gelernt hat?" Zeichnung von B. Wennerberg in "Simplicissimus", 1914 (95) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine Jux-Postkarte aus der Kriegszeit vielleicht zum Beweise der vielgerühmten Verfeinerung des Liebeslebens im Kriege erzeugt Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Der Zivilist Zeichnung von F. Reynolds in "Punch", 1915 (96) [Abb.]: Uniformfetischismus "Zieh dich nicht aus, die Uniform kleidet dich so gut ." Zeichnung ( - ) [2 Abb.]: Der Urlauber (1)Endlich! (2)Schon? Zeichnung von Fabiano in "Fantasio", 1915 (97) [Abb.]: Wiedersehen in Paris Aus "Vie de Garnison" (98) [Abb.]: Arbeiterin in einer französischen Munitionsfabrik Photographische Aufnahme (99) [2 Abb.]: (1)Geteiltes Leid Die Frau des Mannes, der einen Arm verlor, hat sich alle Zähne ziehen lassen Deutschfeindliche Hetzkarikatur aus der französischen Zeitschrift "Fantasio", 1915 (2)"Wohnt hier Fräulein Odette?" "Sie ist nicht mehr hier, aber wenn Sie im zweiten Stock bei Fräulein Clara anläuten, ist es dasselbe." Zeichnung von Forton in "Vie de Garnison", 1915 (100) [Abb.]: Musterung der Fünfzigjährigen Zeichnung (101) [Abb.]: Die "Heldenverehrung" der Französin Titelblatt einer französischen Zeitschrift (102) [Abb.]: Die Beute des Schattens Zeichnung von Zyg. Brunner in "La Vie Parisienne" (103) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der rationierte Kuß Scherzpostkarte der Deutschmeister Witwen- und Waisenstiftung Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Französische "Vorstöße" im Elsaß Zeichnung von Rodiguet in "Le Rire" (104) [Abb.]: Die Briefträgerin Zeichnung von G. Léonnec in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (105) [Lied]: Verdeutscht lautet die erste Strophe: (106) [Abb.]: Der neue große Freund aus dem wilden Westen und die kleine Pariserin Zeichnung von G. Léonnec in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (106) [Abb.]: Die Witwen Zeichnung (107) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Melanie, also das ist Ihr Mann, der von der Front kommt? Gestern war er doch noch glattrasiert." Zeichnung von Laforge in der französischen Frontzeitung "Le canard enchaîné, 1916 (2)Die Schamhafte "Sie dürfen mich ausziehen, aber ich verbiete Ihnen, mich mit den Augen zu entkleiden." Aus "Vie de Garnison", 1915 (108) [Abb.]: Einzug österreichisch-ungarischer Kavallerie in Lublin Überall Frauenhuld als Siegerlohn Zeichnung (109) [Abb.]: "Armes Kind! Haben Sie wenigstens den Vater verständigt?" "Ja, ich habe an alle beide geschrieben." Zeichnung von A. Guillaume in "Le Rire rouge", 1917 (110) [Abb.]: Milderungsrund: "Es ist wahr, ich habe dieses Jahr drei Männer ruiniert; aber zwei davon waren Heereslieferanten." Zeichnung von K. A. Wilke in "Muskete", Wien 1915 (111) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Der gnädige Herr hatte nur eine Stunde Ausgang und konnte auf Madame nicht warten - so ist es geschehen." Zeichnung von Laforge in der französischen Frontzeitung "La canard enchaîné", 1916 (2)Hektographierte Postkarte aus den Zeiten der Fleischnot Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (112) [Abb.]: Frohes Erwachen Zeichnung von Georges Barbier, "La vie Parisienne", 1918 ( - ) [Abb.]: Stadt und Land Der Künstler und das Dorfmädchen vor und in dem Kriege Englische Karikatur in "Punch", 1917 (113) [Abb.]: Die Geschlechtsnot der Kriegerfrau in der Karikatur "Erinnerung an seinen Fronturlaub" Zeichnung von H. Gerbault in "Fantasion", 1916 (114) [Abb.]: Die Französin im Kriege Munitionserzeugerin, Feldarbeiterin und Hausfrau Plakat von Capon, aus der Sammlung der Archives Photographiques, Paris (115) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Kellnerin Französische Karikatur (2)In Aktion Zeichnung aus "Drahtverhau", Schützengrabenzeitung des bayr. Landwehr-Inf.-Regiments Nr. 1 (2. Jahrg.) (116) [Abb.]: "Na, Kleener, woll'n wa Briedaschaft trinken?" Zeichnung von F. Jüttner in "Lustige Blätter", 1916 (117) [Abb.]: Straßenbahnschaffnerin in Paris Photographische Aufnahme (118) [Abb.]: Der Liebeshunger der Kriegerfrau Wie es einem "Herrn in den besten Jahren", einem kriegsdienstuntauglichen Friedensveteranen, im Hinterland ergeht Aus "Muskete", Wien 1915 (119) [2 Abb.]: (1)Liebe und Kitsch sind unsterblich Ein typisches Erzeugnis der deutschen Kriegspostkartenindustrie Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Mimi Ponson im Kriege "Ich bin eine alte Baronin und bitte Sie, fünf Francs von mir anzunehmen." Zeichnung von Synave, Paris 1916 (120) [Abb.]: Die Schaffnerin in Paris "Ich wollt', mein Mann wär' schon zu Hause!" "Damit er sie ablöst?" "Nein, damit er auf die Kinder aufpaßt." Zeichnung von Armengol, Paris 1916 (121) [2 Abb.]: Die Kriegsliebe als Anlaß zum Jux Zwei Postkarten aus Kriegszeit Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (122) [Abb.]: Ehrenbezeigung mit Hindernissen Zeichnung von E. Morrow in "Punch", 1916 (123) [Abb.]: Die Frau des Eingerückten zum Schwager: "Massier' mir die Beine, Stefan, sie tun mir weh." Zeichnung (124) [Abb.]: Die Frühmassage der Frau k. u. k. Oberstleutnant Zeichnung (125) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der volkstümliche Kriegskitsch Mit solchen und ähnlichen Postkarten wurde Deutschland im Krieg überschwemmt Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Sie schickt den Feldpostbrief an den Mann ab Zeichnung von G. Zórád in "Fidibusz", Budapest 1916 (126) [Abb.]: Berlin im Kriege: Das Urteil des Paris Zeichnung von Hans Baluschek in "Wieland", 1915 (127) [Abb.]: Die vielseitige Französin zur Kriegszeit als Polizistin, Kellnerin, Chauffeuse, Bürochefin, Minister, Inkassantin, Schaffnerin und sogar als Soldatin Zeichnung von Fabiano in "La Baionnette", 1915 (128) [4 Abb.]: Zweierlei Maß (1)"Mit der Taschen können S' net mitfahr'n mei Liabe." (2)"Aber Fräul'n, Platz gnua, dö Herrn rucken scho a wengerl z'samm." (3)"Komplett! hat's g'sagt?" (4)"Nur einsteig'n, Herr Kop'rol, die Damen werd'n scho a bisserl Platz machen." Zeichnungen von Franz Wacik, "Muskete", 1915 ( - ) [Abb.]: Der Notar eines ungarischen Dorfes zur Kriegerfrau: "Sträuben Sie sich nicht, sonst kriegen Sie keine Unterstützung mehr!" Zeichnung (129) [12 Abb.]: (1)1. Die tugendhafte Gisela wird Krankenschwester (2)2. Ihre leichtfertige Cousine fährt an die Riviera (3)3. Gisela widmet ihre bescheidenen Ersparnisse den Armen und Darbenden (4)4. Sidonie aber tanzt mit Neutralen auf heimlichen Bällen (5)5. Gisela war eine sparsame gute Hausfrau (6)6. Sidonie verbrachte die Zeit in Champagnergelagen mit Drückebergern (7)7. Gisela strickt Strümpfe für die braven Soldaten (8)8. Sidonie verbringt die Nachmittage in Absteigequartieren (9)9. Gisela wird belohnt durch die Heirat mit einem tapferen Offizier (10)10. Sidonie wicht der Versuchung des Geldes und heiratet ohne Liebe einen alten Munitionsfabrikanten . (11)11. Gisela, eine mustergültige Französin, erlebte die Freuden des glücklichen Heimes bei ihrem Gatten, dem sie viele Kinder schenkte (12)12. . der erwischte sie dann in flagranti, noch dazu mit einem Zivilisten, und schickte sie zum Teufel Zeichnung von Georges Barbier in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (130) [2 Abb.]: (1)Auch die Lebensmittelnot wird verniedlicht Originalpostkarte aus dem Kriegsjahr, 1916 Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Hamstererlebnisse Postkarte aus der großen Zeit Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (132) [Abb.]: Durchhalten auch in Frankreich "Meine Frau kann Ihnen bestätigen, daß ich keinen Augenblick wankend geworden bin." Zeichnung von Hérouard in "La Baionnette", 1915 (133) [Abb.]: Die öffentliche Ruhe in schönen Händen Französische Karikatur aus dem Jahre 1917 (134) [2 Abb.]: (1)Not und Verwahrlosung Kriegspostkarten können mitunter auch die Wahrheit sagen Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Kriegstrauung Farbige Kitschpostkarte aus der Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (135) [Gedicht]: Und so wollen wir dieses Kapitel der Leidensgeschichte der Frau im Kriege mit einer Dichtervision, der "Phantasie für übermorgen" von Erich Kästner, schließen: (136) Fünftes Kapitel Erotik in der Krankenpflege Sexuelle Neugier, Schaulust, Koprolagnie und Sadismus der Pflegerin - der Lazarettdienst als Mittel - Der schlechte Ruf der Pflegerin - Frauenbesuche im Schützengraben (137) [Abb.]: Die Krankenschwester im Offiziersspital Zeichnung (137) [Abb.]: Das Sportgirl als Krankenschwester Zeichnung von Fabiano in "Fantasio", 1915 (138) [6 Abb.]: Pariser Schauspielerinnen als Krankenschwestern (1)Mlle Colibri vom Théátre des Capucines (2)Madame Simone Damanry von der Comédie Française (3)Mlle. Phryne von der Comédie Royale (4)Mlle. Paulette Delbaye von der Olympia (5)Madame Villeroy-Got vom Théâtre de l'Odéon (6)Madame Mars Pearl von der Olympia Die Wohltätigkeit ist überaus kleidsam (139) [Abb.]: Die Sadistin sieht gerne Blut und ist eine ausgezeichnete Operationsschwester Zeichnung (140) [Abb.]: Der schöne Mann ohne Gesicht Karikatur von C. Hérouard in "La Vie Parisienne", 1918 (141) [Abb.]: Französische Pflegerinnen beim Empfang eines Verwundetentransportes Photographische Aufnahme aus "La France Héroique" (142) [Abb.]: Aus dem Lazarett zum Altar Sentimentale Karikatur auf die Heiratslust der Pflegerin Zeichnung von Fournier in "La Baionnette", 1918 (143) [Abb.]: Verwundetenkultus Französische Postkarte, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (144) [Abb.]: 1915 "Mir scheint, ich habe Sie schon irgendwo gesehen." - "Möglich, früher war ich nämlich Tänzerin." Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Amor im Lazarett Zeichnung von G. Léonnec in "La Vie Parisienne", 1915 (145) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die wohltätige Dame im Lazarett "Also los, erzählen Sie ausführlich alles." "Punch", 1916 (2)Eine österreichische Erzherzogin als Krankenschwester Photographische Aufnahme (146) [Abb.]: Flirt im Etappenlazarett Zeichnung von E. Miarko in "Fantasio", 1915 (147) [Abb.]: Lazarettromantik "Ja, er hat zwei Kugeln in den Kopf bekommen." "Und wie viele Pfeile ins Herz?" Zeichnung von L. Icart in "La Baionnette", 1914 (148) [Abb.]: Der Rekonvaleszent Zeichnung aus der "Ill. Zeitung", Leipzig, 1916 (149) [Abb.]: Das Reservelazarett Karikatur auf die Pflegerinnenspielerei der vornehmen französischen Gesellschaft Zeichnung (150) [Abb.]: "Und da sagt man noch, der Krieg wäre furchtbar." Zeichnung von R. Pallier in "La Baionnette", 1915 (151) [Lied]: In Ungarn war ein im Krieg entstandenes Volkslied über den mehr als zweifelhaften Ruf der Pflegerinnen verbreitet. Es lautet in deutscher Übersetzung etwa: (151) [Abb.]: "Herr Stabsarzt, was machen wir mit der neuen Schwester?" "Geben wir sie zur Wäscheverwaltung, es ist immer besser, ein junges Mädchen hat mit Hemden ohne Männer als mit Männer ohne Hemden zu tun." Aus "Le Rire rouge", 1916 (152) [2 Abb.]: (1)Mode 1914 (2)Mode 1915 Die Pflegerinnentracht für die einzige kleidsame und zeitgemäße zu erklären, lag nahe. Ebenso nahe lag der Mißbrauch, der mit ihr getrieben wurde. Zeichnungen von Charles Rousiel in "Fantasio" 1915 (153) [Abb.]: Die Schwester wird auch angehimmelt, sonst aber gewöhnlich als Heiratsspekulantin oder Dirne hingestellt Englische Postkarte, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (154) [Abb.]: Aufmarsch amerikanischer Pflegerinnen in New York vor dem Präsidenten Wilson Photographische Aufnahme (155) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Du kannst unmöglich zurück an die Front, Sidi - deine Zunge ist ganz weiß" Französische Postkarte, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Wandzeichnung aus einem Wiener Reservespital (156) [Abb.]: Das Leben im Spital. Die einen haben Besuch, an die anderen denkt niemand Zeichnung von A. Miarko in "Fantasio", 1916 (157) [Abb.]: Seine tiefste Wunde Lazarettliebschaften und kein Ende "Fantasio", 1916 (158) [Abb.]: Ruhm, Elend, Eitelkeit, Laus und Uniform werden billig abgegeben Ausverkauf wegen Kriegsschluß Zeichnung von G. Pavis in "Le Rire rouge", 1919 (159) [Abb.]: Englisch-französischer Unterricht in einem Park Zeichnung von Fabiano in "Fantasio", 1915 (160) [2 Abb.]: Der Soldat und das Korsett (1)Einst: eine Festung (2)Jetzt: ein Fähnchen Zeichnung von C. Hérouard, "La vie Parisienne", 1918 ( - ) [Abb.]: Aus einem Plakat für französisches Aspirin (Frankreich hat im Kriege versucht, dieses beliebte Heilmittel deutscher Herkunft durch französische Produkte zu ersetzen) Zeichnung (161) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das russische Kriegslazarett in Paris Originalphoto aus der Sammlung des Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (2)Französische Verwundete auf einem deutschen Verbandplatz Zeichnung von E. Limmer in "Ill. Zeitung", Leipzig 1914 (162) [2 Abb.]: (1)Einst (2)Jetzt Die kleinen Freuden des großen Krieges Zeichnung von A. Guillaume in "Fantasio", 1916 (163) [Abb.]: Französisches Propagandaplakat zur Verherrlichung des amerikanischen Roten Kreuzes (164) [6 Abb.]: Straf- und Lohnsystem beim Frauenregiment (1)Für kleine Verfehlungen: ein Tag Frisurverbot (2)Die Chargen: ein Volant, zwei Volants, drei Volants (3)Bei Insubordination: zwei Tage ohne Spiegel (4)Eine Auszeichnung: Flirtbewilligung (5)Die strengste Strafe: Redeverbot (6)Für besondere Verdienste: einwöchiger Urlaub für den Freund im Feld Zeichnung von Valdès in "La Vie Parisienne", 1916 (165) [Abb.]: Verwundeter (166) [Abb.]: Gratulanten zum Geburtstag des kleinen Leutnants Von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen, gefällt sich die Kriegskarikatur in der Verniedlichung der Dinge Zeichnung von A. Aubry in "Fantasio", 1916 (167) [Abb.]: Musterung der allerjüngsten Jahrgänge in Berlin Karikatur von R. Cartier in "Le Rire rouge", 1914 (168) Sechstes Kapitel Schützengrabenerotik Diskussion über die Unschädlichkeit der Abstinenz - Stahlbad der Nerven? - Liebesgaben, Feldpostbriefe und die Sitte der Marrainnen - Die Wege der Ersatzbefriedigung: Onanie, erotische Lieder, obszöne Bilder und Gegenstände, pornographische Lektüre, Träume - Tätowierung - Die Analerotik der Soldaten - Sodomie - Enthaltsamkeitsfolgen: Das Erlöschen des Geschlechtstriebes (169) [Abb.]: Das pornographische Bild im Schützengraben Zeichnung (169) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das dankbare Hinterland Zeichnung von Hérouard in "Fantasio", 1916 (2)Inserat eines Pariser Vergnügungslokales, das sich an das dankbare Publikum der Marrainen und ihrer Patenkinder wendet (170) [Abb.]: Liebe an der Front Phantasie eines französischen Malers. Man beachte die übergroße phallische Darstellung des ganz überflüssig im Bilde stehenden Fesselballons. Ein beliebtes Motiv pornographischer Frontbilder Zeichnung von Louis Icart in "Fantasio" (171) [Abb.]: Urlauber Zeichnung von G. Redon in "Fantasio", 1916 (172) [2 Abb.]: (1)Sexualnot beschmiert die Wände Von Russen verlassene, mit erotischen Bildern bemalte Hausruine in Russisch-Polen Photographische Aufnahme (2)Der Traum des Poilu Erotische Schützengrabenzeichnung eines französischen Soldaten Sammlung Lewandowski, Utrecht (173) [Abb.]: Christnacht im Feld Zeichnung von E. Halonze (174) [Abb.]: "Einst ging ich um diese Zeit auf die Hirschjagd" Zeichnung von G. Pavis aus "Le Rire rouge" (175) [Abb.]: Ehrenwache Zeichnung aus "Vie de Garnison", 1915 (176) [Gedicht]: Aus der "Liller Kriegszeitung" sei hier ein populärer "Stoßseufzer aus dem Schützengraben" und die Antwort darauf wiedergegeben: (176) [Abb.]: Der Traum von Liebe und Vaterland Zeichnung ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Erotische Phantasie Schützengrabenzeichnung eines französischen Soldaten Sammlung Lewandowski, Utrecht (2)"Wenn du von Frauen sprichst, denke an deine Mutter, deine Schwester, deine Braut und du wirst keine Dummheiten reden" Französisch-amerikanisches Plakat gegen die Zoten Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (177) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Menschen und der Krieg Vaterstolz Holzschnitt (178) [Abb.]: Stilleben nach der Marneschlacht Photographische Aufnahme (179) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ankündigung eines Briefstellers für Marrainen und ihre Patenkinder Aus der Zeitschrift "La Baionnette", 1915 (2)Sein erster Abend daheim Zeichnung von Hérouard in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (180) [Abb.]: Der galante Maler als Patriot Zeichnung von Carlègle in, "La Vie Parisienne" (Text verdeutscht) (181) [Abb.]: Der Stern, der nachts über dem Graben leuchtet Französische Postkarte (182) [Abb.]: Ankunft des Urlaubers Nach einem Gemälde (183) [Abb.]: (1)"Klar zum Gefecht" Zeichnung von G. Pavis in "Fantasio", 1917 (2)Der vom Maschinengewehr: "Was? Du stehst schon auf?" Sie: "Ja, ich erkläre mich kampfunfähig." Zeichnung von Duluard in "Le Rire rouge", 1916 (184) [Abb.]: Die Blume aus dem Feldpostbrief Zeichnung von A. E. Marty in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (185) [2 Abb.]: (1)Côte d'azur und Kote 304 "Die Jungens gehen ins Bad und wir ins Stahlbad" Zeichnung von R. Jouan in "Le Rire rouge", 1918 (2)"Das zerbrochene Bett" oder "Morgenidyll im Heim des Urlaubers" Zeichnung von J. Mirandes in "Le Rire rouge", 1918 (186) [Abb.]: Geschlechtstaufe vor dem Abmarsch Zeichnung von G. Léonnec in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (187) [Abb.]: Eine Manikure im Schützengraben Englische photographische Karikatur auf Damen der Gesellschaft, die sich zur Krankenpflege drängen Aus "Puck", 1915 (188) [Lied]: Ein bayrisches Soldatenlied lautet: (188) [2 Lieder]: (1)Ein anderes bekanntes "Schornsteinfegerlied" enthielt folgende zwei Strophen: (2)Im Roman "Infanterist Perhobstler" finden wir einen ebenso beliebten Vierzeiler: (189) [Abb.]: Neuer Schub von "Menschenmaterial" Zeichnung von C. Léandre in "Fantasio" (189) [Abb.]: Liebesgaben Französisches Plakat aus den Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (190) [2 Lieder]: (1)Das Lied bestand aus einer Unmenge Strophen, wie etwa der folgenden: (2)Gleichfalls im Roman von Infanteristen Perhobstler finden wir den Kehrreim einer Lorelei-Parodie: (190) [2 Abb.]: (1)Besuch bei der Marraine "Endlich sind Sie da. Womit könnte ich Ihnen eine Freude machen?" "Hm . mit Ihrem Stubenmädchen, wenn ich Sie bitten dürfte." Zeichnung von Jean Plumet in "Le Rire rouge", 1915 (2)Titelkopf der Speisekarte eines englisch-französischen Restaurants in Paris (191) [2 Abb.]: (1)Anzeige pornographischer und flagellantischer Bücher "für unsere Soldaten" Aus "Le Rire rouge", 1915 (2)"Der Herr muß warten. Sie sind der dreiundsiebzigste Kriegsmündel von Madame." Karikatur auf den Marraineunfug (192) [Abb.]: Freudiges Ereignis, Paris 1915 Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Der gnädige Herr hat Fronturlaub Zeichnung (193) [Abb.]: Feldpostkarte Sammlung A. Gaspar, Wien (194) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Nur sechs Tage Urlaub, Schatz! Und du möchtest doch Zwillinge haben!" Zeichnung von Djilio in "Le Rire rouge", 1915 (2)Feldpostkarte Sammlung A. Gaspar, Wien (195) [2 Abb.]: (1)Aus der Blütezeit des Preiswuchers "Hast du's gelesen? Jetzt werden auch wir unseren Preistarif sichtbar tragen müssen" Zeichnung von Rodiguet in "Le Rire rouge", 1915 (2)Auch so wird der Poilu gesehen Illustration aus dem Roman "Tout pour ça" von A. Derain (196) [Abb.]: "Sie wagen es, meinen Verwundeten zu berühren? der Marokkaner gehört mir!" Zeichnung aus "La Baionnette", 1914 (197) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Wiedersehen Zeichnung von Fabiano in "Fantasio", 1915 (2)Im Stinkraum ist Gasmaskenprobe - Die Seewehr fühlt sich wie ein Geck. Dumpf brummelt wildes Tiergeschnobe, Nichts ist dagegen Hagenbeck. Bild und Verse aus der Etappenzeitung "An Flanderns Küste", 1915 (198) [Abb.]: Feldlatrinenordnung von der Westfront Aus J. C. Brunner, Illustrierte Sittengeschichte (199) [Abb.]: Die Latrine Tiefste Erniedrigung als Gegenstand humoristischer Darstellung Postkarte aus der Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (200) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Ruhig Blut, Freund! Krieg ist Krieg - wir werden uns eben ein bißchen die Köpfe einschlagen" Zeichnung von R. Pallier in "Le Rire rouge", 1917 (2)Musette lernt Englisch (201) [Abb.]: Der Marsch auf Paris Erotisch-politische Zeichnung eines deutschen Soldaten, im Schützengraben entstanden (Marne 1915) Sammlung Lewandowski, Utrecht (202) [Abb.]: Sexuelle Symbolik im Militärleben Fesselballon, genannt Feldnülle Photograhische Aufnahme, aus der Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (203) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die ersten Äpfel des Jahres Zeichnung von H. Mirande in "Le Rire rouge", 1917 (2)Titelkopf einer Haarfetischistengeschichte in einer französischen Feldzeitung Sammlung Lewandowski, Utrecht (204) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Infanterist träumt Zeichnung (2)Die pikante Lektüre im Schützengraben Zeichnung (205) [Flugblatt]: Organische Bestimmungen über die Aufstellung, Organisation, den Betrieb und militärische Leitung, Unterstellung und Verwaltung von mobilen Feld- und Reserve-Freuden-häusern (Feldbordellen respektive Feldpuffs). (206) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die taktvolle Köchin Zeichnung aus "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (2)Nach achtzehn Monaten Eine der zahllosen Darstellungen des Märchens von Geschlechtshunger der Urlauber. (In Wirklichkeit hat die Frontabstinenz meist lähmend auf die Sexualität gewirkt.) Zeichnung von Léonnec in "Fantasio" (208) [Abb.]: Woran Tommy denkt Aquarell ( - ) [Abb.]: Marraine und Filleul Zeichnung von G. Léonnec in "La Vie Parisienne", 1918 (209) [Abb.]: Wie die Reklame den Krieg verwertet (210) [5 Abb.]: Woran sie immer denken Zeichnung von R. Prézelan in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (211) [2 Abb.]: (1)Frontpostkarte der Deutschmeister Witwen- und Waisenstiftung Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (2)Zusammenstoß des Luftschiffs "Siegfried" mit dem Vergnügungsluftschiff "Hertha I" Symbolische Illustration einer Schützengrabenzeitung Aus J. C. Brunner, Illustrierte Sittengeschichte (212) [6 Abb.]: Der Urlauber "Sag' mir, wie du deinen Urlaub verbringst, und ich sage dir, wer du bist" (1)Tommy denkt an sein Bad (2)Hermann füllt sich den Magen (3)Pietro spielt Gitarre (4)Ibrahim zeigt seine Trophäen (5)Iwan tanzt (6)Aber der Franzose denkt an Liebe Zeichnung von Zyg. Brunner in "La Vie Parisienne", 1916 (213) [Abb.]: Genrebild aus dem Frontleben Photographische Aufnahme, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (214) [Abb.]: "Eine Sitzung hinter der Front" Krieg veredelt: man sitzt dem Photographen! Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (215) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Da draußen habe ich mir's anders vorgestellt" Zeichnung von H. Baille in "Le Rire rouge", 1917 (2)Poilu auf Urlaub Zeichnung von Carlègle in "La Vie Parisienne" (216) [Abb.]: "Gott, wie dick du an der Front geworden bist!" "Nicht wahr, Schwiegermutter, und man läßt mir nur vier Tage Zeit, um bei dir abzunehmen." Zeichnung von Rodiguet in "La Baionnette", 1915 (217) [Abb.]: Scharmützel zwischen zwei Schlachten "Ja es freut einen zu sehen, daß die Pariserin noch immer lieb und nett ist" Zeichnung von R. Vincent in "La Vie Parisienne", 1918 (218) Siebentes Kapitel Die Geschlechtskrankheiten im Heer Aufklärungsunterricht und Gesundheitsvisite - Bekämpfungsversuch durch Strafen - Die Therapie und das Verschulden übereifriger Ärzte - Ausbreitung in allen Heeren (219) [Abb.]: Zigeunerfamilien in Galizien, die sich durch Kriegsprostitution ernährte Photographische Aufnahme (219) [Tabelle]: Eine kurze Zusammenstellung von Dr. Blaschko gibt uns Aufschluß über die Verbreitung der Geschlechtskrankheiten in den verschiedenen Heeren vor dem Kriege. Die Ziffern stammen zwar aus dem Jahre 1895, doch sind sie bis zum Ausbruch des Weltkrieges nur in absoluter Beziehung zurückgegangen, ihr Verhältnis zueinander ist ziemlich das gleiche geblieben. (220) [Abb.]: Verhältniszahlen über die Ansteckung von Soldaten durch Dirnen, Arbeiterinnen und Bürgerliche (220) [Abb.]: In einem französischen Bordell "Die Sittenpolizei?" - "Nein, der Kommissär möchte ein Glas Wein trinken." Zeichnung von G. Pavis in "Le Rire", 1918 (221) [Gedicht]: A. R. Meyer, der in seinen bekannten "Fünf Mysterien" den Bombenüberfall auf das Krankenhaus in Lousberg dichterisch verwertet, läßt die aus der Haft ausgebrochenen belgischen Dirnen sagen: (221) [Flugblatt]: Aus dem Arsenal des Kampfes gegen Geschlechtskrankheiten im Kriege Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (223) [Gedicht]: Es gab etliche solcher hygienisch-poetischer Produkte, von denen eines hier folgen soll: (224) [Abb.]: Auf Befehl Zeichnung ( - ) [Flugblatt]: Errichtung der Sittenmiliz in Warschau Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (225) [Abb.]: Not kennt kein Gebot Zeichnung aus dem Felde (226) [Abb.]: Scherzpostkarte aus der Kriegszeit Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (227) [Abb.]: Nachtcafé in Konstantinopel "Sag'n Se ma, Herr Kam'rad, haben Se noch mehr solche Angorakätzchen?" Zeichnung (229) [Flugblatt]: Eine vielsagende Bekanntmachung der deutschen Ortskommandantur in Bialystok Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (230) [Flugblatt]: Merkblatt für deutsche Soldaten, herausgegeben von der Sittenpolizei Lodz Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (231) [Abb.]: Die "Gießkannenparade" Zeichnung von L. Gedö, 1916 (233) [Flugblatt]: Die Offensive der Kirche gegen Unsittlichkeit und Hurerei Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (234) [Gedicht]: Wir können es uns nicht versagen, die zwei letzten Strophen des französischen Poems, das den Titel "La saucisse de Strasbourg" (Das Straßburger Würstchen) führt, hier verdeutscht wiederzugeben: (236) [4 Abb.]: Was nach Kriegsrecht verboten ist (1)Auf die weiße Fahne zu schießen (2)Das rote Kreuz nicht zu achten (3)Verträge zu vernichten (4)Die Neutralität zu mißbrauchen Aus "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (237) [Abb.]: Karikatur von Karl Arnold in "Simplicissimus", 1915 (238) [Lied]: So wurde im besetzten Gebiet ein Gassenhauer gesungen: (239) [Abb.]: Liebeszauber in der Etappe Zeichnung (239) [Abb.]: Schützengrabenphantasie eines französischen Soldaten Unterschrift: "On a tué mon ami" (Mein Freund getötet) (Sammlung Lewandowski, Utrecht) ( - ) [Abb.]: Auch eine Musterung Aus dem Leben in der galizischen Etappe Zeichnung (241) [Flugblatt]: Eine Revanche-Kundmachung der französischen Besatzungsbehörden im Rheinland nach Kriegsende Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (242) [Abb.]: Wo sie sich die Seuche holten Zeichnung aus dem Skizzenbuch des Kriegsteilnehmers J. K. (243) [Abb.]: Soldatenliebchen Zeichnung (244) [Abb.]: "Anale" Feldpostkarte aus dem Krieg Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (245) [2 Abb.]: (1)Im Estaminet Aus der deutschen Etappenzeitung "An Flanderns Küste", 1916 (2)Kirchgang in Flandern Zeichnung von P. Meyer in "Kriegsflugblätter der Liller Kriegszeitung" (247) [Abb.]: Französisches Zeitungsinserat mit der Anpreisung von Heilmitteln gegen Geschlechts- und Harnröhrenkrankheiten für Soldaten (248) [Gedicht]: Der ungarische Lyriker Andreas Ady, in dessen Adern luetisches Blut rann, schrieb beim Ausbruch des Krieges: (248) Achtes Kapitel Die Weiblichen Soldaten des Weltkrieges Russische Kriegerinnen - Die Frauenbataillone Kerenskis - Die Serbin im Kriege - Die Kriegshetze der Engländerin - Verkleidete Französinnen - Versuche deutscher Frauen, sich ins Heer einzuschmuggeln - Irrtümliche Geschlechtsbestimmung - Die ukrainische und polnische Frauenlegion - Das Grab der Unbekannten Soldatin (249) [Abb.]: Die ungarische Frontkämpferin E. K. in feldmäßiger Ausrüstung Nach einer photographischen Aufnahme (249) [Abb.]: Weibliche Hilfstruppen Englands Karikaturistische Zeichnung von Fred Hendrich in "Liller Kriegszeitung", 1916 (251) [Abb.]: Bolschewistische Propagandablätter für die deutsche Front 1917/18 (252) [Abb.]: Ein weiblicher Soldat der russischen Roten Armee, nach ausgiebiger Schändung getötet Aus Ernst Friedrich, Krieg dem Kriege! (253) [Abb.]: Fräulein Jarema Kuz, Kadettaspirant der Ukrainer freiwilligen Ulanenschwadron im österreich-ungarischen Heere Photographische Aufnahme (255) [Abb.]: Schützengrabenzeichnung Sammlung A. Gaspar, Wien (256) [Abb.]: Erotik im Proviantdienst Propagandaplakat der amerikanischen Heilsarmee ( - ) [Abb.]: Eine junge Österreicherin, die als Fähnrich in der polnischen Legion kämpfte, in russische Gefangenschaft fiel und ausgetauscht wurde Photographische Aufnahme (257) [Abb.]: Matrosentänzerinnen in einer französischen Etappenkneipe Zeichnung (258) [Abb.]: Wer ist der Stolz der Kompanie? Wer kennt nicht Künstler-Maxen? Er ist ein Allerwelts-Genie Und macht die tollsten Faxen. Ein Hauptspaß ist es jedesmal Als Bertha in zu sehen; Dem "drallen Meechen" kann im Saal Dann keiner widerstehen. Transvestitische Postkarte, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (259) [Abb.]: Soldatinnen der amerikanischen Heilsarmee an der Front Photographische Aufnahme (261) [Abb.]: Ukrainische Legionarinnen in der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee Photographische Aufnahme (264) [Abb.]: Das Ideal des weiblichen Soldaten Französisches Wohltätigkeitsplakat von A. Willette Aus der Sammlung des Archives photographiques d'art et d'histoire, Paris (265) [Abb.]: Das letzte Aufgebot Englands Schimpfsalven der Fischweiber- und Suffragetten-Regimenter zur Abwehr von Zeppelinüberfällen Zeichnung von Blix in "Kriegsblätter des Simplicissimus" (267) [Abb.]: Etappe Gent Zeichnung (269) [Abb.]: Serbische Bäuerinnen lernen schießen Photographische Aufnahme (270) [Abb.]: "Stillgestanden!" beim Amazonenkorps Aus "Punch", 1916 (271) [Abb.]: Musterung für das russische Frauenbataillon Russische Karikatur, Sammlung Lewandowski, Utrecht (272) [Inschrift]: Jetzt steht auf ihrem Grab ein Stein, der folgende Inschrift trägt: (272) Neuntes Kapitel Die Homosexualität im Kriege Die Kriegslust der Urninge - Kameradschaft, Freundespaare, Offizier und Diener - Feminine Urninge und Transvestiten - Damenimitatoren im Felde (273) [Abb.]: La désenchantée Transvestitisch polit. Karikatur auf Wilhelm II. Zeichnung (273) [Abb.]: Französisches Fronttheater mit Damendarsteller Aus "Fantasio", 1916 (274) [Abb.]: Das Urteil des deutschen Paris Karikatur von A. Guillaume, "Fantasio", 1915 (275) [Abb.]: Der Damenimitator im Mannschaftszimmer Zeichnung (277) [Gedicht]: Über denselben Wunsch und Drang, ins Heer zu kommen, berichtet in poetischer Form auch ein Gedicht "Die Zurückgebliebenen", dem wir folgendes entnehmen: (278) [Abb.]: Deutsche Etappe im Spiegel der französischen Karikatur Nach einem Gemälde von A. Guillaume, "Fantasio", 1915 (279) [Abb.]: Wilhelm II. im Harem Transvestitische Karikatur von Jean Veber. Erstmals erschienen in "Rire", 1898, dann in "Fantasio", 1917 neuerlich reproduziert (281) [Abb.]: Admiral von Hintze, kaiserlicher Kabinettkurator Zeichnung von A. Barrère in "Fantasio", 1916 (282) [Abb.]: Feldgraue Urninge bei einer Fronttheatervorstellung Photographische Aufnahme Aus der Sammlung des Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft, Berlin (283) [Abb.]: Szenenbild aus Shakespeares "Was Ihr wollt" in der Aufführung im Deutschen Theater in Lille Kriegsflugblätter der "Liller Kriegszeitung", 1916 (285) [Abb.]: Homosexualität in der Kaserne Zeichnung (287) [Abb.]: Heimkehr des Soldaten Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Französische Soldaten als Damenimitatoren Nach einem Aquarell Sammlung Lewandowski, Utrecht (289) [Lied]: So finden wir in der "Mitauschen Zeitung" folgendes Totenlied: Mein Leutnant (289) [Abb.]: Theater hinter der Front "Fritz, das hast du großartig gemacht, die ganze Kompagnie hat sich in dich verliebt" Zeichnung von P. Stimmel in "Lustige Blätter", 1916 (291) [Abb.]: Französische Soldaten in Frauenkleidern Die drei Poilus sind in dieser Verkleidung aus der Gefangenschaft entflohen Aus dem Archiv des französischen Kriegsministeriums (293) [Abb.]: Soiree in Berlin Auch eine französische Kriegskarikatur (295) [Abb.]: Hinter den Kulissen des Fronttheaters Der Damendarsteller und seine Garderobière Aus "Fantasio", 1917 (297) [Abb.]: Auch die italienische Karikatur stellt feindliche Offiziere gerne als Homosexuelle dar Zeichnung aus "Gli Unni e gli altri", 1915 (299) [Abb.]: Fräulein Feldwebel Zeichnung (300) [Abb.]: "Hände hoch!" Russisch-polnische Scherzpostkarte Sammlung Lewandowski, Utrecht (301) [Abb.]: Für ein Kommißbrot und einen Franc, Lieben wir stundenlang. Lied aus der flandrischen Etappe Zeichnung (303) [Abb.]: Die hübschen Kameraden Postkarte aus dem Jahre 1915 Sammlung Lewandowski, Utrecht (304) [Abb.]: Amerikanische Gäste in Paris Zeichnung ( - ) Zehntes Kapitel Kriegsbordelle Die bordellierte Prostitution im Felde und in der Etappe - "Schwanzparade" - Das Elend der Mannschaftsdirnen (305) [Abb.]: In einem belgischen Bordell Photographische Aufnahme Aus Friedrich Ernst, Krieg dem Kriege! (305) [Flugblatt]: Angebliche deutsche Verordnung, von den Franzosen nach Kriegsschluß mit zweizeiligem Kommentar als Flugzettel im Rheinland verbreitet Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (306) [Abb.]: Die Bordelle der verbündeten Mittelstaaten waren streng getrennt Photographische Aufnahme ("A.-I.-Z.") (307) [Abb.]: Mobiles Feld-Freudenhaus für Offiziere, in einer Art Zirkuswagen untergebracht Photographische Aufnahme ("A.-I.-Z.") (309) [Abb.]: So stellen sie sich daheim vor dem Lebensmittelgeschäft an . Zeichnung von Th. Th. Heine, aus "Kleine Bilder aus großer Zeit" (310) [Abb.]: . und so in der Etappe vor dem Bordell Holzschnitt (311) [Abb.]: Im polnischen Gouvernementsbordell Photographische Aufnahme (313) [Abb.]: Hochbetrieb im belgischen Etappenbordell Zeichnung von Heinrich Zille Mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Neuen Deutschen Verlages, Berlin, aus dem Buche Heinrich Zilles "Für Alle" (314) [Abb.]: Hochbetrieb im belgischen Etappenbordell Zeichnung von Heinrich Zille Mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Neuen Deutschen Verlages, Berlin aus dem Buche Heinrich Zilles "Für Alle" (315) [Abb.]: Preisverzeichnis eines Kriegsbordells (316) [Abb.]: Verstümmelter und Dirne Lithographie (317) [Lied]: Lille, wo einst Karl der Kühne bei seinem Einzug vom Spalier der nackten Jungfrauen der Stadt empfangen worden war und von dem im Weltkrieg das Liedchen gesungen wurde: (318) [Abb.]: Kriegsbordell in Mitau Photographische Aufnahme (319) [Abb.]: "Um Gottes willen, jetzt sollen nur nicht alle meine Negerin verlangen!" Zeichnung von Laforge, aus der französischen Frontzeitung "Le canard enchaîné" (320) [Abb.]: Im Etappenpuff Zeichnung ( - ) [Flugblatt]: Auch wies er auf eine gedruckte Verfügung der Kommandantur hin, aus der besonders der Punkt V augenfällig hervorleuchtet: (321) [Abb.]: Hotel Stadt Lemberg Zeichnung (321) [Abb.]: Aus Kriegsbordellen Zeichnung von George Grosz Mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Fritz Gurlitt Verlages, Berlin (323) [Flugblatt]: Das Militär im Kampf gegen die Unzucht: Maueranschlag aus Grodno, 1915 Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (324) [Abb.]: Finanzielle Verhandlungen Zeichnung (325) [Abb.]: Abendidyll aus der flandrischen Etappe Schattenriß aus der Etappenzeitung "An Flanderns Küste", 1915 Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (326) [Abb.]: Bei der Feldbraut Frontzeichnung (327) [Abb.]: "Vorwärts, Kinder, alle müssen drankommen!" Zeichnung (329) [Abb.]: "Liebst du mich auch?" - "Ja!" - "Wie?" - "Wie deinen ganzen Jahrgang." Zeichnung von M. Motet in "Le Rire" (330) [Abb.]: "Warum hat sie nicht gewollt? Man hat ja zahlen wollen" Politische Karikatur auf die Vergewaltigung Belgiens (331) [Abb.]: Der siegreiche Ersatzreservist Zeichnung (332) [Abb.]: Sandwich pain noir Französische Etappenkarikatur von Anglay in "Fantasio". 1915 (333) [Abb.]: Der Traum von der Abrüstung Zeichnung (334) Elftes Kapitel Etappenprostitution Feldbräute in Ost und West - Liebe für ein Kommißbrot und einen Franc - Estaminets und Teestuben - Krieg, der große Galeotto (335) [Abb.]: In einer galizischen Teestube Zeichnung (335) [Abb.]: Wie er bei den Französinnen Eroberungen macht Französische Karikatur auf den deutschen Etappenoffizier (Zeichner unbekannt) (336) [Abb.]: Die rationierte Kosmetik Französische Karikatur von G. Léonnec, 1918 ( - ) [Abb.]: "Eine Heldin der Front, die kleine Modewarenhändlerin in X an der Z" Zeichnung von S. Sesboné in "Fantasio", 1916 (337) [Abb.]: Die nordfranzösische Etappe im Spiegel des deutschen Humors (339) [Abb.]: Weiblicher Hilfsdienst in dem von Russen besetzten Ostpreußen, 1914 (340) [Abb.]: Der Held vom amerikanischen Roten Kreuz Karikatur von Charles Michel in "Fantasio", 1916 (341) [Flugblatt]: Im übrigen wurden die deutschen Truppenangehörigen, die in Brüssel ankamen, am Bahnhof von einer Warnungstafel folgenden Inhalts empfangen: (342) [Abb.]: Wein, Liebe und Tabak: der Laden im zerstörten Dorf Front-Zeichnung (343) [Lied]: Henel gibt ein in Brügge entstandenes deutsches Soldatenlied wieder: (343) [Abb.]: Die Zivilarbeiterbataillone in der französischen Karikatur "Himmel, meine Töchter!" - "Bah, sie sind wie alle Französinnen - leicht zu entführen!" Zeichnung von H. Grand-Aigle "La Baionnette", 1916 (344) [Lied]: Immerhin sie hier die erste Strophe eines hübschen Liedchens wiedergegeben, das, von einem deutschen Soldaten gedichtet, in der Kriegszeitung des deutschen Marinekorps in Flandern, "An Flanderns Küste", abgedruckt wurde: (344) [Abb.]: Kriegspatin und Patenkind oder das ungleiche Paar Zeichnung von Reb in "Fantasio", 1917 (345) [Abb.]: Titelblatt einer Justament-Nummer der Geheimzeitung "La libre Belgique", die jahrelang in dem von Deutschen besetzten Belgien erschienen und eine wüste Propaganda gegen die Besetzungsbehörden entfaltete (347) [Abb.]: "Det Gequassel immer! Ick hab' hier nischt Verfiehrerisches gesehen" Aus "Liller Kriegszeitung", 1915 (348) [Abb.]: Etappenhumor Zeichnung von C. Arnold in "Liller Kriegszeitung", 1915 (349) [Abb.]: Das Seepferdchen Zeichnung (351) [Abb.]: Gefängnisstrafe für zwei Einwohner von Noyon (Nordfrankreich), die die Offiziere der Besatzungsarmee nicht grüßten Plakat, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (352) [Abb.]: Die kleine Tänzerin und der große General Bild aus der italienischen Etappe ( - ) [Abb.]: Im Nachtcafé "Hier stelle ich dir meine Milchschwester vor." "Und ich dir meinen Schnapsbruder." Zeichnung von Faye in "Vie de Garnison" (353) [Gedicht]: Nicht ohne Grund klingt im berühmten Vierzeiler der flämischen Dirnen das Lob des deutschen Kommißbrotes mit: (354) [Flugblatt]: Auch ein Beitrag zur Geschichte aller militärischen Besatzungen Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (355) [Abb.]: Im Estaminet Zeichnung eines Kriegsteilnehmers, aus J. C. Brunner, Illustrierte Sittengeschichte (358) [Abb.]: Aus dem Schwarzweißrotblauweißrotbuch: Französinnen flicken die Wäsche der deutschen Krieger Sammlung A. Wolff. Leipzig (359) [Abb.]: "Nu guck mal, also hier darf nichts ruiniert werden!" Aus "Liller Kriegszeitung", 1915 (360) [Abb.]: Der Deutsche zum geknebelten Belgien: "Wir sind die denkbar besten Freunde geworden" Politische Karikatur (361) [Flugblatt]: Dokumentarisches zur Psychologie der militärischen Besetzung Plakat, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (363) [Abb.]: "Mit Gott für Kaiser und Vaterland" Verlag Viva (364) [Abb.]: Auf der Suche nach Quartier "Mein Mann ist nicht zu Hause und ich habe nur ein Bett für mich." "Tut nichts, wir werden Sie nicht inkommodieren - wir werden eben ein wenig zusammenrücken!" Französische Frontzeichnung (365) [Abb.]: Gesicht und Gesichter der Etappe Photographische Aufnahme, Verlag Viva (366) [Abb.]: Etappe Paris Zeichnung von G. Pavis in "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (367) [Abb.]: Rumänische Familie, deren weibliche Mitglieder vom Verkauf ihrer Körper an die Soldaten der Besatzungsarmee lebten Photographische Aufnahme, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (368) [Abb.]: Das Etappenschwein . und sein Pläsierchen Zeichnung ( - ) Zwölftes Kapitel Etappenhengste und Etappenmädel Die Legende vom Front- und Etappenschwein - Die Frauen der besetzten Gebiete und die Eroberer - Belgien unter deutscher Besatzung - Zivilarbeiterbataillone - Die Hilfsdienstdamen - Frauenkrankenhäuser in der Etappe (369) [Abb.]: Aus "Galizien", ill. Beilage der Ostgalizischen Feldzeitung, 1917 (369) [Abb.]: Die Sexualnot in humoristischer Aufmachung Aus "Kriegsflugblätter der Liller Kriegszeitung" (370) [Lied]: Das Etappenschwein (370) [Flugblatt]: Wie leicht man sein Leben verwirkte Plakat aus dem besetzten Rußland Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (371) [Lied]: Nur ist hier der Gegensatz zwischen dem Wohlleben der Offiziere und dem Hundeleben der gemeinen Soldaten krasser herausgearbeitet. Eines diese Lieder lautet in wörtlicher Übersetzung: (372) [Abb.]: Eroberung hinter der Ostfront Photographische Aufnahme (373) [Abb.]: Das Mitglied der Friedenskonferenz: "Ich soll nicht freigebig sein? Soeben habe ich einem völlig Unbekannten den ganzen Libanon, Estland und die östliche Walachei geschenkt!" Zeichnung von A. Faivre in "Le Rire rouge", 1919 (374) [Abb.]: Mehr Dichtung als Wahrheit über das Leben im besetzten Feindesland Postkarte aus der Kriegszeit, Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (375) [Abb.]: Hotelhall in Brüssel Wie der französische Zeichner das Leben in der von Deutschen besetzten belgischen Hauptstadt darstellt Aus "Fantasio", 1915 (376) [Abb.]: Der Etappen-Photograph "So . bitte . jetzt! ." Aus "Simplicissimus", 1916 (377) [2 Abb.]: (1)"Schau, zehn Francs ist nicht teuer." "Ich will nicht widersprechen, aber ich habe nur 10 Centimes." Aus "Vie de Garnision", 1915 (2)Deutsche Postkarte aus dem dritten Kriegsjahr Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (378) [Brief]: Wir lassen die geheime Anweisung der Kommandantur in Lille für Suchpatrouillen, die die Aushebung in die Zivilarbeiterbataillone durchzuführen hatten, folgen: (379) [Abb.]: Liebe im französischen Unterstand Aus "La Vie Parisienne", 1917 (379) [Abb.]: Kinematographische Aufnahme aus 1001 Nacht in der Lichtstadt Aus "La Vie Parisienne", 1916 (380) [6 Abb.]: Der Krieg im Hinterland (1)Vorbereitung zur Offensive (2)Angriff mit brennbaren Flüssigkeiten (3)Der Kampfwagen (Tank) (4)Kleine Detailoperationen (5)Ein nächtlicher Gegenangriff (6)Die Nacht nach dem Sieg Zeichnung von G. Pavis in "La Vie Parisienne", 1915 (381) [Abb.]: "Was mir an Ihrem Beruf am meisten mißfällt, ist, daß Sie jede Nacht Wache schieben müssen" Zeichnung von H. Gazan in "Le Rire rouge", 1916 (382) [Abb.]: Lille, Hauptstadt der nordfranzösischen Etappe und Hauptsitz der Etappenprostitution, nach Einzug der Deutschen Photographische Aufnahme (383) [Abb.]: Flandrische Etappe in Bild und Schrift . Jedoch des Tages höchster Glanz Naht abends, wenn sie geht zum Tanz. Im "Eldorado" Walzer klingen, Matros' und Meisje Tanzbein schwingen. Aus der Etappenzeitung "An Flanderns Küste", 1916 (384) [Abb.]: Der Leichenzug aus Belgien Eine sehr verbreitete Propagandazeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Flandrische Etappe in Bild und Schrift . Und bist du gar ein Kavalier, Bringst du die Maid vor ihre Tür, Gibst einige "Totjes" deiner Braut, Sie ist "beschaamd en stief benouwd." Aus der Etappenzeitung "An Flanderns Küste", 1916 (385) [Abb.]: Italienische Postkarte zur Warnung vor Spionen Sammlung A. Wolf, Leipzig (386) [Abb.]: Aus dem Leben eines Fernsprechers Feldgrauer Humor aus "Scheinwerfer", Beilage zur Zeitung der 10. Armee (Wilna) Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (387) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kaffeehaus hinter der alliierten Front Zeichnung von R. Jouenne in "Fantasio", 1918 (2)"Das tut gut, für die kleine Französin zu kämpfen" Zeichnung von Marcel Bloch in "La Baionnette", 1915 (388) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kaffeehaus hinter der alliierten Front Zeichnung von R. Jouenne in "Fantasio", 1918 (2)"Das tut gut, für die kleine Französin zu kämpfen" Zeichnung von Marcel Bloch in "La Baionnette", 1915 (389) [Abb.]: Kriegscafé in einem ungarischen Grenzstädtchen Zeichnung (390) [Abb.]: Eine zusammenfassende Darstellung aller zu Propagandazwecken von der Entente reichlich ausgeschroteten "deutschen Greueltaten" Zeichnung von Townsend in "Punch", 1915 (391) [Abb.]: Friedliche Eroberungen in Feindesland mit Hilfe des allbeliebten Kommißbrotes Szene aus dem Film der Deutschen Universal Film A.-G. nach Remarques "Im Westen nichts Neues" (392) [Abb.]: Fest deutscher Soldaten in Flandern Das Auftreten der Schuhplattler Photographische Aufnahme (393) [Abb.]: "Mein Mann macht mir fürchterliche Szenen, obwohl ich ihm gedroht habe wegzugehen." "Droh' ihm, daß du bleibst." Zeichnung von Haye in "Vie de Garnison" (394) [Abb.]: Auskundschaftung des Terrains Zeichnung von Martin in "La Vie Parisienne", 1918 (395) [Abb.]: Das Spiel im Frauenherzen "Man nehme mehr als vier!" Französische Postkarte (396) [Abb.]: Deutsche Soldaten an einem dienstfreien Sonntag mit ihren russischen Quartierswirtinnen Photographische Aufnahme (397) [Gedicht]: so wollen wir uns von diesen Kriegsopfern mit den Worten verabschieden, die Karl Kraus ihnen in seinem grandiosen Kriegsdrama in den Mund legt: (397) [Abb.]: Soldat und Dirne Federzeichnung von Alfred Kubin Fritz Gurlitt-Verlag, Berlin (398) [Abb.]: Der Hunger zieht durch die Straßen Zeichnung aus dem besetzten Nordfrankreich (399) [Abb.]: Im Wintergarten in Berlin werden Tänzerinnen engagiert Zeichnung von A. Miarko in "Fantasio", 1915 (400) [Abb.]: Der rote Dämon der Etappe Zeichnung ( - ) [Abb.]: Ut J'hann Stuewen sin Franzosentid "Na, Madam, kokt de Kartuffel ok?" "Merci, Monsieur, je ne suis pas très bien portant." "Kick mol, dat Flesch is ok all moeer?" "Oui, oui, Monsieur, c'est la guerre, c'est un malheur." "Dat is schön, denn könn' wi ja bald wat eten." Aus "Liller Kriegszeitung", 1915 (401) [Abb.]: Die Eroberer und die Bevölkerung von Russisch-Polen Photographische Aufnahme (402) [Flugblatt]: Ein Plakat der Besatzungsbehörden in Russisch-Polen Sammlung A. Wolff, Leipzig (403) [Abb.]: Etappe Gent Zeichnung von George Grosz in "Gesicht der herrschenden Klasse", Malik-Verlag (404) [Abb.]: Englische Hilfstruppe im Nahkampf Aus einem lithographierten Heft "War and Women" (405) [Lied]: Trotzdem spricht man oft von der Flucht und neckisch singen die Frauen ein Lied, das im Krankenhaus entstanden ist: (405) [Abb.]: Kriegsromantik im Estaminet Aus der deutschen Etappenzeitung "An Flanderns Küste", 1916 (406) [Lied]: Eine Strophe einer im Hause entstandenen Chanson sagt unverblümt: (406) [Abb.]: Nachtleben in der flandrischen Etappe Nach einem Aquarell (407) [Abb.]: Gruss von der Leipziger Messe! Die grosse Mode 1919 "8 Monate nach Krieger's Heimkehr" (408) Literaturangaben (409) Einleitung, Erstes Kapitel, Zweites Kapitel (409) Drittes Kapitel (409) Viertes Kapitel (410) Fünftes Kapitel, Sechstes Kapitel (411) Siebentes Kapitel (411) Achtes Kapitel (412) Neuntes Kapitel (413) Zehntes Kapitel (413) Elftes Kapitel, Zwölftes Kapitel (414) Inhalt des ersten Bandes (415) Werbung ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

Special Advent Issue of Volume 63 of the Review for Religious, 2004. ; .Sp~rttuality.Revtew, a supplcmcnt.of Rewew for Religious, is looki~g~i~6 facilita , , a~iitib aG oodg,. u:deia.loo~,e. within ~.,~ou"r s"elv aes~; d)ialo~e wi~th i~n:e anotbeg.~ s POpe.Paul~n Said, our ~ay, of beingchurcb # to~y the way qdialo~e. Spirituality Review, a supplement of Review for Religious, is published at Saint Louis University by the Jesuits of the Missouri Province twice a year during the Lent/Easter and Advent/Christmas seasons. Please send all correspondence to: Review for Religious; Editorial Office: 3601 Lindell Boulevard ¯ St. Louis, Missouri 63108-3393 Telephone: 314-977-7363 ¯ Fax: 314-977-7362 See inside back cover for information on subscription rates to Review for Religious. Spirituality Review, a supplement of Review for Religious, is an interactive journal. We ask you, our readers, to give us your reactions and your suggestions. Please write to our address given above or fax: 314-977-7362 email us at: review@slu.edu * Web site: www.reviewforreligious.org ©2004 Review for Religious Permission is herewith granted to copy any material contained in this supplement issue of Review for Religious for personal or internal use, or for the personal or internal use of specific library clients within the limits outlined in Sections 107 and/or 108 of the United States Copyright Law. All copies made under this permission must bear notice of the source, date, and copyright owner on the first page. This permission is NOT extended to copying for commercial distribution, adver-tising, institutional promotion, or for the creation of new collective works or anthologies. Such permission will only be considered on written application to the Editor, Review for Religious. S pi ituality eview Review .for Religious Supplement Editor David L. Fleming SJ Associate Editor Philip C. Fischer SJ Canonical Counsel Elizabeth McDonough OP Scripture Scope Eugene Hensell OSB Editorial Staff Mary Ann Foppe TracT Gramm Judy Sharp Webmaster Clare Boehmer ASC ~amer SM '-Iughes RSCJ Larkin OCarm .amgela Menard ry Steib SVD L~keritis CSJ ADVENT CHRISTMAS 2004 contents tracings reaching out Saint It! D.M. Flynn offers an overview of saints throughout history that challenges us to recognize the saints around us and to model saintliness for others. Reflection 13 expecting in hope l~ Imaging Isaiah David L. Fleming SJ suggests we meet the prophet Isaiah for his guidance through Advent. Prayer and Reflection Questions 17 remembering ~ Dismas's Dying Moments: Reflections on "Palpable Grace" Robert P. Maloney CM employs a type of lectio divina on the Lucan story of the "good thief" in order to offer some reflections on palpable grace. Prayer 23 expanding our world My Associates Robert North SJ enlarges our prayer by his suggestion of including "my associates," and he further explains the extent of this term. Prayer and Reflection Question SpiHt~ality Review ~.~,o mcmaea as a bonus A Spirituality fo: . orary Life:The Jesuit Heritage TodaCyo)n .t.e.m. p_ Prisms for a Christ-Life .@. .$1 Notes on the Spiritual Exercises @ God has imprinted upon all created things his traces, trail, or footsteps, so that the knowledge we have of his divine Majesty through created things seems nothing other than the sight of the feet of God. St. Francis de Sales Asking for help does not come easy for many adults. They mistakenly think that all mature persons (like themselves!) have all the resources they need. At the other extreme, there are peo-ple who are quick to condemn anyone who does not ask for help: "They are trying to be like a god, self-sufficient and not needing others." Yet our Christian understanding is that God, incarnate in Jesus, is one who asks for our help. In the New Testament, we see that Jesus sought out apostles and disciples and shared his mis-sion about the reign of God with them. Jesus was acting in continuity with God working with the Hebrew patriarchs Abraham and Moses and the kings David and Solomon and the prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah. God is always reaching out and asking for our human help. This familiar thought expresses a deep truth: "God has no tracings Advent/Christntas 2004 Tracings hands but our hands, no other feet but our feet." That is the ordinary way that God reaches out to help others. The Christian belief in the communion of saints is based on our faith that God works with and through us to bring about the reign of God. We all are meant to help one another--those of us living now and those who have preceded us--and that is why we are the "commu-nion of saints." In our daily way of praying, we ask our brothers and sisters--canonized saints (especially our favorite ones) and family members, friends, teachers, and counselors (most of whom will never be officially rec-ognized as saints but helpful to us all the same)--for their support and intercessory aid as we travel our own life pilgrimage. Every Eucharist we celebrate brings home to us how we live as a faith community of sisters and brothers willing to ask for help, to provide help, and to receive the help that is offered. Asking for help is how we grow into being the body of Christ. Asking for help is how we grow in being like God. As editor, I want to thank our readers for helping us to improve this journal, Review for Religious. This Spirituality Review is the last regular supplement issue because it has served its purpose of getting feedback from you, our readers, through postcards and emails, about format and interactive-style changes that we will be including in Review for Religious. In the first issue of 2005, you will notice these adaptations. Spirituality Review facilitated the making of prudent changes in a revered and respected international journal sixty-plus years old. We are grateful for your help, and we hope that you will continue to find the pages of Review for Religious personally and apostolically enriching. David L. Fleming SJ Spirituality Review D.M. FLYNN Saint It! Every family has them. There are stories about the relative dubbed Daddy Fix-It. Without for-mal training he could repair anything from the children's toys to the family washing machine. Anecdotes about Nana are hardly lacking either. A European immigrant, she never mastered the complexities of English, but her family feasts surpassed the efforts of every gourmet chef in town. Then there are the tales of the frugal aunt and uncle who raised ten children. They sold their empty nest to buy an RV (recreational vehi-cle), then spent their wisdom years traveling around the country visiting family and friends. Yes, every family has them: the heroes who have gone on before us while their legends live on. Family members spend many enjoyable hours poring over photo albums and recalling such tales. These stories inspire us and help to shape our family heritage. In our increasingly D.M. Flynn, who wrote about Gregorian chant for us in 1999, may be addressed at 119 Royal Gardens Way; Brockport, New York 14420. reaching out ddvent/Cbristmas 2004 Flynn ¯ Saint I!! mobile society, they not only influence our identities, they impart a sense of unity. Perhaps that explains the popularity of genealogy in recent years. As our kinfolk uproot and transplant themselves, we feel the need to maintain our family tree. We seek roots in every sense of the word. Our Catholic family also has its heroes and their leg-ends: we call them saints. Their stories inspire us and shape our Catholic heritage. These tales testify to the kinds of lives that are appropriate for God's holy peo-ple. Our lineage spans thousands of years, making it impossible to trace all of it--not here, not ever. But the following pages give us a glimpse of our Judeo-Christian family album. Saints: Set Apart To the average Catholic, the word saint refers to deceased persons whom the church has officially canon-ized for their lives of service to God and their neigh-bors. But the canon--or list--of saints could not possibly include everyone who lived a life of virtue. Moreover, the definition of saint has evolved over the centuries. The word translated as saint from both Hebrew and Greek originally referred to gods, beings "set apart." The ancient Israelites viewed God as transcending his creation and therefore worthy of worship. They believed that God alone was "holy, sanctus," set apart ("sanctuar-ied"), distinct, unique. "Holiness" set God apart from the profane, the ordinary: "Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts" (Is 6:3). When God entered into a covenant with the Israelites, they were set apart from the other nations. "You are a people sacred to the Lord, your God; he has chosen you from all the nations on the face of the earth to be a people peculiarly his own" (Dt 7:6). With this Spirituality Review privilege comes a responsibility: "Be holy, for I, the Lord, your God, am holy" (Lv 19:2). Now the Israelites are God's chosen ones, a "holy people," or "saints," who are called to imitate the divine attributes. In the New Testament, the apostle Paul refers to the early Christians as saints because, as a community, they were set apart from their nonbelieving neighbors. The Christians were now God's own people, "the holy ones in Christ Jesus" (Ph 1:1). They, too, bear the task of emulating the Divine: "Put on the new self, created in God's way in Can we Use saint , to refer toChristians who lived exemplary lives ' of irtue and simplicity? righteousness and holiness of truth" (Ep 4:24). Eventually the term saint referred to Christians who lived exem-plary lives of virtue and simplicity, whose lifestyles served to inspire others. Christians at the Catacombs A cross-stitch sampler reads, "When someone you love becomes a memory, that memory becomes a trea-sure." As we peruse our family albums, we inevitably find the last photo taken of loved ones whose earthly lives are now memories. By visiting their graves and decorating the gravesites, we show that we treasure those memories. The ancient Israelites regarded death as the passage from life to Sheol (she-OHL), a dark place of confine-ment, but not one of punishment. In Sheol one was estranged from God: "Who among the dead remembers you? Who praises you in Sheol?" (Ps 6:6). From the moment of death, there were displays of grief, shown in clothing and in loud laments, wailing, and weeping. Advent/Christmas 2004 Flynn ¯ Saintlt.t Proper burial was required. To leave a body "for the birds of the air and the beasts of the field" (1 S 14:44) was an insult to God's creation. Poor people were buried in common graveyards. The wealthy had vaults dug into the hillsides. The entryway was closed with a circular stone slab. Families might have several interconnected rooms. Bodies were laid on shelves carved out for that purpose. The Jewish Christians also, of course, honored the memory of their loved ones. At first they simply con-tinued their Jewish practices, burying their dead amid laments and dirges. The resurrection of Jesus, however, changed their mourning into joy: "We do not want you to be unaware about those who have fallen asleep, so that you may not grieve like the rest, who have no hope" (1 Th 4:13). These new Christians, then, regarded the graves of their loved ones as a temporary resting place, not a final one. The word cemetery comes from a Greek word meaning dormitory, sleeping room. Christian burial customs continued to reflect the Jewish emphasis c~f respect for the body as God's cre-ation. To this end, Christians choose modest ground burial in common graveyards. During the 2nd and 3rd centuries, Christians made an effort to identify the graves of martyrs. They viewed death as a birthday: birth of a new life with God, as Jesus had promised. They occa-sionally gathered at these sites on the anniversaries of the martyrs' deaths to rejoice and commemorate their lives. In the 3rd century, Christians were buried in the cat-acombs, which were probably extensions of the hillside vaults of the wealthy. The catacombs were not used as a refuge for Christians during times of persecution. In the 4th cen .tury, however, they too were the site of memorial services. Here they celebrated the Eucharist "in memory Spirituality Review of those athletes who have gone before, and to train and make ready those who are to come hereafter."' Local Calendars and Canonization As we turn the pages in our family album, we come upon photographs of those who sacrificed their lives in the service of others--a widower uncle who refused to place his handicapped child in an institution despite pres-sure from doctors and family; an aunt who renounced marriage and children in order to care for her aging par-ents. They may not have died for their cause, but they laid down their lives nonetheless. To the Jewish community, a martyr was someone who was deeply devoted to God and lived life of exemplary piety and holiness. The martyr, or "witness," testi-fied to the manner of life appropriate for God's cho-sen people. To the new Christians a martyr was one who endured, not for the faith, but because of it. Faith allowed one to be "strengthened with every power, in accord with Mat does it'.mean .to'say a ,matyrr : one who endured; ,not for, the fai h, but ecause:ff it? [God's] glorious might, for all endurance and patience, with joy giving thanks to the Father, who has made you fit to share in the inheritance of the holy ones in light" (Col 1:11-12). The Book of Revelation refers to martyrs as those who gave their life for Jesus Christ. In later cen-turies martyrs came to mean those who willingly died for their beliefs. Christians faced persecutions until the peace of Constantine in the early 4th century. Recalling the acts of the martyrs served to inspire the .community in the Advent/Christmas 2004 Flynn ¯ Saint lt.t face of opposition. Each church had its own list of local heroes or saints. As intolerance subsided, martyrdom became uncommon. Christians now looked for new heroes to emulate. People who led extremely virtuous lives, especially those who lived in voluntary poverty, were included in the local calendar of saints. There were no formal criteria for sainthood: the devotion of the community was the sole requirement to set them apart. Over the centuries the lists of saints swelled and abuses occurred. Family legends often become exagger-ated as time passes; the sagas of the saints suffered the same fate. Consequently, the bishops began to set norms for calling people saints within their dioceses. In 1234 Pope Gregory IX declared that the sole route to official sainthood was papal canonization. Formal canonization has seen many changes since then. The most recent revi-sion came in 1983, but the devotion of the community is still an essential element. The lengthy and complex pro-cess begins when one or more persons submit a request to the bishop to examine the life of a deceased hero. All the Saints Sometimes, as we look through our family pho-tographs, we are surprised to discover an uneven repre-sentation of our relatives. Some people appear in almost every picture while others appear only rarely. Vghatever the reason for this, as families grow it becomes increas-ingly difficult to photograph the entire clan. Similarly, as our family of saints grew larger in num-ber than the days in a year, it became impossible to assign a specific day to honor each saint. The obvious solution was to select a day to honor all the saints, known and unknown, who did not have a personal feast day. Various places chose different days for this. November 1, the first day of Celtic winter, was the feast of all the saints in Spirituality Review Ireland. It was not until the 9th century that November 1 became the feast of All Saints for the entire church. While we celebrate the memory of all saints, we adore God alone. We pray to the saints to intercede with God for us. We venerate saints; we worship God alone. The distinction may be subtle, but it is significant. As Lawrence Cunningham observed, the saints "give us the encouragement to be more self-giving, more loving, less inclined to hate, more compelled to love. They invite us, in short, to transcend ourselves.''2 The Solemnity of All Saints is a day to honor those saints whom the Church formally recognizes for their lives of service to God and their neighbors. It is also a day when we can remember our loved ones who have gone before us and left memories to inspire us. It is a day when we can notice the goodness of people still among us, living relatives and friends who challenge us to be the person God calls us to be. At baptism each one of us was set apart for God. We became members of "'a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people of his own, so that you may announce the praises' of him who called you out of dark-ness into his wonderful light" (1 P 2:9). Through baptism God lays claim to us, enabling us to become divine instru-ments. Whatever our situation in life, we are to imitate the divine attributes, to live virtuous lives, and to bear wit-ness to the way of life appropriate for God's holy people. The following stanza rarely appears in our hymnals despite its powerful imagery: For martyrs, who with rapture-kindled eye saw the bright crown descending from the sky and, seeing, grasped it, Thee we glorify.3 We, too, must grasp the crown, not necessarily by dying for our faith, but rather by persevering as witnesses who, through faith, live as God's image and likeness. Now it is /ldvent/Cbristmas 2004 Flynn ¯ Saintlt! our turn to be heroes and heroines for others, to "saint it," to act like saints. Our lives will then inspire a future gen-eration of saints and help to shape their Catholic heritage. Notes i From "The Martyrdom of Polycarp," 2rid century. 2 Lawrence S. Cunningham, The Meaning of the Saints (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1980), p. 162. 3 Marilyn Kay Stulken and Catherine Salika, Hymnal Companion to VVorsbip, 3rd ed. (Chicago: GIA Publications, 1998), p. 416. Reflection Reflect on/share your 'experience of the homespun sampler that says: "When someone you love becomes a memory, the memory becomes a treasure." Spirituality Review DAVID L. FLEMING Imaging Isaiah Readings from the book of the prophet Isaiah are used for more than half of all the Advent Masses. The Liturgy of the Hours for this liturgical season, too, depends frequently on a first reading from Isaiah. Who is this man Isaiah? Why has the church chosen him to lead us through Advent? I believe that if we will make use of an imaginative way of praying we will be graced by God to have a richer appreciation of our Christian Advent. Let us ask, then, for an encounter with this prophet of God, one specially chosen to help us "wait." We are on a country road, and Isaiah is walking towards us. He seems to have a face that people say is "typical"-- that is, a typical Judean face. He, an eighth-century man of Judah, appears to be a man of experience--average height and build, seemingly in good health, with the lines of aging already visible around his eyes and across his David L. Fleming SJ is editor of this journal. He may be addressed at 3601 Lindell Boulevard; St, Louis, Missouri 63108. expecting in hope Advent/Christmas 2004 Fleming ¯ Imaging Isaiah forehead. At the same time, his eyes, bright and steady in their gaze, seem younger than his face and body; they are dark and serious,-strong, and unflinching. He has a studious air about him, like a longtime, somewhat rumpled, university professor we can feel at home with. He speaks quietly, but with authority. There is a certain cadence in his speech, a bit like listening to a poet give a dramatic reading of his own poetry. And so he begins to share some of his own story with us. We listen. I am a typical Jewish man, married, with a family. But I know that I am not typical in the way that I experience how God works in my life. Let me say straightway that God is God, there is no Other, and God is the God of my whole life. I am now working with my fourth king here in Judah; kings have come and gone in my forty~year experience, but God always remains. He stays with me, with us, his people. From my very first extraord!nary experience of God reaching into my life, God for me has always been the "Holy One of Israel." Sure, I have felt the warm reality of God's love, the intimacy of his call, that first time almost sounding like a plea, "Whom shall I send?" With the boldness of my youthful faith, I had no hesitation in speaking up and saying, "Here I am, Lord, send me." But, above all, my experience of God is that God is awe-ful, God is holy--really "other" than us. We humans are not very good in letting God be God in our lives. We do not like the awe-ful, the totally Other, the mysterious One. We still prefer making God like ourselves, and we find it very hard to allow God to make us like him. That pretty well sums up what I have had to say to my people and to kings for forty years. I see human pridebour self-indulgence and even our indifference to those in need--writ large in our nation of Judah. Yet Judah is "my people" and Jerusalem is the holy city. So it is hard for me to cry out and condemn, but what Spirituality Review can I do? The words are not mine, but God's word. God could raise up an ass to do as much as I do. Some people call me that anyway, and on my good days I take it as a compliment. You see, God is God, and from a weak and insignificant remnant of a people God will raise up a king from David's line just as he promised. We are called to trust. The Lord is the faithful One--faithful to his promises--and where else but from the Lord will we find a rule of peace and justice and a real family of humankind? I have seen quite a few kings--my hope lies not in them. My hope is always in my God, working with us now and moving with us always to a future that is in his hands. In our good times and in our busy moments, we forget or ignore God. In our hard times, we complain against our God, and we say that we cannot trust him. With all our ups and downs as a people, our moments of pride and then our times of discouragement and destitution, I feel that I must say two things at once. God wants to use me to console, not to punish. Our faith needs to feel strengthened, and not face further trial or reprimand. We need to grow in our trust of God. God says that through me; God also acts this out--for me and for my people, his people. The kingdom of God is at hand, and the poor and the lowly-- just how we feel now--are the very ones who find their home within it. So I image God's word like a two-edged sword. It cuts into our pride, our vanity, and our callous injustice to the poor; but it also heals with its searing blade, and it provides strength and protection. Advent/Christnlas 2004 Fleming ¯ Imaging Isaiah This is my experience of being God's prophet. This is the way that I live my call from God, listening to his word. I am trying to live this vocation faithfully. As I continue to respond to God's word, I feel myself always being challenged to grow in my trust of the Lord. Maybe being God's prophet is really not so extraordinary an experience. We all have to be faithful to our vocations, don't we? And that requires a continuing interplay of listening and responding. Of course, this way of living demands an ever greater trust in God for all .:of us, Living with God is such an advent experience-- always awaiting God's coming, in a spirit of trust. Prayer To continue the conversation with Isaiah and with God, we might open our Bible to Isaiah, chapter 43. Perhaps this passage will call forth in us our own encounter with Isaiah and/or God. Perhaps there will be little conversation, and instead just being with each other and thinking similar thoughts. And then we might remain with whatever phrase or sentence captures our heart, like the refrain of a song that keeps coming backer is it us coming back to it? Who is waiting for whom? Reflection Questions How have we experienced Isaiah providing a doorway for us into our Advent season? Does our listening and responding to God increase out trust in God leading us on in our vocation? Spirituality Review ROBERT P. MALONEY Dismas's Dying Moments: Reflections on "Palpable Grace" All four Gospels paint the same stark picture of Jesus' death: he dies crucified between two criminals, one on his right and one on his left. But, whereas Mark, Matthew, and John say almost nothing about the two criminals, Luke gives them speaking roles in a dramatic episode. In fact, this scene is the longest and most important Lucan difference in the crucifixion story. We usually refer to its main character as "the good thief," though Luke calls him neither "good" nor a "thief." While Mark and Matthew describe both men crucified with Jesus as "bandits," Luke simply refers to them as "wrongdoers," perhaps because, as the evangelist who most emphasizes gentleness, he wants to avoid placing Jesus in violent company at his death. Robert P. Maloney CM, superior general emeritus of the Congregation of the Mission, continues to write from Via dei Capasso, 30; 00164 Roma; Italy. remembering Advent/Christmas 2004 Maloney ¯ Dismas's Dying Moments Later tradition gave various names to both wrongdoers 0oathas and Maggatras, Zoatham and Camma, Titus and Dumachus, Dismas and Gestas), Most of these names are forgotten today, but some readers may still recall the good thief as Dismas. Under that name the Roman liturgical calendar assigned him a feast day, 25 March, once regarded as the day of Jesus' crucifixion, but now celebrated as the feast of his incarnation. A charming legend found in an apocryphal gospel relates that, when the Holy Family went down into Egypt, two robbers set upon them. One, however, halted immediately when he saw the tears that welled up in Mary's eyes. It was these same robbers (now caught plying their trade in Jerusalem)--so the story goes--who were crucified with Jesus. The one moved by Mary's tears was the good thief at Jesus' right. But the Gospels are silent about the wrongdoers' past history and personal lives. At first reading, the dialogue in Luke seems simple and direct, but in fact it is filled with subtle undertones. One of the wrongdoers, the evangelist states, joins his voice with those blaspheming Jesus: "Aren't you the Messiah? Then save yourself and us." But the "other wrongdoer" (Luke never calls him anything else) rebukes his companion: "Have you no fear of God, seeing that you are under the same sentence? We deserve it, after all. We are only paying the price for what we have done, but this man has done nothing wrong." Notice that in this Lucan scene the good thief is the witness to Jesus' innocence. Later a second witness, the centurion, will confirm the good thief's judgment, testifying "Surely this was an innocent man" (Lk 23:47). Now the drama heightens as the good thief speaks directly to the crucified Lord: "Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom." "Jesus"! This form of address is stunning in its intimacy. Nowhere else in Spirituality Review the four Gospels does anyone address Jesus simply by his given name without any reverential qualification. Luke's artistic touch conveys the genuineness of the wrongdoer's request. But note the irony too. For Luke, the first person with the confidence to speak so familiarly with the Lord is a convicted criminal--and he is also the last person to speak with him. He phrases his plea as remembrance, a favorite Lucan idea that is also found on ancient Jewish gravestones: "Remember me." Against all ordinary probability, this wrongdoer, hearing Jesus mocked as "king of the Jews" and sensing that an injustice is being done, believes that Jesus really will rule over a kingdom and humbly asks to be remembered. Jesus responds with an "amen saying," the only use of this solemn form in Luke's passion narrative and also its sixth and final use in his Gospel. Here the solemn formula bestows the gift of God's forgiveness. Jesus' assurance goes beyond anything that the wrongdoer (or the reader) might have anticipated: "Amen, I say to you, this day you shall be with me in paradise." Much more is granted than was asked. The response includes not just forgiveness but intimacy: you shall be with me. The good thief will, in Jesus' company, enjoy the fullness of happiness with God. Let me offer two brief reflections on this wonderful Lucan story. 1. We believe that grace is a pure gift. God bestows it freely and abundantly. We do not earn it; we only respond to it. On the deepest level, grace is God's presence, God's offer of personal love and self-communication. The gift is the giver. God touches our hearts and stirs up, even creates, a response within us. But it is important to note that this gift is not merely an unseen reality; it also comes in palpable forms. The Gospels remind us of this again and again. For the good Advent/Christmas 2004 Maloney ¯ Dismas's Dying Moments How understand "Jesus" grace, thief in Luke's story, Jesus is grace. One can almost imagine this "other wrongdoer" studying Jesus and slowly arriving at the conclusion that the man beside him is not only innocent of a capital crime but genuinely good, In fact--this little detail often goes unnoticed-- Luke gives the good thief more time to observe Jesus than any of the other evangelists, for in his Gospel (different from Mark, Matthew, and John) the two wrongdoers walk the entire way of the cross with Jesus before dying with him (Lk 23:32). The goodness he sees in the person of Jesus touches the good thief's heart and evokes a response: "Jesus, remember me." Is that not how grace often works? It enters our lives through the faithful witness of others (like our parents, or a self-giving servant of the poor, or a sick person who bears illness with courageous faith) or through a saint's life or a martyr's death that we read about. The signs of God's love--what we call "grace"--are visible all around us. What is remarkable in the good thief is that he does not turn in on himself in the desperately grim moments when his life was draining away. Instead of sinking into depression or despair, he sees goodness itself in the person of Jesus and utters a hopeful plea: "Jesus, remember me." He sees grace personified and responds. 2. There is something remarkably humble in this "other wrongdoer." Unlike his companion, he recognizes the truth of his own situation. His sober analysis was, I suspect, shocking both for the first wrongdoer and for the bystanders: "We have been condemned jusdy. We are only paying the price for what we have done, but this man has done nothing wrong." Spirituality Review Thomas Merton once wrote, "We make ourselves real by telling the truth." Truth lies at the core of our being, straining to emerge. When we express the truth, we begin to build our true self. So it was for the good thief. Drawn by the innocence and goodness of the Lord, he recognized his own emptiness and, precisely in doing so, was able to see, hear, receive, and be filled. There is a humble and at the same time affectionate ring in the good thief's plea, "Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom." And Jesus' warm response is another Lucan testimony that the humble are exalted: "Amen, I say to you, today you will be with me in paradise." As Jesus often 'reminded his followers, to the humble all good can come, whereas the proud always remain empty. In a time when there is so much war, so much terrorism, so much hunger, so much disease, and so much senseless death, Luke's account encourages us to see, along with the good thief, the abundant signs of God's gracious love, even in the midst of suffering. Luke urges us to stand before the Lord and before each other with great trut-hfulness and humility. Humility will enable us to see our companions on the journey as grace in our lives, visible signs of God's presence and love. As he approached the place of crucifixion, the good thief must surely have felt that this was his darkest hour. But light shone for him in that darkness because, with the Lord, "darkness itself is not dark anti night shines as the day" (Ps 139:12). Prayer We might enter into Dismas's experience by listening to Advent/Christmas 2004 Maloney ¯ Dismas's Dying Moments the Taiz~ hymn "Jesus remember me," with its repeated refrain: "Jesus, remember me, when you come into your kingdom. Jesus, remember me, when you come into your kingdom." O dying souls, behold your living spring: O dazzled eyes, behold your son of grace; Dull ears, attend what word this word doth bring: Up heavy hearts: with joy your joy embrace. From death, from dark, from deafness, from despairs: This life, this light, this word, this joy repairs: Gift better than himself God doth not know: Gift better than his God, no man can see: This gift doth here the giver given bestow: Gift to this gift let each receiver be. God is my gift, himself he freely gave me: God's gift am I, and none but God shall have me. --St. Robert So.uthwell Spirituality Review ROBERT NORTH My Associates Spirituality guides propose that to fill blanks or weariness in our prayer we readily have "recourse to familiar ejaculations like "Lord, have mercy on me a sinner," "Speak, Lord, for your servant is listening," or "Lord, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life." These help us to make our prayer legitir~ate!y.~e!.(Tce!3.t~-ed, aiming to make us more Christlike. But a dif-ferent legitimate focus of prayer aims at God's creative and caring concerns more directly than our own. We propose here an ejaculation less simple and familiar but more suited to this focus: "Son of God, help me to do my part in fulfilling your creation plan for myself, my associates, and the whole universe." The invocation "Lord" may mean either God or Jesus, but the equivalent "Son of God" evokes Robert North SJ writes us an article for the first time since 1944, when he wrote "Scripture in the Christmas Liturgy" during this journal's infancy--and only a year after Divino afflante Spiritu. His address is Jesuit Community; 10100 West Bluemound Road; Wauwatosa, Wisconsin 53226. expanding our world Advent/Christmas 2004 North * My Associates our chief doctrines, the Trinity and the incarnation, as the basis of our faith and prayer. But another key term follows: "my associates." It evokes the vastness of God's creative concerns in their relation to me. "My associates"--whether used in silent prayer or expressed publicly--doubtless usually suggests my fam-ily and friends, my business associates, and members of my community or parish or neighborhood. The term "associates" is also likely to include religious authori-ties- the pope, the bishop, other bishops worldwide, the world's Catholics--with the faintest hint of omitting or forgetting other Christians or people of no belief in any God at all. Such a hint is hopefully gradually vanishing in our ecumenical age, as we take cautious steps to share the aim of several world-renowned prayer sessions of Pope John Paul II with other believers in a God even with a different name or attributes. Our progress along these lines is strengthened rather than diminished by the pope's per-sistent promotion of this project in spite of vocal and well-publicized opposition from some top Vatican prelates. God's Own Religious Associatesmand Ours Our church does indeed admit and even sometimes pronounce emphatically that our creating and caring God "willed" (can this mean less than "intended"?) the salvation of all humans, "them" no less than "us." This has been often or generally taken to mean that God wishes all humans to be members of his one church, thus giving a strong urge to missionary activity. In the early years of a developing Bible-based theol-ogy, the church became the official religion of the Roman Empire, then dominating virtually the whole world. Thus there seemed nothing quixotic in hoping and making efforts toward "conversion" of those scarcely known or Spirituality Review suspected fringe tribes outside the Mediterranean world. But the world we know today, still incompletely and pro-gressively, is of course a vastly different story. A great many of today's conversions by the received methods are in the parts of Africa or Asia whose exis-tence had never even been suspected in the Roman world. But other regions, especially those incorporated into Islam, raise a great outcry against "proselytizing," and even forbid it by law as a political maneuver. Partly to escape such laws, but more because of their own growing ecumenical con-victions, some--far from all--of the well-estab-lished Catholic "missions" proclaim firmly that their goal is not conversion but "mutual understandingF."rom Catholic theology and traditions their effort is to recognize with sympathy how the creating and caring God has enabled all peoples to get some inadequate notions of him under different names and attributes oi" even with distressing notions of (human) sacrifice or other religious obligations. Not only Catholics but also prosperous Evangelical missions hope that a dialogue will thus develop, so that each side will see some merit in the other or some lim-ited revelation of himself by God in inscrutable ways he has chosen. From such open-minded dialogue, some few or many may freely and honestly choose Christianity. This hope may be unduly optimistic, especially in view of how Christian success has historically been imposed by warlords, though not to the grim and now soft-pedaled extent of moderate Islam. But frankly proselytizing efforts like "Bibles for (communist) Russia" or "Jews for Advent/Cbrispmas 2004 North * My Associates Jesus" inevitably arouse a self-defeating hostility. Religion must adapt to culture patterns. Slavery is now con-demned, and what was called "usury" is now widespread under various names. Today's goal is ecumenism. God's Associatesmand Oursm in Starving Africa and Asia Prominent among one's associates are those whom one must feed. Not only nursing mothers but also wage earners of large families quite naturally feel a special responsibility to their children and aged relatives who depend entirely on them for keeping alive. Some few of these for various reasons may not even be relatives, though usually they are already "associates." But many of the world's people have only their creat-ing and caring God to save them from starvation, despite the help they may receive from charitable organizations whose members may well regard them as "associates." If in our prayers we think it right to focus on God's interests as equal or even prior to our own, we should include among our own "associates" these starvelings who depend on us (the overaffluent rest of the world). But wait! There is a danger that we may feel that in praying for these "associates" we have discharged our obligation toward them, like the New Testament person who virtuously says to a beggar, "Go in peace; be warmed and filled" (Jm 2:16). We may be reassured that our prayer is not an empty or hypocritical gesture if we also make a regular contribution. But the real-world situa-tion is far more complex. The clamorous problem is that a small percent of the world's population owns most of its resources. They are needlessly rich, while the others are too poor--living below what statisticians of even the richest nations cal-culate and publish as "poverty level." And of course we Spirituality Review all know, even perhaps a bit complacently or thankfully to God, that our own too rich standard of living is at or near the highest in the world. "On the average," we must add, for the thousands of our citizens who must sleep on the cold streets or survive on handouts and soup kitchens make our disproportion even worse. We are not asking whose fault this is. No one's, really. A combination of circumstances over centuries: vast national and individual landholdings, brave pioneers who transformed the untilled territories of aboriginal nomad tribes into richly yielding farms, and "democracy," which with all its merits gets lawmakers to give a higher prior-ity to contenting their constituencies ("pork-barrel" deals, lobbies, sometimes actual graft, and so forth) than to world justice. A sensible redistribution (even if far from equality) would demand that legislators and voters rec-ognize that, for one pan of the scale to go down, the other must be more or less empty. Even our meritorious farm-ers and expensively trained pharmaceutical biochemists must not only tolerate but demand that their excesses be cut to help (even if only slightly) the truly intolerable position of most of the world. This is not to suggest that there be another (rash and counterproductive) political lobby, but rather a reasoning dialogue among holders of power. Something like this should be the object of our prayers for poverty-stricken associates. Such prayers can be honest and effective, not hypocritical (as pilloried in the letter of James), even though we do not consider the situation appropriate or ourselves competent to warrant "meddling in politics." Our "Planet Earth" Associates Though "the whole universe" is a separate focus of God's creative concern,, there is an aspect of it involving AdventlChristntas 2004 North ¯ My Associates "my associates." The Earth is truly "ours," though only a planet of a galaxy so small that it is scarcely noticeable in the vast sky maps shown in the latest telescopes. Yet our own material bodies are constituted of infinitesimal particles whizzing in and out from the farthest star. Of St. Ignatius Loyola a poet wrote, "His vigil was with the stars; his eyes were bright with radiance of them." Long before him Christians and others had gazed at the How do wefeel about the convictions.ofan Earth-centered universe:? stars with a mystic fas-cination, sometimes as the very "heaven" in which God was believed to dwell. Yet through all those centuries the star-studded sky was known only about as much as could be seen on the ceiling of a planetarium, and the Earth was thought to be the center which gave function to all the rest. Ignatius wrote in the "Foundation" of his Exercises that everything that exists is for me. This is not just lib-erality but a challenge and a test: to be used only as things help to the goal of my creation. Technology and inven-tions provide now a far greater and more tempting range of options, and the universe known to science today is vastly greater. Some devout science-minded Christians find this to confirm rather than lessen their faith: "More is better! If the immensity of reality known to antiquity showed forth the greatness and generosity of its Creator, this is now proved a trillion times more firmly." But others feel that Isaiah 45:18 must now be under-stood in an entirely new way: "the creator of the uni-verse., who formed the earth and made it. did not create a chaos, but formed it to be inhabited." Why should God have chosen to produce the sterile varieties Spirituality Review known to astronomy if his real goal was the tiny pin-point of it fit for human habitation? We cannot claim to intuit or know God's intentions: "my ways are not your ways" (Is 55:8). But surely all progress of science and theology too has been due to people reflecting on vari-ous possible intentions of the mysterious data of experi-ence. We can pray that we may do our part in the fulfillment of God's creation plan. Though the conviction of an Earth-centered uni-verse is today derided, we should not sell the idea short. Even the most demythologizing astrophysicists agree that our own Earth is unique in its formation through billions of years by explosions and floods implausible for their gradual releasing, from various locations in the whole universe as much as four million years ago, gaseous and solid elements indispensable for the human life which appeared shortly after. Of course, scientists still earnestly searching may yet find evidence that other stellar bodies by quite different explosions are in process of forming a surface capable of supporting human or humanlike life. But they and the general public are much more arrested by the question of whether human or any true "life" actually exists on another planet. Even before the recent exciting com-munications from Mars, the Vatican Jesuit astronomer Guy Consolmagno wrote that materials from Mars, though not life itself, were microbe combinations of the kind which on our earth eventually hooked up with car-bon to form primitive life-forms. Later he wrote the arti-cle "Could I baptize a Martian?" Our church has in fact been open and keen on whether there could be humanlike life on other planets. With sci-ence she recognizes that evidence for this is at most a remote possibility, but not altogether excluded. These merely possible beings would fall into the class of "asso- Advent/Christmas 2004 North ¯ My Associates ciates" for whom we should pray as objects of God's own creative concern. If indeed they were (evolutively) cre-ated, then they form part of God's desire and intention that they should share in salvation, even if they have not (yet) been baptized members of the Christian church. Union Replacing Divisiveness This widening of the concept of "my associates" has been developed in accord with modern scientific revi-sions of geography, economics, and astronomy. But its true merit for our prayer lies in recognizing the spiritual value of seeking a greater union among the peoples amid whom we live. "No peace among nations without peace among religions," it has been said. Hope of real peace and union among all humans may be realistically unlikely and nevertheless a valid goal--God's own creative caring goal--toward which our prayer may be directed. A Prayer When I think of you, Lord, I cannot say whether I find you more in this place or that place--whether I am contemplating you or whether I am suffering--whether I rue my faults or find union-- whether it is you I love or the whole sum of others. Every affection, every desire, every possession, every light, every depth, every harmony, and every ardor glitters with equal brilliance, at one and the same time, in the inexpressible relationship that is being set up between me and you: Jesus! Pierre Teilhard de Chardin "The Mystical Milieu" Writings in Time of War Reflection Question What has been my experience of praying for others? 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Gary A.C. Young September 16, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Gary Young. The interview was conducted on September 16, 2013, by Lorrie Rands, at the Stewart Library. Gary discusses his experiences with 25th Street. ; 27p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Gary A.C. Young Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 16 September 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Gary A.C. Young Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 16 September 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Young, Gary A.C., an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 16 September 2013 , WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Gary A.C. Young September 16, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Gary Young. The interview was conducted on September 16, 2013, by Lorrie Rands, at the Stewart Library. Gary discusses his experiences with 25th Street. LR: It is Monday, September 16, 2013 and we are here in Special Collections at Weber State University Stewart Library conducting an oral history interview with Gary Cosmo Young. I am Lorrie Rands doing the interview and Rebecca White Sides is on the camera. I know I said thank you already, but I'll say it again for the record, I appreciate your time and willingness to come up and do this. Let's start with something simple, when and where were you born? GY: I was born here in Ogden and the old McKay Dee Hospital. It is a park now. LR: When was that? GY: April 25, 1937. LR: Where did you live at that time? GY: We lived on Washington Boulevard about 26th Street in some apartments there. I don't recall anything up until I was probably five or six years old because it was a confusing childhood. Next thing that really I remember was that I was a foster child in the Utah System. My mother had both my brother and me taken away from her by the state of Utah because my father had died of a heart attack and she was working two jobs to support herself as a waitress, my aunt intervened and said, "You're an unfit mother," and got the LDS church involved and we got taken away from her. The next thing I know we were in foster care and I lived 1 with two sets of foster parents. One was out in Clinton and the other was out on highway 89 in a house that's no longer there. I do remember them. Their names were Archie and Cora Hill. Next thing I knew we ended up in California, in Orland, California. It's way up north by Chico and we lived on a farm up there. My mom took care of the calves and the cows and my brother, Richard, and I did the same for the chickens. Of course, my mother got us back after three years in foster care and remarried and my stepdad who worked for the SP Railroad as a conductor. That's why we were up there and we moved from there down to Sparks, Nevada for one year and then we came to Ogden to 2535 Lincoln and that's where things started happening. LR: How old were you when you moved to the house on Lincoln? GY: It was probably 1946. LR: So not quite ten. GY: Yes. LR: So, once you were there, what were some of the fun things you would do growing up on 25th Street? GY: We did about anything to stir things up as kids. Mom worked full-time—at one time she had a job at Nicholas Grocery on 25th Street just above Lincoln and she worked as a cashier there—but most of her life she worked as a waitress in the different cafes around. We were sort of free, you didn't need babysitters back then, you didn't even lock your door. We used to play football in the field with a bunch of the kids. We just did different things to raise hell. We got firecrackers, 2 which were illegal and set them off and scared the bums that were in the different areas of the city. I had a friend that lived across the street, in fact, we called each other cousins, and he was a couple of years younger than me. His mom had a bear skin rug inside her house and it was a good sized one. One day we took that and I put it over me and put my hands inside where the claws were and we went on 25th Street in and out of the bars begging for money. We only stopped because when I went in the Kokomo Club, I went over to one of the booths and I sort of stood up and growled and the woman screamed and whatever drink she was drinking it was a mixed drink and it had milk in it or something and she threw it all over me and the bear skin rug, so that stopped that day. LR: Would you do a lot of that going to the bars and trying to bum money from the bums? GY: Oh yeah, and the drunks in there. We would come on with a poor little orphan kid or some story like that. I sold newspapers on 25th Street. The Standard Examiner, I also delivered the Salt Lake Telegram to quite a few homes and that was an evening paper out of Salt Lake. It was the evening paper of the salt lake Tribune at the time. LR: Any fun stories doing that, selling the paper? GY: I remember one snow storm and my boss whose name was Mr. Peterson, I said, "I'm not going out in that snow." I had to bike from my house all the way up to Harrison Boulevard. There were very few customers they had, but they were scattered, I probably covered a five mile radius every night. I told him I wasn't going out in that snow storm and he said, "Yes you are." I said, 'Nope, you can 3 have it." And that's when I quit. I supplemented my income by shining shoes on 25th Street. There was a barbershop by the Depot Drug about two doors up from Wall Avenue on the North side and I shined shoes in there and also in the Union depot. At that time, it was very busy with a lot of military personnel coming and going. They had, what I remember, there were 22 tracks and there were trains on every one of them. It's unbelievable to what you see now. I don't have any pictures of that, I wish I had, but we didn't have money in those days. LR: What other kind of jobs did you have to supplement your income? GY: I mowed lawns. It was the manual push mower. I did those things and I picked cherries for Floyd Woodfield who was up in north Ogden. I was such a good worker that he moved me right into the apricot and then we went into peaches. By the time we got into peaches there would only be about three or four people, so I felt really good about that, and I did that for a couple of years, but that wasn't much. I got like three cents a pound for picking cherries. LR: Last time we talked you mentioned mice. GY: Oh yes. I was trying to get the pictures of that, I think I've still got them at home. I had white mice that I raised and sold them for 50 cents each. What the people did with them, I don't know, but I enjoyed them. I had the parents of all the offspring, naturally, but we named them Daisy Mae and Little Abner. I don't know why. LR: You mentioned your two cousins, your friends… 4 GY: Yes. Bill and John Leatherwood, I hung around with Bill, and John was four years younger. Bill was a real Casanova, so to speak, even in his younger years. I'd take him up to Ogden High, when I started going to Ogden High and let him play like he was my cousin from California. All he wanted to do was just meet the girls up there, which he did a good job doing. His mother was the sister of Rose Davies of the Rose Rooms. I got to go up there, in fact, I delivered papers up there at the same time, but one of the girls up there offered to teach us how to dance, so Bill and I were all for it because he wanted to be in with the girls so naturally he was all for it and he told me to come on up and I was really a shy guy in those days. We went up there and she taught us a couple of different dances up there right in the Rose Rooms. LR: During the day, right? GY: Yes. The only thing scary up there is you'd go up and she had an Ocelot, it's like a small black panther, and you could see it down the hall because it was a long hallway down to where her room was down on the other end. That was a little scary, but after that first time it wasn't because it wouldn't attack you, it would just come up to you and sniff you and lick you and you just stood there. LR: Still scary though. GY: That was interesting. LR: Did you ever have a chance to meet Rose? GY: Yes. I met her. She was a real nice lady. She was really beautiful. She was a beautiful lady and all she did was run the establishment with her husband. She 5 was married and he was into a few things I think that were illegal, and it's been brought up probably in some of the books on 25th Street, but one of the things that was brought up and I've got to find the author on it and find out who in the heck told him that, but he said they ran five houses and they didn't, the only had the one. He ran some different private clubs, we called them at that time, where you had to belong and it was a buzzer and you went in and you'd get the alcoholic drinks because it was illegal to get. You could get beer in any of the bars, but you couldn't get alcohol, the strong stuff. LR: I was talking with another lady who was really good friends with Bertie and she mentioned that they might have had another place in Farmington. GY: It could have been down there, but not here. That's possible. LR: You said she was a really beautiful woman. Was there anything else about her that just struck you? GY: Her long, black hair. She was always dressed to kill and fashionable, not as a come one, she was fashionable. I always remembered that. LR: When you were being taught your dance lessons, would the girl wear a certain type of clothes? GY: She was fully dressed just like a street person. LR: So she wouldn't wear her uniform. GY: No. I did not know what her uniform was. LR: Okay. I was curious about that. 6 GY: No, she was fully dressed in a long dress. LR: Well, that's cool that she did that for you. How long did you take those lessons? GY: We took them for a couple of months. We'd just go up there sporadically here and there whenever she had free time. LR: As you were growing up here on Lincoln, you went to Central Junior High? GY: Right. I went to Grant Elementary and that was over between 21st and 22nd on Grant in the middle of the block on the west wide. It's long gone now. Then I went to the Central and then Ogden High. LR: When you got into high school and actually had transportation, what fun things would you do on 25th Street? GY: There were seven of us guys that hung around together, but I was always with one or two of them. We would get some girls and get them in the car, this was after I was sixteen, and take them down on 25th Street because they hadn't been there. They thought it was scary, but we didn't. I had a, what they called a Bermuda bell in the floor of my 1954 Oldsmobile and you'd just step on it and it'd sound like a big gong like in a fighting ring. It was really loud and it was illegal. So, we'd take the girls down there and we'd wait for this one certain guy to come by, his name was Cisco, that was his nickname and that's all I knew him by, and he used to be a prize fighter, so we'd hit that gong and he'd start shadow boxing right on the street. He'd just start going at it right on the street with nobody. We'd hit the gong again and he'd stop and take off. It was funny. LR: Did your dates think that was pretty cool too? 7 GY: Well, they weren't dates, just fun. LR: Just for fun? GY: Yes. LR: Would you take them to any of the cafes on the street? GY: No, but they wouldn't want to go. They wouldn't get out of the car. We'd try to get them out of the car, but they wouldn't get out of the car. LR: Do you think there was a difference, maybe a cultural difference between someone who was raised close to 25th Street and someone who was raised away from it? GY: Oh definitely. These girls lived above Harrison and we were the lower class. Anybody below Washington Boulevard was lower class. It was really class distinction then. This was before segregation and everything else. That's the thing, I grew up with Chinese, Japanese, Blacks, and Hispanics. LR: Did you notice the segregation on the street? GY: Oh yeah. You could see it especially down at the train depot in very public places. LR: I know that from Wall to Lincoln it was specifically blacks on the south, whites on the north, did it extend past Lincoln? GY: no, it was mainly just from Wall to Lincoln on the south side. We always went to the Porters and Waiters Club, even after I was married. The Porters and Waiters 8 club existed and you'd go in and go downstairs and it was a mixture of everything and they had the best food. LR: So, they didn't discriminate who could be in their establishment? GY: No. LR: That's a little ironic, don't you think? GY: Yeah. It was only those people that more or less knew about it from years before that. Somebody they didn't know, they would tell them, "Sorry, you're not welcome here." There were a few that they knew were rowdy that just wanted to come in and cause trouble and all we wanted to do was go in and eat, so they welcomed us. LR: That's cool. I didn't know that. You mentioned the tunnels. I've heard rumors of tunnels, so I'd like to hear your take on that. GY: We first discovered them when I worked for The Standard and at that time they were located where the Kiesel building is on 24th and Kiesel and from there they had a tunnel and they had a backup ramp there that the different trucks had come in or people and pick up their papers to distribute them through the city. It was a big thing back then, you know, there was a lot of newspapers sold in those days. Those tunnels, we went in them one time and there's no lighting. If there was, they kept them off, so we went one time with a flashlight and we got in and we went in pretty deep and I don't know where we were, but we were in there quite a ways and finally we got scared and we got out of there. We were just kids, you know. Delivering on 25th street, when I later got a route with 7-Up when 9 I worked for them, I was able to visit some of those tunnels because the product sometimes was put in the basement. There would be a door down there and I'd investigate to see where it went, but there were tunnels. LR: When you started to investigate when you were working for 7-Up, were they still as extensive? Were they still just as big as how you saw them when you were younger? GY: Yes, they were big. It reminded me of the tunnels you went under when you go to the train depot to go from track to track, they were big wide tunnels. There were doors as you went along for different businesses, just wooden doors. LR: Did they have signs saying what the business was? GY: No, no signs that I remember. LR: It just sounds scary. GY: Yes, it was dark and damp. LR: All I've heard is rumors. I've never known anyone who was actually down in there, so this is cool. You mentioned working for 7-Up, how did that begin? GY: Since I lived almost right across the street, they were at 215 25th Street and from my house I could see the back of the building. We used to go back there and beg for drinks from the guys that were loading the trucks. When I turned 15 I lied about my age and I was hired. You're supposed to be 16; in fact, I think I was about 14. I got a job there loading and unloading trucks at night. That was my first job. It was 75 cents an hour. We loaded the trucks and sorted the bottles and then in our spare time, the production manager let us help make the syrup. We 10 had an elevator there in that building. It was a rope operated elevator and you had to pull a rope. I don't know if you've ever seen one of those or not. They're something else. It had a brake on it, but if the brake failed when you were going up, and it was three floors—a basement, main floor and top floor—if the brake failed and you were between floors, you jumped off on the main floor because you didn't want to ride the bottom. There were a couple of times we had to do that. That's how we moved the sugar up. They were one hundred pound bags and we could put five of them on it and lots of times we stretched it and put seven on and that's when the brake would fail. If the elevator wasn't working, we had to carry those sacks on our shoulders. One hundred pounds and remember this is a 15 year old kid carrying those sacks up the stairs and dumping them in the vats. LR: The owner of that was— GY: It was Albert Scowcroft. He died and then his wife, Dorothy, took over and she was a great lady and a great boss. She managed it and they eventually moved out of there and built a building on 1330 Gibson, which is still there, I think it's a packing place down there now. We did our own bottling right there in the building and that's all it was, bottles at that time. We had a seven ounce bottle, a 28 ounce with a paper label, and then we did quarts of orange, root beer, grape, and strawberry at that place. The other scary part about working there was you had to make the CO2 and at that time they used dry ice and dropped it in cylinders that were a foot in diameter and we had to stand on a ladder to put the dry ice in. We'd chip it up 11 and put it in and then when you got the right amount in there, they had a lid that was heavy metal that was probably that thick with rubber seals around it and it had a cross bar on top of it so you could spin it and you'd drop it in there and start spinning it real fast because the pressure would build up just like that; if you didn't get it on right the first time, you just got off the ladder and moved away because it would blow it off. This is hazardous stuff that we were doing as kids. We worked the accumulating table, we worked the washer, we helped out everywhere. LR: You ended up making 7-Up your career, didn't you? GY: Yes, well, 7-Up, Pepsi. I left 7-Up in 1979 because the boyfriend of Mrs. Scowcroft was managing the place and him and I didn't see eye to eye. He hired people that didn't know anything and I had to train them and they would last one week and they were gone. It was ruining my marriage at that time because I was working 24 hours a day trying to take care of problems. I left there and I went down to Salt Lake City and started working for Admiral Beverage and at that time they had RC and 7-Up down there and Dad's Root Beer and Crush and things like that. I was down there three years and they sold that out because they wanted out of the RC. They bought Idaho Falls and Pocatello and I moved there with them there three years and came back and worked in Ogden doing a special juice we had that we distributed in seven states and I became the head salesmen for that. LR: That's cool that you started out at that little bottling plant and then made that into your career. I think that's pretty cool. Looking at where you grew up, almost on 12 25th Street and the way it was as you were growing up, do you think now that it's changed for the better, or would you rather see it the way it was? GY: it was mostly bars and restaurants and that was it. There were no retail businesses really, so to speak. There were apartment houses, there were a few of those and most of those were up above some of the bars even. It took me over a half a day to service that street from Washington to Wall. That's how many businesses there were to go in and out of. And that was with bottles and no cans, just bottles. LR: Do you think that what they're doing now is an improvement? GY: Oh yes. I mean, because of the religious factor for one thing, they didn't want them and the times changed. LR: Do you think the death of the railroad had a big play in the change of 25th Street? GY: Oh yes, that killed it. That was definitely one of the major factors that killed it. GY: The other jobs I had just before I got married and after I was married. I worked full-time at gas stations. I worked in a bowling alley setting pins at night that was my regular job. I managed Ye Old Pizza House for two years and that was one 32nd and Washington where the Cal Spas is now. It used to be a pizza house and pub in the back that had wooden benches and tables and Gene Debbie was the icon of Ogden City. He was a blind piano player, so he played piano and these songs would flash on the wall and people would sing along, drink beer and eat pizza. 13 LR: Out of all of your memories growing up there on 25th street, what is maybe one of your favorite memories? Or do you have one? GY: Not a favorite, but an experience I had, I was in the Acapulco Club when I was under age and it was because a couple of the guys I run around with, their parents owned it. It was Johnny, Sal, and Frank Hernandez. They had the best Mexican food. It was underneath where that barbershop is on 25th and Lincoln. I don't know if you've been there or if you've seen that or not, but there's a basement underneath the Marion Hotel. I'm sure the basement is still there and they probably just use it for storage, but there was a bar underneath there. I would stay in the background, I wouldn't get out. We'd eat at a table that they'd reserve for their kids. I was in there one time and this guy came up to me and started swearing at me and saying, 'What are you doing in here? You gringo," and everything else and going on. Next thing I know, he pulled a knife and came at me. Of course, he was drunk and Sal stepped in, one of the older brothers that was tending bar. He saw what was happening and he floored him, but not before he cut me right through here. I've still got the scar. It was just the skin, thank goodness, but that was a little scary. I didn't even go to the hospital. He could have hurt me, but it's just how things were then. People would get crazy. LR: That wasn't common though, was it? GY: No. I mean, I was the only white kid in there. There were Hispanics and some blacks, but I was the only white one in there. Leave it to me. 14 LR: I've pretty much asked all my questions, but what I'd like to do is ask if there is anything else you'd like to share or remember about 25th Street or just growing up in Ogden? GY: There are probably things I could remember later, but not at the present time. LR: I wish I could think of a million things because this is so fun to sit and listen to you. I can only imagine what it was like growing up around 25th Street. Do you remember, I don't know when the broom Hotel was torn down, but do you remember that hotel? GY: There was a Walgreens underneath, are you talking about 25th and Washington? LR: Which one was on 25th and Wall, the hotel that was there? GY: Yes, I remember it. I can't remember when it was torn down either, but my mom worked in that drug store that was two doors up from it. I shined shoes in the barbershop that was right next to the drug store. LR: You never shined shoes in the hotels that were on the street? GY: Never. I don't remember ever going in there. The only thing I remember was, I think it was called Pacific Fruit and they had a track that went up behind the Marion Hotel, right where the parking lot is for the DMV and there were tracks there and it was called Pacific Produce and the employees would unload the box cars full of watermelon. The kids in the area would go over and we'd want to help so we could get a watermelon. They actually threw them and they wouldn't let us 15 because they said we were too young, but every once I a while they would miss and say, "There's a busted one," and that's when we'd get our watermelon. LR: I almost forgot about the Bamberger Railroad and those torpedoes. Would you tell that story? GY: We found one. A torpedo was a package of gun powder about four inches square and it had a wire strap that came out both sides. It attached to the rail and they were used nationwide to warn an engineer of the train to slow down or whatever. They had two for a certain signal, three for a certain signal because when the train would run over the tracks they would make a real loud bang and I mean loud. We found one and we put it on the Bamberger tracks. I don't remember where we found it because Bamberger's didn't use them, they were from the railroad. It might have been somebody that just threw one off or something, so we put it on the track and we were sitting in our yards waiting for the Bamberger to come. When it went off we ran away. We didn't even go in our houses. We didn't come home for two hours. LR: Do you remember where on the Bamberger tracks you put it? GY: Yes, it was right in front of our house at 2535 Lincoln. LR: So right there on Lincoln? GY: Yes. That's why we got out of there. LR: That makes sense. Speaking of the Bamberger, was it strange having that trolley there? Was it busy? 16 GY: No, it wasn't. They went slow. They were noisy though, but you got used to it. We lived right there and we just got used to it. LR: Did you ever hop on it and ride it? GY: Yes, you would get on over between 23rd and 24th on Grant where the terminal was. I rode out to Lagoon a lot of times. They actually should have left those tracks. That would have been so neat. LR: They might do it anyway just because they're bringing all of this back. GY: Yeah. I don't know if they buried those tracks or dug them up. LR: I didn't realize that it actually went right in front at your house; I thought it was on Grant that the tracks were. GY: No, they were on Lincoln. LR: Right in front of your house. GY: There was another place we never went in and that was El Borracho. In fact, there was a recent article in the paper or in one of the books, but it was El Borracho that was right on the corner of 25th and Lincoln on the southeast corner. The Rose Rooms were above it. LR: Okay, so this was the El Borracho? GY: I think it was before that, but El Borracho was there for a long time. LR: So what was it about Pancho's? GY: You didn't go in it, just like the El Borracho, you didn't go in it. I didn't even go in there to sell newspapers. I wouldn't step inside that place. It was dangerous. 17 LR: Okay. Was it dangerous just because you're white? GY: White and unknown. If they didn't know you, they didn't want you in there. LR: That's kind of scary. It sounds like growing up on 25th Street, you always had something to do. Always something fun to do and if there wasn't something fun to do you'd just create something. GY: We had fun. Sure, we got in trouble. I got hauled to the police station a couple of times and detention, you know, as far as, 'You can't do that anymore," but I didn't get a record. They'd just slap your hand and le t you go. I was selling fireworks and they caught me doing that and they said, "That's a no, no." I said, "I've got to make money some way." LR: Wouldn't you and your friends toss those at some of the drunks? GY: Yes, we wouldn't do it to injure them we would just do it to scare them because they were sleeping against a wall or something in one of the alleys or what have you and just to watch them. If I had a movie camera back then I would have had a riot. LR: Were you ever worried that they might come and attack you? GY: No. They were too drunk. MD 90/90 or 40/40 and all those wines, yes, it was really cheap stuff. Back then it was probably a dollar a bottle. LR: They're just lying on the sidewalk sleeping? GY: Well, not sidewalk, they'd be in an alley somewhere. LR: Off the main street? 18 GY: Yes, off the main drag. Every once in a while they'd be on the main street, but the cops would come along and have them move on. They didn't want to take them in because they smelled too bad. I tell you who else could tell you a lot about 25th, Andy Bolds, he owned Andy's Lounge, if you could ever run into him, because he had the Grill Tavern and then he went out there and took over the old Art's Club and removed it. He knows a lot of people there. Then, of course, Ed Simone too, he grew up there. He owns the Kokomo. His folks owned it. I grew up with him. LR: I was going to ask you if you ever had the chance to meet Bonnie Brown Coates. GY: If it's the one I'm thinking of, she lived on Lincoln. LR: Yes, she said she was really good friends with Bertie and still is. We had a chance to talk with her and I was just wondering if you ever had a chance to meet her. GY: I met her, but I was a kid and she was a lot older. They lived, I think, in the second house from the end on Lincoln off of 26th Street. One brother got sent to prison, I don't know what it was on, but he was pretty rowdy. He was a nice guy, but he got into prison. The youngest one, he was always in trouble. Bill and I and John we'd always be teasing him or something, which we shouldn't have done, but kids. I've got a picture where it shows in the background where Bertie lived. There were houses all along there. LR: It's not that way now. 19 GY: No, it's Wonder Bread and parking and the only original building that's still there is the Rose Rooms. LR: Have you been on 25th Street recently? GY: About every day. LR: Okay, so you know. It's kind of cool what they've done with that. GY: Upstairs, you mean? That was what I would have done. People are curious about 25th Street and watching people, you can still sit in Karen's Café and watch some of the beggars go by, the ones that are normal. There are still some around and some of the druggies and some of the ones that go to Health Services. There was one that used to go on and he'd just talk to himself something fierce. You feel sorry for them, you know, Schizophrenic, but nothing you can do. There are still a lot of them down there. LR: Well, I appreciate your time and your willingness to come up here and appreciate the stories. It's been fantastic, I've enjoyed every minute of it. I really appreciate you. 20

Abstract: Transcription of Utah International shareholder's meeting to finalize the merger with General Electric. The meeting took place December 15, 1976. Speakers are Edmund Littlefield (EL), Bruce Mitchell (BM), Charles Travers (CT), and seven unknown speakers labeled by number as they appear. Also, when the audience speaks as a group, it is labeled All. This document is transcribed verbatim, with a few changes included to provide clarity. December 15, 1976 Transcript: EL: I see we are playing to a packed house and I would like to suggest that there is a whole row of seats down here in the front that we would be glad to have you come use. Well good morning ladies and gentlemen, would the meeting please come to order. Welcome to this special meeting of the shareholders of Utah International, called for the purpose of considering the proposed merger with the General Electric Company. I am Edmund W. Littlefield, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. On my left are Alexander M. Wilson, President and Chief Operating Officer and Director, and Bruce T. Mitchell, Secretary of the company. It is my privilege to introduce to you the other members of our board of directors who are here today, Alf E. Brandon, Senior Vice President of the company; Val A. Browning, Chairman of the Board, Browning; Thomas D. Dee, Vice President of First Security Bank, Ogden, Utah; William R. Hewlett, President of Hewlett-Packard Company; J. B. Ladd, President of Ladd Petroleum Corporation, a subsidiary of the company; Arjay Miller, Dean, Graduate School of 2 Business, Stanford University; Paul L. Wattis Jr., President of Wattis Construction Company; and last and certainly by no means least, a gentleman who's served on this board for fifty-six years, Marriner S. Eccles, former President and Chairman of the Board of the company and now Honorary Chairman of the Board. [Applause] Thank you. These gentlemen, together with the two of us on the platform, who you met earlier, constitute the Board of Directors. Unfortunately, Ernest C. Arbuckle, Chairman of the Board of Wells Fargo Bank and our host for this meeting is unable to be with us today. Fred J. Borch, George Eccles and Bill Kimball are also unable to be with us. Ernie, unfortunately, is undergoing some surgery at this time. We also have with us today representatives of Arthur Anderson, our auditors, Pillsbury Madison and Suite our counsel, and Lehman Brothers and Dean Company, and our investment brokers are also present here today. I now ask the secretary to report on the notice of the meeting, the presence of a quorum, and other matters relating to this meeting. BM: Mr. Chairman, there are available the following documents: 1) A list of the stockholders of Utah International Inc. as of the close of business on October 29, 1976 being the stockholders, entitled to notice of and to vote at this special meeting. 2) An affidavit of the company's transfer agent to the effect of written notice of the special meeting was mailed to each stockholder entitled to vote more than twenty days before the date of the meeting as required by Delaware general corporation law. 3) A signed registration of all stockholders and proxy holders 3 present at the meeting. Management proxies received and other proxies who are personally present represent more than the majority of 31,540,032 shares of stock entitled to vote at the meeting, and constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. This meeting is accordingly properly called and constituted, and is empowered to proceed as a special meeting of the stockholders of Utah International Inc. EL: Thank you, the Board appoints Mr. J. B. Nelson and Mr. Swineheart of Utah International Inc. and Mr. Dennis Conco of the Crocker National Bank, inspectors of election to inspect assigned proxies and credentials presented to the meeting and to conduct a voting to receive and count the votes and to determine the results of the meeting. In the notice of the Special Meeting in the attaché proxy statement, the only item of business to be considered by the stockholders is a proposal for the adoption and approval of the agreement in plan, the reorganization and agreement of merger as amended by which Utah International Incorporated will become a wholly owned subsidiary of General Electric Company. The secretary is requested to submit the resolution which has been prepared for this purpose. BM: Mr. Chairman, the resolution is as follows: resolved that the merger of G. sub of Delaware Inc. with an end to this corporation as set forth in the agreement and plan of reorganization dated as of April 1, 1976; as amended by an amendment dated as of August 13, 1976, attached are annex one and annex two respectively, and the agreement mergers set forth as exhibit A to said annex one to the proxy statement dated October 29, 1976, and mailed to stockholders of record at the 4 close of business on October 29, 1976. Also included are the terms and conditions of the purposed agreement and plan of reorganization as amended, along with the agreement of the merger, providing among other things, for this corporation to become a wholly owned subsidiary of General Electric Company, and the mode of carrying such terms and conditions into effect; as well, the manner and basis of converting the shares of common stock of this corporation into shares of common stock of General Electric Company, as therein provided be and hereby are, approved. 1: Mr. Chairman, I'm a stockholder and I would like to move the adoption to resolution. EL: Thank you. Is there a second? 2: Second. I hereby second the motion. EL: Thank you. It has been moved and seconded that the resolution which the secretary has read be adopted. The affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the corporation will be required to carry the motion and adopt the resolution. Before opening the matter for general discussion, I would like to make some comments. This is a special meeting of the shareholders of Utah International Incorporated. It is special in two ways, first in the statutory sense in that it is not a regular annual meeting, but calls specifically to consider and act upon the merger of Utah and General Electric. It is also special in the sentimental sense in that it is destined to be the last public held meeting of this fine company whose antecedents go back to January 1900, when its 5 predecessor was incorporated with six shareholders. When the business of the day is done, Utah International will be merged with a single shareholder. General Electric has of record some 529,000 shareholders, Utah 23,000. These are located in fifty states and in many foreign countries. The actual number of shareholders is far greater. For often the shareholder of record is a broker or trust department of a bank acting as a nominee for many, many shareholders. You received a rather weight proxy statement. If the proxy material required and printed for the Utah and General Electric shareholders meetings today were stacked one on top of the other the pile would be over three and a half miles high. If the individual pages were laid end to end these would cross the continental United States three and three-quarter times. The proxy statement contains, and it's a hundred and seventy-six pages, considerable detail of the terms of the merger, historical financial and operating information of both companies, formal statements of the merge company and other information which the Board of Directors of the respective companies and or the Securities and Exchange Commission deem pertinent and appropriate to put before the shareholders so they may arrive at an informed decision. The merger has been recommended by each Board of Directors. It has been examined on Utah's behalf by the investment banking firms of Lehman Brothers Incorporated and Dean Whitter and Company Incorporated. Each of whom has expressed the opinion that the exchange ratio is fair and equitable to the shareholders of Utah. The same information has been put before the shareholders of General Electric, who met today, this morning, in Stratford, 6 Connecticut at 9:30 AM eastern standard time and they have approved the merger. The Utah shareholders have also considered the merger, and the company is in receipt of proxies representing over 86% of the shares issued and outstanding. The proxies have been instructed how the shares are to be voted and as a consequence, the outcome of the voting on the proposals before us has already been determined and from a practical standpoint, nothing we can say or do here will in fact change that. Even though the outcome is ordained I have no intention of conducting these proceedings in a perfunctory manner. Many of us in this room have devoted most of our working lives to the furtherance of the fortunes of Utah International and we come to today's proceedings with mixed emotions. We recognize and stipulate that it is in the best interest of the Utah shareholders and its employees, that over the years we have given much of our substance into making this company what it is today. We are proud of our handy work and I believe properly so. We do not intend to let this moment pass into history, without noting these accomplishments and recording the concerns that caused us to believe that a merger between these two great companies would serve the best interests of the shareholders of each. Let's pick up the story twenty years ago when the company had 257 shareholders, some 2,400 employees and gross revenues less than 43 million dollars of which 76% was derived from performing contract construction. The stock was traded over the counter at a book value of $1.12 a share and trade from a low of $1.18 to a high of $1.51. That year the company earned 4.2 million dollars or 16 ¢ a share, and paid a dividend of 4.9 ¢ a share. With that as a 7 starting point let us examine the progress that has been recorded. Gross revenues grew, not always steadily, but over the years have climbed to over 944 million in the last fiscal year. The composition of these gross revenues has changed as the nature of the company has changed. Until we sold our heavy construction assets in 1969, construction was the major source of gross revenues. With the sale of construction assets to 1969, and the dredges in 1971, mining became and remains overwhelmingly the dominant business of the company. Gross revenues from land development have been on the decline. More recently through the acquisition of Ladd Petroleum and other companies, gross revenues from oil and gas have become a significant item. As our business grew, so have our earnings, from the 4.2 million earned in 1956, earnings have risen to 178.8 million dollars the past year and have set record highs in each of the last 12 years. In only three out of the last twenty years have earnings been lower than the preceding year. Earnings have increased from 16 ¢ in '56 to $5.67 this year and the dividend has gone from 4.9¢ to $1.15 this year. As the company grew and prospered the stock was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. As you can see the number of shareholders has increased very substantially. Inevitably, death and taxes forced the estates of some of the long time shareholders to bring shares to the market. The company sold convertible debentures to obtain funds for expansion and conversion of these debentures, and our merger with Lucky Mc, Ladd Petroleum and LVO have also contributed to the increase in the number of shareholders. There has been some modest decline in the number of shareholders since the acquisition of LVO in 1974, but 8 today we still have almost 100 times as many shareholders as we did twenty years ago. The increase in the number of employees required the conduct growing business of the company has not tracked the change in either gross revenues or net income. Construction is a labor intensive activity, while mining is capital intense. Our employment peaked in 1958 at 12,000, dropped sharply when we sold our heavy division assets, but has gradually expanded as the company's mining activities have grown rapidly. Our mineral sales backlog was insignificant twenty years ago, and even ten years ago was only about a sixth of its' size today. Nevertheless, the creation of the mineral sales backlog was and is an important aspect of Utah International's character and one that distinguishes it from most other mining companies. Very frankly, when we were embarking upon the rapid expansion of our mining business, we had neither the capital, nor the credit to finance the growth at the pace we wished to pursue without resorting to forward sales of new production to strengthen our credit. We made a virtue out of a necessity and today Utah's mineral sales backlog has grown from a modest 1.1 billion dollars in '66 to 6.1 billion dollars today. 96% of this backlog is represented by long term contracts with escalation clauses protecting against future cost changes. It was the existence of this backlog which in considerable measure excited investor interest in the shares of Utah International and caused the price of the stock to increase dramatically over the years. From a low of a $1.18 in 1956, the stock has closed at a higher price than the preceding year in sixteen out of the last twenty years, including the $65 price of the stock on October 31 the close of this 9 last fiscal year. In the early years, the stock sold close to its' book value. Again, in the early years, price earnings ratios on the stock were also modest, generally below twelve times the earnings. As the investing public came to realize the growth, earnings and the qualities of those price earnings ratios rose and remained for several years in excess of twenty times earnings, until the last few years, when investors have not been willing to accord so high a multiple for Utah shares, nor in fact for virtually shares of all other growth companies. Those who have invested in Utah shares and maintained faith in its management and its future have fared well. Earnings have grown at the compound rate of 19% for the last twenty years, 23% for the last fifteen years, 28% for the last ten years, and a startling 37% for the last five years. If you had invested a thousand dollars in the stock in 1956, you would have received in the interim dividends of $4,291, and the stock would have appreciated to $42,900. If you had made the same investments, but reinvested your dividends in Utah shares at the last price for each of the ensuing years, your $1,000 investment would have been worth $69,800 at the close of fiscal 1976. While I have not attempted to research the matter thoroughly, certainly there are few, if any, companies who have served their shareholders so well and so consistently in a period measured in five year, ten year, fifteen year or twenty year spans. Why then would a company who has so outstanding a record consider a merger even with the best of companies? The reason lies in the changing nature of the company's business and the source of its profits, present and prospective. Twenty years ago the company derived 87% of its' gross revenues from North 10 America, Later, even though we were heavily involved in contract construction outside North America, our gross revenues were well balanced for most of the time during the last twenty years. Ten years ago, only 8% of our mining revenues came from outside of North America, but this has been changing drastically in the last six years. As the next slide shows, 1976 witnessed 74.3% of the gross revenues earned outside North America and only 25.7% within North America. All of our land development and oil and gas gross revenues are earned within North America, but today only 22% our mining gross revenues are earned within North America and only 13.6% in the United States itself, far more significance, in my view, than the source of gross revenues or the sources of gross profit and other income. In the remarks that follow, I shall refer to this income account category simply as gross profits, but please consider it includes income from affiliates, joint ventures and partnerships as well as the gross profit earned by the parent company and its subsidiaries. This figure has grown from 8.7 million dollars in '56 to over 353 million dollars this past year. In the earlier years, the share provided by affiliate companies like Marcona and Cypress Pima, joint ventures and partnerships was a significant factor in the total. Reaching a high of 51% in 1967, but earnings from these sources have not been significant the last two years, dropping to a half of 1% in 1975 and actually producing the loss of 9 million dollars in 1976, the decline being primarily the result of the ill fortunes that have befallen Marcona. Mining has become increasingly the source of the company's gross profit. As you can see, ten years ago in 1966, mining contributed 31% of 11 the total of 22.7 million dollars gross profit, while in 1976 it contributed 344.7 million dollars or 97% of the gross profit and other income of 353.7 million dollars. However, it is not the concentration of gross profit and mining that so concerns us as it is the concentration of mining gross profit in a single commodity in a single country. Let's compare gross profits in '66 with those of '71 and those of '76. The well diversified business we enjoyed in '66 and indeed even in '71 has given way to a growing concentration of earnings from coal. Not only was our business increasingly concentrated in coal, but the earnings potential was increasingly concentrated outside North America. Earnings from North American sources provided 56.4% of gross profits in 1966. This has followed the 7.7% in 1975 and 14.2% in 1976 when the sharp increase in uranium increases did boost North American income. However, this trend toward increasing concentration of earnings from metallurgical coal produced in Australia is likely to continue for two probable reasons. The first indication is found in the mineral sales backlog which total 6.1 billion at the close of '76 with 71.3% of this related to future production outside of North America and 69.3% represented by metallurgical coal. The second reason this trend is likely to continue comes because of the undeveloped reserves that we have in hand. Certainly, one of the companies most promising investment prospects is the new metallurgical coal mine called Norwich Park in Australia, and we have abundant other coal reserves in the Queensland area that can and should be developed in the future using both surface and underground mining methods. Pursuit of our most promising prospect will make Utah less 12 diversified rather than more diversified and more dependent on Australia for the major share of its' gross profits and its' futures growth. I repeat that this concentration of mining was not in our view in and of itself alarming, but the composition of the mining gross profit and the concentration coking coal produced in a single country, and so primarily is a raw material for the steel industry in Japan and Europe, was too much concentration of risk for our company standing alone to bare. We cannot, and we should not, be so dependent on either a single commodity or single country no matter how solid either or both now appear. The attitude of the Australian government when the Labor Party was in power was a matter of extreme concern to us and this concern was no doubt deepened by having Marcona's assets in Peru expropriated by the government. We have great confidence in the people and political institutions of Australia and in the present government, and we are proceeding to increase our investment there because we have the coal reserves to do so and an attractive investment opportunity. However, with this abiding faith in Australia, in our view, this concentration of earning power in a single country and in a single mineral is too great a risk to be born alone, either by the shareholders of Utah or the employees of Utah whose livelihood while employed or in retirement are necessarily deeply affected by the fortunes of Utah International. This concern about the concentration of Utah's earning power was evidently shared by the investment community, which no longer was willing to assign a price earnings ratio of twenty-six to twenty-seven times earnings that prevailed in 1971, 1972 and 1973, but dropped the ration to 13.9% in 1974 and 13 to 13.3% in 1975. Thus we found ourselves faced with a paradox of having both our earnings and our dividends sharply increasing and the price of our shares flat and failing to respond. Certainly in these circumstances it seems only prudent to seek diversification of this risk. There were two broad courses that could be pursued. The first was to go on an aggressive acquisition program and seek to acquire other companies. This course of action posed considerable peril. First, the magnitude of the assignment was mind boggling, even if we were to attempt to reduce the risk to say roughly 50% and on the assumption that we could acquire other companies at ten times the earnings, we were faced with the necessity of attempting to acquire in short order, assets of around 1.5 billion dollars. Obviously, any effort to do this in the mining field would very quickly bring us under attack from the Federal Trade Commission or the Department of Justice. This in turn meant that we had to seek these investments outside the field of our expertise and in areas of business we knew little or nothing about. We were almost certain to make mistakes along the way. All in all the prospects of trying to diversify by a series of acquisitions seemed an unpromising and even perilous course to follow. The other broad path to diversification was to seek merger with a company already diversified, but the company had to be large enough to digest a 2 billion dollar bite. This narrowed the field. There are indeed companies larger than General Electric, but none so well diversified nor in my view so ably managed. 14 The risks that were of concern to Utah International standing alone were not the least unreasonable to take when the assets of General Electric and Utah were combined. General Electric is one of the largest and most diversified industrial corporations in the world. It is engaged in well over a hundred different businesses and in most of these it occupies a leading position in the market it serves. These businesses range from consumer items to capital goods, from fairly simple and well known technologies to the most advanced technologies required for aerospace and the jet age. While General Electric operates in more foreign countries than does Utah, its' business is far more oriented to the domestic market, and the merged company will be nicely balanced between domestic and foreign operations. There will be no undue concentration of merged company. Out of the merger, the Utah shareholders will in my view be exchanging the prospect of a faster rate of growth with its attendant risks in exchange for greater diversification, higher yield, and a premium on their shares as the other parties to the bargain. The General Electric shareholders will acquire assets with earning power and potential for growth that would indicate an increase in General Electric's earnings per share, entering into the natural resource business giving GE still further diversification and what I believe to be, although my views are obviously biased, the best mining organization and the best mining company in the world, each of the parties to the bargain is benefited. It is the biggest merger ever undertaken and I am confident that history will prove it to have been the best. 15 Before entertaining discussion of the motion that is before us, I would like now to introduce to you the principle officers of the company who are with us today and whose labors are responsible for the record of accomplishments that I have presented to you. First, Edwin C. Demoss, Senior Vice President Manager of Mining Division and newly named President of Lucky Mc Uranium Corporation, Ed Demoss; Keith G. Wallace, Senior Vice President Manager of Australia Division; John S. Anderson, Vice President Manager of Domestic Coal Operations: James T. Curry, Financial Vice President and Treasurer; W. Drew Leonard, Vice President of Corporate Purports and Internal Audit; Ralph J. Long Vice President Manager of Australian Operations; Charles K. McArthur, Vice President Manager of Metal Mining and newly named Manager of Mining Division; Boyd C. Paulson, Vice President Manager of Construction Services; M. Ian Ritchie, Vice President of Technical Services and newly Manager Operations Lucky Mc Uranium Corporation; Robert O. Wheaton, Vice President Manager of Exploration. Thank you. Nor would the list be complete without acknowledging that there are others in the audience that have made great contributions, but who are now retired. Let me ask those that I have spotted here to stand and be recognized: Albert L. Reeves, formerly Senior Vice President Secretary of the Director of the company, Albert; Orville Dykstra, Financial Vice President; Joseph K. Allen, Vice President; Weston Bourret, Vice President; and Charles Travers, Vice President. Thank you very much, and now the chair will entertain the discussion of the motion and will be pleased to answer such questions as we can regarding the purposed merger. Are there questions or discussions? If there is no 16 discussion of the resolution, if not the matter will… the meeting will proceed to vote upon the motion to approve the purposed merger with General Electric. 3: Mr. Chairman? EL: Yes? 3: Would you describe the status of the attitude of the federal government towards this motion? EL: What we did was to put the matter before the Department of Justice and asked in advance for their approval under the business advisory clearance procedure. While it was sometime in coming, it was forthcoming. To meet the concerns they expressed about it, Utah has agreed and has put its uranium assets in a separate subsidiary company that is now called Lucky Mc Uranium Corporation. When the merger becomes effective, the voting stock of that the company will be put in the hands of five independent voting trustees who will see to it that the company will elect the board of that company, and see to it that that company's affairs are conducted in a way that does not help GE in such things as the sale of its nuclear aspects. That company is not allowed to sell uranium to GE, but from the standpoint of the government we think we are completely in the clear. Any other questions? If not, any stockholder who is present who has not executed a proxy should raise his hand in order that the inspectors of election may give him a ballot, which he may now cast. If you have sent in your proxy you need not cast a ballot unless you wish to do so. Are there those that would like to vote in person? One here, one there, Boyd, one up here too. Boyd, 17 there's two in the back of the room, three. Will the inspectors of election proceed to collect the ballots? Those who have ballots would you raise them when they are completed so they can be picked up? Thank you. Over here Boyd. If the ballots are all collected would you please advise us of the inspectors report? Are you ready to speak to that? John, there's another one up here. You will bring them to me and I'll read the numbers, right. BM: Mr. Chairman? EL: Mr. Secretary? BM: The inspectors report that more than 27,147,464 shares of common stock of the company were voted in favor of the resolution and that not more than 200,456 shares of common stock were voted against such resolution. Accordingly, the purpose merger has been approved. When the exact number voted for and against the resolution has been ascertained, the inspectors will execute a certificate setting forth such number. EL: Thank you Mr. Secretary. We have acted on the business that was to come before the meeting. Is there any other business to come before the meeting? CT: Mr. Chairman, I would like to present a resolution at this meeting of these shareholders. My name is Charles Travers, I am a stockholder and I retired from the company. You've heard the view from the top. I think now maybe you ought to get the view from the ranks. The view from the top had to necessarily be 18 austere, maybe Mr. Chairman I can be a little more lighthearted. I started at Utah about twenty-four years ago. Mr. Littlefield hired me. I remembered the office in San Francisco as a very small office, very small and compact and you had to go in the front door, which was the only entryway, and there was a row of offices on your left as you walked in. Those were the executive offices. Mr. Littlefield's office was the first office as you came in the door and he assigned me an office down at a sharp right angle off the main corridor. I also remember as a young fellow reading Horatio Alger's book, Ragged Dick, and in that book the way it said to get ahead in business, one of the ways at least, was to get to the office early and beat the boss in if you could. Well I found that was a very difficult task at Utah. You had to go through the front door and Mr. Littlefield always kept his door open, his light on. The first morning was a Monday morning and I got in about ten minutes ahead of time. I think our starting time was 8:15, but Mr. Littlefield said hello to me as I came in the door. We went on through that week. I got my time narrowed down a little more each day. By Wednesday, I was down to five minutes to 8:00 and on Friday I got there at twenty minutes to 8:00 and Mr. Littlefield said good morning to me every time I came in the door. So that weekend I figured out that there was a better way to do this and I'd get in real early and I'd beat him to the punch. So on Monday morning, I got there twenty-five minutes past 7:00, I walked in the door and the office was dark there was no light on, the door was open and Mr. Littlefield was not there. So I went to my office and at 8:15 I came sauntering down figuring now this is where I get my punch line. He's going to see me going out the door, he's 19 there and I say hello to him this time first. I looked in, the light was on, but Mr. Littlefield wasn't there. So I walked over to his secretary and said, "Where is Mr. Littlefield?" and he said, "Oh, he went to Chicago." [laughter] He left on the seven o'clock train. With all that due diligence I figured we ought to get ahead pretty fast some way or the other. And so I waited for my first year. You had to be in the Utah profit sharing plan one year in order to get your first statement. I waited my first year and I got my first statement. I have it here with me and I'd like to tell you that the date of it is December the 15th 1954. That's exactly twenty-two years ago to this day and here is what it says, extract: "Seasons greetings. Utah Construction Company retirement plan based on profit sharing, December 15, 1954. Dear fellow employee, your account in the retirement plan based on profit sharing on October 31, 1954 stood as follows: balance on October 31, 1953, zero. Added during the year by income, zero. So October 31, 1954, zero. And then it says during 1954, the net profit earned did not reach the levels your profit sharing permits. Your company would be required to make a contribution to the plan." And then it says, "Despite the fact that it is not required to do so, your company through its management is desirous of sharing with you a portion of the profits earned during 1954. To accomplish this, the board has approved a contribution of $50,000." Then it says, "we're going to try to get the IRS approval for that, and if so we will contribute the $50,000 to your fund, but if not we'll have to pay your share in cash. If the amount is received by you in cash, you will have to pay income taxes on it. Your share of the $50,000 contribution would be $201.75." I was beginning 20 to think that Horatio Alger wasn't right after all, $201.75 for getting in all those first eighteen months at 7:30 in the morning didn't seem fair to me, but nobody quit. I didn't, management didn't. About three weeks ago, I received this news release from the company in the mail, it's dated as of December 3, 1976 and here's what it says in the first few lines: "Utah International Inc. reports record earnings for fiscal 1976, San Francisco. E. W. Littlefield, Chairman of the Board, reported today that Utah International earned $178,821,000 or $5.67 per share. This fiscal year ended October 31, 1976." We have come a long way since those days in 1954. But Utah had more than profits. It had the forward look. My view from the ranks runs something like this: Utah's profit sharing and incentive plans were way ahead of their time back in those days. Mr. Littlefield, to my knowledge, had a rare understanding of the corporations standing in the social structure, what the corporation's obligations were to society. Utah's mine lands were restored to better than what nature had them long before that became a primary concern of many people in the United States. Utah's mining operations were conducted on a basis of we'll go sell the merchandise and then we'll get the production and that reduced the risk very greatly. Even today, Utah's section on environment stands out as a very aggressive and important function that helps to finish the project properly in the eyes of the people of this country. Well, I could go on and spend many more minutes saying that, but I think it's time now for me to present my resolution and I would like to do that. Mr. 21 Chairman, I will give you a copy of the resolution so you will have it for the record and I would like to read the resolution. EL: Thank you, Charlie. CT: The resolution says resolve about the stockholders of Utah International Inc., meeting for the last time as public shareholders in San Francisco, California on this 15th day of December 1976, do hereby express their gratitude and sincere appreciation to Edmund W. Littlefield, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer; Alexander M. Wilson, President and Chief Operating Officer and the Director; Marriner S. Eccles, Honorary Chairman; and to all the officers, directors and employees of Utah International Inc. for their devoted services in behalf of the shareholders. 4: Mr. Chairman, I move the resolution. EL: Thank you, Mr. Travers. I must say Charlie, you always speak well, but you don't speak briefly. [laughter] I think that comes from attending too many meetings of Town Council in Alameda. The motion has been presented to the shareholders, is there a second? Thank you, I must say that those of us at this end of the room, I'm sure have an abiding faith and agreed with its sentiments, but since we do not control the vote. I will put it to vote. All those in favor please say aye. All: Aye 22 EL: Opposed? Thank you. Thank you very, very much. And thank you Charlie. [applause]. There's no other business, the proposed merger has been approved. I thank you. Excuse me. 5: On behalf of all of the stockholders, I wish to thank all of the officers and directors of Utah International for having worked so well for us. I also think at this time, it would be appropriate to bow our heads in silence for one minute in memory of E. O. Wattis who was founder of Utah International and also for all of those who worked and lost their lives to make the company what it is today. Amen. EL: If you would amend that to include all of the founders the chair will entertain it. On the assumption that it is so included, we will so do. Thank you. With the merger approved and not further business, I'll entertain that motion to have the meeting adjourned. 6: I'll back the motion. EL: Thank you, is there a second? 7: Second. EL: All those in favor, please say aye. All: Aye. EL: Opposed? Thank you, the meeting is adjourned. ; This is a myriad of items throughout the UC/UI collection. It includes the minutes of the stockholder's meetings with both Utah International and General Electric, correspondence, a reel-to-reel tape of the merger meeting and the official merger documents. ; 4.25 x 6.5 - 8.5 x 11 in. handwritten or typed on paper ; Reynolds Securities Inc. Transamerica Pyramid 600 Montgomery Street San Francisco, Calif. 94111 Telephone 983-8000 Members New York Stock Exchange, Inc. and other leading exchanges Main Office 120 Broadway New York, N. Y. 10005 December 13, 1976 Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield Utah International 550 California Street San Francisco, Ca. 94104 Dear Ed: I regret that I will be unable to attend the meeting Wednesday because I will be in the East for a Directors meeting. This is an occasion that I hate to miss, but I am sure that many of your other happy stockholders will be there. Sincerely, Gerry Gerald F. Brush GFB: 1c

Issue 52.6 of the Review for Religious, November/December 1993. ; Review for Religious (ISSN 0034-639X) is published bi-monthly at Saint Louis University by the Jesuits of the Missouri Province. Editorial Office: 3601 Lindell Boulevard ¯ St. Louis, Missouri 63108-3393. Telephone:314-535-3048 ° FAX: 314-535-0601 Manuscripts, books for review, and correspondence with the editor: Review for Religious ¯ 3601 Lindell Boulevard ° St. Louis, Missouri 63108-3393. Correspondence about the Canonical Counsel department: Elizabeth McDonough OP ° 5001 Eastern Avenue ¯ P.O. Box 29260 Washington, D.C. 20017. POSTMASTER Send address changes to Review for Religious ° P.O. Box 6070 ° Duluth, MN 55806. Second-class postage paid at St. Louis, Missouri, and additional mailing offices. SUBSCRIPTION RATES Single copy $5 includes surface mailing costs. One-year subscription $15 plus mailing costs. Two-year subscription $28 plus ~nailing costs. See inside back cover for more subscription information and mailing costs. ©1993 Review for Religious review for religious Editor Associate Editors Canonical Counsel Editor Ass#tant Editors Advisory Board David L. Fleming SJ Philip C. Fischer SJ Michael G. Harter SJ Elizabeth McDonough OP Jean Read Mary Ann Foppe Joann Wolski Conn PhD Mary Margaret Johanning SSND Iris Ann Ledden SSND Edmundo Rodriguez SJ Sefin Sammon FMS Suzanne Zuercher OSB Christian Heritages and Contemporary Living NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1993 ¯ VOLUME 52 ¯ NUMBER 6 contents 806 feature Religious Life and Conversion Language Dennis J. Billy CSSR provides a language of conversion so that religious might more readily integrate their individual lives with their corporate existences. 817 828 835 842 spirituality Are We Relating to God in a New Way? Gerald M. Fagin SJ proposes five polarities which are always present in our spiritual lives. Desire, Asking, and Answers A. Paul Dominic SJ emphasizes the importance of praying from our desires by exampleg from the Bible. Companionship Spirituality in Ruth Judette A. Gallares RC explores covenantal faith through the symbol of companionship portrayed between Ruth and Naomi. The Spirituality of Surrender John P. Mossi SJ proposes three models of a spiritual surrender-ing as a means of coming home to God. 849 865 ecumenism The Ecumenical Vocation of Religious Jeffrey Gros FSC highlights the importance of ecumenical for-mation and collaboration for women and men religious. The Religious Call of Ecumenism Jude D. Weisenbeck SDS suggests ways in which the needs of the ecumenical movement can well be met by the resources of religious communities. 802 Reviezv for Religious 870 875 ministry Frustrations--Jesus' Ministry and Ours James Martin SJ seeks a fresh perspective on dealing with frustra-tions arising from ministry to the poor. Jesuit Spirituality and Catholic Higher Education Claude N. Pavur SJ stresses the importance of an Ignatian spiritu-ality, invigorating the efforts of educators in the Jesuit tradition. poverty 886 Option for the Poor: God's Pedagogy Marcello Azevedo SJ analyzes the meaning and life-applications of the phrase "option for the poor" in terms of our faith. 893 Who Evangelizes Whom? The Poor Evangelizers John F. Talbot SJ explores the evangelizing potential of the poor. 898 a life of promise Two Cheers for Celibacy William McDonough clarifies the meaning of prie, stly celibacy by combining Robert Bellah's use of institution and Thomas Aquinas's moral vision. 911 Charismatic Renewal and Consecrated Life 920 Susan Rakoczy IHM reflects from a r~ligious-life experience of twenty-five years on the blessings of the charismatic renewal in regard to consecrated life. Death as a Community Event Annette Frey SC shares the stqry of a friend's illness and death as an integrating factor in community life. departments 804 Prisms 927 Canonical Counsel: Lumen Gentium's Chapter 6: Religious 933 Book Reviews 951 Indexes to Volume 52 November-December 1993 803 prisms ~oho are the people by whom you have been most influenced? Many of us must at one time or another have tried to answer this question for ourselves or at the inquiry of others: Precisely which people have strongly influenced my life? Some may quickly name their fathers and mothers; others go on to name favorite teachers or special friends. Still others may name people in world affairs or in the worlds of sports, the arts, or medicine. Probably not very many of us spontaneously turn to the men and women whom the church has declared holy and named as outstanding members of the communion of saints. Yet the reason why the church calls our attention to these people is to allow us to see in other followers of Christ what we hope to become. Just as the church of the Eastern rites emphasizes icons that give us a glimpse of the world of the holy, so the Latin-rite church proposes the study of the lives of ~aints so that we may be inspired by them and formed and then moved along a path of holiness as Jesus' apostles. Perhaps at one time many of us did not appreciate how the more medieval theology of mediators needed updating like so many timebound ways of expressing our faith and its practices--the process mandated by Vatican II. Now it seems that we stand more ready for and in need of the kind of influence which our fellow Christians, can-onized and otherwise esteemed, can exercise in ore: lives. No longer do we, almost superstitiously, look to Mary or other chosen saints for special favors. Instead we take our direction from the Vatican II understanding and descrip-tion of Mary's place in the communion of saints under the 804 Review for Religious specially privileged titles of mother and first disciple. And so we look to our favorite men and women saints particularly in their relationship to us as brothers and sisters and as our fellow disci-ples. If Christians in general are exhibiting a greater need for this kind of influence in their devotional lives, even more might men and women religious look to the holy ones special to their con-gregations for living the kind of discipleship charismatically appro-priate to their following of Christ. ~;Vhether it be the contemporary retelling of saints' lives or recapturing their spirit in new artistic portrayals or recovering prayers of theirs that are appropriate to our times--there still are ways for holy men and women to touch us in our daily living. We may more readily find light coming to us in dark moments of our experience from the uncovered lamp of these human lives than from any theoretical studies or documents. We may also find ourselves more energized for entering into the evangelizing mission of Jesus through the radiance of their inspiration and example. Probably even more surprising than our slowness in naming saints as major influences in our lives is the not infrequent omis-sion of even the name Jesus. As we enter into the Advent and Christmas seasons, maybe more fully than Jesus being "the reason for the season," we might say that the reason for the season is for us to remind ourselves that Jesus is the unique influence upon our lives all year long. Jesus is the one who has influenced how we live, how we pray, how we interact, how we die. Jesus is the one who calls us to a way of following; Jesus is the Teacher, and we all remain the lifelong learners, the ones in continuing formation. Perhaps we need to ask ourselves another question. Is it true that for us not to name Jesus as the great influence of our lives is more than just a memory slip? Does our answer uncover for us that our everyday, busy lives are being spent on behalf of lesser gods than the God Incarnate? The question is worth more than a Christmastime reflection. That the peace and grace of God, Emmanuel, be richly yours is the wish of all the staff of Review for Religious. David L. Fleming SJ November-December 1993 805 DENNIS J. BILLY Religious Life and Conversion Language The crisis faced by many of today's religious goes beyond the breakdown of their founding myths and the resulting lack of purpose in their corporate existences. While many (I daresay most) are at least peripherally aware of having lost in recent years something of great importance for their lives as professed religious, they usually have no idea whatsoever of how to retrieve it or what to put in its place. Nor are they very articulate about just what it is they have lost and why precisely they want it back. Confronted by their own aging, a steady flow of ygunger members from their ranks, and fewer and fewer vocational prospects, many have become disillusioned and desire some sort of immediate respite from their mount-ing misfortunes. They pursue it in any number of ways. Some display a nostalgic desire for the not too distant past--"the good old days," as.they are called, which were probably never quite so good as they now seem. Others resign themselves passively to their "inevitable corporate extinction," an increasingly attractive choice for many. Still others sink deeper and deeper into the quagmire of confusion and doubt about the relevance of religious life in the postmodern world--which does nothing but com-pound an already complex and. difficult situation. Regardless of the motivations behind them or their point Dennis J. Billy CSSR is author of the recently published Evangelical Kernels: A Theological Spirituality of Religious Life (Mba House, 1993). His address is Accademia Alfonsiana; Via Merulana, 31; C.P. 2458; 00100 Rome; Italy. 806 Review for Religious of origin, none of these responses are adequate to the crisis at hand. In order to move forward, today's religious must choose a path other than that of denial and escape. At this critical point of their history, what they need is a language of conversion that will enable them to give an honest account of themselves, will help them to integrate their private lives with their corporate existences, and will show them how they, as a group, can con-front the cynical doubts that writhe beneath the surface of their professional respectability. Conversion Language A language of conversion must speak to both the mind and the heart. It must make sense to.people in a way that will satisfy their intellectual longings. It must also motivate them to exanaine their situation in life with renewed strength and vigor--as if with dif-ferent eyes. More importantly, it must reshape their interpretation of experience so that, through the action of divine grace, they see their denial for what it is and then find it possible to realign their personal powers of commitment with those of the religious insti-tute to which they belong. Only from such a realignment will dusty and creaky institu-tional structures and the people who stubbornly inhabit and main-tain them have any hope of being refurbished for a brighter future. Failure to achieve this renewal of human heart and human social structure will result only in more of the same problem: individ-ualism amid corrosive social ills; continuing loss of confidence in and commitment to one's religious community; the persistence of the "double life" syndrome that has plagued so many first-world congregations since the Second Vatican Council. By most assessments, the very future of religiou~ life is at stake. The thesis is clear: the circular relationship between individ-ual and corporate change must come to the fore in any further dis-cussions about authentic conversion, particularly with respect to those who have dedicated their lives to following the evangelical counsels. "The whole cannot be understood without its parts; nor the parts without the whole." This fundamental problem of inter-pretation-- the so-called hermeneutical problem--lies at the root of the present crisis in religious life. To deal with it effectively, a language of conversion must address both the individual and the November-December 1993 807 Billy ¯ Religious Life and Conversion Language group, as well as their ongoing mutual relationship. It can do so, however, only if it encompasses (1) a sound Christian anthropol-ogy that stresses the dignity of human persons on every level of their existence, (2) a persuasive philosophical link between the personal and the corporate wholes, and (3) a recognition of its own inherent limitations with a corresponding openness to the re-creative presence of God. Without these important ingredi-ents of change, no language of conversion, regardless of how elo-quent or comprehensive it may appear, will be adequate to the enormous task at hand. A Sound Christian Anthropology The connotations of the phrase "a sound Christian anthro-pology" need some explaining. An "anthropology" may be described as a specific and coordinated assessment of human exis-tence. It is "Christian" insofar as it receives its inspiration from the insights of Christian traditions. To the extent that there are numerous interpretations of the meaning of Christianity, there are also varying Christian anthropologies. In this essay, a "sound" Christian anthropology is understood as one which integrates four fundamental dimensions of human existence: the physical, the rational (or mental), the spiritual, and the social. All of these are found ih the teaching of St. Paul and are made explicit in the juxtaposition of his doctrine of the Body of Christ (1 Cor 12:12- 31) and the tripartite understanding of the person found in such verses as this: "May the God of peace make you perfect in holi-ness. May he preserve you whole and entire, spirit (pneuma), soul (psyche), and body (soma), irreproachable at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ" (1 Th 5:23). Together these verses express the Pauline understanding of the complexity of human existence and qualify as a solid basis for further theological reflection. Of what do these basic dimensions consist? People's spirit (pneuma) is the deepest part of their being. It yearns for God with unutterabl.e groanings (Rm 8:23) and has the potential to be lifted up into intimate communion with the very Spirit of God. Ever elusive and difficult to describe, it is that aspect of human exis-tence which affirms each human person as capax Dei, that is, capa-ble of God. People's soul (psyche), by contrast, is their animating principle of life. It encompasses, not only the rational, but also the emotive, nutritive, and reproductive sides of human existence. 808 Review for Religious Rational activity, the soul's highest and noblest function, enables people to wonder about the meaning of life and to think criti-cally about its problems. People's bodies (somata) are the material extension of their existence. Unlike the Pauline term for "flesh" (sarx), which has close associations with a life of sin leading to death, soma can be used for good or for ill and is hence a morally neutral concept. Finally, people's social dimension is a constituent part of their anthropological makeup. A human per-son. arises out of and exists in a social context and cannot be understood apart from it. For Christians, the primary social arena in which they live out their lives is that of the Body of Christ as it exists in its various expressions such as the family, the parish, the diocese, and the church universal. The interrelated nature of these various dimensions of human existence cannot be stressed highly enough. Spirit does not exist apart from a person's body, soul, and social relationships-- nor vice versa. Not one of them can be separated and treated in isolation from the others, as if a person were an arti-ficial composite of four disparate parts. A continuous and unbroken anthropo- For Christians, the primary social arena in which they live out their lives is that of the Body of Christ as it exists in its various expressions such as the family, the parish, the diocese, and the church universal. logical relationship exists among all of them. So strong are these bonds that not even death can sever them completely and pre-vent their ongoing functioning. To do so would mean the ulti-mate dissolution of the human person and the corresponding passage from being to nonbeing which the Christian faith so strongly rejects as a possibility of human destiny. That is not to say that a certain priority of relationships does not exist among these various anthropological factors: spirit relates to soul as soul to body. Balanced and healthy relationships among these affect the way in which a person interacts with others. A sound social environment, in turn, produces profound healing effects on a per-son's bodily, spiritual, and mental well-being. This circular rela-tionship is important for understanding the present crisis of religious life, which now can be understood as involving not only November-Deconber 1993 809 Billy ¯ Reli~ous Life and Conversion Language the vast array of dysfunctional social structures, but also a deeper relational imbalance operative on the most basic levels of human existence. Linking the Personal and the Corporate Social structures are both products of the mind and a means through which human intelligence and human spirit are shaped. ' When functioning according to justice, they give all people their due and educate them in virtue. At other times they work to the benefit of a privileged elite at the expense of an oppressed under-class. The interests of justice are not adequately served when existing social structures help to perpetuate a mentality of control that legitimizes the unjust treatment of other human beings. Such structures are sinful and need to be changed. When they are not (as can be the case in religious life), it may very well be simply because those involved feel overwhelmed by the immensity of the task before them. Such feelings can easily lead people to a sense of helplessness or even indifference about their ability to influence their surrounding social structures. An implicit dualism then arises in the private and social spheres of religious life: individuals grad-ually lose ownership of their ruling structures; the latter go on unchallenged more out of a paralyzing lack of interest than any-one's stubborn resistance to change. One way to overcome this implicit dualism is to introduce the related concepts of microcosm and macrocosm into the cur-rent vocabulary of religious life. Rooted in the primitive Greek idea of the human person as a small-scale model of the cosmos, this distinction was eventually adapted by Plato as a way of describing the relationship of individuals to the society (see Republic, 441c). According to this adjusted version, the underlying structure of human society is nearly the same as that of the human soul. The rational element corresponds to the republic's govern-ing class; the irascible (or spirited), to its martial orders; the con-cupiscible, to its productive masses. As "the human soul writ large," society offers individuals not only a particular place in the " social hierarchy, but also the opportunity of seeing themselves projected onto the collective whole. Individuals find their reflec-tion in the whole; the whole, in the individual. Plato's application of the microcosm/macrocosm distinction is not relevant in all its details to religious life in its contemporary 810 Review for Religious ¯ Western setting. His assertion, however, of an underlying struc-tural continuity between individuals and the society to which they belong has much to its credit: (1) it preserves the circular rela-tionship between individual and social functions; (2) it allows for certain structural similarities between human beings and their primary social environment; and (3) it maintains the distinctive-ness of individuals in the face of the larger community. When combined with the Christian anthropology outlined in the pre-vious section (as opposed to the Platonic one with which it is nor-mally associated), this seminal idea can help individuals in today's religious communities to regain their sense of identity with the larger whole. The analogy would go something like this: both the human person and the religious community possess spiritual, mental, physical, and social dimensions. The relationships among the various dimensions within the human person are proportion-ate to those in the religious community (for example, human spirit / human soul = community spirit / community soul, and so forth). Cross references also remain proportionate, but only with regard to corresponding terms (that is, human spirit /communal spirit = human soul / community soul, and so forth). In all cases the rule of proper proportionality applies (a/b = a'/b'). The strength of this approach is that it maintains a fundamental continuity between the underlying anthropological structure of individuals and that of their religious community. And it is able to do so even when taking into account the limitations of the language it uses to describe the quiet, abiding presence of God in the life of the . community. The Silent Presence of Grace One of the underlying dangers in the current discussion about the future of religious life is the tendency to substitute lengthy theories for the simplicity of God's intervening grace. Uneasiness about their present situation in life has led many religious into a quest for the perfect plan that will explain in fine detail (1) why they find themselves in their present situation, (2) how they can get themselves out of it, and (3) where they should be going. Search as they may, they will inevitably end up frustrated. No magic elixir of man-made theories can satisfy expectations of such exalted heights. To achieve its ends, a theory of refounding or revitalization must place God, not itself, atthe center of attention. November-Deconber 1993 811 Billy ¯ Religious Life and Conversion Language To do so, it must first recognize that conversion on any level--the personal, the communal, the societal--comes directly from God's own initiative. And since God is not limited to the narrow confines of human theorizing, the theory in question can propose nothing but one of many possibilities of how God's transforming action may occur. By placing itself on the periphery (not at the center) of divine action, such a theory acknowledges its inherent limita-tions and places itself more readily at the disposal of God's re-creative activity. "The wind blows where it wills" (Jn 3:8). The movement of God's grace is capable of transforming both individuals and the social structures they inhabit. What God does or how is not always discernible to the human eye. What is important in any of life's sit-uations-- and, in this case, in the present crisis facing many reli-gious communities--is that people (both as individuals and as a group) expand their awareness of God working quietly in the cir-cumstances of their daily lives. Where is God in the present cri-sis facing religious life? What is God saying in the graying of once thriving religious communities, in their steady loss of younger members, in their failure to attract vocations, and in their overall decline in numbers? Why does God permit the cur-rent lack of identity and firmness of purpose which characterizes so many of today's religious communities? Where is God lead-ing them--if at all? And to serve what purpose? When sincerely reflected upon, such questions lead people either to affirm or deny God's active involvement in their own life and in the life of " their religious community. The answer, however, may not end up in the shape of a simple yes or no. In a matter of faith, a believer's response must involve more than a facile determination of whether God is with this particular community or has abandoned it. Such a reply may evade the issue altogether. An authentic outpouring of God's grace will foster a deep sense of listening in the life of a religious community. Most peo-ple, religious included, are more ready to give their own opinion than to hear that of another. They are usually so heavily interested in what they themselves have to say that they talk past those around them or, at best, tolerate what is said until the next oppor-tunity arises for them to speak. What passes for conversation is often nothing more than a continuous chain of vaguely connected monologues. Such is not the case with God, the preeminent lis-tener, nor should it be the case of those stirr.ed by the free gift of 812 Review for Religious grace. Those who listen carefully--to their own hearts, to those around them, to the needs of the community, and to those outside the community--are able to discern more clearly the voice of God in their own lives. When they nurture this quiet witness of faith, religious create a space in their community where others know that their presence will be gratefully recognized and their stories listened to with interest. To empty oneself so that others may be heard is an important quality in authentic Christian living. The language of conversion cannot be spoken, let alone heard, apart from the re-creative silence of God's transforming grace. R.eligious and the Language of Conversion The rudiments of an authentic language of conversion are now in place: a sound Christian anthropology, a way of bringing together individuals and corporate wholes, and a recognition of God's creative initiative in the process of conversion. The inte-gration of these elements and their use as an active, functioning language will enable religious to find greater insight into their present difficulties and will lead them to a deeper awareness of the proper course of action to be taken. To further advance this claim, a number of observations are in order: 1. A language of conversion such as the one suggested above will challenge religious to remove the "problem solving" glasses that regularly color their current outlook. Rather than poring over "what must we change in order to secure our institutional viability," they will focus on questions about the authenticity of their reli-gious lives. A religious community, in other words, turns its life more completely over to God, not out of any ulterior motives (for example, to get more vocations, to stem the exodus of disenchanted members), but simply because that is what God asks of them. 2. Religious need to examine, in their common spiritual out-look, the relationship they maintain between "being" and "action." Informed by an anthropology that draws strong bonds between the bodily, mental, spiritual, and social dimensions of human exis-tence, they will be more apt to be sensitive to how their actions-- both private and corporate--are expressions of who they are and sensitive as well to how their actions affect their being as human persons. 3. Religious must articulate in their daily lives a deeper appre-ciation of the basic human elements of community living. November-December 1993 813 Billy ¯ Religious Life and Conversion Language Membership in a religious congregation involves more than mere physical presence. It also entails a shared commitment to common goals and values, a general sense of how these ends are to be achieved, the fostering of community spirit, and a network of sound spiritual and social ties. Since these elements are them-selves all intimately related, care must be taken that members manage to relate well on all of them. Structures must be set in place to facilitate this process. 4. Particular emphasis should be given to the community's spiritual well-being. Just as the spirit is the deepest part of the human person--that part which yearns for God and which affirms oneself as capax Dei--so too is it the truest, most authentic part of the religious community. When the spirit of a religious commu-nity suffers, the other dimensions cannot help being affected. Efforts must be made to heal the wounded spirit of religious com-munity life. Among other things, this will mean working through such difficult issues as human intimacy, vocational crises, mourn-ing the loss of members, and dealing constructively with members who display dysfunctional and addictive behaviors. Only through healing of the spirit of religious community life is there any hope of recovery. 5. One way of healing a community's wounded spirit is for its members to reserve time and community space for genuine listening. By being attentive to the words of others--the stories they tell, the experiences they wish to share--people enter into the thick of life and allow for the possibility of God's presence to break into ordinary daily events. When a religious community fosters this attitude of respect for the need of people to share themselves openly without feeling threatened, it begins to go beneath the superficial ways of relating by which its members all too often relate hardly at all. One of the great sins of religious life is that people can live together for years and barely know each other. 6. It is also sad that a person can live the religious life for yea~rs without ever developing a close relationship with God. Addressing this problem, the language of conversion places God at the center of attention. The whole purpose of life, and of reli-gious life especially, is for a person to enter into a deep and last-ing friendship with God. This purpose must not be lost sight of in discussions about the future of religious life. Religious vow to live the evangelical counsels in order to walk more closely along 814 Revie~ for Religious the way of the Lord Jesus. They do so, if for no other reason, in order to enter more closely into union with him and the One who sent him. 7. People cannot know God, however, if their spirit (or the spirit of the community, for that matter) does not commune with the Spirit of God in the quiet groves of contemplation. Many religious, unfortunately, have forgotten all about what it means to seek the Lord in prayer. Having lost the incentive to pray, they merely go through the motions of living out their evangelical commitments; their lives, as a result, can easily become devoid of all meaning. Religious need to see through the self-deceptions that have gradually led them to compromise their vows. To retrieve the meaning of their religious life, they must return to a balanced regimen of prayer whereby they can gather in God's name and continually invoke the divine presence. 8. Finally, no one undergoes conversion outside a specific community environment. Religious must develop a keen sense of boundary definition that will enable them to distribute their time appropriately between their own religious community and the people they serve in the apostolate. While benefiting from the authentic sharing that goes on within their communities (an essential priority of a well functioning community), they must take care not to become inordinately introspective and so lose all desire to reach beyond their immediate circle. The apostolic orientation of all religious communities (even those with a strictly contem-plative lifestyle) must always remain a primary concern. With this orientation religious supported and energized by their communi-ties will be able--both individually and together--to do great work for both the church and for society at large. Just as the spirit is the deepest part of the human person-- that part which yearns for God and which affirms oneself as capax Dei--so too is it the truest, most authentic part of the religious community. Conclusion The present crisis in religious life is largely a lack of balance between the individual and the community. In many respects the November-December 1993 815 Billy ¯ ReIigious Life and Conversion Language crisis is a scaled-down version of the age-old philosophical prob-lem of the one and the many, an issue which has always lurked behind the scenes of Western philosophical thought and which remains, even today, largely unresolved. In recent years the pen-dulum has swung from one extreme to the other, with the indi-vidual being either submerged in the collective (as was often the case before Vatican II) or much removed from it (as has often occurred since the council). While nearly everyone agrees that a healthy balance needs to be struck, there is little consensus con-cerning just what must be done to achieve it. These pages have used certain categories from the Western religious and philosophical traditions in an effort to nudge reli-gious communities gently toward a prudent--even though pre-carious- balance. The categories include (1) a Pauline anthropology that emphasizes the four basic dimensions of human existence (spiritual, mental, bodily, and social), (2) a philosophi-cal link between individual and corporate wholes (the micro-cosm/ macrocosm distinction of the ancient Greek philosophers), and (3) a deepened awareness of the inherent limitations of lan-guage (and by extension all theories) with a corresponding focus on the creative initiative of divine grace. While none of these cat-egories are entirely disregarded in current discourse about reli-gious life, rarely have they been used in conjunction with one another and certainly not in what has been termed "a language of conversion." By assimilating these categories of conversion, religious can begin to change some of their dysfunctional ways of relating and nurse some of the open wounds that their communities now endure. First of all, they must get beyond claiming that the call to conversion extends only to individuals and not to the social struc-tures they inhabit. An awareness of the circular relationship between the human heart and the human social structure is ~un-damental to any serious discussion of religious life's future. Without it the dissatisfaction of many of today's religious with their institutional structures will continue to grow. 816 Review for Religious GERALD M. FAGIN Are We Relating to God in a New Way? When I entered a Jesuit novitiate thirty-five years ago, I was introduced to a way of relating to God deeply rooted in the tradition of the church and in the Society of Jesus. It was a way of experiencing God and of responding to God that was shaped by a clearly defined theological understanding of God, the church, and the human per-son. What characterized that spirituality was what char-acterized the spirituality of most Catholics, both lay and religious, in the years before Vatican Council II. What has emerged in the last twenty-five years is a new way of relating to God, a spirituality rooted in a plurality of the-ological understandings of God, the church, and the human person. We might describe it as a shift in model or simply as a shift from one pole of the necessary tension in our spiritual lives to the other. What is important is that we describe and understand what has happened, for too often a lack of understanding has led to confusion, guilt, and quarreling among Christians. I offer five tensions or polarities that are always pres-ent in our spiritual lives. What has happened in lived Christian spirituality can be described in terms of these tensions. spirituality From Objective to Subject-Centered The spirituality of thirty-five years ago was an objec- Gerald M. Fagin sJ, professor of theology, can be addressed at Loyola University; 6363 St. Charles Avenue; New Orleans, Louisiana 70118. Noven~ber-Decen~ber 1993 817 Fagin ¯ Are We Relating to God in a New Way? tive spirituality measured in terms of laws kept, mortifications and virtues and devotions practiced, prayers said, and Masses attended. A typical day in a novitiate was structured around an early morning Latin Mass, an hour of meditation, the rosary, the stations of the cross, examination of conscience, spiritual read-ing, and an instruction on religious life. The spiritual life of the Catholic laity was measured and identified by similar norms and practices. This way of life was supported by a clearly defined Catholic culture that gave Catholics a sense of identity rooted in unambiguous doctrinal and moral teaching and distinct rituals and practices. It was the world of the Baltimore catechism, Friday abstinence, fasting in Lent, First Friday and First Saturday devo-tions, benediction, indulgences, and St. Jude devotions. It demanded discipline and obedience and self-sacrifice, but it offered clear expectations and a structured and measurable way of living out a committed Christian life that led to sanctity. Such objectivity is an essential element in any relationship .to God. Rituals, practices, and devotions are at the heart of a gen-uine experience of God and a faithful response to God. We need clear guidelines and traditional structures if we are to be account-able and if we are to guard against the kind of subjectivity that is open to deception and divisiveness. What has emerged, then, is not a total rejection of this way of relating to God, but a new emphasis on the human person as a free and developing subject in the spiritual life. This subject-centered spirituality is a spirituality measured in terms of people's inner growth and actualization, the quality of their prayer and personal affective development. The spiritual life is described in terms'of a growth in trust and love and openness and freedom and sensi-tivity to the Spirit. Religious experience rather than religious practice is central to this approach. The focus is growth in peo-ple's personal relationship with God and on God's call addressed ¯ uniquely to individuals in their specific life circumstances. In con-sidering fidelity to God, the language of conformity and obedience to rules gives way to discernment and dialogue. Prayer becomes less a meditation on the truths of Christianity and more a lan-guage of the heart, an affective prayer that centers on God's ini-tiative more than our initiative. The role of the spiritual director puts less emphasis on teaching and guidance and more emphasis on facilitating the directee's relationship with God. The didactic gifts of the director become less important than a listening and 818 Review for Religious discerning heart that can clarify the movement of God in the directee's heart. Thirty-five years ago my spiritual director asked me about my fidelity to my spiritual exercises, the subject matter of my meditation, and the resolutions from my latest retreat. Today my spiritual director asks me about the movement of God in my heart and the consolation and desolation that are the signposts of my discernment. The presupposition is that God is at work in the individual soul and that this movement of God can be observed and discerned. The shift to a subject-centered spirituality is clearly seen in the rediscovery of the directed retreat. Conference-style or preached retreats focus on a common teaching or subject matter for reflec-tion. Everyone responds to and prays over the same material, often more doctrinal than scriptural, and not selected as a specific response to the needs and grace directions of the individuals. The subject matter of the directed retreat is each individual's experience of God, the movement of the Spirit within that person. Scripture is chosen to focus and highlight the graces of the retreatant. There is not one set program for everyone. It is pre-sumed that each person will experience and respond to God's grace in an individual way. Underlying this shift to the subject is a different under-standing of revelation. Revelation is imaged not primarily as propositions to be affirmed but as God's self-communication. Revelation is not first a series of statements about God and the human condition, but a series of experiences of God that reveal who God is and how God deals with us. Jesus is the fullness of God's revelation so that our faith life is a response to someone rather than an assent to propositions. God's self-revelation in Christ calls us to a new relationship with.God. Experience, both individual and communal, precedes articulation; and our rela- This subject-centered spirituality is a spirituality measured in terms of people's inner growth and actualization, the quality of their prayer and personal affective development. November-December 1993 819 Fagqn ¯ Are We Relating to God in a New Way? tionship with God begins in an experience of God that then finds words in doctrines and expression in rituals. From Perfection to Process The novice of thirty-five years ago set out on the road to per-fection. Every imperfection was to be weeded out, every virtue practiced. The ideals were clear, even if unattainable. The goal was set: "Be perfect as your heavenly Father is perfect." The perfec-tion model envisioned our spiritual lives as a striving for an ideal, a state of perfection that was never attained. Too often our spir-itual lives were evaluated in terms of our failures to reach the ideal or the degree to which we had failed to attain perfection. As in the objective model, the focus was on an observance of laws and duties. Novices were told, "Keep the rule and the rule will keep you." This approach tended to be legalistic and Pelagian and to generate undue fear in our relationship with God. We were always aware that we were not measuring up to the ideal. No matter how fervent our spiritual lives and how detailed our obser-vance, we remained unworthy servants who had yet to reach per-fection. We placed much more emphasis on what we had failed to do or achieve than on the level of our desire and hope and love and our moments of fidelity. This perfection model focused on the goal, not the process to the goal. God's love and affirmation were often thought of as the reward for our completing the process, for our faithful observance. A corollary of the shift from objective to subject-centered is the shift from this perfection model to a process model in our relationship with God. The process model envisions our spiri-tual lives as a journey that can be measured not only in terms of how far we have to go, but especially in terms of how far we have come. Besides sorrow for our failure to attain perfection, there is gratitude for all that God has accomplished in us, the work of God's grace in our lives. Our spiritual lives are viewed as a rela-tionship with God that grows, not as a project that needs to be accomplished. Such a model is sensitive to the adult stages of growth in the human process. Conversion is emphasized as an ongoing process of discovering and purification and commitment. Creative fidelity in the midst of new challenges and opportunities replaces perseverance in a static commitment. The love of God is experienced in the midst of the process as an abiding source of 820 Review for Religious support and inspiration. God loves us where we are and invites us to a fuller life. We find God, then, where we are and not where we would like to be. We pray out of our present experience, not out of as-yet-unrealized goals. At the root of this shift from perfection to process is a renewed understanding of grace. Grace is defined not primarily in ontological terms and categories, certainly not as a quantity to be gained and lost by observance or lack of observance. Rather it is understood as a growth in a relationship of love with some-one, a growth into a richer and fuller life. Our relationship with God is an invitation to friendship and intimacy with God, a gift of new life. God's grace is the giving of Godself that transforms us and empowers us to live God's life. From Private to Communal The novitiate of thirty-five years ago was highly structured and programmed. With rare exceptions, everyone followed the same order of the day, listened to the same conferences and instructions, and even read many of the same books. The reality of large numbers of novices made personal attention less available, even though the novice master was concerned for the well-being of each novice. At the same time, the spirituality proposed was very individualistic. People's relation with God was private and expressed in personal devotions and practices. They found God in the solitude of their'own heart and gave little emphasis to a com-munity of shared faith and communal discernment. There was a strong sense of corporate identity, but one's own spiritual life was private and to be shared only with a spiritual director or supe-rior. The support came from the awareness that everyone was praying at the same time in private, not from any ~hared sense of what was happening in the prayer of individuals. This personal piety that privatized one's relationship with God followed upon an understanding of the church as an insti-tution from which grace flows from the top through a hierarchi-cal structure to the individual. God spoke through superiors and religious leaders, not through the members of the community. Sacraments too were privatized. They were channels of individ-ual grace and a personal relationship with God. Confession was an experience of forgiveness of my sins with little sense of reconcil-iation with the community. Eucharist focused on the offering of November-December 1993 821 Fagin ¯ Are We Relating to God in a New Way? Christ's sacrifice and my reception of Communion, followed by my private thanksgiving with .Jesus. Often Eucharist was a pri-vate Mass with a single server symbolizing a broader community that was not evidently there. All of this, of course, reflected a the-ology of church and sacrament that shaped and reinforced a sense of a private relationship with God. A communal model, on the other hand, emphasizes that we encounter God in community. It respects the personal and unique aspect of one's relationship with God and the areas of religious experience that are shared only with a spiritual guide or a close friend, but it images our relationship with God in the context of a community of faith. The Spirit speaks through all, and we grow in our faith life with, in, and through others. We are one body. We are branches on the same vine. Shared prayer and communal dis-cernment are important means of developing our relationship with God. This derives from an understanding of church as pri-marily a community of believers called together in faith. The church is an institution with visible structures and offices, but it is first the gathering of disciples that find and celebrate God's presence in their midst. Liturgy is experienced as ecclesial, as the coming together of God's people to hear the word in common and share the meal of the Reign of God. Jesus is present, not only in the consecrated bread and wine, but also in the assembly. We find Jesus in the community. Sacraments, then, are experienced as communal moments Of celebration that bind us together and deepen our corporate identity as the people of God. Christians share a common story of salvation and live out that story as mem-bers of the one body of Christ. That sense of a common story deepens our awareness of God's self-revelation to us in commu-nity and our need to listen and respond as God's people bound together by a covenant relationship. From Dualism to Wholeness From its earliest days Christianity has struggled with a dual-ism that put a wedge between the spiritual and the physical, the body and the soul. Gnosticism, Manicheanism, and Jansenism are only historical surfacings of a constant and strong undercurrent of thought that considers the physical to be evil and the source of temptation. Not surprisingly, the novitiate of thirty-five years ago put little emphasis on emotional growth and psychosexual devel- 822 Review for Religious opment. The prominent role of physical penances and the pro-hibition about novices touching one another dramatized not only a needed asceticism, but also a distrust of anything relating to the human body. Holiness was often identified with a flight from the body and from the emotions. The body was seen as a hin-drance to the spirit, and the emotions were dismissed or sup-pressed as irrelevant and debilitating. Reason and volition were the only reliable means of directing our spiritual lives. Discernment was reduced to a rational process or replaced by. logical analysis. Faith was seen primarily as an act of the intellect and holiness as an act of the will. In the end, the spiritual life was often per-ceived as set apart in a higher realm divorced from the growth of the whole person. Contemporary spirituality is more clearly holistic. It respects and encourages the growth of the whole person. The process of human-ization is an integral part of spiritual develop-ment. Spiritual maturity presupposes a certain psychological health as a foundation. The role of affectivity and an appreciation of our phys-icality become important elements of our growth to spiritual wholeness. Discernment is appreciated as noticing and evaluating the affective as well as the rational movements of God within the soul, sifting through experiences of consolation and desolation. Faith is the response of the whole person to God's self-revela-tion. A renewed value is given to human desire as a place where God touches and inspires the soul and calls a person to fuller life. Contemporary spiritua~ty knows well that something of this holis-tic approach can be found in a fresh reading of many of the mys-tics and spiritual classics, but modern awareness and appreciation of the complexities of the human person have insisted even more that holiness is a developmental process of integrating all aspects of the human person. The shift from dualism to wholeness is rooted in an under-standing of the human person as a unity rather than a duality of spirit and body. Psychology and religion can work together to transform and sanctify every dimension of the person. The Enneagram, Jungian personality types, dream analysis, Intensive Journaling--all these and more can enrich our appreciation and Christians share a common story of salvation and live out that story as members of the one body of Christ. November-December 1993 823 Fagin ¯ Are We Relating to God in a New Way? understanding of the human psyche and be positive helps to our spiritual growth. There is, of course, an element of truth in the dualistic approach. Physical and even psychological wholeness are not indispensable to Christian holiness. God can and does work through our brokenness. The ideal of self-actualization and human growth must always be relativized by the gospel call to self-emp-tying surrender. On the other hand, the dualistic approach, when taken to an extreme, can produce an impoverished human per-son insensitive to the riches of imagination and affect in relating to God and other people. In such a case, little or no value is given to the affective movements of the heart in the search for God. The ordering of affectivity is reduced to the suppression of affec-tivity, and an ascetic ideal is proposed that allows little room for human emotion. From Other-Worldly to This-Worldly "Just a little while and then eternity." These words attributed to St. John Berchmans set the tone for my novitiate experience thirty-five years ago. At the heart of the relationship with God was a call to renunciation of the material world. The world was a place of temptation and trial. We were pilgrims on a journey to salvation in the next life. Sanctity demanded detachment from the world. Matter was evil, the source of sin. Penance was a way to punish the flesh and control its appetites. The novitiate was in an isolated place far from the allurements of the world. There were no newspapers or magazines or movies or TV. The harshest judgment passed on any novice was that he was "worldly." At the root of this approach was a negative vision of the world as cor-rupted by sin. Flight from the world was the road to sanctity. Even apostolic religious orders tended to propose monastic ide-als that emphasized separation from the world. A special impor-tance was given to the words of Seneca (Letters, no. 7) quoted in the Imitation of Christ (I, 20): "As often as I have been among men, I have returned less a man." No one can deny the truth in this approach to the world. Growth in a relationship with God demands a radical detachment and renunciation. We live in a world of obscured values and dis-torted perceptions, a world infected with sin that stands in oppo-sition to the values of the reign of God. The world is groaning for 824 Review for Religious redemption, and Christianity must stand as a countercultural force in a broken and wounded world. Contemporary spirituality, however, takes a more positive view of the world, seeing it as the product of God's love and the locus of God's redemptive presence. The Vatican II document Gaudium et Spes (The Church in the Modern World) proposed a world-affirming vision that recognized the value and autonomy of human society and culture and that took responsibility for the world. A renewed theology of creation takes seriously Genesis's declaration of the goodness of creation and the dignity of humans as images of God. Such a creation-centered spirituality rejoices in the world as a gift.from the hands of a loving God. Our relationship with God is expressed in a concern for the earth and a sense of stew-ardship for the resources entrusted to us. The reign of God is already a reality "bud-ding forth," and our human efforts are an essential element in building the final reign of God. God, then, is found in human experience and human achievement, and this world becomes a sacred place for encountering God. A genuine apostolic spirituality recognizes that we work out our salvation by involvement in the human struggle for justice. The desert invades the marketplace and the monk speaks a prophetic word in the city. The reason for the shift to a this-worldly spiritua'lity is, then, a more positive view of the world and a renewed understanding of salvation. An important corollary of this new understanding and appre-ciation of the world is a reevaluation of the relation between reli-gious life and the lay vocation. In the other-worldly view of the Christian life, monastic spirituality was considered normative, and so the life of a single or a married person in the world was necessarily a less radical commitment to a relationship with God. Lay spirituality was at best a watered-down adaptation of the higher calling of religious life. Vatican II, by contrast, speaks of a universal call to holiness. All Christians are called to the per-fection of charity and commitment to Christ. Religious life and the A genuine apostolic spirituality recognizes that we work out our salvation by involvement in the human struggle for justice. November-December 1993 825 Fagin ¯ Are V~e Relating to God in a New tVay? lay vocation are two different ways of responding to the radical gospel call to discipleship. At best one can speak of religious life as a more explicit and unambiguous lifestyle that witnesses to the common vocation of all Christians. Conclusion The tensions just described are an enduring part of our rela-tionship with God. Our spirituality will always be a balance between objective and subjective, perfection and process, private and communal, dualism and wholeness, other-worldly and this-worldly. As Richard McBrien has pointed out frequently, Catholicism is not a matter of either/or but of both/and. There is no question of rejecting one way and replacing it completely with another, but rather of claiming a new richness that respects the older way and opens new ways of living our Christian lives. My novitiate experience of thirty-five ye~ars ago focused almost exclu-sively on the objective, perfection, private, dualistic, and other-worldly dimensions of our relationship with God. Contemporary spirituality has swung the pendulum dramatically to the other pole. The challenge is to move beyond a reactionary position and to integrate the truth of the previous way of relating to God with a new and rich experience of God and the human person. The swing of the pendulum, as we have seen, comes from a new under-standing of revelation, grace, and the church and of the human person, the world, and salvation. Developments in theology and new dimensions of religious experience continue to enrich one another and open new possibilities in our relationship with God. Each age in the life of the church struggles to define Christians' relationship with God. Christian spirituality is a lived experience shaped by life, culture, and theology, but above all by the graced invitation of God. I conclude by suggesting four char-acteristics of a Christian spirituality that is responsive to the invi-tation and challenge of the contemporary world. We need an incarnational spirituality that finds mystery and the sacred in the midst of a radical affirmation of the giftedness of the world, that finds God not only above us but also with us. We need a holistic spirituality that integrates more fully into our spiritual growth the nonrational dimensions of our person, fostering a healthy sense of sin and forgiveness and respecting the human psyche's limitations and possibilities for growth in God's life. We need a 826 Review for Religious prophet# spirituality that integrates the mystical and the political and sees a passion for justice and solidarity with the poor as inte-gral to contemplative union with God. We need an ecdesial spir-ituality that lives out our relationship with God in the community of disciples, harmonizes discernment and religious authority, and responds to the call to ministry that baptismal grace enables us to hear. In the end, Christian spirituality will always remain a response to the gospel call to conversion and discipleship. In every age it promises a growth in a personal relationship with God and demands a commitment in the context of a community of faith, but in the midst 6f these constant elements Christians will con-tinue to be attentive to the movements of the Spirit in their lives and to explore new ways of relating to God. Holofrosts The offerings to God this winter's morning Are holofrosts, not burnt but frozen;fruit Of the vine hangs shriveled as nuggets of ice, The works of human hands .are noughted out By whiteness of snow. Offering God of his own From the elements given us, we lift up As gifts at his altar: his earth, air, Water, hard-touched by December, challenging Us to be devout in our changing seasons Of spring-weather faith, frost-withered doubt. Nancy G. Westerfield November-December 1993 827 A. PAUL DOMINIC Desire, Asking, and Answers porayer, as St. Thomas Aquinas said, is the articulation of ur desire before God.~ That is the way we teach our chil-dren their first practical lesson in religion: we teach them to ask God for what they want. As people grow in spiritual life, they can never outgrow the spirit of their beginnings, if for no other reason than that the highest reaches cannot exist without the low-est attainments. There is reason, then, not to abandon altogether the early, petitionary stage of spiritual life, but to continue to experience its varying moods and movements. Here biblical personages at once spiritual and earthy can be illustrative and illuminative. The recorded experiences of Hannah, David, and Job are relevant. They are all apparently of marked spirituality, notably above the ordinary. Yet in their dealings with God they do not remain always ethereal. Possessed of human desires, too, as down-to-earth people, they approach God openly with the desires of their heart. That is to say, they are simple enough not to be shatmning but to move with the tide of their life. Spiritually oriented people will neglect this basic lesson only to their cost. Not much is known of Hannah, surely; but the little that is known of her reveals her womanly spiritual fiber. Her husband, Elkanah, less known than herself, is religious too, but in the usual way, performing the regular practices like yearly pilgrimage. Perhaps part of his routine spirituality is his seeming resignation A. Paul Dominic SJ, author of God of Justice (Bombay: St. Paul Publications), is well known to our readers. His address is Satyodayam; S. Lallaguda; Secunderabad 500 017; India. 828 Review for Religious to God's disposition regarding Hannah's barrenness. But Hannah herself would not be resigned to her situation. She burns with desire for a son as much as, or even more than, she is resentful and in distress because of the taunts of the other wife, who is not bar-ren. All this compounded desire of her heart she pours out to her God, completely oblivious of her surroundings, and she keeps on beseeching him for a son till--that is the important point here-- she is assured that she will get what she has painfully longed for. She has not supplicated in vain. No wonder she knows peace in her heart. David is great in every way, in particular in his spiritual gifts. He attains spiritual heights on certain occasions when God sur-prises him with choice favors. But he also knows low spirits and even falls. Then he prays, staying where he is. One such occa-sion is when he realizes that he has to pay for his adultery by the death of the child of adultery. Though he owns his sin, still he wants the son his sin produced. How he prays for the life of the child, struck by God with a grave illness! He pleads with God for his child, fasting and lying on the ground for days together. He prays with all his energies, hoping against hope till he realizes that the child has died. He has supplicated in vain and still, sur-prisingly enough, seems to find unusual peace in his heart. Job is an exceptional figure who manages a happy blend of his wealth in the world with his godly life. If he has enjoyed all the prosperity in the world, still he seeks and humbly keeps his integrity before his God. Such a man, however, meets with one disaster after another. Even then he allows no curse to cross his mind or lips; on the contrary, he walks humbly with God, bless-ing him still. However, in the prolonged anguish of his final dis-aster, made worse by his three friends preachifying to the effect that every sufferer must be necessarily a sinner, he is stung to the quick and so driven to defend his honor. He argues with them point by point, personally convinced that there is no sin that would explain his suffering. In between he puts the matter before God, too, quite unafraid, now lamenting his plight, now com-plaining to him, now appealing to him, now reasoning with him, now challenging him, then yearning to reach him, all the while wanting to vindicate his stand that he is innocent, whatever the traditional doctrine of retribution may be. He has supplicated alone and in company, aloud and in silence, passing through the struggle of it all, only to be surprised at the end by the mysteri- Nove~nber-Decen;ber 1993 829 Dontinic ¯ Desire, Asking, and Answers ous and yet overwhelmingly peaceful vision of God clearing up all the aggnizing questions and difficulties. The three biblical episodes ~nay be compared to one another as regards three elements common to them. First, the three pro-tagonists experience an urgent desire. Second, they take it up in their prayer, making it indeed their whole prayer, however long drawn out it may be. Third, they attain something positive. First, then, they are alike in experiencing desires, however various the desires may be. Hannah desires a son. Her desire is natural, normal, proper, appropriate, and worthy inasmuch as she wants only the full enjoyment of her marriage as willed by God right from the beginning. David desires that the son of his passion, born of another man's wife, should live and not die. His desire, too, is natural and normal and yet perhaps not especially worthy, if only because the circumstantial will of God is for the child of adultery to die. Job desires an answer to the puzzle of his unde-served suffering. His desire, too, is nor~nal and natural and yet only dubiously proper against the background of the common traditional belief that every suffering implies some sin in the suf-ferer. While Hannah's desire is in every way agreeable, David's and Job's are not particularly so. David resists the apparent mind of God regarding the fruit of his sin, and Job's honest and frank desire is naively bold because it seems to put God in the wrong. Second, however one evaluates the three desires, they are nevertheless real and candid; the persons know and feel their desire as only they can. They find it so urgent that they do not fight shy of voicing it before other "people and even before God. They do not simply pray about it, but make it their sole and con-stant prayer. Without any distracting self-consciousness, they sim-ply present themselves before God as they experience their desire consuming them, not minding or caring whether they might come across to casual observers as strange or surprising or suspect. Possessed by their sole burning desire, they beseech God persis-tently without any thought of circumspection or shame or seem-ing propriety till something good happens to them--which leads to my third point. In Hannah's case, what happens is just what she has desired and prayed for. She gets a son and calls him Samuel since, as she says, "I asked Yahweh iCor him" (i S 1:20). In David's case, what happens is just the opposite:of his lingering desire and prayer. His ill-gotten child whom he wants to see saved dies of illness. But 830 Re'view for Religious David--note well--comes alive after the whole ordeal of pray-ing, pining, and fasting. He bathes, anoints himself, dresses up, goes to the sanctuary, then sits down to a meal, and finally even consoles his forlorn Bathsheba. In Job's case, what happens is not just what he agonizingly wanted to find, for he finds far more than he has dared ask. He has asked only for a vindicating proof of his undeserved suffering, but he is given to see God himself, the answer of all possible problems and puzzles. It may appear at first sight that the prayer arising from and suffused with unquenchable desire turns out to be a success for Hannah, a fail-ure for David, and a mere struggle for Job. But further reflection would show that the reality or radicality of their experience is not that simple. The feverish desires of David and Job may not have ended in natural, ordinary, and expected satisfaction as in the case of Hannah. But they too have their definite, unmistakable denouement, with their desires set at rest. Indeed, they attain what may be called the res-olution of their desires, a positive ending to their experience of desire in and through and by means of prayer. Here is a lesson for life. Despite the obvious differences in their desires, Hannah, David, and Job all end up with positive experiences through prayer. Their prayer experience has some-thing in common: making their desire transparent to God or, bet-ter, living their desire before God in all its urgency. The experience of any urgent desire is itself a sort of struggle till its ful-fillment. This is only accentuated when the fulfillment of desire depends, not on oneself, but on the good pleasure of another--in the present context, God. So Hannah prays in an unusual manner, speaking under her breath, giving room for suspicion that she is drunk. So too does David, to the surprise of his officials, covering himself with sack-ing, lying on the bare ground and keeping a strict fast. So too does Job, confounding and shocking his onlookers by his unortho-dox stand that, though he has been afflicted with the worst of Despite the obvious differences in their desires, Hannah, David, and Job all end up with positive experiences through prayer. November-December 1993 831 Dominic ¯ Desire, Asking, and Answers sufferings, he cannot be accused of having really sinned. Even if he occasionally concedes, for the sake of argument, that he has sinned, he challenges God outright: "Suppose I have sinned, what have I done to you?" (Jb 7:20). But the burden of his prayer runs now and again in such words as these: "I shall say to God, 'Do not condemn me, but tell me the reason for your assault. Is it right for you to injure me, cheapening the work of your own hands and abetting the schemes of the wicked?'" (Jb 10:2-3). He ends his apologia daringly with no apology whatever: "I have had my say, from A to Z; now let Shaddai answer me" (Jb 31:35). How acute must be the struggle of the man who, in his dire straits, makes bold to speak to God without mincing words about what he wants. If Hannah and David, too, definitely pass through quite a struggle in their prayer seeking what they want, theirs would seem to be nothing compared with the struggle of Job for God's own vindication of his innocence. Generally speaking, the struggle experienced in prayer as peo-ple keep on imploring God for what they want is proportionate to the intensity of their desire. The surpassing struggle Job goes through in his prayer reveals how hard he desires. There is, if one may put it this way, truth in his desire. That is to say, his desire is so true and so truly possessing and consuming him that he needs must seek its fulfillment by every means possible, even if it should entail a gigantic struggle. Here may be raised a very important question concerning prayer. If people pray and complain that they do not get an answer to their prayer, it may be asked whether their prayer arises out of truth, the truth of their desire in the sense suggested above. People may be accustomed to and satisfied with bland preferences, with mere velleities, and thus ,nay not have true desire even if they know, or seem to know, what they desire. Certainly velleities are palt~ desires. It is worth noting in this context that Job with his ruling desire and passionate prayer is a fictitious figure, unlike Hannah and David. From this may one not infer that people like Job are seldom found in real life, that rarely are real people moved by strong, ardent, fervent, and in a word true desire? But without desire there can be no prayer, for desire is part and parcel of prayer. St. Thomas said so (as I have indicated above), and St. Augustine had said something similar much ear-lier. Writing to Proba on prayer, he pointed out that, if the Lord wants us to pray even though he certainly knows independently 832 Review for Religious our wants and needs, it is because "he wants our desire to be exer-cised in prayer, thus enabling us to grasp what he is preparing to give.''2 He added: "We pray always in faith, hope, and love, with uninterrupted desire. Btit at certain hours and seasons we also pray with words. We use these signs of realities to rouse our-selves, to become aware of the growth of our desire, and to strongly move ourselves to increase it . What do the Apostle's words, 'Pray constantly,' mean, if not that we must constantly desire. ?-3 Of course, one may remark quite correctly that in the context Augustine had in his mind a constant desire for the blessedness of eternal life. One may observe just as correctly, however, that what we do in prayer--namely, exercise our desire--may reach out not only to eternal life, but to present life as well, with aH that we want here and now. Anyhow, the very prayer that Jesus taught explicitly is not confined to holy desires connected with God and his kingdom, but, in the phrase "daily bread," makes mention of ordinary human desires and material needs. The Lord's Prayer certainly includes the gamut of human desires, from the lofty to the lowly. Other teachings of Jesus on prayer also focus on desire expe-rienced and expressed before God. The parables of the importu-nate friend and the widow (Lk 11:5-8; 18:1-8), for instance, emphasize the keenness of desire without which prayer would flag and falter. Apart from desire there can be no meaning in prayer of peti.tion; and it is this sort of simple, straightforward prayer that Jesus mostly speaks of. His injunction regarding effec-tive, infallible prayer is to "ask. search., knock" (Mr 7:7); and this really means that one should go on asking and searching and knocking with the growing impulse of intense desire. This real-ity of glowing desire may throw light even on the basic require-ment-- namely, belief or faith--in all such prayer. For instance, in the saying of Jesus that "everything you ask and pray for, believe that );ou have it already, and it will be yours" (Mk 11:24), the action of belief is as much an activity of desire as it is anything else.4 When belief comes into play in prayer, it invariably brings desire into the foreground, the desire which was already there in the prayer right from the start. All this is not a matter of theory but of practice, as may be seen in dealings of Jesus wifla people to whom he grants favors. In the case of the Syrophoenician woman, Jesus senses right from November-Decentber 1993 833 Dominic ¯ Desire, Asking, and Answers the beginning how badly she desires the healing of her daughter. His apparent reluctance to accede to her request only brings out all the more her desire, at once insistent and persistent, regard-ing her daughter's welfare. He takes note of it and refers to it with pleasant surprise when he finally' gives his word of favor to her request (see Mk 7:24-30).s Just the opposite is the story of the sick man at the Pool of Bethzatha (Jn 5:1-6). When Jesus sees him and knows how long he has been ill, he asks him, "Do you want to be well again?" It is a surprising question at first, but on reflection very revealing. Jesus cannot heal the sick man unless he first desires it. As the man had been ill for so long, perhaps he no longer has any desire for healing. It is precisely to awaken this desire that Jesus puts the question to him. Today, too, neither Jesus nor his Father can hear any prayer unless it arises in real desire and is poured out in ardent desire and sustained in unabated desire. It matters how much and how far we desire whatever we desire. As I conclude, I find myself won-derii~ g if social activists have an idea how much they can effect by prayer that is sharpened by the "violence" of desire. When I say violence here, I am thinking of that intriguing logion: "The king-dom of God has been subjected to violence and the violent are tak-ing it by storm" (Mt 11:12). Notes ~ See Simon Tugwell, Prayer in Practice (Springfield, Illinois, 1974), p. 75. 2 See The Divine Office, vol. 3 (London, Glasgow, Sydney, Dublin, 1974), p. 662. 3 Letters of Saint Augustine, ed. and trans. John Leinenweber (Liguori, Missouri: Triumph Books, 1992), p. 172. 4 The Markan version lends itself to such an interpretation, unlike the Matthean parallel 21:22 with its connotation of faith as a matter of not doubting about what is prayed for. s Here again Mark is different from Matthew. Mark tells the plain story of the woman with her heart's desire whereas Matthew stylizes it in terms of faith (Mt 15:21-28). 834 Review for Religious JUDETTE A. GALLARES Companionship Spirituality in Ruth Te Book of Ruth is one of the immortal love stories in the ble. It takes as its characters and events ordinary people and mundane life situations to which we can easily find parallels in our world today. The book's primary purpose, however, is not to entertain and delight its audience with plot complications, sus-pense, and a satisfying denouement, but to hold up to its readers and listeners authentic models of covenantal faith? What is this covenantal faith, and how does companionship enter into its perspective? What does the spirituality of compan-ionship teach us in our experiences of change, life transitions, and emptiness? To glean some answers to these questions, it is beneficial to allow to sink into our consciousness Ruth's words to Naomi, her mother-in-law, which have become an immortal prayer of companionship. Let us look at her words within their context as summarized here. During the time of the judges, Elimelech of Bethlehem, together with his wife Naomi and his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, migrated to Moab to escape a famine in Judah. Elimelech died in Moab. His sons married two Moabite women, Orpah and Ruth. The two sons also died, however, leaving two childless wid-ows with their widowed mother-in-law. Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem, and her daughters-in-law, set off with her. While they were on the road, she urged her daughters-in-law each to return to her mother's house, for she was unsure of what future Judette A. Gallares RC is involved in spiritual direction and retreat work in the Philippines and conducts courses on biblical spirituality and spiritual direction for lay and religious formators. Her address is Cenacle Sisters; 217-G.D. Jakosalem Street; Cebu City 6000; Philippines. Novetnber-Deconber 1993 835 Gallares ¯ Companionship Spirituality in Ruth they would have with her. Orpah sorrowfully returned to her fam-ily, but Ruth clung to her mother-in-law in spite of Naomi's prod-ding that she follow Orpah's decision. Instead, she responded in these words: Do not press me to leave you and to stop going with you, for wherever you go, I shall go, wherever you live, I shall live. Your people will be my people, and your God will be my God. Where you die, I shall die and there I shall be buried. Let Yahweh bring unnameable ills on me and worse ills, too, if anything but death should part me from you! (Rt 1:16-17). Realizing that Ruth was determined to go with her, Naomi stopped urging her. Both went on their journey until they reached Bethlehem. Migration was rather typical of ancient Palestine. Families often migrated because of the frequent occurrence of famine in the area. The country of Moab, with a narrow strip of well-watered and fertile land running north and south in its center, was an attractive refuge, and so Elimelech, Naomi, and their two sons migrated there. This scenario is familiar even today. To escape economic dif-ficulties caused by drought or increased militarization in third-world rural areas, people flock to the cities and towns seeking either the pot of gold or refuge from military oppression. Professionals continually migrate from third-world to first-world countries in search of better opportunities even though, regret-tably, this slows down socioeconomic development in their own countries. Migration for the sake of survival and a better life is an undei'- standable occurrence in any generation and culture. Biblical lit-erature records a number of such departures. We recall Joseph and his famil)) moving to Goshen (Gn 47:27) and a widow fol-lowing Elisha's advice and moving to the land of the Philistines (2 K 8). So Elimelech's decision to leave Bethlehem of Judah together with his family is understandable. To alert us immediately to the development and historical probability of the story, the author also gives the characters names which in Hebrew have symbolic meanings. Elimelech means "my God is king"; Naomi means "pleasant"; the two sons' names, Mahlon and Chilion, .mean "sickness" and "wasting," respectively.2 After they have settled in Moab, death strikes the male members 836 Review for Religious of Naomi's family. Elimelech dies first. Naomi is left with her two sons, who later marry native women. But after ten years the sons also die without leaving any sons. Naomi, a widow of advanced age with no sons but only non-Jewish and childless daughters-in-law, is therefore destined for a life of destitution and social oppression. In her emptiness and poverty, Naomi decides to return to the land of her birth because the famine there is over. Perhaps she thinks her own townspeople will be kinder to her in her poverty than if she were to remain in Moab as a widowed foreigner. Her two widowed daughters-in-law initially go with her, but she urges them to return to their own families. She just cannot impose her desire and longing for her own land and people on her already suffering daughters-in-law, nor can she deprive them of the small consolation that their own homeland would provide them. Besides, she knows that it would be much more dif-ficult for them, being foreigners, to remarry in her homeland than in theirs because Hebrew laws discourage marriage with foreigners.3 Here Naomi is projected as a practical person. She uses the time, not for grieving, but for doing something in a situation that needs a practical solution. Naomi's use of the unusual phrase "mother's house" is to be noted, for a house is usually designated as one's father's.4 Some com-mentators believe it is used to symbolize or to emphasize the absence of men in the women's lives.5 From another perspective it can also be seen as words of consolation to the suffering women, for the word "mother" evokes images of the love, care, and nur-turance one would long for in a time of brokenness. Orpah heeds Naomi's advice and returns to her people: Ruth refuses. Mthough the motif of ~mptiness is strongly accentuated here, by Naomi's saying that her womb will have no more sons, we see that she is not totally bereft, for Ruth would cling to her and not allow her to return to her homeland alone. Responding to her mother-in-law's pleading send-off with words of loyalty and devotion, Ruth vows to accompany Naomi through a per-ilous journey into an uncertain future. Migration for the sake of survival and a better life is an understandable occurrence in any generation and culture. Novevnber-Dece~nber 1993 837 Gallares ¯ Companionship Spirituality in Ruth Ruth pledges covenant fidelity and claims as her own Naomi's place, people, and God.6 In her beautiful and moving response, Ruth clings not to a past but to a present--not to a male through whom she may achieve power and access, but to a female, one who needs her, one for whom she will provide protection, care, and access.7 Ruth thus gives to her mother-in-law the only thing she possesses, her very self. Even if society destines both of them to a life of extreme poverty as widows, they still have each other. We can still see this kind of attitude among simple poor families. They are extremely loyal to their own members and sacrifice for and protect one another in good times and in bad. Together the two widows now turn their faces resolutely toward Palestine and the city of Bethlehem. The distance between Moab and Bethlehem is only about 120 miles, but this stretch represents a long, fatiguing, and dangerous trek in this period, especially for two women who have neither money beyond their barest needs nor protector.8 It is this journey through barren places that will perhaps bring them closer to each other and cause them to cling more closely together for protection, comfort, and support. Covenantal Faith amid Emptiness in Life Transitions The contrast between emptiness and fullness runs through the entire book. This is seen, not only in the setting itself, but also in the lives of the women characters. The famine or the emptiness of the land that sets the story in motion drives Naomi's family to seek greener fields. Leaving one's country and culture as Naomi did is an experience of emptying, an experience of loss: food, rela-tionships, property, land. It is a recurring motif in the life of Israel and throughout salvation history, beginning with God inviting Abraham to leave his clan and his ancestral home for a promised land. In Abraham we see that God's promise and blessing are indissolubly bound up with a departure, an emptying of anything that prevents one from setting out on an adventure with God. For Naomi, however, Moab turned out to be a place of empti-ness, not a land of promise. There she lost not only her husband but her two sons as well. Her emptiness seemed irreparable, her life hollow deep within. These words of the psalmist could have echoed in her heai't: "How could we sing a song of the Lord in a foreign land?" (Ps 137:4 NAB).)It would be difficult indeed for 838 Review for Religious anyone in Naomi's predicament to sing a song to God amid feel-ings of alienation from God, life, others, and even self. Grief has a way of devouring our spiritual life, leaving us in the desert to feel parched, empty, depleted, lonely, and alienated. Naomi could attribute the cause of her incurable emptiness only to God: "Yahweh's hand has been raised against me." Thus, only God also could fill it. Beyond her empty feeling and sense of God's absence is perhaps a fragile hope that God will also cause her misery to cease. Perhaps this was in her mind and heart when, "having heard that Yahweh had come to help his people by giving them food, Naomi prepared to return home." Her poverty and her emptiness are so basic that they can be intimated by an unadorned reference to food. Beyond a need to fill her physical hunger, she perhaps has a keen desire to reconcile herself with the past, to catch a glimpse of home and of who she is meant to be. John Dunne once wrote9: At every turn in the road a new illuminating is needed to find the way and a new kindling is needed to follow the way. Dunne seems to speak here of moments of transition in one's life when one needs to search within to find illumination or guid-ance to continue going forward on the road to life. This search involves returning to the past, to one's home and roots and being reconciled with them. Naomi, in her poverty and emptiness, thinks of home not only as a place where she could experience God's blessing again' (having heard that Yahweh had come to help his people), but also as a place where she can find peace and acceptance of her painful situation ("Do not call me Naomi. Call me Mara, for God has made life bitter for me"). Her words reflect a deep longing that is present in every human heart. A part in us is always yearning and quietly crying out for the true homeland where life is no longer painful and unfair,l° Undoubtedly Naomi's two Moabite daughters-in-law are also experiencing emptiness and grief at losing their husbands. In their loss their initial response is to cling to what is familiar (to continue living with Naomi and to remain in her clan) even if it does not seem to give them any kind of future. Orpah is practical minded in dealing with her emptiness. In spite of the pain of saying good-bye to Naomi and Ruth and to matters that have become famil-iar to her, she heeds Naomi's advice and returns to her mother's November-December 199~ 839 Gallares ¯ Companionship Spirituality in Ruth house. Perhaps she feels hopeful that life can still offer her a future in her own homeland, and perhaps she, like Naomi, has a renewed glimpse of home and the possibility of who she can still become. Companionship in Time of Transition On the other hand, Ruth clings to her mother-in-law and takes the risk of embracing, her, her land, and her God even if the future is uncertain and seemingly bleak. Although she too is going through ~ransition, she offers Naomi her presence and com-panionship. She feels for her mother-in-law because she too knows the pain of loss and the difficulty of adjusting to a new reality. But, unlike Naomi, she is not allowing this life transition to dis-courage her or to embitter her. For her a return to her mother's house has seemed to be a movement away from what and who she is meant to be. Instead, she follows the movement of Israel's first patriarch by leaving her homeland and venturing into the unknown. Like Abraham she departs from her homeland and empties herself of anything that prevents her from setting out on an adventure with Abraham's and Naomi's God. But, unlike Abraham, she does not perceive the God of Israel as giving her a promise and a blessing. She has none of these assurances. She leaves relying only on Naomi's God and the strength of her love for her mother-in-law. She deals with her emptiness by further emptying herself s~ she can embrace totally the God of Abraham, of Naomi, and of Israel. She lets go of the past in order to embrace the future with great faithfulness. And in these b~autiful words which have become an immortal prayer of fidelity, ~he accompa-nies Naomi through her life transition: Wherever you go, I shill go, wherever you live, I shall live. Your people will be my people, and your God will be my God. Wherever you die, I shall die and there I shall be buried. Let Yahweh bring unnameable ills on me and worse ills, too, if anything but death should part me from you! (1:16-17 NJB). As we have seen, biblical fidelity recalls the faith of Israel that began with the departure of Abraham and led to the Mosaic covenant with God. It remembers the unique friendship estab-lished between God and Israel that is echoed in the entire Book of.Ruth and is exemplified by Ruth and other people in the story. 840 Review for Religiot~s At the heart of this covenant fidelity is the people's faith that Yahweh is the God of life who calls them to greater life. In the language and setting of today, faith calls us to face the light and to choose life. It enables us to look upon each letting go with optimism and prepares us to face other more painful relin-quishments that commit us more fully to God's service. It enables us to catch a glimpse of who we are meant to be. As with Ruth and Naomi, faith urges us to move forward and embrace the God of life. Notes L Alice L. Laffey, "Ruth," in the New Jerome Biblical Commentary (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1990), p. 553. 2 Ibid. 3 Intermarriage was prohibited, not on ethnic grounds, but to avoid religious syncretism and to foster the worship of Yahweh (see Ex 34:15ff). See Madeleine S. Miller and J. Lane Miller, Harper's Bible Dictiona,7 (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1973), p. 422. 4 Ibid. s Ibid. 6 See Laffey, p. 555. 7 Ibid. 8 Edith Deen, All of the Women of the Bible (San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers, 1983), p. 84. 9 Quoted byJoyce Rupp OSM in Praying Our Goodbyes (Notre Dame, Ind.: Ave Maria Press, 1988), p. 77. ~0 Ibid, p. 24. Novonber-Decentber 1993 841 JOHN P. MOSSI The Spirituality of Surrender Losing, whether it is losing a friendly bet, an important argument, or a business contract, is a difficult pill to swal-low. We detest losing. The same is true for tiny diehard sports fan who endures a hometown rout. We walk away replaying the game, blaming the unfair referees, or creating strategies that "would have" favorably altered the score. When the defeat entails greater stakes, there is higher resis-tance to a surrender. To address a serious problem like addiction is personally painful. Implicit in such reality is a pervasive sense of failure. One has lost control over life's direction. The only way to regain control is to surrender what has not worked and seek a new way. This process is replete with difficulty. This article will examine the spirituality of surrender as a means of comin.g home to God? Surrendering to God will be looked at in three ways. The first involves an understanding of how surrender is operative in twelve-step recovery programs like Alcoholics Anonymous. The second involves a look at the life of Ignatius of Loyola and the surrender components of the final prayer of the Spiritual Exercises, the "Suscipe," or "Take and Receive." The third considers Jesus' act of surrender on the cross in Luke 23:46. Each of these three different "ways" of surren-dering involves putting our ultimate identity and confidence in God. John P. Mossi SJ, a member of the Religious Studies Department at Gonzaga University, facilitates courses in pastoral counseling, spiritual mentoring, addiction and pastoral approaches to recovery, and Catholicism. His address is Gonzaga University; Jesuit Residence; Spokane, Washington 99258. 842 Review for Religious Let Go, Let God At Alcoholics Anonymous meetings or twelve-step recovery retreats, the expression "Let go, let God" is often used. These four important words constitute the core spirituality of A.A. and similar recovery programs that have adapted the twelve steps to their particular addiction. "Let go, let God" is an invitation to surrender one's umnanageable life to God. "Let go, let God" is a gentle conversion reminder, a kind of mantra, which assists us both to admit the addiction and to hand it over along with its various forms of com-pulsions to God. The long form of the prayer would be something like "Let go of alcohol (or whatever the specific substance or non-substance addiction might be) and let the hand and grace of God guide my life." The prayer is not magic. Saying "Let go, let God" does not instantaneously bring about recovery. Its first purpose is to assist the recov-ering addict to keep to the daily partnership task of surrendering the addiction to God. The second purpose of "Let go, let God" is. to be a prayer of liberation, to call on the greater power of God to help one escape from destructive lifestyle patterns. In this way the creative resources of the individual and the action of God are focused on together. The prayer also serves to silence those addic-tion- related inner-committee tapes and voices of doubt, loneli-ness, fear, and caustic shame that can interfere with a person's slow recovery. These, too, need to be handed over to God. I have the greatest admiration for all who enter the surrender process of a twelve-step program. For many, it is the difference between death and life, the difference between barely existing as a human and participating in community, between dysfunction-alism and experiencing the serenity that only God gives with amazing grace. The first three steps of Anonymous programs set up this "Let go, let God" dynamic. The language of the twelve steps is straight-forward and simple. This is part of their wisdom and wide appeal. The steps make sense to a lot of people. Since A.A. began in 1935 at Akron, Ohio, Anonymous recovery programs have multiplied to treat various forms of addiction.2 These include Narcotics "Let go, let God" is an invitation to surrender one's unmanageable life to God. November-December 1993 843 Mossi ¯ The Spirituality of Surrender Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, Gamblers Anonymous, Emotions Anonymous, Workaholics Anonymous, Sexaholics Anonymous, M-Anon, and Adult Children of Mcoholics. Let us examine these first three steps. 1. We admitted we were powerless over alcohol [or the other specific addiction], that our lives had become unmanageable) The first step is crucial. You admit you have a serious prob-lem. There is no denial of the fact. The blunt reality is your life is out of control, in fact, unmanageable. Furthermore, you are powerless to do anything about it. At Anonymous meetings, this first step is handled in an up-front manner. When members speak, they state their first name and their addictiveness: "I'm John. I'm an alcoholic." "I'm Susan. I'm a recovering overeater." In formal religion we might refer to this acknowledgment as group confession. In recovery programs it is simply admitting what can no longer be denied. Step one is an honest, vulnerable beginning place. Owning and naming the unmanageable addiction is essential to the surrendering process. When one is aware o£ a specific uncontrollable disease, one can effectively pray "Let go." But to whom does one surrender? Steps two and three look at the second part of the mantra: "Let God." God is the significant associate in restoring harmony. To appreciate the spirituality of the twelve steps, it is important to reflect that the existence and action of God are mentioned seven times in the twelve steps. The par-ticular addiction is only mentioned once, and that is in the first step. The activity of surrendering one's addiction and life to God becomes the spirituality cornerstone of the remaining steps. 2. We came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.4 Step two admits the need of an outside corrective authority, a Higher Power, to bring about a stability in one's life. This is the first glimpse of light that invites God in as the restorer of sanity. There are two other important spirituality elements opera-tire in the second step: (i) the belief that a Higher Wisdom exists and (2) a disposition of humility on the part of the believer. These two qualities counterculturally work against the arrogance of the ego that craves to cling to the addiction. Step two indicates that the recovery process entails an attentive listening to a new Teacher, which means that the addict has to take on the attitude 844 Review for Religious of learner. There is a major shift in trust: from addiction to God. 3. We made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood him.s Step three is where the capitulation actually occurs. First, a concrete decision to surrender has to be made. Second, this deci-sion is total. It includes the will making conscious choices, and it affects one's entire being and journey. Third, the whole person is placed in the care of God according to the individual's faith back-ground. The spirituality of "Let go, let God" is a conversion process. Conversion of its nature has two basic movements: the surren-dering of the compulsion, shame, and destructive addictive pat-terns which reduce freedom; the turning to the care of God and the Holy Spirit to be one's permanent resource of wisdom and identity. Matthew 11:28-30 speaks of a "letting go, letting God" pro-cess: "Come to me, all you who labor and are overburdened, and I will give you rest. Shoulder my yoke and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. Yes, my yoke is easy and my burden light.''6 These three verses contain the confirmation signs that accompany a true surrender. A learning will occur, the process will be gentle and humble. Rest will be experienced. A new relationship arises, a companionship with the Master, which will be nonaddictive, easy, and light. The Surrender of Ignatius of Loyola Another way of surrendering one's life to God comes from the spirituality of Ignatius's surrender as expressed in his prayer the "Suscipe," or "Take and Receive." On his pilgrim journey Ignatius was called to surrender on several notable occasions. The first was during the defense of the city of Pamplona, Spain. In 1521 Ignatius, wounded by cannon shrapnel, reviewed the illusions of his life as sober death approached. But he did not die. His long convalescence became a conversion process. He gradually yielded up his stubborn self-preoccupation, bravado, and ambition and began to discover a new self in God.7 The spirituality record of Ignatius's surrender to God is found in his classic work, the Spiritual Exercises. Today, 450 years after its first published edition, it is still considered a significant theo-logical work noted for its integration of Scripture, guidelines for Nove~nber-Dece'mber 1993 845 Mossi ¯ The Spirituality of Surrender discernment, sense of mission, and themes of justice. The Exercises' developmental stages of growth in discipleship and intimacy enable a person to come home to God. The last prayer of the Exercises is called the "Suscipe" or "Take and Receive." I invite you to spend some time contemplating the components of this prayer. What is Ignatius, the once vain soldier-at- arms, now a mystic, asking us to do? Take, Lord, and receive all my liberty, my memory, my understanding, and my entire will-- all that I have and call my own. You have given it all to me. To you, Lord, I return it. Everything is yours; do with it what you will. Give me only your love and your grace. That is enough for me.8 The "Suscipe" is a deceptively profound prayer. It invites us to acknowledge the primacy of God in our totality; it answers the humbling question "What aspect of our being is not a gift of God?" In the light of this answer, Ignatius invites us to surrender all to God. The last part of the prayer is a seeking of the purer gifts: "Give me only your love and grace. That is enough for me." Ignatius does not compromise in the process of "letting go of self and letting God in." I recall a forceful experience in praying the "Suscipe." It hap-pened fifteen years ago during a retreat. I attempted to pray and could not. I realized I had not surrendered anything, certainly not my liberty, memory, understanding, and will to anyone, much less to God. I told my director that I could not pray this prayer at all. As a consequence, I seriously questioned remaining a Jesuit. The director gave sage advice. He invited me to return to the chapel and pray the "Suscipe" with my own words in my own way. I prayed, "Lord, I give you my sins which I know so well, those many areas of my life where I am not obedient, poor, and chaste. I give you my pride, my negativity, my hatred and vin-dictiveness, my compulsive rebellion and addictiveness to self. I am overly familiar with these dark recesses. And I truly need to sur-render these to you. Send forth your Holy Spirit to guide, anoint, ¯ and heal with a love that I am most in need of, your grace." 846 Review for Religious Like an ambush, the opportunity to surrender can appear at unlikely moments. Do not let the occasion pass by. The benefit of letting God in always outweighs whatever is surrendered. Jesus on the Cross We turn to the spirituality of Jesus and the particular way he has taught us to surrender. He, too, had to face a special moment of surrender. His prayer in Luke 23:46 is a powerful expression of letting go: "Father, into your hands I commit my spirit.''9 Here on the cross Jesus is still the master teacher. He models for us how to pray and hand over our daily experiences and our life to God. Notice the key elements: (1) The prayer is addressed to the Father; (2)Jesus urges us to surrender, to commend, to let go; (3) Jesus specifies what is to be handed over. He gives what little is left, his spirit and last breath. In the daily minor or major surrenders of our own pilgrimage, we can pray in the spirituality of either the twelve steps, Ignatius, or Jesus. Specify in the "Let go, let God" mantra and the "Suscipe" whatever needs to be named and yielded: "Let go of addiction and manipulation. Let God in." "Take, Lord, my dis-honesty, my hurts, my doubts and sinfulness." God can handle and work with these blighted areas quite well. Adapt the prayer of Jesus to your immediate concerns: "Father, into your hands I commit my grief, my sense of failure, my disappointment, my pettiness and vulnerability." Commend these regions of brokenness to the higher compassion and under-standing of God. It is clear that not only our joys but also our sorrows must be offered to God. Our ability to be powerless allows God to meet us and tenderly heal us on our journey, embracing us as we truly are. Moreover, the art 6f surrendering involves a lifelong process. Some days we succeed better than others. If we post-pone learning the spirituality of surrender, we will face it unpre-pared at death, when .the surrender is sudden. Perhaps we can learn to surrender to the care, to the heart, of God in advance. Notes ~ For more information on this topic, see Gerald G. May, Addiction and Grace (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 162-181. Nove'mber-December 1993 847 Mossi * The Spirituality of Surrender 2 Ernest Kurtz, Not-God: A Histo~7 of Alcoholics Anonymous (Center City, Minn.: Hazeldon, 1991), pp. 37-57. 3 Anonymous, Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions (New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 1952), p. 21. 4 Ibid, p. 25. ~ Ibid, p. 34. 6 The New Jerusalem Bible (New York: Doubleday, 1985). 7 St. Ignatius' Own Story, trans. William J. Young sJ (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1956), pp. 7-27. 8 David L. Fleming SJ, The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius: A Literal Translation and a Contemporary Reading (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1980), p. 141. 9 The New Jerusalem Bible. Retreat: A Flight The gulls are going wild over the waters; dipping, zooming, swirling over the wild waters. Far away, at horizon's edge, two ships imperceptibly inch against a purpling sky. I look up and see clouds playing charades before my eyes; straight out, the waves, wind-tossed, chase the dunes relentlessly. It is December at Mantoloking, and my Advent prayer has taken off with the clouds and the winds and the waves. I surrender, like a Maid of long ago to a time of begetting: in Mary, a Word made Flesh. in me, a sign become Faith. each a way of holding Beauty as a born-for-us Savior in a free-for-all world where the gulls (and my heart) go dipping, zooming, swirling with the wild of wonder. Anna Marie Mack SSJ 848 Review for Religious JEFFREY GROS The Ecumenical Vocation of Religious When Pope John emphasized the unity of the church and its openness to the world in inaugurating Vatican Council II, few realized the cost that such conversion would exact. Some felt euphoria, expecting the whole Roman Catholic Church to be zealous for reunion among Christians and hoping for a quick resolution of the theological, sacra-mental, and historical problems dividing the churches. Others, even some receptive to conciliar reform, had the superficial expectation that ecumenical openness would settle for a warm but noncommittal outreach, diminishing hostilities but not calling for the radical conversion and institutional reform outlined in the conciliar decree on ecumenism. The last twenty-five years have been a reward-ing and challenging pilgrimage for the Roman Catholic Church and for its Christian partners on the road toward full visible unity. Those who would consider the ecu-menical movement dead have not been following the lit-erature nor have they felt spiritual bonds of communion becoming stronger as many ofhers have. The Holy Spirit has been very much at work, but not all have yet been vis-ited with the gift of conversion. It is small wonder that, as the Roman Catholic Church assesses its ecumenical involvement and charts its course for the future, its Directory for the Application of Principles Jeffrey Gros FSC works in the Secretariat for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs. His address is 3211 4th Street N.E.; Washington, D.C. 20017-1194. ecurnenJsrn November-December 1993 849 Coos * The Ecumenical Vocation of Reli#ous and Norms on Ecumenism (June 1993) gives special emphasis to ecumenical formation.~ Indeed, the ecumenical movement has been so successful that a whole genre of literature has emerged, resulting from the ecumenical dialogue, that calls for both spe-cialized study and incorporation into the spiritual life of all Catholics, including religious. Twenty-five years ago it was pos-sible to be ecumenical merely by being open to and supportive of the general conciliar position and by praying for the unity of the church. Today ecumenical commitments have become a richer and more complex spectrum. Most religious-formation programs gave emphasis to ecumenism a decade or two ago. They need evaluation today to see if they continue faithful to the develop-ments of this part of Catholic identity. In the new Directory there is for the first time a specific section devoted to institutes of con-secrated life and societies of apostolic life, not only laying out principles, but also proposing delegates and commissions for ecu-menism at the highest levels in religious institutes.2 This Directory is a help towards renewal. It covers such top-ics as the basis in Catholic theology for ecumenical commitment; the structures in the Catholic Church--including religious com-munities- to support the ecumenical commitment; ecumenical formation of the laity and the clergy, and within specialized min-istries and institutions; spirituality as it pertains to common bap-tism, marriage, and sacramental sharing; and cooperation and common witness. After a short introduction this essay will be lim-ited to some rather general comments on two issues: ecumenical formation and collaboration. Religious have been instrumental in Roman Catholic ecu-menism- such pioneers as Congar, Tavard, Rahner, and Dulles. Some religious communities have prayer and work for the unity of the church as their charism, like the Graymoor friars and sis-ters and the Paulist fathers? Others have set up special supports for the ecumenical movement, like the Jesuit Society of Ecumenists and the Benedictine centers at Collegeville, Chevetogne, Turvey, and Niederaltaich. Outreach programs to incorporate lay people in, for example, Jesuit, Mercy, or Lasallian spirituality and apostolates have been thoroughly ecumenical in their membership and formation. Schools, hospitals, and other institutions animated by religious in leadership positions have pioneered the ecumenical program of the Catholic Church. Among diocesan ecumenical officers are many religious. Where 850 Review for Religious shared mission is a priority, the baptismal basis and commitment to full ecclesial communion are central to the common forma-tion of the fellow Christians who are brought into collaboration with Roman Catholic religious according to their particular charisms. These developments, like the other elements of renewal, have been adapted according to cultural context and the quality of vision provided by ecclesiastical and religious leadership. The Context Certainly many bishops and religious superiors will use the occasion of the publication of the Directory as an opportunity to train specialists in ecumenical leadership, much as retraining in canon law developed after the publication of the 1983 Code.4 As in biblical, social, and liturgical renewal, expertise is necessary in ecumenism. It is essential, however, that all religious, lay, and clerical members of the church be formed ecumenically as part of their spiritual and apostolic life. The Second Vatican Council clearly asked Catholics to reach out in love to all other Christians with a charity that desires and works actively to overcome in truth whatever divides them from one another. For the council, Catholics are to act in hope and in prayer to promote Christian unity. They will be prompted and instructed by their faith in the mystery of the church, and their ecumenical activity will be inspired and guided by a true understanding of the church as "sacrament or iristrumental sign of intimate union with God, and of unity of the whole human race.''s In this sho~'t essay attention will be called to the ecumenical dimension of Roman Catholic spirituality and identity in its pres-ent challenges. Among the institutional supports to religious involved in the ecumenical movement is the National Ecumenical Consultation of Men and Women Religious. This .group's publication of Religious for Christian Unity as an ecumenical resource and direc-tory and its sponsorship of a national ecumenical conference under the theme "Toward a Communion in Faith Life and Witness" are indications of a certain maturity.6 Although there has been an international ecumenical consultation for twenty years, the United States consultation is only nine years old. It is sponsored in part by the Conference of Major Superiors of Men and the Leadership Conference of Women Religious. With the publication and the November-December 1993 851 Gros ¯ The Ecumenical Vocation of Reh~ous May 1993 conference, the specific ecumenical contribution of religious begins to have a higher profile. For the first time, the Directory proposes a structure within religious congregations to assist in the ecumenical activity of com-munities at all levels: It is very opportune that the various institutes of conse-crated life and societies of apostolic life establish, on the level of their central authorities, a delegate or a commis-sion charged with promoting and assisting their ecumenical engagement. The function of these delegates or commis-sions will be to encourage the ecumenical formation of all the members, aid the specific ecumenical formation of those who have particular offices, and act as advisors for ecu-menical affairs to the various general and local authorities of the institutes and societies, especially for initiating or carrying forward the activities described [in the Directory].7 This initiative will elicit considerable work on the part of major superiors, general councils, and chapters. The implications of this proposal will need to be developed in writing for the var-ious institutes. For this project the Directory will be useful. Elements of the Ecumenical Spirituality At the root of loyalty to Christ's will for the church and for church unity is the process of conversion, personal and institu-tional, s There are cultural dispositions that make the formation for such a conversion more or less easy. Of course, a prayerful open-ness to the Holy Spirit's action in the church, in other churches, and in fellow Christians is foundational. Because ecumenism with all its human and moral require-ments is rooted so profoundly in the mysterious working out of the providence of the Father, through the Son and the Spirit, it reaches into the depths of Christian spirituality. It calls for [a] "change of heart and holiness of life, along with public and private prayer for the unity of Christians. ¯ ." Those who identify deeply with Christ must identify with his prayer, and especially with his prayer for unity; . . ¯ those whose lives are marked by repentance will be espe-cially sensitive to the sinfulness of divisions and will pray for forgiveness and con, version. Those who seek holiness will be able to recognize its fruits also outside the visible boundaries of their own church.9 However, studies of seminary formation that were made by 852 Review for Religious diocesan ecumenical officers demonstrate that the most effective ecumenical formative experience is growing up in an interchurch family. Other elements that contributed most to the ecumenical dimension of priestly formation in the United States are (I) internship with an ecumenically effective priest, (2) ecumenically effective spiritual directors, (3) internships with an ecumenically informed non-Catholic minister, and (4) experiences in ecu-menically mixed clinical pastoral education programs. All of the seminaries report that the ecumenical dimension is fully inte-grated into the curriculum. The Directory will be helpful for eval-uating these claims. As sketched out by the council, the elements of Roman Catholic participation in the ecumenical movement include (1) the ecumenical dimension of spirituality, (2) theological dialogues leading to deeper understanding and toward full church unity, (3) collaboration in common witness and service, and (4) internal renewal of the members and structures of the church in response to ecumenical commitments. Attention needs to be given to each of these dimensions in initial and continuing formation and in the ongoing life of a religious community or parish. Ecumenical Spirituality for the Church An ecumenical spirituality is at the center of every aspect of the renewal of religious and lay life in the church. Without con-version to Christ's will for the church--in this case its visible unity and Roman Catholic contributions thereto--any theologi-cal, institutional, or educational progress towards full commu-nion will be superficial. If, on the other hand, Catholics are fully committed to all to whom they are bound by real, if imperfect, communion in baptism and to Christ's will for the visible unity of the church, then no setbacks on the road toward that unity will discourage them or make them complacent about divisions: The ecumenical movement is a grace of God, given by the Father in answer to the prayer of Jesus and the supplica-tion of the church inspired by the Holy Spirit. While it is carried out within the general mission of the church to unite humanity in Christ, its own specific field is the restoration of unity among Christians. Those who are baptized in the name of Christ are, by that very fact, called to commit themselves to the search for unity?° Noventber-Decevnber 1993 853 Coos ¯ The Ecumenical Vocation of Religious While individual religious and some communities have given considerable leadership to church reform in general and ecu-menism in particular, identity problems also affect the relationship of religious and the church. The Nygren/Ukeritis studies show that United States religious have "a stronger ecclesiology than Christology." ii This is not surprising, given the Roman Catholic The vast amount of ecumenical literature that has emerged in the last thi'rty years can help people renew their understandings of sacramental faith together. understanding of spirituality. I would understand this conclusion to mean that Christ is experienced more sacramentally, communally, and in mission than in indi-vidualistic or contemplative encounters. Such a focus on community can mean two things, as a resource for Catholic ecu-menical commitment. In one instance it can mean a more closed and sectarian approach, where primary religious identity and meaning come from the proximate religious community, its institution~ and ministry, rather than from Christ's wider will for the church and the world. Needless to say, this provides a weaker basis for ecu-menical conversion and formation. On the other hand,this ecclesiocen-tric spirituality could indicate that the experience of Christ is primarily in the call to community in the church, in the wider Christian society, and in the whole human family. At this stage in the reporting of the data, "ecclesiology" is yet to be defined. Be that as it may, the fully Catholic religious sees his or her sacramental life as yet defi-cient, short of the full communion of all Christians around the eucharistic table. The data from the same study shows religious to be "clear in their lowered respect for the magisterial authority of the church and the U.S. hierarchy in. general.''12 These words, negative as they sound, may however be interpreted as a critical fidelity to the Holy Spirit's call to the church for its renewal. A higher ideal for the church, its renewal, its leadership, and its eventual unity may not be so much "lowered respect" as elevated expectation and longer-range vision. The movement toward Christ's will for a united church is a critical fidelity for all of the churches involved in the ecumenical movement. 854 Review for Religious The vast amount of ecumenical literature that has emerged in 'the last thirty years can help people renew their understandings of sacramental faith together. The agreements on "justification by grace through faith" with the Lutherans, for example, provide an important contribution to faith development, self-under-standing, and spiritual direction?3 These documents will not reach their full fruitfulness unless they transform the prayer life, litur-gical celebration, and community understanding of the churches that produced them: Catholics should also give value to certain elements and goods, sources of spiritual life, which are found in other churches and ecclesial communities, and which belong to the one church of Christ: Holy Scripture, the sacraments and other sacred actibns, faith, hope, charity and other gifts of the Spirit. These goods have borne fruit for example in the mystical tradition of the Christian East and the spiritual treasures of the monastic life, in the worship and piety of Anglicans, in the Evangelical prayer and the diverse forms of Protestant spirituality. This appreciation should not remain merely theoreti-cal; in suitable particular conditions, it should be completed by the practical knowledge of other traditions of spiritual-ity. Therefore, sharing prayer and participating in some form of public worship or in devotional acts of other Christians can have a formative value when in accord with existing directives.14 Religious have a unique role in translating these intellectual con-tributions into popular piety. Indeed, several ecumenical books on the Blessed Virgin have already provided an invaluable resource, as can be noted by the many languages into which they have been translated,is The lives of ecumenical figures from Luther to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., from John WeslEy to C.S. Lewis, have enr.iched the spiritual reading of a generation and made the divisions both more clear and more subject to the healing power of the Holy Spirit. The modern availability of the spiritual classics from the full range of ecumenical sources, Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, and Anglican has enabled all to be enriched. The living presence of fellow Christians with whom we share Christ--in a variety of traditions, but with a common will to be obedient to Christ's call to visible unity--is a rich complement to the liturgical, bio-graphical, and literary gifts we receive from one another. Like the charisms of the various religious communities and their November-December 1993 855 Gros ¯ The Ecumenical Vocation of Religlous founders, each church brings to a united church gifts we dare not lose as we reconcile our divisions. More particularly, giveR the legitimate variety of charisms and of the work of monasteries, institutes of consecrated life, and societies of apostolic life, it is very important that "all communities should participate in the life of the church. According to its individual character, each should make its own and foster in every possible way the enterprises and objectives of the church," including the "ecumenical field.''~6 In addition to personal and communal ecumenical spirituality, an "ecumenical hermeneutics of piety" will need to be developed as we move forward towards full communion?7 Indeed, as the "lineamenta" document for the 1994 synod notes, the baptismal consecration, beyond the narrow borders of the Roman Catholic Church, is the criterion for our communi-tarian outreach: As a reflection of church communion, the community is not a unit closed in.upon itself. Rather, it is open to the multiplicity of relationships with others which are provided by prayer, apostolic service, and collaboration with other members of the church, all of whom share in the same bap-tismal consecration and are called to holiness and mission in the variety and complementarity of each vocation. In its communitarian aspect, the role of the consecrated life is to offer to all members of the people of God the supreme value of the charity of Christ's disciples, lived in perseverance in fraternal communion.~8 Likewise, the agenda of the synod is very explicit about the spe.cificity of the spiritual calling: Those in the consecrated life have a special role in this ecu-menical task, in dialogue with the spiritual experiences akin to those of other churches and Christian confessions, in a spiritual ecumenism of conversion, prayer, dialogue and mutual edification, always in kedping with their proper iden-tity in the faith and their charism?9 Formation for an Ecumenical Spirituality While prayer and ecumenical openness are central to the ecu-menical vocation of Catholics, including the religious communi-ties, this spirituality also has specific intellectual content. It is a truism that one cannot be an effective ecumenist from any tradi- 856 Review for Religious tion without being firmly grounded in one's own faith and iden-tity. 2° However, 'the intellectual content of the ecumenical move-ment, including Roman Catholic principles and history within that movement, is an essential component for the formation of any ministry in the church, lay, clerical, or religious. In addition to the foundational principles enunciated in the conciliar and postconciliar docu-ments, 21 there has been a rich harvest of dialogue agreements.~ All of these texts are resources for spiritual and intellectual " renewal, requiring the same level of delib-erate systematic effort as did the early days of the biblical and liturgical renewal. Until leaders in our institutions, dioceses, and religious communities become well formed in these matters, their spirit will not be able to come alive in our Catholic life. Indeed, these dialogues and the researches and methodologies that stand behind them transform not only our appreciation of our own Catholic faith, but also of the changes necessary if our insti-tutions and practices are to be converted to reach the ideal we outline with our ecumenical partners. As was noted above, the curricula of seminaries have been transformed by the ecumenical movement. Those who receive their training in ecumenical con-sortia are probably the most sensitive to the ecumenical dimen-sion, but no one taking a Catholic scripture course can be ignorant of the full integration of Catholic and Protestant biblical schol-arship since the council. Similarly, any competent liturgy or sacramental-theology course will be informed by the vast literature that has come from the World Council's "Baptism, Eucharist, and Ministry" processz3 over the last decade and from the bilateral agreements of a wide variety of churches. Soteriology, spiritual development, and eccle-siology are all informed by the Lutheran/Catholic work on grace cited above. Ecclesiology will include not only the principles of Catholic ecumenism, but also the work done in the World Council and in various dialogues on such topics as the local and the uni-versal church, religious liberty and proselytism, and papal pri- One cannot be an effective ecumenist from any tradition without being firmly grounded in one's own faith and identity. November-December 1993 857 Coos * The Ecumenical Vocation of Relig4ous macy and infallibility. The Directory gives helpful detail for plan-ning both clerical and nonclerical religious formation.24 For the first time a section in this Directory sets the stage for the work of ecumenical formation among religious: While the concern for restoring Christian unity involves the whole church, clergy and laity alike, relig

El humor gráfico se ha convertido en un fuerte representativo de la cultura argentina, y suele estar notablemente presente en sus medios de comunicación, constituyéndose en una herramienta cuya popularidad se remonta a la publicación de la primera viñeta expuesta en revistas y diarios reconocidos del país. En consecuencia, esta investigación propone analizar el humor gráfico como una herramienta de crítica muy utilizada dentro de los diarios, que a su vez refleja e influye sobre la opinión pública de una sociedad determinada, es decir, este se considera como un elemento clave a la hora de exponer opiniones ante una situación cualquiera.
Con base en el razonamiento anterior, se han escogido tres humoristas gráficos de dos diarios prestigiosos del país como lo son La Nación y Página/12, para que sirvan como objeto de estudio para dicha investigación. Teniendo en cuenta que el humor gráfico es una herramienta de crítica, se ha elegido un período en el cual este haya logrado su fin satírico. Es el caso del año 2001, en el cual la Argentina presentó una de las crisis económicas y políticas más significativas en su historia. Durante los últimos años de la década de 1990 y comienzos del 2000, Argentina atravesaba una de las crisis económico-políticas más difíciles y significativas para el país. Argentina venía sufriendo un estancamiento en el crecimiento, sumado al aumento del déficit corriente y la situación insostenible de la deuda externa, lo que provocaba la desconfianza entre los depositantes y los inversores; asimismo el aumento del riesgo de suspensión de pagos y de devaluación de la moneda aceleraron, los ataques especulativos y provocaron una fuerte fuga de capitales (Bustelo, 2002). Esto refleja la situación crítica de índole económica en la que el país estaba sumergido, lo cual afectó a la población creando descontentos y reclamos ante el gobierno establecido en esa época.
Durante el año 2001 y en especial el mes de diciembre, surgen una serie de sucesos, los cuales llevan a la sociedad a una situación en la que se ven obligados a imponerse, mediante denuncias en las cuales mostraban sus inconformidades ante las medidas tomadas por el gobierno. Lo anterior, con el apoyo de los medios de comunicación, y la prensa específicamente, formó una fuerza detonante que llevó a la renuncia del Presidente Fernando De La Rúa. De aquí surge la mirada sobre el concepto de opinión pública, la cual está presente en la toda la sociedad, y muchas veces juega un papel influyente sobre las actitudes de aquellos que tienen contacto con esta; siendo la opinión pública fuertemente influenciada por los medios de comunicación, como lo es la prensa, la cual tiene gran movimiento de las multitudes quienes se ven afectadas en pro o en contra de sus posturas políticas. De manera que esto permite estudiar la forma en que dos reconocidos diarios argentinos, La Nación y Página/12 manejaban la situación según sus corrientes políticas y su crítica social, destacando cómo estos diarios involucraban el humor gráfico político dentro de sus críticas hacia la crisis del 2001 en la Argentina, y cómo esta de una u otra manera causaba impacto en sus lectores. Lo que desencadena el siguiente interrogante ¿De qué manera los humoristas gráficos, de diario La Nación y Página/12, según sus posturas políticas, influyen en la opinión pública frente a la crisis de 2001 en Argentina?
Es de resaltar que el humor ha representado un estado de rebeldía y resistencia contra el status quo, una mirada avispada para azuzar conciencias, un acto de protesta escondido tras una sonrisa (Von Rebeur, 2002). De esta forma el humor se convierte en la herramienta eficaz para criticar y exponer inconformidades ante una situación cualquiera. De manera que durante la crisis de 2001, el humor gráfico, siendo una expresión ilustrada del humor, logró imponer su crítica ante los hechos vividos durante dicho periodo. Hay que subrayar que el humor ha tenido un impresionante éxito en los peores años de dictadura argentina, para aletargarse en tiempos democráticos (Von Rebeur, 2002). Por lo cual el humor se ha destacado por su presencia en los momentos críticos dentro del país, considerándose así un elemento eficaz para representar por medio de la sátira, la crítica de índole social, política y económica, de forma burlesca e irónica. Por consiguiente, esta investigación tiene como objetivo general investigar de qué manera los humoristas grá- ficos de los diarios La Nación y Página/12 intervinieron a través de su humor político, la opinión pública durante la crisis del 2001 en Argentina, exponiendo así la crítica social, política y económica regida por sus posturas políticas y la línea editorial de cada diario. La investigación se sustenta en cuatro objetivos específicos que buscan analizar de qué manera la línea editorial de los Diarios La Nación y Página/12 se ve reflejada en su humor gráfico. Por consiguiente se busca analizar de qué manera Nik, humorista gráfico de La Nación reflejaba la opinión pública durante el 2001. De igual manera analizar cómo Daniel Paz y Rudy, humoristas gráficos de Página/12 reflejan la opinión pública durante el mismo periodo. El correcto desarrollo de los anteriores objetivos, permitirá concluir con éxito el propósito de la investigación cuya síntesis está basada en analizar la herramienta del humor gráfico dentro de la prensa argentina como medio de opinión publica en un periodo crítico como lo fue la crisis del 2001.
Por lo tanto, la presente investigación formula la siguiente hipótesis: Los humoristas grá- ficos de los diarios La Nación y Página/12 a través de su humor político reafirmaron la perspectiva de inconformismo ante el gobierno e interpretaron la opinión pública con duras críticas de índole políticas y económicas, frente a la crisis del 2001 en Argentina.
En definitiva, esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo conocer de qué manera el humor gráfico se convirtió en una fuente de información a tal punto que logró influenciar de alguna manera la opinión pública durante la crisis de 2001 en la Argentina.

Estado de la cuestión
Para el desarrollo de la investigación es preciso identificar que estudios e investigaciones se han realizados en torno a estas temáticas ya descritas, por lo que se ha desplegado todo un estado de la cuestión que permitirá complementar esta investigación.
El humor gráfico, la crisis del 2001 y la opinión pública en la Argentina han sido estudiados cada uno por separado. La relación existente entre el humor gráfico y la opinión pública, no ha sido explorada, puesto que el humor gráfico se considera como una herramienta utilizada dentro de la prensa, y al ser la prensa un gran influyente de la opinión pública, surge la interrogante ¿hasta qué punto el humor gráfico se convierte en un elemento con poder para representar o influir sobre la opinión pública de una sociedad determinada en un tiempo determinado? Lo anterior permitirá desarrollar esta investigación relacionando las tres temáticas, las cuales, con el avance de los capítulos, se complementarán la una con la otra, logrando finalmente conseguir una respuesta acertada del interrogante.
En los diarios más populares de Argentina el humor gráfico es un instrumento muy utilizado y destacado a la vez, siendo este una fuente de información muy particular. Sin embargo el estudio del humor gráfico argentino no va más allá de su recorrido histórico en los distintos períodos de crisis por los cuales ha atravesado el país, y no se ha tenido en cuenta que el humor gráfico es una herramienta cuyo poder de crítica es valioso ante una sociedad que atraviesa una situación difícil. Se observa además que el humor gráfico dentro de la prensa no ha sido visto por su poder para representar e influir sobre la opinión pública, siendo que es una herramienta capaz de exponer duras críticas a un gobierno con el cual no está de acuerdo. Para el año 2001 Argentina estaba viviendo una de las crisis económicas más significativas, no obstante esta crisis no sólo fue de índole económica, la sociedad y la política claramente se derrumbaron ante esta situación. En cuanto a los estudios realizados que aborden esta temática son en su mayoría enfocados a las causas y consecuencias políticas y económicas, por lo que el humor gráfico aún no ha sido relacionado como herramienta determinante. Por consiguiente, se consultaron aquellas investigaciones sobre el humor gráfico tanto en la Argentina como en otras partes del mundo, de manara que aporten una visión del rol del este como herramienta informativa y de crítica.
De esta forma, Vadillo (2013), ve al humor como fenómeno socio-discursivo el cual es capaz de representar los contornos de una comunidad cultural, lo que a través de sus manifestaciones trasluce la visión del mundo que comparten los miembros de un grupo y la identidad cultural que los caracteriza. Es decir, contempla el humor gráfico como un medio discursivo que involucra a una sociedad cuyos intereses son similares, de manera que refleja las características culturales de un grupo social determinado. Esto permite tomar al humor gráfico como una herramienta capaz de representar aquellas opiniones y conceptos que se tienen de una entidad ya sea política, económica o social, lo cual claramente se puede entonces relacionar con su capacidad de reflejar opinión pública.
En cuanto al humor gráfico mirado desde una perspectiva más general, encontramos la posición de Eva Aladro (2002), quien indica que el humor usa el carácter tópico, formalizado, retórico de las acciones, expresiones o conceptos para percibir diversamente la realidad; afirmando así que no hay plano de acción humana, por serio o por espontáneo que parezca, que no podamos someter a la prueba de su formalización exagerada y por tanto, convertirlo en cosa de risa. Es decir, como el humor gráfico logra burlarse de aquellas situaciones sin importar que tan graves o vulnerables sean, y como logra traspasar la barrera emocional en las personas y de esta forma se convierte en motivo de risa y jocosidad. Esto puede aplicarse para todas aquellas situaciones críticas por las cuales ha cruzado Argentina, especialmente la crisis del 2001, en la cual el humor dentro de la prensa siempre destacó lo sucedido causando siempre una risa en el lector, seguida por una reflexión.
Por su parte Abreu (2001), resalta que se puede aceptar el humor como un modo de juzgar y exponer los diferentes contextos, el cual se caracteriza por tener un enfoque de burla, có- mico, mordaz, e irónico. Este a su vez cita a Torres y García-Pelayo (1967), quienes afirman que la burla es una mofa y presume desprecio y desagrado hacia alguien. La mordacidad carcome, es áspera y picante. El sarcasmo a su vez es una burla cruel o una ironía mordaz. Abreu habla de cómo la caricatura logra ser un mofante satírico e irónico.
Por otro lado los estudios que se enfocan en el humor gráfico en sus distintas representaciones, y en los cuales diferentes autores se han preocupado por explicar en qué consiste y cómo funciona dentro de su campo en alusión a la crítica, desarrolla el concepto de caricatura como una rama del humor gráfico y un concepto clave para esta investigación, es pertinente adentrase en su estudio y en los autores que hayan explorado su rol dentro de la historia. De manera que principalmente se debe empezar por definir dicho concepto. Según Ávila (2002), la caricatura tiende a tener un significado muy amplio delimitándola dentro de una definición muy generalizada como lo es la del diccionario Gran Larousse, el cual afirma que "Una caricatura es una deformación grotesca de una persona por la exageración voluntaria, con intención satírica, de los rasgos característicos del rostro o de las proporciones del cuerpo" (Ávila, 2002, p. 1). Debe tenerse en cuenta que una caricatura puede contener o no esta descripción sin dejar de seguir siendo lo que es. Por lo anterior es importante tener en cuenta como la caricatura hace uso de elementos visuales, en donde representa a un personaje cuyas características le permiten al lector identificar con facilidad a quien se está refiriendo, sin olvidar que esta tiene como principal objetivo la crítica. Por su parte Abreu (2001), afirma que la caricatura, es una sátira que se expone principalmente por medio de una representación gráfica, normalmente acompañada por una leyenda escrita o por uno o varios "globos de dialogo" e inscripciones. Este autor permite ver una noción más técnica en cuanto a la caricatura, pero a la vez reafirma la perspectiva de la caricatura como una herramienta de sátira, es decir capaz de hacer críticas. El concepto anterior lleva a encaminar esta investigación en las ilustraciones basadas en la sátira política realizada para el período de 2001 en Argentina.
Se pueden ver casos importantes donde la caricatura jugó un papel significativo dentro de la historia, por ejemplo en Alemania se implementó el uso de la caricatura durante las guerras; en Francia tomó protagonismo en los Luises y en plena revolución, hasta la época Napoleónica, en la cual el humor no mostró mucho desarrollo. Asimismo indica que un caricaturista especializado nace con el desarrollo de los medios de reproducción gráfica (Ávila, 2002). Es decir, la caricatura ha estado presente desde los episodios históricos modernos de Europa. Con el tiempo la caricatura muestra una evolución en sus estilos y formas gráficas. Además, ha jugado un papel importante dentro de Argentina, sobre todo en sus períodos más difíciles. Por consiguiente ayuda a plantear que el humor gráfico es una herramienta poderosa capaz de transmitir mensajes críticos en cualquier situación que lo disponga.
Por su parte Pedrazzini (2012), comenta que desde hace más de dos siglos, la caricatura política se ha concentrado en descalificar el poder de las jerarquías, mostrando una mirada alterada de la actualidad política, debatiendo y denunciando, con desvergüenza y humor, injusticias y excesos. Desde los regímenes monárquicos hasta los sistemas presidenciales o parlamentarios, el jefe de Estado siempre ha sido el principal objeto de los ataques verbales y visuales de los autores satíricos. Por lo que se puede observar cómo la caricatura política se centra en la crítica de aquellos dirigentes políticos, o un gobierno en general, que de una u otra manera cause en la sociedad apatía, por lo que permite una crítica verbal y visual por parte de los humoristas.
Esto permite adentrar el estudio en lo que a la historia argentina respecta, ya que esta investigación está basada en un periodo crítico de dicho país, por consiguiente se necesita retomar una visión más amplia de cómo el humor ha sido desarrollado a lo largo de país. Ávila (2002) afirma que en la Argentina se comienzan a ver la aparición de toda una serie de diarios y revistas con una línea humorística y satírica que hacen de la caricatura, una herramienta en la cual todavía primaban las masas populares analfabetas o de origen aluvional, su principal manera de mostrar aquellos problemas sociales con fines de oposición política. De esta forma se observa el papel del humor gráfico como elemento clave dentro de los medios informativos de una sociedad, ya que este es capaz de llegar a todo tipo de público. Por ende, permite centrar esta investigación en el humor gráfico como medio masivo de información que al ser capaz de llegar a una gran parte de la sociedad se convierte en una herramienta perfecta para lograr influenciar de forma moderada las opiniones y posturas de su público. A pesar de las censuras y prohibiciones, el humor político tiene un mayor desarrollo dentro de las épocas de los gobiernos democráticos y a su vez, aquél va tomando nuevas formas. "Esta modalidad gráfica se ha transformado en sus técnicas, adoptando por imperio de la cultura audiovisual, nuevas modalidades gráficas, pero sigue estando al servicio de los discursos opositores y ridiculizantes de los políticos de turno" (Ávila, 2002, p. 2).
Por consiguiente se toman aquellas investigaciones cuyos enfoque se basó en recorrer cronológicamente al humor gráfico, desde sus inicios en la Argentina, destacando así aquellos momentos claves que influenciaron dentro del desarrollo de este, lo cual permite reconocer el papel del humor dentro de situaciones específicas dentro y fuera de la Argentina. Matallana (1999), comenta, que el humor gráfico dejó sus huellas en el periodismo argentino para el periodo de 1800, surgiendo así las primeras caricaturas impresas en volantes, y para 1830 se edita una publicación importante para la época conocida como El toro del once, la cual se enfocaba fuertemente en la crítica política. Lo anterior permite ver como en Argentina el rol del humor gráfico ha girado en torno a la crítica política, lo cual sugiere pensar que esta herramienta puede ser igual de útil durante los períodos más modernos en Argentina, como lo fue la crisis del 2001. Este autor relata que "Con la caída de Juan Manuel de Rosas en febrero de 1852 y el triunfo de Urquiza, comienzan a surgir publicaciones que combinaban los comentarios políticos serios y jocosos con caricaturas".
(Matallana, 1999, p. 30). Por consiguiente vemos como el humor a través de ilustraciones estaba presente en las publicaciones desde las épocas más remotas, y como estas a la par de una noticia formal, solían transmitir aquellas notas políticas de lo que acontecía en aquél entonces. Gutiérrez (1999) propone cronológicamente el inicio del camino de la sátira editada en la Argentina, la cual se le atribuye a Fray Francisco de Paula Castañeda, un catedrático en filosofía, a quien se le presumen los primeros volantes satíricos en el tiempo de la colonia. El autor relata que para los años 1828 se funda la primera litografía del país, y que en 1835 se edita el Diario de anuncios y publicaciones oficiales de Buenos Ayres, siendo así la litografía la base fundamental para el desarrollo y rápida difusión de la caricatura. De manera que los medios impresos siempre han jugado un papel importante en la difusión del humor gráfico, lo cual facilita que este llegue de forma rápida y masiva a la sociedad.
Aparecen para los siguientes años una serie de diarios satíricos entre los que se destacaba Aniceto el gallo, en defensa del unitarismo; para el año 1863 aparece uno de los diarios más significativos en cuanto al humor satírico se refiere, El Mosquito (Matallana, 1999). Es claro que la Argentina hizo uso de la herramienta del humor para retratar aquellas épocas políticas nada favorables para el país, dando así paso a una tradición periodística que hoy en día sigue siendo vigente en cuanto a la información y crítica política se refiere.
El mosquito se podría denominar entonces como el primer periódico de sátira política de carácter profesional que acogió a la caricatura como su principal herramienta expresiva, además se puede considerar a este diario como el periódico que hizo de la caricatura un burlante, ya que lo instaló en sus páginas en forma permanente, permitiéndole ser un gran registro documental gráfico de la política argentina desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta la segunda década del XX (Gutiérrez, 1999).
Gutiérrez también afirma que la historieta había ganado un espacio significativo dentro de los periódicos, en los cuales las ilustraciones se convertirían en recurso extraordinario para captar lectores y para llegar sus mensajes a una mayoría analfabeta, definido como un medio para hacer propaganda en contra de o a favor de. Esto le permite a esta investigación centrarse en cómo los diarios a través de su humor logran llegar a toda sociedad, convirtiéndose en una herramienta valiosa a la hora de transmitir un mensaje. Por consiguiente sustenta que el humor gráfico puede catalogarse como una herramienta de suma importancia ya que el uso de un ilustrado lo convierte en un lenguaje universal, permitiéndole llegar a todo tipo de público.
El 31 de diciembre de 1869 se funda La Nación Argentina, y este le da paso a La Nación, lo cual permite la progresiva profesionalización del periodismo; resistiéndose así durante décadas a la publicaciones de ilustraciones (Gutiérrez, 1999). Es importante conocer de qué manera el humor gráfico se fue instalando en la Argentina, y cómo este pasa a ser visto como un medio informativo de gran importancia y cómo desde sus principios utilizó la sátira política como principal eje temático.
No obstante la caricatura ha estado presente a nivel internacional, siendo participe de muchos periodos significativos de diferentes países. Un ejemplo claro del uso de la caricatura como medio de crítica se vio claramente en México, durante la revolución de 1910; en donde la sátira, para conmover a las grandes mayorías, llegó a parodiar algunas imágenes aparecidas en El hijo de ahuizote, en donde los distintos artículos estaban referidos a los derechos del hombre. Estas representaciones gráficas, mostraban precisamente la situación contraria a las garantías otorgadas (Gonzáles, 1955). Manuel Gonzáles, comenta que las caricaturas referentes a violaciones que se cometieron en contra de la constitución, estaban dirigidas a cambiar la pasividad del pueblo mexicano, demostrando que todas las leyes vigentes y fundamentales no eran más que unos simples enunciados teóricos carentes de aplicación.
Según Gonzáles (1955) el pueblo se sintió impresionado por las insinuaciones plásticas de las caricaturas en las que las leyes se esfumaban para dar lugar a la ley fuga, a los mandamientos de la santa iglesia y a los diezmos y caprichos. Tanto fue que varios periódicos ilustrados de oposición adoptaron la práctica de dibujar un personaje que se repitiera en las caricaturas, dicho personaje llevaría entonces el nombre de la propia publicación, El hijo del Ahuizote o El colmillo Público, este representaba al pueblo oprimido por la imposición y que sufría los maltratos de las autoridades. Los caricaturistas, pretendían humanizar los distintos valores con el fin de impresionar a las masas y lograr que estas reaccionaran ante la opresión. Siguiendo con su sentido político, aprovecharon también las motivaciones religiosas que llegaban más directamente al pueblo, tocando así las fibras más arraigadas de su católica conciencia (Gonzales, 1955). De esta manera vemos como el humor gráfico ha estado presente no solo en la Argentina sino también en distintos países, como en el caso de México, siendo una herramienta fundamental en los momentos críticos en lo que a la política y la sociedad se refiere. Entonces, de esta manera se ve cómo la caricatura ha sido un elemento cuyo poder de crítica ha impactado fuertemente y se ha convertido en un medio informativo aceptado por la sociedad.
Vásquez (1987), comenta que para los años de 1940 los argentinos se encontraban muy receptivos a lo que al humor se refiere ya que para esa época en Europa se desarrollaba la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y era una forma de contrarrestar las deprimentes informaciones de tal situación; Vázquez relata que para este periodo el humor comenzó a tener cada vez más cabida tanto en las revistas como en los diarios de la época, destacando así revistas tales como, La Razón, La Cancha, Cara Sucia entre muchas otras más, y dentro de los diarios se puede resaltar El Pampero que se destacó por la aparición de historias como, Bien porteño de Lubrano, Virola de Gonzáles y Carocito de seguí. Dentro de este libro se mencionan las diferentes décadas y cómo el humor gráfico maneja cada situación vivida dentro o fuera del país que de algún modo afectaba a este. Como anteriormente ya se había dicho, el humor gráfico está visto desde un punto de vista más histórico sin abordar características técnicas tales como el estudio del discurso o los elementos visuales que lo componen.
Levín (2012), relata que para el año 1982 la Argentina se ve en medio de una importante crisis del régimen militar la cual es percibida como una inminente antesala a la reapertura democrática, crisis a la que se le superponían los devastadores efectos de la política econó- mica aplicada por el gobierno desde tiempo atrás, por lo cual el autor afirma que la prensa y los medios gráficos desempeñaron un rol esencial en la movilización de la población, al ser estos importantes medios de propagación de la información, que muchas veces esta estuvo manipulada y corrompida por el gobierno de la época, pero a la vez logró difundir el discurso oficial impulsando una campaña inclinado a fortalecer el ideal de comunidad nacional recuperada. Puesto que Levín, fundamenta la intención de esta investigación, la cual busca designar al humor gráfico como una herramienta que al encontrarse dentro de la prensa, logra tener la fuerza suficiente para influir en las actitudes de aquellos lectores, es decir influenciar la opinión pública. La autora centra su investigación sobre el diario Clarín y cómo este a partir de su humor retrató todo lo sucedido para ese año. Por lo que afirma que el humor gráfico del diario Clarín participó en gran medida del fenómeno de "malvinización" mostrando una considerable pregnancia de la temática tanto en los cartoons del cuerpo del diario como en los cartoons y tiras diarias de la contratapa, impacto que hasta ese momento ningún suceso había producido de ese modo en el espacio humorístico del matutino (Levín, 2012). Este artículo claramente resulta ser de gran aporte, ya que la autora hace el análisis de cómo las caricaturas expuestas dentro del diario Clarín, un diario argentino de suma importancia y con una gran trayectoria dentro del país, lograron adentrarse dentro de toda la problemática, convirtiéndose en una herramienta comunicacional de largo alcance y con efectos sobre los lectores. Y afirma que el humor gráfico del diario también aportó para que se dieran aquellas manifestaciones anticolonialistas, retomando de este modo el viejo tópico del colonialismo (Levín, 2012).
Todos estos estudios realizados sobre el humor gráfico en la Argentina y el mundo, permiten obtener una visión clara del rol que este ha desempeñado durante los distintos períodos de conflicto políticos, dentro de las cuales están dictaduras, guerras mundiales, crisis políticas y económicas, etc., las cuales fueron tema central de los diarios y por ende del humor que estos contenían. De manera que el humor gráfico suele ser una herramienta masiva e importante a la hora de criticar y denunciar situaciones con las que una sociedad no está acuerdo. Por lo anterior, se puede centrar esta investigación en la crisis del 2001, al ser este un periodo crítico del país, en el cual el humor gráfico al igual que en otros periodos ha logrado destacarse. Cabe resaltar que el humor gráfico es un elemento relevante dentro los diarios argentinos, siendo así el humor una herramienta utilizada de muchas maneras; ahora bien, debemos mirar cómo un periodo tan difícil como lo fue la crisis del 2001, fue abordado por el humor y cómo este logró cumplir su función de crítica; teniendo en cuenta la manera en cómo el humor gráfico critica a las tensiones y las acciones que en aquel momento estaban afectando al país y a su población.
Es de suma importancia observar el medio en el que el humor gráfico es expuesto. En este caso, son los diarios argentinos los cuales tienen una trayectoria histórica de suma importancia en lo que al país respecta. Para esta investigación se tomaron dos diarios que difieren ideológicamente de manera que, esto permite una diferenciación en la reproducción de su humor. Follari (2003), comenta que a nivel gráfico se pueden destacar tres diarios muy participativos durante la crisis del 2001 en la Argentina. El más tradicional, el Diario La Nación, que representó históricamente a la gran burguesía ganadera argentina y que se ha quedado un tanto sin perfil tras la notable caída del peso histórico de ese sector social y de su antigua modalidad cultural, aun cuando se mantiene fiel a su inveterado conservadorismo. Como su antagónico en el aspecto ideológico, se destaca al diario matutino Página/12, con lectores primordialmente procedentes de las clases medias ilustradas y profesionales, que sostienen una importante capacidad de denuncia en torno a cuestiones de corrupción y abusos contra los derechos humanos. Cuando De la Rúa es tumbado del gobierno hubo unanimidad por parte de los medios, los cuales referían que "se iba un gobierno inerme e impotente, por sus propias contradicciones y carencias" (Follari, 2003). Ningún medio informativo lo defendió, y en los medios más de derecha se notó una pretendida justificación ante la violencia policial que se estaba dando en aquel momento, sin remitir a ningún caso concreto pues la pueblada aparecía claramente como pacífica y legítima. De forma que se ve cómo estos dos diarios jugaron un claro papel en donde sus enfoques iban claramente en direcciones diferentes como para no decir opuestas. Estos dos matutinos son el objeto de estudio para observar cómo el humor gráfico de cada uno se diferenciaba según sus ideologías y público al que iba dirigido, permitiendo así una diferenciación en la forma de crítica que estos dos diarios manejaban.
Es de importancia adentrar en el tema de los medios de comunicación, ya que dentro de esta investigación es pertinente indagar sobre el rol de estos en la sociedad.
De ahí surge plantear cómo diferentes autores dentro de sus investigaciones han tomado el concepto de opinión pública y lo han relacionado con los medios de comunicación y más precisamente con la prensa, la cual es el objeto de estudio de esta investigación. Por ende se toma a Loaiza (2010), quien comenta que a partir de 1808 se presentaron cambios evidentes en la producción y circulación de periódicos en Hispanoamérica, por lo cual los prospectos de los periódicos de aquel entonces y la legislación sobre libertad de imprenta de los años 1808 y 1815, confirman una intensa mutación entre el personal letrado que admitía la importancia persuasiva y didáctica de la prensa. Esto permite conocer como la prensa desde siglos atrás es considerada como una fuente con el suficiente poder persuasivo sobre la sociedad. Por lo que para empezar a mirar la historia de la opinión pública se le debe considerar a estos años como una primera etapa en la cual se volvieron necesarios el taller de imprenta, las libertades en el ejercicio de la opinión, la difusión escrita de impresos publicados con alguna regularidad (Loaiza, 2010). De aquí comienza a surgir una relación clara entre la prensa y la opinión pública, la cual a pesar de los años sigue siendo visible, transmutando a los diversos medios comunicacionales existentes.
Floyd (2009), comenta que el término opinión pública tiene significado en torno a una situación multi-individual en la cual cada individuo se expresa, mostrándose a favor de y apoyando o por lo contrario en contra de y oponiéndose a alguna situación, persona o propuesta, específicas y de importancia general, y según la proporción de número, la intensidad y la constancia que tenga, es posible que influyan, ya sea directa o indirectamente, sobre la acción hacia el objeto en cuestión. Por lo que para que haya opinión pública debe de ser un asunto de importancia universal. No basta con tener solo interés, la situación ha de poner en juego necesidades o deseos básicos (Floyd, 2009). De manera que es posible aplicar esta noción sobre la actual investigación, al entender que para que exista opinión pública, esta debe tener un consenso, lo cual dispone que exista un asunto cuya afectación sea de tipo masivo dentro de la sociedad, y que esté a la vez este en pro o en contra de ella. Básicamente esto se pudo observar en el año 2001 en la Argentina; toda la sociedad, sin distinguir clase social, de una u otra manera se veía afectada por las medidas tomadas por el gobierno de aquel entonces, lo que claramente llevó a el notable acuerdo en el descontento existente en contra de un gobierno.
Por su parte Plut (2014), afirma que la opinión pública no consiste solo de cómo se agrupan expresiones semejantes entre sí, sino que aquella se alimenta de la tendencia de ciertos sujetos a no ser, cada uno, el único que piensa de tal o cual modo. Por lo que este autor refiere a la opinión pública como un hecho que va más allá de consensuar aquellas perspectivas similares, si no que la contempla como el resultado de todo un entorno influenciado por ciertos sujetos o entidades, afirmando que es casi imposible la existencia de una única persona que piense de alguna manera. De esta forma Plut, hace referencia a dos autores cuya noción del concepto de opinión pública permite entender la relación de la prensa con aquella. Allport (1937) y Bouza(2004), han señalado que lo que se suele llamar opinión pública, corresponde más bien a la opinión publicada, lo cual da soporte a la noción sobre la existencia de una clara influencia por parte de los medios. Por lo tanto, esta investigación se fundamenta básicamente en tomar un elemento clave de la prensa, como el humor gráfico, cuyo poder de crítica puede ser lo suficientemente capaz de influir sobre esta. Por ende se encaminará en entender como los medios escritos, logran persuadir a tal punto que suelen decidir cuál y qué es la opinión pública, permitiendo desarrollar el concepto de Agenda setting, el cual ayuda a esta investigación a entender como los medios de comunicación suelen ejercer cierta autoridad en la información que se difunde a la sociedad.
Todas estas investigaciones permitirán abordar la temática desde un punto de vista más completo, es decir que permite conocer al humor gráfico como una herramienta que tiene gran valor dentro de la prensa Argentina, siendo ésta como ya se había mencionado, capaz de incurrir sobre actitudes y posiciones del lector ante una situación determinada. Es por ello que este estado del arte se planteó desde un punto de vista tanto cronológico como conceptual, ya que es importante conocer la incidencia del humor sobre la sociedad y a su vez la noción más técnica sobre conceptos claves que ayudaran a la posible relación entre humor, crisis y opinión pública.
Por consiguiente esta investigación tendrá como periodización los años anteriores y posteriores a la crisis del 2001, es decir se abordará la problemática desde sus inicios en 1999 hasta el 2003, que resultan ser los años de inicio de la crisis y el año en el cual Argentina logra reponerse medianamente de esta. Por otra parte esta investigación está centrada bajo la línea temática de historia y tendencias, ya que contiene un fuerte enfoque en cuanto a la historia argentina respecta, tanto de índole social, política y económica, como el rol que desempeñó el humor gráfico desde sus inicios hasta el período de crisis de 2001 en el país.

Recorrido descriptivo de los capítulos
Esta tesis está organizada en cuatro capítulos que conforman el marco teórico, a su vez cuenta con la metodología planificada para la comprobación de la hipótesis anteriormente nombrada.
El capítulo I, el cual tiene como título, Crisis contemporáneas en Argentina, por lo que al ser esta investigación un análisis del humor gráfico durante la crisis del 2001 en Argentina, es importante relatar brevemente lo sucedido durante este período, el cual resulta ser el objeto perfecto para que el humor gráfico desencadene su rol de crítica, ya que este bá- sicamente utiliza su contenido satírico para denunciar aquellos actos que resultan causar inconformidad a la sociedad en general, de manera que permite reflejar la opinión pública sobre lo que estaba aconteciendo en dicho período.
Para este capítulo se aborda un poco la historia política de Argentina, lo cual ayuda a entender a fondo las causas de lo sucedido en el 2001. Asimismo se describirá la manera en cómo los diarios Página/12 y La Nación (al ser el objeto estudio de esta investigación) y otros diarios argentinos, abordaron y enfrentaron toda la crisis durante el período del mes de diciembre, lo cual permitirá ampliar la perspectiva de lo que ocurría en dicho periodo, viendo la manera de cómo se hacía frente a la situación dependiendo de las inclinaciones propias de cada diario. Los diarios y la comunicación en masas, es el segundo Capítulo de esta investigación, el cual está basado en la comunicación en masas como concepto clave para completar el estudio en cuanto a los diarios respecta, es decir esto permite ver cómo la prensa funciona y cómo está pensada para desempeñar su rol como fuente de información. Asimismo, se hace una reseña de la historia de los diarios argentinos y en especial los dos en cuestión, Página /12 y La Nación. Por lo que se describe desde sus inicios, sus inclinaciones y su línea política, lo cual permite entender el modo en el que su humor gráfico político está pensado. Este capítulo es de suma importancia ya que da paso a toda la investigación sobre el humor gráfico como herramienta clave dentro los diarios y asimismo abordar el concepto de opinión pública y la prensa. Es clave desarrollar este concepto, ya que a través de este se sentarán las bases necesarias para el fácil entendimiento de los capítulos posteriores. El Capítulo III, Humor gráfico y la prensa argentina, está centrado en el concepto de humor gráfico como eje principal de esta investigación, de manera que se expondrán las distintas concepciones que existen de este. Asimismo se toma la caricatura al ser la técnica mayormente utilizada por los humoristas gráficos. De igual manera es importante hacer una reseña cronológica del papel que ha jugado el humor gráfico dentro de la prensa argentina, puesto que ayudará a entender cómo este ha manejado situaciones de crisis anteriormente en el país.
De ahí se parte a especificar la utilización del humor gráfico dentro de los diarios La Nación y Página/12, lo cual deriva a una pequeña reseña biográfica de los humoristas a investigar, Nik y Daniel Paz y Rudy respectivamente.
Finalmente el cuarto Capítulo, titulado La opinión pública, está fundamentado en el concepto clave de opinión pública, el cual funciona como puente para entender de qué manera el humor gráfico resulta ser una herramienta importante para la crisis del 2001. De esta forma se analizará el concepto de opinión pública, su función en la sociedad y su rol en los medios de comunicación, más precisamente en la prensa, lo cual permite responder a cómo la opinión pública y la prensa se relacionan, y cómo la opinión pública suele ser influenciada por los medios impresos, desatando un concepto clave como lo es la agenda setting, el cual permitirá entender la presión causada por los medios de comunicación sobre la sociedad. De manera que siendo el humor gráfico una herramienta recurrida dentro de los diarios argentinos, se proseguirá a observar que relación guarda el humor gráfico político y la opinión pública, de modo que permitirá conocer hasta qué punto el humor político es capaz de reflejar o influenciar la postura de una sociedad.
Para la metodología desarrollada para esta investigación, se distinguen dos herramientas de recolección datos, las cuales fueron diseñadas comprobar la hipótesis correspondiente. Por consiguiente, se realizó entrevistas a personas especializadas en los campo del humor gráfico, historia contemporánea argentina y periodistas dentro del área de la opinión pública. Como segunda herramienta se analizó las viñetas expuesta en los diarios La Nación y Página/12, durante el año de 2001. De manera que, se observó cómo estos dos diarios hicieron frente con su crítica a los acontecimientos de dicho periodo.

El humor gráfico se ha convertido en un fuerte representativo de la cultura argentina, y suele estar notablemente presente en sus medios de comunicación, constituyéndose en una herramienta cuya popularidad se remonta a la publicación de la primera viñeta expuesta en revistas y diarios reconocidos del país. En consecuencia, esta investigación propone analizar el humor gráfico como una herramienta de crítica muy utilizada dentro de los diarios, que a su vez refleja e influye sobre la opinión pública de una sociedad determinada, es decir, este se considera como un elemento clave a la hora de exponer opiniones ante una situación cualquiera. Con base en el razonamiento anterior, se han escogido tres humoristas gráficos de dos diarios prestigiosos del país como lo son La Nación y Página/12, para que sirvan como objeto de estudio para dicha investigación. Teniendo en cuenta que el humor gráfico es una herramienta de crítica, se ha elegido un período en el cual este haya logrado su fin satírico. Es el caso del año 2001, en el cual la Argentina presentó una de las crisis económicas y políticas más significativas en su historia. Durante los últimos años de la década de 1990 y comienzos del 2000, Argentina atravesaba una de las crisis económico-políticas más difíciles y significativas para el país. Argentina venía sufriendo un estancamiento en el crecimiento, sumado al aumento del déficit corriente y la situación insostenible de la deuda externa, lo que provocaba la desconfianza entre los depositantes y los inversores; asimismo el aumento del riesgo de suspensión de pagos y de devaluación de la moneda aceleraron, los ataques especulativos y provocaron una fuerte fuga de capitales (Bustelo, 2002). Esto refleja la situación crítica de índole económica en la que el país estaba sumergido, lo cual afectó a la población creando descontentos y reclamos ante el gobierno establecido en esa época. Durante el año 2001 y en especial el mes de diciembre, surgen una serie de sucesos, los cuales llevan a la sociedad a una situación en la que se ven obligados a imponerse, mediante denuncias en las cuales mostraban sus inconformidades ante las medidas tomadas por el gobierno. Lo anterior, con el apoyo de los medios de comunicación, y la prensa específicamente, formó una fuerza detonante que llevó a la renuncia del Presidente Fernando De La Rúa. De aquí surge la mirada sobre el concepto de opinión pública, la cual está presente en la toda la sociedad, y muchas veces juega un papel influyente sobre las actitudes de aquellos que tienen contacto con esta; siendo la opinión pública fuertemente influenciada por los medios de comunicación, como lo es la prensa, la cual tiene gran movimiento de las multitudes quienes se ven afectadas en pro o en contra de sus posturas políticas. De manera que esto permite estudiar la forma en que dos reconocidos diarios argentinos, La Nación y Página/12 manejaban la situación según sus corrientes políticas y su crítica social, destacando cómo estos diarios involucraban el humor gráfico político dentro de sus críticas hacia la crisis del 2001 en la Argentina, y cómo esta de una u otra manera causaba impacto en sus lectores. Lo que desencadena el siguiente interrogante ¿De qué manera los humoristas gráficos, de diario La Nación y Página/12, según sus posturas políticas, influyen en la opinión pública frente a la crisis de 2001 en Argentina? Es de resaltar que el humor ha representado un estado de rebeldía y resistencia contra el status quo, una mirada avispada para azuzar conciencias, un acto de protesta escondido tras una sonrisa (Von Rebeur, 2002). De esta forma el humor se convierte en la herramienta eficaz para criticar y exponer inconformidades ante una situación cualquiera. De manera que durante la crisis de 2001, el humor gráfico, siendo una expresión ilustrada del humor, logró imponer su crítica ante los hechos vividos durante dicho periodo. Hay que subrayar que el humor ha tenido un impresionante éxito en los peores años de dictadura argentina, para aletargarse en tiempos democráticos (Von Rebeur, 2002). Por lo cual el humor se ha destacado por su presencia en los momentos críticos dentro del país, considerándose así un elemento eficaz para representar por medio de la sátira, la crítica de índole social, política y económica, de forma burlesca e irónica. Por consiguiente, esta investigación tiene como objetivo general investigar de qué manera los humoristas grá- ficos de los diarios La Nación y Página/12 intervinieron a través de su humor político, la opinión pública durante la crisis del 2001 en Argentina, exponiendo así la crítica social, política y económica regida por sus posturas políticas y la línea editorial de cada diario. La investigación se sustenta en cuatro objetivos específicos que buscan analizar de qué manera la línea editorial de los Diarios La Nación y Página/12 se ve reflejada en su humor gráfico. Por consiguiente se busca analizar de qué manera Nik, humorista gráfico de La Nación reflejaba la opinión pública durante el 2001. De igual manera analizar cómo Daniel Paz y Rudy, humoristas gráficos de Página/12 reflejan la opinión pública durante el mismo periodo. El correcto desarrollo de los anteriores objetivos, permitirá concluir con éxito el propósito de la investigación cuya síntesis está basada en analizar la herramienta del humor gráfico dentro de la prensa argentina como medio de opinión publica en un periodo crítico como lo fue la crisis del 2001. Por lo tanto, la presente investigación formula la siguiente hipótesis: Los humoristas grá- ficos de los diarios La Nación y Página/12 a través de su humor político reafirmaron la perspectiva de inconformismo ante el gobierno e interpretaron la opinión pública con duras críticas de índole políticas y económicas, frente a la crisis del 2001 en Argentina. En definitiva, esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo conocer de qué manera el humor gráfico se convirtió en una fuente de información a tal punto que logró influenciar de alguna manera la opinión pública durante la crisis de 2001 en la Argentina. Estado de la cuestión Para el desarrollo de la investigación es preciso identificar que estudios e investigaciones se han realizados en torno a estas temáticas ya descritas, por lo que se ha desplegado todo un estado de la cuestión que permitirá complementar esta investigación. El humor gráfico, la crisis del 2001 y la opinión pública en la Argentina han sido estudiados cada uno por separado. La relación existente entre el humor gráfico y la opinión pública, no ha sido explorada, puesto que el humor gráfico se considera como una herramienta utilizada dentro de la prensa, y al ser la prensa un gran influyente de la opinión pública, surge la interrogante ¿hasta qué punto el humor gráfico se convierte en un elemento con poder para representar o influir sobre la opinión pública de una sociedad determinada en un tiempo determinado? Lo anterior permitirá desarrollar esta investigación relacionando las tres temáticas, las cuales, con el avance de los capítulos, se complementarán la una con la otra, logrando finalmente conseguir una respuesta acertada del interrogante. En los diarios más populares de Argentina el humor gráfico es un instrumento muy utilizado y destacado a la vez, siendo este una fuente de información muy particular. Sin embargo el estudio del humor gráfico argentino no va más allá de su recorrido histórico en los distintos períodos de crisis por los cuales ha atravesado el país, y no se ha tenido en cuenta que el humor gráfico es una herramienta cuyo poder de crítica es valioso ante una sociedad que atraviesa una situación difícil. Se observa además que el humor gráfico dentro de la prensa no ha sido visto por su poder para representar e influir sobre la opiniónpública, siendo que es una herramienta capaz de exponer duras críticas a un gobierno con el cual no está de acuerdo. Para el año 2001 Argentina estaba viviendo una de las crisis económicas más significativas, no obstante esta crisis no sólo fue de índole económica, la sociedad y la política claramente se derrumbaron ante esta situación. En cuanto a los estudios realizados que aborden esta temática son en su mayoría enfocados a las causas y consecuencias políticas y económicas, por lo que el humor gráfico aún no ha sido relacionado como herramienta determinante. Por consiguiente, se consultaron aquellas investigaciones sobre el humor gráfico tanto en la Argentina como en otras partes del mundo, de manara que aporten una visión del rol del este como herramienta informativa y de crítica. De esta forma, Vadillo (2013), ve al humor como fenómeno socio-discursivo el cual es capaz de representar los contornos de una comunidad cultural, lo que a través de sus manifestaciones trasluce la visión del mundo que comparten los miembros de un grupo y la identidad cultural que los caracteriza. Es decir, contempla el humor gráfico como un medio discursivo que involucra a una sociedad cuyos intereses son similares, de manera que refleja las características culturales de un grupo social determinado. Esto permite tomar al humor gráfico como una herramienta capaz de representar aquellas opiniones y conceptos que se tienen de una entidad ya sea política, económica o social, lo cual claramente se puede entonces relacionar con su capacidad de reflejar opinión pública. En cuanto al humor gráfico mirado desde una perspectiva más general, encontramos la posición de Eva Aladro (2002), quien indica que el humor usa el carácter tópico, formalizado, retórico de las acciones, expresiones o conceptos para percibir diversamente la realidad; afirmando así que no hay plano de acción humana, por serio o por espontáneo que parezca, que no podamos someter a la prueba de su formalización exagerada y por tanto, convertirlo en cosa de risa. Es decir, como el humor gráfico logra burlarse de aquellas situaciones sin importar que tan graves o vulnerables sean, y como logra traspasar la barrera emocional en las personas y de esta forma se convierte en motivo de risa y jocosidad. Esto puede aplicarse para todas aquellas situaciones críticas por las cuales ha cruzado Argentina, especialmente la crisis del 2001, en la cual el humor dentro de la prensa siempre destacó lo sucedido causando siempre una risa en el lector, seguida por una reflexión. Por su parte Abreu (2001), resalta que se puede aceptar el humor como un modo de juzgar y exponer los diferentes contextos, el cual se caracteriza por tener un enfoque de burla, có- mico, mordaz, e irónico. Este a su vez cita a Torres y García-Pelayo (1967), quienes afirman que la burla es una mofa y presume desprecio y desagrado hacia alguien. La mordacidad carcome, es áspera y picante. El sarcasmo a su vez es una burla cruel o una ironía mordaz. Abreu habla de cómo la caricatura logra ser un mofante satírico e irónico. Por otro lado los estudios que se enfocan en el humor gráfico en sus distintas representaciones, y en los cuales diferentes autores se han preocupado por explicar en qué consiste y cómo funciona dentro de su campo en alusión a la crítica, desarrolla el concepto de caricatura como una rama del humor gráfico y un concepto clave para esta investigación, es pertinente adentrase en su estudio y en los autores que hayan explorado su rol dentro de la historia. De manera que principalmente se debe empezar por definir dicho concepto. Según Ávila (2002), la caricatura tiende a tener un significado muy amplio delimitándola dentro de una definición muy generalizada como lo es la del diccionario Gran Larousse, el cual afirma que "Una caricatura es una deformación grotesca de una persona por la exageración voluntaria, con intención satírica, de los rasgos característicos del rostro o de las proporciones del cuerpo" (Ávila, 2002, p. 1). Debe tenerse en cuenta que una caricatura puede contener o no esta descripción sin dejar de seguir siendo lo que es. Por lo anterior es importante tener en cuenta como la caricatura hace uso de elementos visuales, en donde representa a un personaje cuyas características le permiten al lector identificar con facilidad a quien se está refiriendo, sin olvidar que esta tiene como principal objetivo la crítica. Por su parte Abreu (2001), afirma que la caricatura, es una sátira que se expone principalmente por medio de una representación gráfica, normalmente acompañada por una leyenda escrita o por uno o varios "globos de dialogo" e inscripciones. Este autor permite ver una noción más técnica en cuanto a la caricatura, pero a la vez reafirma la perspectiva de la caricatura como una herramienta de sátira, es decir capaz de hacer críticas. El concepto anterior lleva a encaminar esta investigación en las ilustraciones basadas en la sátira política realizada para el período de 2001 en Argentina. Se pueden ver casos importantes donde la caricatura jugó un papel significativo dentro de la historia, por ejemplo en Alemania se implementó el uso de la caricatura durante las guerras; en Francia tomó protagonismo en los Luises y en plena revolución, hasta la época Napoleónica, en la cual el humor no mostró mucho desarrollo. Asimismo indica que un caricaturista especializado nace con el desarrollo de los medios de reproducción gráfica (Ávila, 2002). Es decir, la caricatura ha estado presente desde los episodios históricos modernos de Europa. Con el tiempo la caricatura muestra una evolución en sus estilos y formas gráficas. Además, ha jugado un papel importante dentro de Argentina, sobre todo en sus períodos más difíciles. Por consiguiente ayuda a plantear que el humor gráfico es una herramienta poderosa capaz de transmitir mensajes críticos en cualquier situación que lo disponga. Por su parte Pedrazzini (2012), comenta que desde hace más de dos siglos, la caricatura política se ha concentrado en descalificar el poder de las jerarquías, mostrando una mirada alterada de la actualidad política, debatiendo y denunciando, con desvergüenza y humor, injusticias y excesos. Desde los regímenes monárquicos hasta los sistemas presidenciales o parlamentarios, el jefe de Estado siempre ha sido el principal objeto de los ataques verbales y visuales de los autores satíricos. Por lo que se puede observar cómo la caricatura política se centra en la crítica de aquellos dirigentes políticos, o un gobierno en general, que de una u otra manera cause en la sociedad apatía, por lo que permite una crítica verbal y visual por parte de los humoristas. Esto permite adentrar el estudio en lo que a la historia argentina respecta, ya que esta investigación está basada en un periodo crítico de dicho país, por consiguiente se necesita retomar una visión más amplia de cómo el humor ha sido desarrollado a lo largo de país. Ávila (2002) afirma que en la Argentina se comienzan a ver la aparición de toda una serie de diarios y revistas con una línea humorística y satírica que hacen de la caricatura, una herramienta en la cual todavía primaban las masas populares analfabetas o de origen aluvional, su principal manera de mostrar aquellos problemas sociales con fines de oposición política. De esta forma se observa el papel del humor gráfico como elemento clave dentro de los medios informativos de una sociedad, ya que este es capaz de llegar a todo tipo de público. Por ende, permite centrar esta investigación en el humor gráfico como medio masivo de información que al ser capaz de llegar a una gran parte de la sociedad se convierte en una herramienta perfecta para lograr influenciar de forma moderada las opiniones y posturas de su público. A pesar de las censuras y prohibiciones, el humor político tiene un mayor desarrollo dentro de las épocas de los gobiernos democráticos y a su vez, aquél va tomando nuevas formas. "Esta modalidad gráfica se ha transformado en sus técnicas, adoptando por imperio de la cultura audiovisual, nuevas modalidades gráficas, pero sigue estando al servicio de los discursos opositores y ridiculizantes de los políticos de turno" (Ávila, 2002, p. 2). Por consiguiente se toman aquellas investigaciones cuyos enfoque se basó en recorrer cronológicamente al humor gráfico, desde sus inicios en la Argentina, destacando así aquellos momentos claves que influenciaron dentro del desarrollo de este, lo cual permite reconocer el papel del humor dentro de situaciones específicas dentro y fuera de la Argentina. Matallana (1999), comenta, que el humor gráfico dejó sus huellas en el periodismo argentino para el periodo de 1800, surgiendo así las primeras caricaturas impresas en volantes, y para 1830 se edita una publicación importante para la época conocida como El toro del once, la cual se enfocaba fuertemente en la crítica política. Lo anterior permite ver como en Argentina el rol del humor gráfico ha girado en torno a la crítica política, lo cual sugiere pensar que esta herramienta puede ser igual de útil durante los períodos más modernos en Argentina, como lo fue la crisis del 2001. Este autor relata que "Con la caída de Juan Manuel de Rosas en febrero de 1852 y el triunfo de Urquiza, comienzan a surgir publicaciones que combinaban los comentarios políticos serios y jocosos con caricaturas". (Matallana, 1999, p. 30). Por consiguiente vemos como el humor a través de ilustraciones estaba presente en las publicaciones desde las épocas más remotas, y como estas a la par de una noticia formal, solían transmitir aquellas notas políticas de lo que acontecía en aquél entonces. Gutiérrez (1999) propone cronológicamente el inicio del camino de la sátira editada en la Argentina, la cual se le atribuye a Fray Francisco de Paula Castañeda, un catedrático en filosofía, a quien se le presumen los primeros volantes satíricos en el tiempo de la colonia. El autor relata que para los años 1828 se funda la primera litografía del país, y que en 1835 se edita el Diario de anuncios y publicaciones oficiales de Buenos Ayres, siendo así la litografía la base fundamental para el desarrollo y rápida difusión de la caricatura. De manera que los medios impresos siempre han jugado un papel importante en la difusión del humor gráfico, lo cual facilita que este llegue de forma rápida y masiva a la sociedad. Aparecen para los siguientes años una serie de diarios satíricos entre los que se destacaba Aniceto el gallo, en defensa del unitarismo; para el año 1863 aparece uno de los diarios más significativos en cuanto al humor satírico se refiere, El Mosquito (Matallana, 1999). Es claro que la Argentina hizo uso de la herramienta del humor para retratar aquellas épocas políticas nada favorables para el país, dando así paso a una tradición periodística que hoy en día sigue siendo vigente en cuanto a la información y crítica política se refiere. El mosquito se podría denominar entonces como el primer periódico de sátira política de carácter profesional que acogió a la caricatura como su principal herramienta expresiva, además se puede considerar a este diario como el periódico que hizo de la caricatura un burlante, ya que lo instaló en sus páginas en forma permanente, permitiéndole ser un gran registro documental gráfico de la política argentina desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta la segunda década del XX (Gutiérrez, 1999). Gutiérrez también afirma que la historieta había ganado un espacio significativo dentro de los periódicos, en los cuales las ilustraciones se convertirían en recurso extraordinario para captar lectores y para llegar sus mensajes a una mayoría analfabeta, definido como un medio para hacer propaganda en contra de o a favor de. Esto le permite a esta investigación centrarse en cómo los diarios a través de su humor logran llegar a toda sociedad, convirtiéndose en una herramienta valiosa a la hora de transmitir un mensaje. Por consiguiente sustenta que el humor gráfico puede catalogarse como una herramienta de suma importancia ya que el uso de un ilustrado lo convierte en un lenguaje universal, permitiéndole llegar a todo tipo de público. El 31 de diciembre de 1869 se funda La Nación Argentina, y este le da paso a La Nación, lo cual permite la progresiva profesionalización del periodismo; resistiéndose así durante décadas a la publicaciones de ilustraciones (Gutiérrez, 1999). Es importante conocer de qué manera el humor gráfico se fue instalando en la Argentina, y cómo este pasa a ser visto como un medio informativo de gran importancia y cómo desde sus principios utilizó la sátira política como principal eje temático. No obstante la caricatura ha estado presente a nivel internacional, siendo participe de muchos periodos significativos de diferentes países. Un ejemplo claro del uso de la caricatura como medio de crítica se vio claramente en México, durante la revolución de 1910; en donde la sátira, para conmover a las grandes mayorías, llegó a parodiar algunas imágenes aparecidas en El hijo de ahuizote, en donde los distintos artículos estaban referidos a los derechos del hombre. Estas representaciones gráficas, mostraban precisamente la situación contraria a las garantías otorgadas (Gonzáles, 1955). Manuel Gonzáles, comenta que las caricaturas referentes a violaciones que se cometieron en contra de la constitución, estaban dirigidas a cambiar la pasividad del pueblo mexicano, demostrando que todas las leyes vigentes y fundamentales no eran más que unos simples enunciados teóricos carentes de aplicación. Según Gonzáles (1955) el pueblo se sintió impresionado por las insinuaciones plásticas de las caricaturas en las que las leyes se esfumaban para dar lugar a la ley fuga, a los mandamientos de la santa iglesia y a los diezmos y caprichos. Tanto fue que varios periódicos ilustrados de oposición adoptaron la práctica de dibujar un personaje que se repitiera en las caricaturas, dicho personaje llevaría entonces el nombre de la propia publicación, El hijo del Ahuizote o El colmillo Público, este representaba al pueblo oprimido por la imposición y que sufría los maltratos de las autoridades. Los caricaturistas, pretendían humanizar los distintos valores con el fin de impresionar a las masas y lograr que estas reaccionaran ante la opresión. Siguiendo con su sentido político, aprovecharon también las motivaciones religiosas que llegaban más directamente al pueblo, tocando así las fibras más arraigadas de su católica conciencia (Gonzales, 1955). De esta manera vemos como el humor gráfico ha estado presente no solo en la Argentina sino también en distintos países, como en el caso de México, siendo una herramienta fundamental en los momentos críticos en lo que a la política y la sociedad se refiere. Entonces, de esta manera se ve cómo la caricatura ha sido un elemento cuyo poder de crítica ha impactado fuertemente y se ha convertido en un medio informativo aceptado por la sociedad. Vásquez (1987), comenta que para los años de 1940 los argentinos se encontraban muy receptivos a lo que al humor se refiere ya que para esa época en Europa se desarrollaba laSegunda Guerra Mundial, y era una forma de contrarrestar las deprimentes informaciones de tal situación; Vázquez relata que para este periodo el humor comenzó a tener cada vez más cabida tanto en las revistas como en los diarios de la época, destacando así revistas tales como, La Razón, La Cancha, Cara Sucia entre muchas otras más, y dentro de los diarios se puede resaltar El Pampero que se destacó por la aparición de historias como, Bien porteño de Lubrano, Virola de Gonzáles y Carocito de seguí. Dentro de este libro se mencionan las diferentes décadas y cómo el humor gráfico maneja cada situación vivida dentro o fuera del país que de algún modo afectaba a este. Como anteriormente ya se había dicho, el humor gráfico está visto desde un punto de vista más histórico sin abordar características técnicas tales como el estudio del discurso o los elementos visuales que lo componen. Levín (2012), relata que para el año 1982 la Argentina se ve en medio de una importante crisis del régimen militar la cual es percibida como una inminente antesala a la reapertura democrática, crisis a la que se le superponían los devastadores efectos de la política econó- mica aplicada por el gobierno desde tiempo atrás, por lo cual el autor afirma que la prensa y los medios gráficos desempeñaron un rol esencial en la movilización de la población, al ser estos importantes medios de propagación de la información, que muchas veces esta estuvo manipulada y corrompida por el gobierno de la época, pero a la vez logró difundir el discurso oficial impulsando una campaña inclinado a fortalecer el ideal de comunidad nacional recuperada. Puesto que Levín, fundamenta la intención de esta investigación, la cual busca designar al humor gráfico como una herramienta que al encontrarse dentro de la prensa, logra tener la fuerza suficiente para influir en las actitudes de aquellos lectores, es decir influenciar la opinión pública. La autora centra su investigación sobre el diario Clarín y cómo este a partir de su humor retrató todo lo sucedido para ese año. Por lo que afirma que el humor gráfico del diario Clarín participó en gran medida del fenómeno de "malvinización" mostrando una considerable pregnancia de la temática tanto en los cartoons del cuerpo del diario como en los cartoons y tiras diarias de la contratapa, impacto que hasta ese momento ningún suceso había producido de ese modo en el espacio humorístico del matutino (Levín, 2012). Este artículo claramente resulta ser de gran aporte, ya que la autora hace el análisis de cómo las caricaturas expuestas dentro del diario Clarín, un diario argentino de suma importancia y con una gran trayectoria dentro del país, lograron adentrarse dentro de toda la problemática, convirtiéndose en una herramienta comunicacional de largo alcance y con efectos sobre los lectores. Y afirma que el humor gráfico del diario también aportó para que se dieran aquellas manifestaciones anticolonialistas, retomando de este modo el viejo tópico del colonialismo (Levín, 2012). Todos estos estudios realizados sobre el humor gráfico en la Argentina y el mundo, permiten obtener una visión clara del rol que este ha desempeñado durante los distintos períodos de conflicto políticos, dentro de las cuales están dictaduras, guerras mundiales, crisis políticas y económicas, etc., las cuales fueron tema central de los diarios y por ende del humor que estos contenían. De manera que el humor gráfico suele ser una herramienta masiva e importante a la hora de criticar y denunciar situaciones con las que una sociedad no está acuerdo. Por lo anterior, se puede centrar esta investigación en la crisis del 2001, al ser este un periodo crítico del país, en el cual el humor gráfico al igual que en otros periodos ha logrado destacarse. Cabe resaltar que el humor gráfico es un elemento relevante dentro los diarios argentinos, siendo así el humor una herramienta utilizada de muchasmaneras; ahora bien, debemos mirar cómo un periodo tan difícil como lo fue la crisis del 2001, fue abordado por el humor y cómo este logró cumplir su función de crítica; teniendo en cuenta la manera en cómo el humor gráfico critica a las tensiones y las acciones que en aquel momento estaban afectando al país y a su población. Es de suma importancia observar el medio en el que el humor gráfico es expuesto. En este caso, son los diarios argentinos los cuales tienen una trayectoria histórica de suma importancia en lo que al país respecta. Para esta investigación se tomaron dos diarios que difieren ideológicamente de manera que, esto permite una diferenciación en la reproducción de su humor. Follari (2003), comenta que a nivel gráfico se pueden destacar tres diarios muy participativos durante la crisis del 2001 en la Argentina. El más tradicional, el Diario La Nación, que representó históricamente a la gran burguesía ganadera argentina y que se ha quedado un tanto sin perfil tras la notable caída del peso histórico de ese sector social y de su antigua modalidad cultural, aun cuando se mantiene fiel a su inveterado conservadorismo. Como su antagónico en el aspecto ideológico, se destaca al diario matutino Página/12, con lectores primordialmente procedentes de las clases medias ilustradas y profesionales, que sostienen una importante capacidad de denuncia en torno a cuestiones de corrupción y abusos contra los derechos humanos. Cuando De la Rúa es tumbado del gobierno hubo unanimidad por parte de los medios, los cuales referían que "se iba un gobierno inerme e impotente, por sus propias contradicciones y carencias" (Follari, 2003). Ningún medio informativo lo defendió, y en los medios más de derecha se notó una pretendida justificación ante la violencia policial que se estaba dando en aquel momento, sin remitir a ningún caso concreto pues la pueblada aparecía claramente como pacífica y legítima. De forma que se ve cómo estos dos diarios jugaron un claro papel en donde sus enfoques iban claramente en direcciones diferentes como para no decir opuestas. Estos dos matutinos son el objeto de estudio para observar cómo el humor gráfico de cada uno se diferenciaba según sus ideologías y público al que iba dirigido, permitiendo así una diferenciación en la forma de crítica que estos dos diarios manejaban. Es de importancia adentrar en el tema de los medios de comunicación, ya que dentro de esta investigación es pertinente indagar sobre el rol de estos en la sociedad. De ahí surge plantear cómo diferentes autores dentro de sus investigaciones han tomado el concepto de opinión pública y lo han relacionado con los medios de comunicación y más precisamente con la prensa, la cual es el objeto de estudio de esta investigación. Por ende se toma a Loaiza (2010), quien comenta que a partir de 1808 se presentaron cambios evidentes en la producción y circulación de periódicos en Hispanoamérica, por lo cual los prospectos de los periódicos de aquel entonces y la legislación sobre libertad de imprenta de los años 1808 y 1815, confirman una intensa mutación entre el personal letrado que admitía la importancia persuasiva y didáctica de la prensa. Esto permite conocer como la prensa desde siglos atrás es considerada como una fuente con el suficiente poder persuasivo sobre la sociedad. Por lo que para empezar a mirar la historia de la opinión pública se le debe considerar a estos años como una primera etapa en la cual se volvieron necesarios el taller de imprenta, las libertades en el ejercicio de la opinión, la difusión escrita de impresos publicados con alguna regularidad (Loaiza, 2010). De aquí comienza a surgir una relación clara entre la prensa y la opinión pública, la cual a pesar de los años sigue siendo visible, transmutando a los diversos medios comunicacionales existentes. Floyd (2009), comenta que el término opinión pública tiene significado en torno a una situación multi-individual en la cual cada individuo se expresa, mostrándose a favor de y apoyando o por lo contrario en contra de y oponiéndose a alguna situación, persona o propuesta, específicas y de importancia general, y según la proporción de número, la intensidad y la constancia que tenga, es posible que influyan, ya sea directa o indirectamente, sobre la acción hacia el objeto en cuestión. Por lo que para que haya opinión pública debe de ser un asunto de importancia universal. No basta con tener solo interés, la situación ha de poner en juego necesidades o deseos básicos (Floyd, 2009). De manera que es posible aplicar esta noción sobre la actual investigación, al entender que para que exista opinión pública, esta debe tener un consenso, lo cual dispone que exista un asunto cuya afectación sea de tipo masivo dentro de la sociedad, y que esté a la vez este en pro o en contra de ella. Básicamente esto se pudo observar en el año 2001 en la Argentina; toda la sociedad, sin distinguir clase social, de una u otra manera se veía afectada por las medidas tomadas por el gobierno de aquel entonces, lo que claramente llevó a el notable acuerdo en el descontento existente en contra de un gobierno. Por su parte Plut (2014), afirma que la opinión pública no consiste solo de cómo se agrupan expresiones semejantes entre sí, sino que aquella se alimenta de la tendencia de ciertos sujetos a no ser, cada uno, el único que piensa de tal o cual modo. Por lo que este autor refiere a la opinión pública como un hecho que va más allá de consensuar aquellas perspectivas similares, si no que la contempla como el resultado de todo un entorno influenciado por ciertos sujetos o entidades, afirmando que es casi imposible la existencia de una única persona que piense de alguna manera. De esta forma Plut, hace referencia a dos autores cuya noción del concepto de opinión pública permite entender la relación de la prensa con aquella. Allport (1937) y Bouza(2004), han señalado que lo que se suele llamar opinión pública, corresponde más bien a la opinión publicada, lo cual da soporte a la noción sobre la existencia de una clara influencia por parte de los medios. Por lo tanto, esta investigación se fundamenta básicamente en tomar un elemento clave de la prensa, como el humor gráfico, cuyo poder de crítica puede ser lo suficientemente capaz de influir sobre esta. Por ende se encaminará en entender como los medios escritos, logran persuadir a tal punto que suelen decidir cuál y qué es la opinión pública, permitiendo desarrollar el concepto de Agenda setting, el cual ayuda a esta investigación a entender como los medios de comunicación suelen ejercer cierta autoridad en la información que se difunde a la sociedad. Todas estas investigaciones permitirán abordar la temática desde un punto de vista más completo, es decir que permite conocer al humor gráfico como una herramienta que tiene gran valor dentro de la prensa Argentina, siendo ésta como ya se había mencionado, capaz de incurrir sobre actitudes y posiciones del lector ante una situación determinada. Es por ello que este estado del arte se planteó desde un punto de vista tanto cronológico como conceptual, ya que es importante conocer la incidencia del humor sobre la sociedad y a su vez la noción más técnica sobre conceptos claves que ayudaran a la posible relación entre humor, crisis y opinión pública. Por consiguiente esta investigación tendrá como periodización los años anteriores y posteriores a la crisis del 2001, es decir se abordará la problemática desde sus inicios en 1999 hasta el 2003, que resultan ser los años de inicio de la crisis y el año en el cual Argentina logra reponerse medianamente de esta. Por otra parte esta investigación está centrada bajola línea temática de historia y tendencias, ya que contiene un fuerte enfoque en cuanto a la historia argentina respecta, tanto de índole social, política y económica, como el rol que desempeñó el humor gráfico desde sus inicios hasta el período de crisis de 2001 en el país. Recorrido descriptivo de los capítulos Esta tesis está organizada en cuatro capítulos que conforman el marco teórico, a su vez cuenta con la metodología planificada para la comprobación de la hipótesis anteriormente nombrada. El capítulo I, el cual tiene como título, Crisis contemporáneas en Argentina, por lo que al ser esta investigación un análisis del humor gráfico durante la crisis del 2001 en Argentina, es importante relatar brevemente lo sucedido durante este período, el cual resulta ser el objeto perfecto para que el humor gráfico desencadene su rol de crítica, ya que este bá- sicamente utiliza su contenido satírico para denunciar aquellos actos que resultan causar inconformidad a la sociedad en general, de manera que permite reflejar la opinión pública sobre lo que estaba aconteciendo en dicho período. Para este capítulo se aborda un poco la historia política de Argentina, lo cual ayuda a entender a fondo las causas de lo sucedido en el 2001. Asimismo se describirá la manera en cómo los diarios Página/12 y La Nación (al ser el objeto estudio de esta investigación) y otros diarios argentinos, abordaron y enfrentaron toda la crisis durante el período del mes de diciembre, lo cual permitirá ampliar la perspectiva de lo que ocurría en dicho periodo, viendo la manera de cómo se hacía frente a la situación dependiendo de las inclinaciones propias de cada diario. Los diarios y la comunicación en masas, es el segundo Capítulo de esta investigación, el cual está basado en la comunicación en masas como concepto clave para completar el estudio en cuanto a los diarios respecta, es decir esto permite ver cómo la prensa funciona y cómo está pensada para desempeñar su rol como fuente de información. Asimismo, se hace una reseña de la historia de los diarios argentinos y en especial los dos en cuestión, Página /12 y La Nación. Por lo que se describe desde sus inicios, sus inclinaciones y su línea política, lo cual permite entender el modo en el que su humor gráfico político está pensado. Este capítulo es de suma importancia ya que da paso a toda la investigación sobre el humor gráfico como herramienta clave dentro los diarios y asimismo abordar el concepto de opinión pública y la prensa. Es clave desarrollar este concepto, ya que a través de este se sentarán las bases necesarias para el fácil entendimiento de los capítulos posteriores. El Capítulo III, Humor gráfico y la prensa argentina, está centrado en el concepto de humor gráfico como eje principal de esta investigación, de manera que se expondrán las distintas concepciones que existen de este. Asimismo se toma la caricatura al ser la técnica mayormente utilizada por los humoristas gráficos. De igual manera es importante hacer una reseña cronológica del papel que ha jugado el humor gráfico dentro de la prensa argentina, puesto que ayudará a entender cómo este ha manejado situaciones de crisis anteriormente en el país. De ahí se parte a especificar la utilización del humor gráfico dentro de los diarios La Nación y Página/12, lo cual deriva a una pequeña reseña biográfica de los humoristas a investigar, Nik y Daniel Paz y Rudy respectivamente. Finalmente el cuarto Capítulo, titulado La opinión pública, está fundamentado en el concepto clave de opinión pública, el cual funciona como puente para entender de qué manera el humor gráfico resulta ser una herramienta importante para la crisis del 2001. De esta forma se analizará el concepto de opinión pública, su función en la sociedad y su rol en los medios de comunicación, más precisamente en la prensa, lo cual permite responder a cómo la opinión pública y la prensa se relacionan, y cómo la opinión pública suele ser influenciada por los medios impresos, desatando un concepto clave como lo es la agenda setting, el cual permitirá entender la presión causada por los medios de comunicación sobre la sociedad. De manera que siendo el humor gráfico una herramienta recurrida dentro de los diarios argentinos, se proseguirá a observar que relación guarda el humor gráfico político y la opinión pública, de modo que permitirá conocer hasta qué punto el humor político es capaz de reflejar o influenciar la postura de una sociedad. Para la metodología desarrollada para esta investigación, se distinguen dos herramientas de recolección datos, las cuales fueron diseñadas comprobar la hipótesis correspondiente. Por consiguiente, se realizó entrevistas a personas especializadas en los campo del humor gráfico, historia contemporánea argentina y periodistas dentro del área de la opinión pública. Como segunda herramienta se analizó las viñetas expuesta en los diarios La Nación y Página/12, durante el año de 2001. De manera que, se observó cómo estos dos diarios hicieron frente con su crítica a los acontecimientos de dicho periodo.

This paper will present our explorative work in software reusability and concurrent programming. This work was divided into two parts. First, in order to abstract the reusable components, three application problems were tried to be solved by means of object-oriented programming using Ada. Second, in order to address how Ada provides an environment for concurrent programming, several concurrent programming concepts were described using Ada. ; Technical Report 2018-07-ECE-005 Technical Report 87-CSE-11 Reusability and Concurrency Issues in the Real-time Use of Ada* W. P. Yin P. H. Liou Murat M. Tanik This technical report is a reissue of a technical report issued May 1987 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama at Birn1ingham July 2018 Technical Report 87-CSE-11 REUSABILITY ABD COBCURREIICY ISSUES IB THE REAL-TIME USE OF Ada• V. P. I:in P. B. Liou H. H. Tanik Department of Computer Science and Engineering Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas 75275 May 1987 *Ada is a registered trade mark of the U.S. government, Ada Joint Program Office. Abstract REUSABILITY AND CONCURRENCY ISSUES IN THE REAL-TIME USE OF Ada* W. P. Yin P. H. Liou M. M. Tanik Department of Computer Science and Engineering Southern Methodist University Dallas, 'IX 75275 This paper will present our explorative work in software reusability and concurrent programming. This work was divided into two parts. First, in order to abstract the reusable components, three application problems were tried to be solved by means of object-oriented programming using A da. Second, in order to address how Ada provides an environment for concurrent programming, several concurrent programming concepts were described using Ada. 1. Introduction Reusability is a general engineering principle . It derives from the desire to avoid duplication and to capture commonality in undertaking classes of inherently similar works[ 1]. When software engineers try to apply this principle to software production, it brings many research questions into the open. The arguments focus on the question that what are the candidates for software reuse, how reusable software components should be stored, how we can locate reusable software components, and how we can incorporate reusable software components into our own software system. Concurrent Programming is the name given to programming notations and techniques for expressing paten tial parallelism and for solving the resulting synchronization and communication problems. Traditionally, the programs that run asynchronously were written in assembly language for the reasons : • High-level languages did not provide the appropriate tools for writing concurrent programs. • High-level languages for concurrent programming were not efficient. However, high-level language programs are easier to test, verify, and modify. Due to the progress on compiler techniques, we can obtain efficient object code for concurrent programs written in a high-level language. Concurrent programming is important because it provides an abstract setting in which studying parallelism becomes possible . The basic problem in writing a concurrent program is to identify the activities which are concurrent. It is also difficult to ensure the correctness of concurrent programs. In addition, concurrent programs are much more difficult to debug than sequential programs. * Ada is a registered trade mark of the U .8. government, Ada Joint Program Offi ce. - 2- Occasionally, asynchronous processes must interact with one another and these interactions can be complex. The following sections constitute a brief presentation of our explorative work for software reusability and concurrent programming using Ada. 2. Reusability Issue 2.1 Software Components and Their Reusability The term "; Computer Software" is used very often by most professionals and many members of the public at large . They feel they understand it. Most professionals have an intuitive feeling of it, but there is no complete and formal definition . Informally, computer software can be regarded as information having two basic formats: non-machine-executable and machine-executable[2]. Any information unit created by a software engineer during software development, such as specification, design, code, data and so on , is a software component. More abstractly, the problem solving knowledge, programming knowledge, problem domain knowledge and other knowledge which are used by software engineers in order to solve a problem by computer software are also software components. These knowledge assume specification, design, code and data as their external formats . Therefore, software reusability manifests itself in many forms . It can roughly be classified into reuse of data, reuse of code including programs, systems and libraries, reuse of programming knowledge including system architecture and detail design , reuse of domain knowledge including specification and reuse of abstract modules[3 ,4] . With respect to the time the reusable components are used , software reusability can be divided into two groups-reusability of components in building a variety of structures and reusability of components in performing a variety of tasks . Figure 1 depicts this idea. 2.2 Software Reusability Problems As a general engineering principle, reusability implies the obvious system benefits of lower cost, increased reliability and easier maintenance. It appears that the reusability principle should be used widely in software engineering. Unfortunately this is not true . According to some statistics, in commercial banking and insurance applications, about 75% of the functions were common ones that occurred in more than one program. There is also statistical data indicating that less than 15% of the code written in 1983 was unique, novel and specific to individual applications while the remaining 85% was more or less generic[3]. The main reason for the above situation is that regardless of the particular programming technique , design methodology or developing environment, software engineering is divided into individual creative processes. The exact nature of those individual process, such as problem identification, conceptual solution , design of implementation, testing of solution and so on , is poorly understood. Hence, reusing the software designed by other people is in general not a simple matter. Besides this , there are other reasons. First, some software is ";malevolent" because it is strongly self-centered and highly proprietary. That means it cannot be reused by organizations other than the developer. Second, even with "; benevolent" software, there are software engineers who may feel that they could produce a "; better" solution anyway. Third, some software may have to be modified excessively to fit the new application precisely. Fourth , some software may require a great effort to be understood in order to be reused. In the last two situations, software engineers would rather rewrite .[ 5] . - 3 - Figure 2 shows reusable component characteristics m terms of their functionality and scope. 2.3. Explorative Work in Software Reusability 2.3.1. The Problems In the following sections three problems are investigated. The problems are the environmental monitor problem[6], the cruise-control problem[7] and the message switching problem [8]. Those three are real-time problems. All of them require parallel processing, realtime control, exception handling and unique input/ output control. 2.3.2. The Method The ";object-oriented methodology" is chosen for solving the problems . Object-oriented methodology is a software approach in which the decomposition of a system is based upon the concept of objects. In real-time systems, often the problem is given by the description of entities, their behaviors and relations among the entities . In addition, object abstraction is a promising avenue for reusability. The object-oriented design methodology has the following steps [6, 7]: • Identify the objects and their attributes. • identify the operations. • Establish the visibility of each object in relation to other objects. • Establish the interface of each object. • Implement each object. 2.3.3. The Language Ada was chosen as the design language. Ada was chosen as a design language because of its rich variety of program units such as subprograms, packages and tasks . It is convenient for software engineers to choose one of the most suitable program units to represent classes of objects, instances of objects and primitive operations of each object. More importantly, the capabilities of Ada make it possible for us to break from the traditional flat, sequential design style into the object-centered design style. In particular, using Ada as a design language can improve the quality of the design by highlighting interfaces and formally capturing many important design decisions. 2.3.4. The Case Studies The case studies are concerned with the use of object-oriented design method for software reusability. The goal of the case-study was to explore how well the object-oriented method can apply the reusability principle. More specifically, how well the object-oriented method can recognize and abstract reusable software components for a specific class of problems (the real-time systems) . In this paper, the detailed case explanations will not be presented. Only are the observations and experiences listed. For each problem, first, a problem definition in problem space is given , then an informal system architecture design in conceptual solution space is presented . In the solution space , the details will be ignored; only objects and their operations are indicated. - 4- 2.3.4.1. Ca.se-1: Environmental Monitor Problem The environmental monitor problem is explained in detail in [6]. The figure 3 is the problem definition abstracted from [ 6] . And the figure 4 is the partial formalization of the system architecture design. Problem~ Objects and their Operations: ( 1) A user interacts with the system by setting the sensor limits, reading the status of all sensors , or q.u.it the system . ( 2) A printer Jlli,n.ts. the current reading of each sensor or s.h.u.t. rl.mYn. by the user. (3) Sensor r.e.ads. temperature or setting limit or s.h.u.t. d.mm. or initialized by user. ( 4) Monitor responds to out-of-limits sensor reading or detects the printer failure by setting an alarm. Also the alarm can be sh.n.t ~ Keeping the object-oriented methodology in mind, the transformation from the figure 3 to figure 4 is straightforward. In the step of identifying the objects and their attributes, the decision for specific representation of objects is delayed . We only take into account what objects in the problem space we are interested in . In general, the nouns denote the objects and the adjectives represent the attributes of each object. After identifying objects, extracting operations appropriate to each object is straightforward . The verbs attached to each object can be abstracted as corresponding operations . Those operations are visible outside. The object together with its operation forms one unit which can be defined by one program unit. The arrows are used to indicate the operation application direction . If there is one arrow from object A to object B, it indicates that the object A does one operation requiring something from B, or triggering B's operation . In this situation , the object A is an active object. If A is a passive object which does not have operations, all the arrows connected to A must point to A. System Specification in A.d.a package PRINTER is task THEYRINTER is entry PRINT_READING (THE_ITEM: in STRING); entry SHUT_DOWN; end THEYRINTER; end PRINTER; package ALARM is task THE_ALARM is entry REPOR T_OF LIMIT; entry REPORTYRINTER_ERROR; entry SHUT_DOWN; end THE_alarm; end ALARM; generic type NAME is ( ); type VALUE is range ; SENSE_RATE: in DURATION; - 5 - with function VALUE_OF (THE_NAME m NAME) return VALUE; with procedure SOUND_ALARM; package SENSORS is task type SENSOR is entry START (THE_NAME : in NAME) ; entry SET_LIMIT (THE_VALUE : in VALUE) ; entry GET_8TATUS (THE_VALUE : out VALUE; OUT_OF LIMITS : out BOOLEAN); entry SHUT_D OWN; end SENSOR; end SENSORS; type COMMAND is (SET_LIMIT, GET_8TATUS, SHUT_DOWN); procedure MONITOR is -- local type declarations -- ALARM task specification -- PRINTER task specification -- SENSOR task specification -- USER_COMMAND declaration -- task bodies begin -- manipulation of USER_COMMAND end MONITOR; Abstractions from ease-l: 1 Object-oriented design methodology is fundamentally different from traditional functional methods. Traditional functional methods factor system in problem space into operational modules in solution space , in which each operation module represents a major step in the overall transformation process. The object-oriented design method decomposes problem around objects that exist in the real world. 2 The object-oriented design method needs different requirement analysis to support. During the problem definition step, the requirement analyst must keep object orientedness in mind, because different analysis will get different problem decompositions. During the problem analysis , a good domain knowledge certainly helps a lot. 3 4 - 6 - It is necessary to use object-oriented system specification methodology during the system specification step. The specification is the result of a process of requirements analysis, and represents the first complete description of the conceptual solution. It contains clear descriptions of the external view of the system the user required along with any related or implied system constraints. The object-oriented system specification ideally closely matches the user's problem. It is desirable to make system specification consistent, completely, comprehensible and traceable to the requirement. Also , the object-oriented s specification will make the transaction between system specification and system design smooth, and easy. It is desirable to keep the system specification to be independent from the implementation . That means the transaction from problem space to conceptual solution space should not be restricted by implementations, especially not limited by the capability of implementation tools. Ada has the design description capability, but there is no direct notations for objects. 2.3.4.2. Ca.se-2: Cruise-Control System The Cruise-Control system problem is given in [7]. A data flow diagram (figure 5) is used to express the problem. This problem is more complicated than the environmental monitor system problem. The data flow diagram gives a clear view of each main step of the system transaction . Using object-oriented method the problem space is abstracted as in figure 6. From problem space the system architecture was abstracted using the object-oriented method (figure 7) . First, the objects and their operations are identified . Especially, the passive objects (no operations) and active objects (having operations) are distinguished; the required operations (triggered externally) and suffered operations (not triggered by outside world) are distinguished. For example, brake and accelerator are passive objects, others are active objects. Throttle has two v visible operations which are triggered by other objects and one invisible operation which is hiding in throttle's body. That invisible operation can only be seen by throttle itself. Problem~ Objects and their Operations: ( 1) Pulse from wheels: A pulse is. 5.f.D.t for every revolution of the wheel (2) Clock: Timing~ every milli-second. ( 3) Driver: If the driver s.fls. system on, it denotes that the cruise-control system should maintain the car speed. Also , the driver may require increasing or decreasing maintained speed when cruise-control on . Or, the driver requires resuming the last maintained speed. ( 4) Brake: If brake is. pressed, then cruise-control temporarily reverts to the manual control. ( 5) Brake state: Cruise-control requires the current brake state . ( 6) Engine state: If engine-on, the cruise-control may be active. (7) Accelerator: Accelerator state is. required by the cruise-control system. (8) Throttle: Setting the throttle value . Abstraction from case-2: - 7 - 1 An object is an entity that exists in time and space . An obje ct also has state . The operations indicate the object's state. Each object will be in one state at one time . The object state may change by the activity of other objects or as the time changes. We can trace the system activity in the state space . 2 We need facilities to indicate the time constraints of the system . For example, the clock's and wheel's operations must be synchronized. and the throttle has one operation-desired speed which can be visible by all the three operations of control increase, decrease and resume . 3 The ease-l and case-2 deal with different problems. The objects abstracted from these two problems are different, except one situation that the control object in cruise-control system is interacting with driver's requirement, the monitor object in environmental monitor system is interacting with user's command. Both system needs an interface with the user who will dynamically input his requirements / commands. This interface can be a reusable component. 2.3.4.3. Ca.se-3: Message Switching System The message switching problem is addressed in [8] . Figure 8 is the problem abstraction . The message switching system consists of a network of switching nodes connected via trunk lines. Each switching node is locally attached to subscribers , an operator, archive tape , and auxiliary memory. The operator can send and receive messages like any subscriber. In addition , the operator monitors and controls the node activity. The function of each node is to route input messages to one or more output destinations . Three successive phases are involved in processing each message: input, switch and output. inputReading input from a local subscriber or trunk link and storing the message on both auxiliary memory and an archive tape . switch Each input message contains a header, body and end marker. The header is examined to determine the output destination. For each destination , a directory is consulted to determine the appropriate output line to use and a copy of the message is queued for output on each distinct line. output A message is retrieved from auxiliary memory and written on the appropriate output line . Each message contains a priority as part of its header so that, at all times, the highest priority message for an output line is transmitted . If preempted, a message is later transmitted in its entirety. Having the experience of solving previous two problems, abstract objects and their operations can be obtained by repeatedly using the object-abstraction. Thus, we get the problem definition in object space (figure 9) and the concept solution (figure 10~. Pro b 1e m 8.p.a.c.e. Objects and their Operations: (1) Switches i.n.p.u.t message head and control signal. (2) Switches s.tu.r.e. the message on the auxiliary memory. (3) Switches archive message on the tape. . 8 . ( 4) Switches consult the cross-reference table to determine the appropriate output port. (5) Switches handle th e output message priority and preemption-output queue. (5) Switches output the message head and control signal to the output port. (7) Operator monitors the switch system . (8) Output ports retrieve the message body. This problem solution must solve the following four problems: • maximize I/ 0 parallelism , • control different I/0 devices, • coordinate mode activity, • handle output message preemptions. System Specification in A.d.a type MSG_A.DDR is STRING(l.20); type MSG is record HEAD : STRING(l.20); BODY: STRING(l.lOO); end record; task type ARCHIVE_TAPE is entry ARCHIVE (THE_NISG: in MSG); end ARCHIVE_TAPE; task type AUX_MEM is entry OUTPUT_NISG (THE_NISG_A.DDR in MSG_A.DDR); entry INPUT . MSG (THE_NISG_A.DDR : in MSG_A.DDR); end AUX_MEM; task type OUTPUT_CONTROL IS entry OUTPUT. . Jv1SG ( OUTPUT_pORT THE_NISG_A.DDR : in end OUTPUT_CONTROL; task type SWITCH is in STRING(1.20); MSG_A.DDR); entry INPUT_CONTROL (THE_NISG in MSG); end SWITCH; task type OPERA TORS is entry INPUT_MSG (THE_MSG m MSG); end OPERA TORS; task type SUBSCRIBER is entry INPUT.Jv1SG (THE_NISG in MSG); end SUBSCRIBER; OPERA TOR : OPERATORS; task body OPERA TOR is -- local type declarations -- ARCHIVE TAPE task declaration - g - -- AUXILIARY MEMORY task declaration -- OUTPUT CONTROL task declaration -- REFERENCE TABLE data structure declaration -- OUTPUT QUEUE data structure declaration THE.BUBSCRIBER : array ( 1.100) of SUBSCRIBER; task body THE.BUBSCRIBER is task OUTPUT_MSG; • • • end THE.BUBSCRIBER; THE.BWITCH : SWITCH; task body THE.BWITCH is procedure STORE_MSG (THE_MSG in MSG); procedure ARCHIVE_MSG (THE_MSG : in MSG); procedure CONSULT_TABLE (OUTPUT _FORT : out STRING( 1.10); THE_MSG : in MSG) ; procedure PREEMPTION (THE_MSG : in MSG; -- subprogram body • • • end THE.BWITCH ; -- other task bodies begin loop PRIORITY : out INTEGER); accept INPUT_MSG ( THE_MSG in MSG) do • • • end INPUT_MSG; end loop; end OPERATOR; - 10- Abstractions from case-3: 1 2 Using the object-oriented method to do system design really requires a great deal of real world knowledge and intuitive understanding of the problem, especially for abstracting operations. Listing the goal of the system requirements helps to decide which object should do which operation . For example, for this specific problem, the solution must solve the maximizing I / 0 parallelism and control different I/0 devices, it had better make auxiliary memory and archive-tape become active objects. The control issue and time constraint are important. It definitely needs some facilities to specify them . For example, the input-control for switch needs to specify its input trigger is exclusive OR, its output is sequential. In system architecture design using Ada, it seems that Ada's program units are not sufficient for this specification. 3 The three case studies come from different application fields. The software systems are required for different purposes. They deal with totally different objects. From the domain object level, it is not clear what is the reusable component. 2.3.5. Summary of Reusability Concepts 1 2 3 Software reusability is an attribute of software relative to its applicability in different computational contexts as well as different application areas. The object-oriented methodology is a better fit for real applications than other traditional methodologies. It is at least useful to apply reusability principle in the same application domain. Reusable software components tend to be objects or classes of objects. Given a rich set of reusable software components, the implementation would proceed via composition of these parts, rather than further decomposition. The greater abstraction of object models provides greater potential reusability. The level of abstraction has a great effect on reusability. Higher the abstraction, the greater overhead it may require for interpretation and it provides less intuitive understanding. Lower the abstraction, the chance of recognizing reusable components become less. 3. Concurrency Issues 3.1. Synchronization In a real time system, several processes may access the same data at the same time . This situation may result in inconsistent data. A language dealing with concurrent programming must guard against this possibility. That is, the language must provide the means to guard against time-dependent errors. When a process is accessing shared data, the process is said to be in its critical section ( or critical region). The concept of allowing only one process into its critical region at a time is known as mutual exclusion. An elegant software implementation of mutual exclusion was presented by Dekker. Dijkstra also abstracted the key notation of mutual exclusion in his concept of semaphores [10] . 3.1.1. Semaphores A semaphores is a protected integer variable which can take on only non-zero values and whose value can be accessed and altered only by the operations P(s), stands for wait, and V(s), stands for signal, and an initialization operation. Binary semaphores can accept only the - 11 - values 0 or 1. General semaphores can accept non-negative integer values . The definition of P and S is as follows : P(s): If s > 0 then s :=s- 1 else the execution of the process that called P(s) is suspended. V(s) :If some process P has been suspended by a previous P(s) on the semaphores then wake up P else s := s + 1 3.1.2. Monitors The above methods are so primitive that it is difficult to express solutions for more complex concurrency problems, and their presence in concurrent programs increases the existing difficulty of proving program correctness [ 12]. Another drawback of the above methods was that every procedure had to provide its own synchronization explicitly. A desire to provide the appropriate synchronization automatically led to the development of a new construct, a monitor [10]. A monitor is a concurrency construct that contains both the data and the procedures needed to perform allocation of a shared resource or group of shared resources. The monitor enforces information hiding - processes calling the monitor have no idea of, nor access to, data inside the monitor. Mutual exclusion is rigidly enforced at the monitor boundary- only one process at a time is allowed to enter. If a process inside the monitor cannot proceed until a certain condition becomes true, the process calls wait (variables name) and waits outside the monitor on a queue for ";variables name" to be signaled by another process. To ensure that a process already waiting for a resource eventually does get it, the monitor gives higher priority to a waiting process relative to a new requesting process attempting to enter the monitor. A process calling wait is threaded into the queue; a process calling signal causes a waiting process to be removed from the queue. 3.2. Ada Rendezvous Ada is a higher-level program mg language which can be used for conventional programming. In this section, we are concerned with the features of Ada related to concurrent programming. Central to these features is the concept of the task which is a program module that is executed asynchronously. Tasks may communicate and synchronize their actions through : 1 accept statement: It is a combination of procedure calls and message transfer. 2 select statement : It is a non-deterministic control structure based on guarded command construct. The BNF of them are : accept statement has the form : accept entry~imple_name [( entry_index)] [formal_part] do sequence_of~tatemen ts end [ entry~imple_name]; select statement has the form : select [when boolean_expression =>] - 12- acce p L.s tate men t seq ue n ce_of .s tatements {or [when boolean_expression =>] acce pt.s tatemen t} se qu ence_of.s tatemen ts [else se quence _of.s tatemen ts] end select; Following sections are Ada programs that implement the above mentioned concurrent problems. 3.2.1. Dekker's Algorithm procedure DEKKER is FAVOREDPROCESS : INTEGER; Pl WANTSTOENTER, P2WANTSTOENTER : BOOLEAN; procedure TWOYROC (PlWANTSTOENTER, P2WANTSTOENTER : in out BOOLEAN; FAVORED PROCESS : in out INTEGER) is task Pl; task body Pl is begin loop Pl WANTSTOENTER :=TRUE; while P2WANTSTOENTER loop if FAVOREDPROCESS = 2 then Pl W ANTSTOENTER := FALSE; while FAVOREDPROCESS = 2 loop null; busy waiting end loop; PlWANTSTOENTER :=TRUE; end if; -- you can enter critical region for Pl from here FAVOREDPROCESS := 2; PlWANTSTOENTER :=FALSE; -- you may put other s tuff here end loop; end loop; endPl; task P2; task body P2 is begin P2WANTSTOENTER :=TRUE; while Pl WANTS TO ENTER loop - 13 - ifF A VORED PROCESS = 1 then P2WANTSTOENTER := FALSE; while FAVORED PROCESS = 1 loop null; busy waiting end loop; P2WANTSTOENTER :=TRUE; end if; -- you may enter critical region for P2 form here FAVOREDPROCESS := 1; P2WANTSTOENTER :=FALSE; --you may put other stuff here end loop; end loop; endP2; begin null; -- main program for TWO_pROC end TWO_pROC; begin P1 W ANTSTOENTER := FALSE; P2WANTSTOENTER :=FALSE; FAVORED PROCESS := 1; TWO_pROC (P1wantstoenter, P2wantstoenter, favoredprocess) ; end DEKKER; 3.2.2. Semaphore (Binary) The following are two approaches of Binary Semaphore . The first one is described in [10] and the second one exactly follows the original definition of sem aphore. 3.2.2.1. procedure BINARY ,SEMAPHORE is ta.sk SEMAPHORE is entry P; entryV; end SEMAPHORE; ta.sk body SEMAPHORE is begin loop accept P; only after P has been called that V accept V; can be accepted and vice versa end loop; end SEMAPHORE; task Pl; task body P 1 is begin loop - 14- -- you may put the remainde r of the program one here SEMAPHORE.P; -- call the P entry -- now you can go ahe ad to access the critical region SEMAPHORE.V; -- call the V entry end loop; end Pl; task P2; task body P2 is begin loop -- you may put the remainder of the program one here SEMAPHORE.P; -- call the Pen try -- now you can go ahead to access the critical region SEMAPHORE.V; -- call the V entry end loop; end P2; begin -- main program for BINARY_8EMAPHORE null; end BINARY_8EMAPHORE; 3.2.2.2. According to the definition, semaphore is a protected variable whose value can be accessed and altered by operations P and V and initial operation. So, we declare semaphore as private type and only those subroutines inside this package can access its value package BIN_8EMAPHORE is type SEMAPHORE is private; procedure P (S: in out SEMAPHORE); procedure V (S: in out SEMAPHORE); procedure INITIAL_8EMAPHORE(S: in out SEMAPHORE; VALUE : in INTEGER); private type SEMAPHORE is record VAL : INTEGER; end record; end; package body BIN.SEMAPH ORE is NO_ WAITING :INTEGER := 0; - 15 - -- Il:um her of processes that have been suspended task CONTROL is entry SUSPEND ; entry W AKE_UP; end; task body CONTROL is begin loop accept WAKE_UP do accept SUSPEND; end; end loop; end CONTROL; procedure P (S : in out SEMAPHORE) is begin if S.VAL > 0 then S.VAL := S.VAL - 1; else NO_ WAITING := NO_WAITING + 1; CONTROL.SUSPEND; -- suspend the process end if; endP; procedure V (S : in out SEMAPHORE) is begin if NO_ WAITING > 0 then CONTROL.WAKE_UP; -- wakeup one of the suspended processes NO_WAITING := NO_WAITING- 1; else S.VAL := S.VAL + 1; end if; end V; procedure INITIAL.SEMAPHORE (S: in out SEMAPHORE; VALUE : in INTEGER) is begin S.V AL :=VALUE; end INITIAL_sEMAPH ORE; end BIN_sEMAPH ORE; - 16 - with BIN_sEMAPHORE; use BIN_sEMAPHORE; procedure SEMAPH ORE_EXAMPLE is S: SEMAPHORE; procedure TWOYROC is task PROCESSONE; task body PROCESSONE is begin loop -- put some stuff here P(S); -- now you are inside the critical region one V(S); -- put some other stuff here end loop; end PROCESSONE; task PROCESSTWO; task body PROCESSTWO is begin loop -- put some stuff here P(S); -- now you are inside the critical region two V(S); end loop; end PROCESSTWO; begin null; -- main program for two_proc end TWOYROC; begin -- main program for semaphore example INITIAL_sEMAPHORE(S, 1); TWOYROC; -- now, two processes are executing concurrently - 17 - end SEMAPH ORE_EXAMPLE; 3.2.3. Binary Semaphore Using Monitor Concept In the following example we describe the implementation of a binary semaphore by a monitor written in Ada. generic package GENERIC_MONITOR is task type COND PTR is entry WAIT; entry SIGNAL; end COND PTR; type CONDITION is access COND PTR; -- This condition type of variab le provides a queue for wait entry, also for the signal entry. end GENERIC_MONITOR; package body GENERIC_MONITOR is task body COND PTR is begin loop accept SIGNAL do accept WAIT; end; end loop; end CONDPTR; end GENERIC_MONITOR; with GENERIC_MONITOR; procedure SEMAPHORE_USE_MONITOR is This package(monitor) performs information hiding. Procedures calling the monitor have no idea of, nor access to, data inside the monitor. package MONITOR is procedure P; procedure V; end MONITOR; package body MONITOR is - 18- package TEMP is new GENERIC_MONITOR; use TEMP; NOT_BUSY : CONDITION; BUSY: BOOLEAN := FALSE; procedure P is begin if BUSY then NOT_BUSY.WAIT; -- wait entry provides a queue for the -- procedures waiting to be accepted end if; BUSY :=TRUE; endP; procedure V is begin BUSY := FALSE; NOT_BUSY.SIGNAL; -- wake up the procedure at the first -- on the queue of wait entry endV; end MONITOR; use MONITOR; procedure TWOYROC is task P1 ; task body P1 is begin loop P; -- you can enter the critical region 1 now V ; -- you may put the rest of the stuff here end loop; endP1; task P2; task body P2 is begin loop P; -- you can enter the critical region 2 now V; -- you may put the rest of the stuff here end loop; end P2 ; - 1 g - begin -- main program of two_proc null; now Pl and P2 are executing concurrently end TWOYROC; begin -- main program of SEMAPHORE_USE_MONITOR TWO_?ROC; end SEMAPHORE_USE_MONITOR; 3.3. Real-Time Interrupt Handling Efficient interrupt handling is critical in real-time environments. Interrupts are used to control the transfer of data to and from external devices, which often generate interrupts at high frequencies. If the interrupt is not handled quickly, external data can be lost or overall efficiency of the system can be severely degraded . Real-time performance requirements are determined by the minimum time between arrival of interrupts and the maximum time that can elapse while an interrupt is pending before data are lost or a hardware time-out occurs. When an interrupt occurs, a processor must begin executing code in another environment. Context switching is machine dependent, and in most modern computers it is supported by special privileged instructions. Interrupt handling takes at least two context switches, one from the program currently running to the interrupt handler and one at the completion of the interrupt handler. However, neither of these need to be full context switches, nor do interrupts need to be disabled for long. 3.3.1. Language Mechanisms for Interrupt Handlers in Ada Most real-time software for embedded systems use interrupt handlers to control and communicate with external devices . Interrupt handlers are usually responsible for initializing devices, initiating physical I/0 operations and responding to both anticipated and unanticipated interrupts. Ideally, interrupts would arrive only as a direct consequence of a previously issued software command. However, in practice, interrupts can arrive unexpectedly or fail to arrive when expected. Interrupt handlers have traditionally been written in assembly language because few high-level languages provide support for interrupts and because interrupt handlers must often meet severe real-time constraints [15] . Mechanisms for implementing interrupt handlers provided by systems programming languages such as Concurrent Pascal and Modubv-2 are usually not optimized for real-time applications. Since Ada was intended for embedded applications, interrupt-handling mechanisms were integrated into Ada. The Ada Language Reference Manual (LRM) [18] briefly describes interrupt handlers and their semantics (in sec. 13.7) . The following example from the LRM illustrates the specification of an interrupt handler: t.a.sk INTERRUPT_HAND LER is entry DONE; for DONE use at 16#40#; end INTERRUPT_HANDLER; - 20- The task specification n, or interface, de fines each externally visible task operation , referred to as an entry. The semantics of an interrupt is defined in terms of the rendezvous which was dis- [ cussed in previous sections. Each Ada process, or task, declares a list of entry procedures that can be called by other tasks. A rendezvous occurs between a calling task and the serving task when the caller is waiting to execute an entry call, and the server is waiting to accept the en try call. Each task specification must have a corresponding body that contains the executable code of the task. The following is a more realistic example of an interrupt handler for a printer device [ which illustrates some of the hardware and software run-time support actions that must be considered when programming interrupt handlers. task PRINTER_8ERVER is entry OUTPUT__LINE (ST : in STRING); entry IO_INTERRUPT; for IO_INrERRUPT use at 16#1234#; end PRINTER_8ERVER; task body PRINTER_8ERVER is HARDWAREYORT : CHARACTER; for HARDWAREYORT use at 16#1234#; begin loop accept OUTPUT__LINE (ST : in STRING) do for INDEX in ST'RANGE loop HARDWAREYORT := ST(INDEX); accept IO_INTERRUPT; end loop end OUTPUT__LINE; HARDWAREYORT := ASCII.CR; accept IO_INTERRUPT do HARDWAREYORT := ASCII.LF; end IO_lNTERRUPT; accept IO_INTERRUPT; end loop; end PRINTER_8ERVER; The above example illustrates how it is possible in Ada to serve the same interrupt entry point with different accept bodies. 3.3.2. Interrupt Handling Model in Ada Hardware interrupts generated by a device or its controller are usually described informally by means of flowcharts and timing diagrams, in contrast to software whose behaviour is defined by a program . A uniform description of both the hardware and software makes it possible to define a model for a general-purpose , interrupt-handling mechanism [17]. The complete chain of control from the hardware to the server can be modeled by three Ada tasks , where the first two are asynchronous tasks external to the server. The first task - 21 - represents a hardware device, which is a producer of interrupts and a producer or consumer of data. The second task represents the hardware /software interface , and performs interrupt enabling , disabling and context switching outside the normal Ada rendezvous mechanisms. The task specifications are as follows: HARDWARE_DATA : DEVICE_DEPENDENT; task ASYNCHRONOUS_HARDWARE; task INTERFACE is entry D ISPA TCHJNTERRUPT; end INTERFACE; task SERVER is entry OUTPUT_LINE (ST: in STRING) ; entry IOJNTERRUPT; for IOJNTERRUPT use at 16#1234#; end SERVER; The advantage of adopting an Ada model for devices and their run-time support is that the semantics of interrupt handling can be defined entirely in Ada. This model can be used conveniently to illustrate some of the problems an effective implementation must be able to handle : 1. hardware that generates interrupts at power-up and in error situations where there is no Ada program or handler ready to serve interrupts 2. hardware that generates spurious interrupts when the interrupt handlers are not ready to serve interrupts 3. hardware that requires immediate action on the interrupt to prevent the loss of data 4. a hardware interrupt that demands a specific program action to mask it out so that it is not constantly pending. 3.3.2.1. The Hardware/Software Interface The interface is modeled by a task representing the connection between the hardware and server tasks that are running concurrently on two conceptually different processors with a need to communicate. The hardware task has no knowledge of the state of the software and can try to interact with it at unexpected times. Some hardware tasks must be serviced immediately, even if the server is not ready, and can therefore generate unexpected interrupts (and race conditions in the server) when interrupt handlers are too slow to handle successive interrupts. A model for robust and usable interrupt support environment must provide services for situations in which either software or hardware is malfunctioning. This kind of failure handling can be represented by the following body of the interface task . task body INTERFACE is begin loop - 22- accept DISPATCHJNTERRUPT do select-- conditional en try call SERVER.IOJNTERRUPT; else FAIL URE_8ERVER.SERVER_NOT_READ Y; end select; end DISPATCHJNTERRUPT; end loop; end INTERFACE; 3.3.2.2. The Hardware Task The Ada hardware task example below models many of the problems caused by actual hardware . In the ex ample , the server and interface tasks communicate with the hardware task v1a a global HARDWARE_DATA variable, which includes the fields INTERRUPT_ENABLED , STARTJO and IO_DA TA. task body ASYNCHRONOUS_HARD WARE is -- lo cal declarations procedure GENERATEJNTERRUPT(TIMEOUT NATURAL) is begin PENDING JNTERR UPT: for I in O . TIMEOUT loop if HARDWARE_DATA.INTERRUPT_ENABLED then select -- conditional en try call INTERF A CE.D ISPA TCHJNTERRUPT; ifDATA_UNSTABLE then HARDWARE_DATA.IO_DATA := IND ETERMINANT; end if; exit PENDINGJNTERRUPT; else if DATA_UNSTABLE then HARDWARE_DATA.IO_DATA end if; end select; end if; end loop PENDINGJNTERRUPT; end GENERA TEJNTERRUPT; begin loop IND ETERMINANT; SERVICEJNTERVAL := SERVICEJNTERV AL + 1; if SERVICEJNTERVAL > SERVICE_TIMEOUT then GENERATEJNTERRUPT (INTERRUPT_TIMEOUT) ; SERVICEJNTERVAL := 0; end if; if HARDWARE_DATA.STARTJO then - 23- for I in O . DO_IO_TIME loop null; end loop; HARD WARE.J) ATA.IO_DA TA :=VALID _DATA; GENERA TE_INTERRUPT ( IO_D ONE_TIMEOUT); end if; end loop; end ASYNCHRONOUS.JIARD WARE; The hardware and interface model is sufficiently general to cover a wide range of hardware devices and enables a specification of requirements for designing a system hardware support package. Without such a formal definition, it is difficult to verify the correctness of the interrupt run-time support package. In addition, the model permits a software task to simulate a hardware device and test the interrupt run-time support package. 3.4. Conclusion The traditional approach to implementing interrupt handlers using assembly language le ads to systems that are difficult to develop, maintain or adapt to new hardware and software requirements. By providing a high-level interface, Ada simplifies the design and maintenance of interrupt handlers . And Ada defines the semantics of tasking mechanism, making it possible to construct asynchronous and synchronous programming models. Ada not only provides a powerful tool from software resuability point of view but also provides a powerful tools for concurrent programming. It really is "; The Language for the 1980s ";(May be 1990s). References [1] P.Wegner ";Capital-Intensive Software Technology,"; IEEE Software, Vol. 1, No.3, July, 1984, p. 3-45. [2] R. S. Pressman, Software Engineering, McGRAW-HILL, Inc. 1987, p. 5-8. [3] T . C. Jones , ";Reusability In Programming: A Survey of the State of the Art,"; IEEE Trans. Software Eng., Vol. SE-10, No.5, sept. 1984, p. 488-497. [ 4] G. Jones, ";Software Reusability: Approaches and Issues,"; Pro c. of IEEE computer Software f3 Applications Gonf., Nov. 1984, p. 476-477 . [ 5] M. D . Lubars, ";Code Reusability in the Large vs . in the Small,"; AG!vf SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol. 11, No.1, Jan. 1986, p. 21-27. [6] G . Booch, Software Engineering With Ada, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1987, p. 334-354. [7] G. Booch, "; Object-Oriented Development,"; IEEE Trans. software Eng., Vol. SE-12, No. 2, Feb. 1986, p. 211-221. [8] G . R. Andrews, ";The Design of a Message Switching System : An Application and Evaluation of Modula,"; IEEE Trans. Software Eng., Vol. SE-5, No.2, Mar. 1979, p. 138- 147. [9] J. G . P. Barnes, Programming in Ada, Addison-Wesley, 1984. - 24- [10] M. Ben-Ari, Principles of Concurrent Programming, Prentice-Hall International, 1983. [11] G. Booch , Software Engineering with Ada, Benhamin/Cummings, 1983. [ 12] H. M. D eitel, An Introduction to Operating System, Addison-Wesley, 1983. r [13] J. Peterson and A. Silberschatz, Operating System Concepts, Addison-Wesley, 1983 . [ 14] M. M. Tanik, ";A Comparative Study of Synchronization Models Exploitable for Real [ Time Software Development Environment Design and Testing", SMU Technical Report 87-CSE-1, 1987. M. M. Tanik, ";Message Based Kernel in Communications", AACI Tech . Report, 1984. ( [ 16] ";Analyzing Ada Concurrent Programming", ACM Ada LETTERS, March-April, 1987. [ 17] J. B. Rasmussen and B. Appelbe, ";Real-time Interrupt Handling in Ada", Software Practice and Experience, Vol. 17, No. 3, Mar. 1987, p.197-213. [18] United States Department of Defense, Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language, ANSI/MIL-STD 1815A, Feb. 1983.

ILLUSTRIERTE GESCHICHTE DES WELTKRIEGES 1914/15. SIEBENTER BAND. Illustrierte Geschichte des Weltkrieges (-) Illustrierte Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15. Siebenter Band. (Siebenter Band) ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Abb.]: Französische Maschinengewehrabteilung wird von einer deutschen Patrouille beschlichen. ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Kriegskalender zur Original-Einbanddecke der Illustrierten Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Siebenter Band enthaltend die Ereignisse vom 1. Juli bis 31. Dezember 1917. ( - ) Juli. ( - ) August. ( - ) September. ( - ) Oktober. ([I]) November. ([I]) Dezember. ([II]) Inhaltsverzeichnis. ([III]) Kunstbeilagen. (IV) Karten. (IV) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 151 (Heft 151) ([1]) [Abb.]: Aus der Schlacht bei Arras. Reserven werden in Kraftwagen an die Front gebracht. Rechts im Vordergrund gefangene Engländer. ([1]) [Abb.]: Der Marktplatz von Douai, auf das die Granaten weittragender englischer Geschütze fielen. Im Hintergrund das schöne Rathaus. (2) [3 Abb.]: Zu den schweren Niederlagen der Engländer vor Arras. (1)Bei Arras gefangene Engländer. (2)Englischer Verwundeter erhält die erste Zigarette aus deutscher Hand. (3)Gefangene Engländer werden auf der Bahn verladen. (3) [Abb.]: Die Wiedereroberung des Dorfes Fresnoy durch bayrische Truppen am 8. Mai 1917. ([4 - 5]) [Abb.]: Oberstleutnant Schwerck, Kommandeur des 4. Niederschlesischen Infanterieregiments Nr. 51, hat das Eichenlaub zum Orden Pourle Mérite erhalten. (6) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (7) Großbritannien und Österreich-Ungarn. (7) [Karte]: Vogelschaukarte vom Chemin des Dames nördlich der Aisne. (7) [Abb.]: Der Kronprinz des Deutschen Reiches und von Preußen mit seinem Generalstabschef Oberst Graf von der Schulenburg. (8) [Abb.]: Aus den Kämpfen um Fort Brimont im Norden von Reims. ([9]) Die Schlacht bei Arras. (10) [Abb.]: Französische Fliegerbombe (Blindgänger) mit dem Zünder in der Erde steckend. (10) [Abb.]: Eine englische Neutralitätsverletzung. Übersicht über den durch englische Fliegerbomben am 30. April 1917 zerstörten Teil der holländischen Stadt Zierikzee auf der Scheldeinsel Schouwen. Durch die Explosion der Bomben büßten auch drei Holländer das Leben ein. (11) [Abb.]: Eine deutsche Matrosenabteilung an der flandrischen Küste in der Gegend von Westende. (12) Fliegerkämpfe vor der Themsemündung. (12) [Abb.]: Die deutsche Kolonie von Westende-Dorf, vor der sich deutsche Laufgräben hinziehen. (12) [Abb.]: Vorstoß deutscher Flieger gegen die Themsemündung, bei dem drei Gegner zum Absturz gebracht wurden. Ein deutsches Seekampfflugzeug übernimmt zwei deutsche Flieger. ([13]) Fliegers Werdegang. (14) [2 Abb.]: In einer deutschen Fliegerschule. (1)Verteilung der Flugzeuge auf dem Flugplatz durch den Startoffizier. (2)Studium der Karte vor dem Fluge. (14) [2 Abb.]: In einer deutschen Fliegerschule. (1)Einfüllen von Benzin in den Flugapparat. (2)Unterricht im Aufnehmen von Funkentelegrammen. (15) [Abb.]: Bosnische Soldaten der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee auf der Rast. (16) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 152 (Heft 152) ([17]) [Abb.]: Kaiser und König Karl verfolgt mit seinem Stab die schweren Kämpfe der zehnten Isonzoschlacht. ([17]) [Abb.]: Gasalarm bei der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee an der Isonzofront. Durch hartes Schlagen an eine hängende Eisenschiene wird den in den Unterständen befindlichen Truppen ein Zeichen gegeben, daß Gasgefahr vorhanden ist und jeder Soldat eine Gasmaske anzulegen hat. (18) [Karte]: Karte zur zehnten Isonzoschlacht. (18) [Abb.]: Der Monte Santo mit dem berühmten Kloster, das vom italienischen Feuer völlig zerstört wurde. (19) [Abb.]: Wiener Landsturmtruppen säubern in kühnem Nachtangriff eine tagsüber verlorene Stellung im Raume des Monte San Gabriele vom Feinde. ([20 - 21]) [Abb.]: Durch Torpedotreffer beschädigtes Fahrzeug der österreichisch-ungarischen Kriegsmarine im Trockendock. (22) [2 Abb.]: (1)Linienschiffskapitän v. Horthy auf dem österreichisch-ungarischen Rapidkreuzer "Novara". (2)Torpedoboote der österreichisch-ungarischen Kriegsmarine, im Vordergrund S.M.S. "Balaton". (23) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (24) Die Reichsbank im Kriege. (24) [Abb.]: Mit Kriegsmaterial für die Front beladene türkische Kamele in Mazedonien. (24) [Abb.]: Vormarsch deutscher Truppen an die Palästinenserfront. ( - ) [Abb.]: Italienische Gefangene geraten mit ihrer österreichisch-ungarischen Bedeckungsmannschaft in italienisches Artilleriefeuer. ([25]) [4 Abb.]: (1)Skobelew, russischer Sozialist und Stellvertreter Tscheidses im Vorsitz des Arbeiter- und Soldatenrates, wurde Arbeitsminister. (2)Dr. Georg Plechanow, der aus der Verbannun heimgekehrte russische Sozialist u. Anhänger der Verbandspolitik, wurde Minister der Verpflegung. (3)Michael Iwanowitsch Tereschtschenko, ein guter Kenner deutscher Verhältnisse, wurde russischer Minister des Auswärtigen. (4)Eine Sitzung des russischen Arbeiter- und Soldatenrates in der Duma in St. Petersburg. (26) [6 Abb.]: Zum Vormarsch der deutschen, österreichisch-ungarischen und türkischen Truppen in der Wüste am Suezkanal. (1)Oberst Kreß v. Kressenstein begibt sich mit seinem Stabe zur Front bei El Arisch. (2)Deutsche und türkische Reitertruppen auf dem Vormarsch zur Front. Im Hintergrunde El Arisch. (3)Die Zugbüffel werden von deutschen Soldaten in die Fluten des Mittelmeeres getrieben. (4)Ein kühles Bad für die Reitkamele der Truppen in den Fluten des Mittelmeeres. (5)Vorrücken der von Büffeln gezogenen österreichisch-ungarischen Gebirgshaubitzen in der Wüste. (6)Beförderung von Kriegsmaterial in der Wüste durch sogenannte Dekorialwagen. ([27]) Seegefecht an der kurländischen Küste. (28 - 29) [Abb.]: Beschießung russischer Seestreitkräfte durch deutsche Torpedoboote an der kurländischen Küste. (28 - 29) Kriegsgräber im Operationsgebiet. (30) [Abb.]: Wirklicher Geheimer Rat Dr. Havenstein, Leiter der Reichsbank. (30) [2 Abb.]: (1)Letzte Fahrt auf der Lafette. (2)Deutscher Ehrenfriedhof an der Westfront. ([31]) Die neue Währung in Polen. (32) [2 Abb.]: (1)Polnischer Zehnmarkschein, Vorderseite. (2)Polnischer Zehnmarkschein, Rückseite. (32) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 153 (Heft 153) ([33]) [Abb.]: Abtransport gefangener Engländer durch eine der in Trümmer liegenden Ortschaften des Kampfgebietes vor Arras. ([33]) [Abb.]: Katakomben in Nordfrankreich, die, zwanzig Meter unter der Erde, den deutschen Soldaten einen guten natürlichen Schutz gegen feindliche Feuerwirkung gewähren. (34) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die französische Schützengrabenmaschine beim selbsttätigen Ausheben eines Grabens. (2)Das neue französische 24-cm-Geschütz, das auf Schienen fortbewegt wird. (3)Seitenansicht der französischen Schützengrabenmaschine. (35) [Abb.]: Bei Arras. Gegenstoß deutscher Sturmtruppen gegen die Engländer und deren Tanks, die im deutschen Artilleriefeuer vernichtet werden. ([36 - 37]) [Karte]: Vogelschaukarte zu den Kämpfen in der Champagne, die sich besonders im Gebiet Nauroy-Moronvilliers entwickelten. (38) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (39) Linienschiffskapitän Horthy de Nagybanya. (39) [Abb.]: Der Klostergarten von Messines. (39) [2 Abb.]: (1)Korvettenkapitän Strasser, unter dessen Führung ein duetsches Marineluftschiffgeschwader in der Nacht vom 23. zum 24. Mai 1917 die befestigten Plätze Südenglands: London, Cheerness, Harwich und Norwich mit Erfolg angegriffen hat. (2)Prinz Heinrich von Preußen verabschiedet sich von der Mannschaft eines deutschen U-Bootes vor der Ausfahrt. Das Kaiserhoch. (40) Die Reichsbank im Kriege. (40) [Abb.]: Der deutsche Fliegerangriff auf die Seefestung Dover am 25. Mai 1917. ( - ) [Abb.]: Deutsches U-Boot versenkt einen feindlichen Segler. ([41]) [2 Abb.]: Bei einer Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanonen-) Abteilung.(1)Fliegerabwehrkanone auf einem Kraftwagen in Feuerstellung. Neben dem Kraftwagen Mannschaften, die die Geschosse mit dem Stellschlüssel stellen. Links ein Entfernungsmesser. (2)Scheinwerfer bei einer Fliegerabwehrkanonen-Abteilung. (42) Deutsche Flieger und Fliegerabwehr. (43) [2 Abb.]: Bei einer Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanonen-) Abteilung. (1)Entfernungsmesser einer Fliegerabwehrkanonen-Abteilung. (2)Horchapparat mit dem die Annäherungsrichtung feindlicher Flugzeuge festgestellt wird. (43) [Abb. ]: Anlage einer Flieger-Abwehrkanonenbatterie (Flakbatterie) zum Schutze des Heimat- und Industriegebiets. Abwehrgeschütze in Tätigkeit bei der Abwehr eines feindlichen Fliegerangriffs auf ein deutsches Hüttenwerk. (44 - 45) Der Krieg in Ostafrika im Februar und März 1917. (44 - 45) [3 Abb.]: (1)Vormarsch der Südafrikaner am Kilimandscharo. (2)Kigale, der Sitz des Residenten von Ruanda. (3)Besichtigung der britischen berittenen ostafrikanischen Schützen. (44 - 45) Die Schlacht im Karst. (46) [2 Abb.]: (1)Marschübung der 4. Kompanie der deutsch-ostafrikanischen Schutztruppe in der Militärstation Kilimatinde. (2)Eine Gruppe der Nagoge-Hilfskrieger der deutsch-ostafrikanischen Schutztruppe, genannt Ruga-ruga. (47) [Abb.]: Ausblick von Gradiskutta nach Süden gegen das Karstgebirge. (48) [Abb.]: Sturm schlesischer Grenadiere gegen die feindliche Mitte der Cernabogenstellung. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 154 (Heft 154) ([49]) [Abb.]: Italienischer Ansturm auf österreichisch-ungarische Stellungen am Isonzo. Der Telephonist gibt die Verständigung zum Gegenstoß. ([49]) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarische Steinbatterie am Ortler. (50) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarisches Geschütz an der Front in Tirol. Im Hintergrund Drei-Schusterspitze und Drei-Zinnen. (51) [Abb.]: Exzellenz Feldmarschalleutnant v. Fabini, der heldenmütige Verteidiger eines Abschnittes an der Isonzofront, und sein Generalstabschef Oberst v. Lerch. (52) [Abb.]: Aus der zehnten Isonzoschlacht. Tiefgegliederte Angriffsmassen der Italiener brechen, von der durch kein Artilleriefeuer zu erschütternden österreichisch-ungarischen Infanterie empfangen, im Geschütz- und Maschinengewehrfeuer der k.u.k. Truppen zusammen. ([53]) [Abb.]: An der Ostfront gefangene Russen mit Stahlhelmen im Sammellager. (54) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (54) Charakterköpfe der Weltkriegsbühne. (54) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russische Friedenssehnsucht. Dieses Tuch mit Inschrift wurde von deutschen Soldaten im vordersten Drahtverhau hängend gefunden. Auf dem Schild unten steht die deutsche Übersetzung. (2)Aus dem Überschwemmungsgebiet der Aa bei Mitau. Auf der Landstraße Riga-Mitau. (55) [Abb.]: Seeflugzeug der österreichisch-ungarischen Kriegsmarine über Cetinje. (56) Deutsche Lokomotivführer und feindliche Flieger. (57) [Abb.]: Bulgarische Infanterie mit deutschen Maschinengewehren weist feindliche Angriffe im zerklüfteten Gelände beim Doiransee zurück. (57) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bulgarischer Posten an der rumänischen Grenze. (2)Türkische Artillerie auf dem Vormarsch in die Serethstellungen. (58) Admiral Souchon. (59) [Abb.]: Exzellenz Souchon-Pascha, der Chef der türkischen Flotte, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (59) General der Infanterie v. Strantz, Oberst v. Berendt und Oberstleutnant Sick, drei neue Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (60) [3 Abb.]: (1)General der Infanterie v. Strantz, im Frieden kommandierender General des V. Armeekorps, wurde in Genehmigung seines Abschiedsgesuches unter Belassung in dem Verhältnis als Chef des dritten niederschlesischen Infanterieregiments Nr. 50 zur Disposition gestellt. Als Oberbefehlshaber einer Armeeabteilung erhielt er 1915 den Orden Pour le Mérite. (2)Oberst v. Berendt, Kommandeur des Fußartillerieregiments Nr. 1, wurde durch Verleihung des Ordens Pour le Mérite ausgezeichnet. (3)Oberstleutnant Sick, Kommandeur des Schleswig-Holsteinischen Infanterieregiments Nr. 163 in Neumünster, erhielt in Anerkennung seiner Verdienste in der Arrasschlacht den Orden Pour le Mérite. (60) Die schweizerische Armee im Winter. (61) [3 Abb.]: Von der kriegsbereiten schweizerischen Armee. (1)Schneeschuhpatrouille. (2)Truppen mit dem neuen Stahlhelm. (3)Sprung eines Soldaten mit Schneeschuhen. (61) [2 Karten]: (1)Das Verhältnis der Volksmenge der Verbandstaaten zu der der Mittelmächte. (2)Die von den Mittelmächten eroberten Gebiete. (62) Der Weltkrieg gegen die Mittelmächte. (63) [Karte]: Die Welt im Kampf gegen die Mittelmächte. (63) [Abb.]: Jahreserzeugung des Verbands 38,8 Millionen Tonnen Roheisen, des Vierbunds 19,8 Millionen Tonnen Roheisen. (63) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Förderung der Verbandsländer an Kohlen beträgt jährlich 717 700 000 Metertonnen. Das ist das 310fache des Inhalts der Cheopos-Pyramide, des größten Bauwerkes der Erde. Die Jahresförderung der Vierbundsmächte beläuft sich auf nur 324 700 000 Metertonnen. (2)Der Außenhandel der Mittelmächte und der ihrer Feinde. (64) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 155 (Heft 155) ([65]) [Karte]: Das Gelände am Wytschaetebogen aus der Vogelschau. ([65]) [Abb.]: Oberst Frhr. Martin v. Oldershausen, Chef des Generalstabs eines Generaloberkommandos der Westfront, wurde mit dem Orden Pour le Mérite ausgezeichnet. (66) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die deutsche Marine in Flandern: Eine Kleinbahn befördert Marinetruppen an die Front. (2)Schützengraben und Brustwehr der äußersten deutschen Seestellung in Flandern. (67) [Abb.]: Wirksamer Gegenstoß der Garde und der Bayern bis zum Ostrand von Messines. ([68 - 69]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Korvettenkapitän Viktor Schütze, Führer des deutschen Luftschiffgeschwaders, das in der Nacht vom 16. zum 17. Juni 1917 wichtige Festungen Südenglands mit beobachtetem guten Erfolg angriff. Auf der Rückfahrt wurde das von ihm geleitete Luftschiff L 48 von einem feindlichen Flieger abgeschossen. Korvettenkapitän Schütze wurde nebst zwei Mann der Besatzung von den Engländern gerettet und gefangen. (2)Ein deutsches Wasserflugzeug übernimmt auf hoher See von einem deutschen U-Boot erbeutete wichtige Papiere. (70) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (71) Das Kampfgebiet in Flandern. (71) [Abb.]: Deutsches U-Boot greift eine bewaffnete feindliche Bark an. (71) [2 Abb.]: (1)Englands Menschenhandel mit Portugal. (2)Vorbeimarsch einzelner Abteilungen der tapferen Champagnekämpfer vor Kronprinz Friedrich Wilhelm. (72) [Abb.]: Die wichtigsten Kriegsorden und -ehrenzeichen Deutschlands, Österreich-Ungarns, Bulgariens und der Türkei in 2/5 der natürlichen Größe. Tafel II. ( - ) [Abb.]: Ein niederschlesisches Infanterieregiment stürmt bei Braye am 3. Juni 1917 einen französischen Graben von 250 Meter Länge. ([73]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Generalmajor Franklin Bell, Führer der nach Frankreich entsandten amerikanischen Truppen. (2)General Pershing, dessen Befehl die amerikanischen Expeditionstruppen unterstellt sind. (3) Kanadische Indianer als Vorkämpfer für Englands Kulturmission. (74) Die Kriegsorden und -ehrenzeichen Deutschlands, Österreich-Ungarns, Bulgariens und der Türkei. (75) [Abb.]: Wünheim mit Blick auf den Hartmannsweilerkopf. (75) [Abb.]: Der große Belchen. (76 - 77) Im Oberelsaß. (76 - 77) Tolmein. (78) [Abb.]: Angreifende österreichisch-ungarische Sturmtruppe in der Furt eines Sees an der Isonzofront. (78) [Abb.]: Sturmangriff österrichisch-ungarischer Truppen auf eine italienische Stellung an der Isonzofront. (79) Amerikanische U-Bootjäger und ihre Taktik. (79) [Abb.]: Amerikanisches Patrouillenboot. (80) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 156 (Heft 156) ([81]) [Abb.]: Vormarsch auf einer Bergstraße im feindlichen Feuer ([81]) [Karte]: Karte zu den Kämpfen in Südtirol. (82) [2 Abb.]: (1)Dr. Artur Hoffmann, bisheriger schweizerischer Bundesrat und Leiter der auswärtigen Politik. (2)Gustav Ador, Mitglied des schweizerischen Nationalrats und Nachfolger Dr. Artur Hoffmanns. (83) [Abb.]: Bepacktes Maultier der schweizerischen Armee. (84) [Abb.]: Ein italienisches Marieneflugzeug wird bei Arco am Gardasee im Luftkampf zum Absturz gebracht. (85) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (86) Englische Kavallerie im türkischen Maschinengewehrfeuer bei Gaza. (86) Österreichisch-ungarische Donaumonitormannschaften besetzen die Insel Dinu. (86) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarisches Geschütz wird auf dem östlichen Kriegschauplatz eine Anhöhe hinaufgezogen. (86) [Abb.]: Beim Lesen der neuesten Kriegsberichte. (87) Der Kampf um die Mennejean-Höhle. (87) [Abb.]: Im Wardatale bei Köprülü. (88) [Abb.]: Englische Kamelreiter und Kavallerie im türkischen Maschinengewehrfeuer bei Gaza. Im Hintergrunde die Stadt mit der Warte, dem Grabmal des heiligen Muntar. ( - ) [Abb.]: Mannschaften österreichisch-ungarischer Donaumonitore besetzen die rumänische Insel Dinu. ([89]) Verkehrsverhältnisse im Orient. (90) [Abb.]: Von der deutschen Schutztruppe gefangene portugiesische Soldaten, die sich im Verein mit den Engländern am Kampfe gegen Deutsch-Südwestafrika beteiligten. (90) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine Kamelreiterabteilung der deutsch-südwestafrikanischen Schutztruppe. (2)Nach der Besetzung von Windhuk, der Hauptstadt Deutsch-Südwestafrikas, durch die Engländer. (91) [Abb.]: Die Verteidigung der Mennejean-Höhle am Chemin des Dames. (92 - 93) [Abb.]: Das Lager einer deutschen Kraftfahrerabteilung im Taurus. (94) Das Kampfgebiet in Flandern. (94) [4 Abb.]: (1)Lebensmittelkolonne bei Basra. (2)Kameltreiber mit ihren Tieren in Aleppo. (3)Flußverkehr auf dem Tigris. (4)Erproben eines Schnellfeuer-Bordgeschützes im Etappendepot Navajeh. (95) [3 Abb.]: Aus flandrischen Orten in der Gegend des Wytschaetebogens. (1)Oberes Bild: Blick auf den Marktplatz von Kortrynk. (2)Mittleres Bild: Ansicht aus Comines. (3)Unteres Bild: Der deutsche Heldenfriedhof von Wervicq. (96) [Abb.]: Abschießung französischer Fesselballone durch deutsche Flieger. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 157 (Heft 157) ([97]) [Abb.]: Englische Reiter bei Messines. ([97]) [Abb.]: Prinz Heinrich von Preußen auf einem in den Heimathafen wieder einlaufenden deutschen U-Boote. (98) [2 Abb.]: (1)Begegnung zweier deutscher U-Boote auf hoher See. Sie haben sich zwecks Übernahme von Materialien längseits gelegt. (2)Übernahme von Torpedogeschossen an Bord eines deutschen U-Bootes auf See. (99) [Abb.]: Deutsche Flieger greifen ein feindliches Munitionslager und eine Fabrik im Westen erfolgreich mit Bomben an, wobei eine Munitionskolonne auseinandergesprengt wird. ([100 - 101]) [Abb.]: Zwei gefangene Engländer tragen einen verwundeten Kameraden hinter die deutsche Kampflinie. (102) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (103) Die Minenschlacht bei Wytschaete. (103) [Abb.]: Von den Zerstörungen der Engländer auf französischem Gebiet: Blick auf das unter schwerem englischem Feuer liegende Lens. (103) [Abb.]: Blick über St. Mihiel auf das französische Fort des Paroches. (104) [Abb.]: Sturmkolonnen weißer und farbiger Engländer im Flankenfeuer deutscher Flachbahngeschütze im Wytschaetebogen. ([105]) [Abb.]: Oberst Friedrich v. Loßberg, Chef des Generalstabes einer Armee im Westen, erhielt den Pour le Mérite. (106) Die Kriegslasten nach dem Friedenschluß. (106) [Abb.]: Nahkampf deutscher Stoßtruppen mit feindlicher Grabenbesatzung an den französischen Drahtverhauen der Höhe 304 vor Verdun. (107) [Abb.]: Eines der neuen amerikanischen Panzerautomobile, die ähnlich den vielgenannten englischen Tanks imstande sein sollen, Gräben und Granatlöcher zu überfahren und sich durch jedes Gelände hindurchzuarbeiten. (108) Eroberung einer rumänischen Batterie durch deutsche Reiter bei Rimnic-Sarat. (108) [Abb.]: Eine deutsche Reiterabteilung erobert eine rumänische Batterie an den Berghängen oberhalb Rimnic-Sarat. ([109]) Englands Kampf mit der Türkei um Arabien und Mesopotamien. (110) [2 Abb.]: Eine türkische Truppenschau in Damaskus. (1)Türkische Militärkapelle auf dem Paradefeld. (2)Türkische Militärkapelle an der Spitze von nach dem Paradefeld ziehenden Truppen. (110) [2 Abb.]: Eine türkische Truppenschau in Damaskus. (1)Türkische Kavallerieabteilung auf dem Wege zur Truppenschau. (2) Türkische Infanterie auf dem Wege zum Paradefeld. (111) [Abb.]: Beförderung einer Meldung nach der vordersten Linie durch einen französischen Kriegshund, an dessen Hals ein Zettel mit der Nachricht befestigt ist. (112) [Abb.]: Aus dem Guerillakrieg im Kaukasus: Kurden überfallen einen russischen Transportzug. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 158 (Heft 158) ([113]) [Abb.]: Grabenstellung an einem Flusse in Rumänien, an dessen anderem Ufer der Gegner liegt. ([113]) [Karte]: Karte zu der russischen Offensive im Juli 1917. (114) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch-ungarischer Soldat beim Legen von Kabeln in die Drahtverhaue der galizischen Front. (2)Österreichisch-ungarische Hochspannungsmaschinen, die die Elektrizität zu den Drahthindernissen der vordersten Lienien liefern. (115) [Abb.]: Angriff der Russen an der galizischen Front. (116 - 117) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (116 - 117) Charakterköpfe der Weltkriegsbühne. (116 - 117) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarische Fernsprecherabteilung beim Telephondrahtlegen auf dem Vormarsch durch russische Dörfer. (118) Brzezany. (118) [3 Abb.]: Aus Brzezany. (1)Oberes Bild: Blick auf Brzezany vom Bernhardinerkloster aus. (2)Mittleres Bild: Grabkapelle des Fürsten Sieniawski in Brzezany. (3)Unteres Bild: Der Hof des alten Schlosses von Brzezany. (119) Die Zerstörung der Funkenstation auf der russischen Insel Runö durch deutsche Wasserflugzeuge. (120) Waffenstillstand und Friedensverhandlungen. (120) [Abb.]: Deutsche Wasserflugzeuge landen am 15. Juni 1917 auf der russischen Insel Runö zur Vernichtung der Funkenstation. ([121]) [Abb.]: Kabelbau im Krngebiet. (122) Die Schlacht in Ostgalizien. 1. Vorbereitungen, Führung, Frontverlauf, Anfangserfolge. (123) [Abb.]: Gesamtansicht des italienischen Panzerwerkes Punta-Cerbin im Südtiroler Grenzgebiet. (123) [Abb.]: Aus den Kämpfen im Gebiet des Suganer Tales: Gefangennahme italienischer Truppen. ([124 - 125]) [Abb.]: Kampfflieger Leutnant d.R. Heinrich Gontermann, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite, der bis zum 1. Juli 1917 22 feindliche Flugzeuge zum Absturz gebracht hat. (126) [3 Abb.]: In einer deutschen Flak-Scheinwerferschule. (1)Flak-Scheinwerfer mit 2 Meter Durchmesser und 6000 Meter Leuchtweite. (2)Flak-Scheinwerfer beleuchtet ein Erdziel. (3)Vereinigung der Lichtkegel zweier Flak-Scheinwerfer auf ein Luftziel, wodurch sich Entfernung und Höhe feststellen läßt. (127) [Abb.]: Riesensonnenuhr in Russisch-Polen. (128) Scheinwerfer zur Flugzeugabwehr. (128) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 159 (Heft 159) ([129]) [Abb.]: Der neue Reichskanzler Dr. Georg Michaelis. ([129]) [Abb.]: Deutscher Sturmtrupp im Westen vor dem Sturm. (130) [2 Abb.]: (1)Einbringen gefangener Franzosen in die Zitadelle von Laon. (2)Gefangene Franzosen werden hinter die Kampflinie gebracht. (131) [Abb.]: Deutsche Marineinfanterie wirft nach Erstürmung der Verteidigungsanlagen bei Lombartzyde die Engländer über die Yser zurück. ([132 - 133]) [Karte]: Zum Sturmangriff bei Lombartzyde. (134) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (134) Die erfolgreichen Durchbruchskämpfe der deutschen Schutztruppenkolonne des Generalleutnants Wahle in Ostafrika im Oktober und November 1916. (134) [Abb.]: Besetzung eines riesigen Minentrichters unmittelbar nach der Sprengung durch deutsche Truppen. ([135]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberleutnant z.S. Heino Adolf v. Heimburg, unter dessen Führung ein deutsches U-Boot im Mittelmeer an der Küste von Tunis ein im Geleit eines Zerstörers fahrendes großes französisches Unterseeboot vernichtete, v. Heimburg hat damit das dritte feindliche U-Boot versenkt. (2)Hauptmann Kleine, unter dessen Führung ein Geschwader deutscher Großflugzeuge am Vormittage des 7. Julis 1917 die befestigte Stadt London und den befestigten Hafen Margate ausgiebig und mit deutlich beobachtetem gutem Erfolg mit Bomben belegte. (136) [Abb.]: Zu dem großen deutschen Fliegerangriff am 7. Juli 1917 auf die Festung London. ([137]) [Abb.]: Generalleutnant Kurt Wahle, einer der erfolgreichsten Truppenführer in Deutsch-Ostafrika gegen feindliche Übermacht. Er ging im Juni 1914 zu einem Besuch in die Kolonie und wurde dort vom Kriege überrascht. (138) Die Schlacht in Ostgalizien. 2. Um Brzezany. (138) [3 Abb.]: (1)Haus des Residenten in Bukoba. (2)Eitega, die neue Residentur von Urundi. (3)Wohnung des Residenten von Ruanda. (139) [2 Karten]: (1)Kartenskizze 1 zu dem Artikel "Die Schlacht in Ostgalizien".(2)Kartenskizze 2 zu dem Artikel "Die Schlacht in Ostgalizien". (140) [Abb.]: Einnahme eines rumänischen Dorfes durch ein ungarisches Honvedregiment. ([141]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kohleneinnahme eines deutschen Kriegschiffes: Die Kohlen werden mittels eines Krans zu den Schiffen befördert. (2)Kohleneinnahme eines deutschen Kriegschiffes: Überblick über den Kohlenlagerplatz im Hafen. (142) Kampf um ein rumänisches Dorf. (143) Vizeadmiral Konrad v. Henkel-Gebhardi, Oberwerftdirektor der Kaiserlichen Werft in Kiel. (143) [Abb.]: Vizeadmiral Konrad v. Henkel-Gebhardi, Oberwerftdirektor der Kaiserlichen Werft in Kiel, erhielt vom Deutschen Kaiser die Schwerter zum Roten Adlerorden 2. Klasse mit Eichenlaub und den Stern mit Schwertern zu dieser Auszeichnung. (143) Das Wrack der "Emden". (144) [Abb.]: Das Wrack des bei den Kokosinseln im Kampfe mit seinen Verfolgern gestrandeten deutschen Kreuzers "Emden". (144) [Abb.]: Torpedobootangriff bei schwerem Wetter. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 160 (Heft 160) ([145]) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarische Stellungen auf der Mogilahöhe bei Zborow, die, heldenhaft verteidigt, in den Julikämpfen 1917 infolge der erdrückenden feindlichen Übermacht an die Russen verloren gingen. ([145]) [Karte]: Kartenskizze zu den Kämpfen in Ostgalizien. (146) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (147) Die Schlacht in Ostgalizien. 3. Zwischen Bystrzyca und Lomnica. (147) [Abb.]: An einem Seeufer der russischen Front. (147) [Abb.]: Angriff von Honvedhusaren auf russische Dragoner in Galizien. (148 - 149) [Karte]: Kartenskizze zu den Kämpfen im Raume Halicz-Stanislau. (150) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarisches Infanteriegeschütz. (151) Kriegsbriefmarken. (151) Der Krieg in Ostafrika im April und Mai 1917. (152) [Abb.]: Beförderung eines italienischen Alpini am Drahtseil. (152) [Abb.]: Schwieriger Transport eines österreichisch-ungarischen Geschützes zur Gipfelstellung auf dem Ortler. ([153]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Serbischer Schützengraben in Mazedonien. (2)Schweres englisches Geschütz in den Straßen Salonikis wird mittels Lokomotive befördert. (154) [Abb.]: Türkische Kavallerie auf dem Durchmarsch durch Ziliahowo an der Salonikifront. (155) Luftgeschwaderangriff auf den Hafen von Culina am Schwarzen Meer. (155) [2 Abb.]: Deutsches Soldatenleben in Palästina. (1)Ein deutscher Soldat vor seinem Zelt. (2)Bereit zum Aufbruch in die Wüste. (156) Walther Rathenau und seine Tätigkeit in der Kriegsrohstoffabteilung. (156) [Abb.]: Ein Geschwader deutscher Marineflugzeuge, darunter eines mit bulgarischer Besatzung, belegt den rumänischen Hafen Culina im Donaudelta am Schwarzen Meer mit Bomben. ([157]) [Abb.]: Dr. Walther Rathenau. (158) Deutschlands Retter. (158) [3 Abb.]: Um Englands Seegeltung zu vernichten, hat Deutschland nach englischer Behauptung drei Hauptklassen von U-Booten ausgebildet, die die englische Zeitschrift "The Graphic" ihren Lesern durch drei Skizzen veranschaulicht, die unter Verdeutschung der englischen Bezeichnungen oben wiedergegeben werden. (1)Kleines deutsches Minenleger-U-Boot, in seiner Einrichtung ähnlich dem russischen "Krab", dem ersten modernen U-Minenleger. (2)Für die Hochsee bestimmtes deutsches U-Boot der U-30-Klasse, die sich am besten bewährt haben und im Handelskrieg die weiteste Verbreitung finden soll. (3)Deutsches U-Frachtboot, das angeblich als bewegliches Vorratslager für Öl und sonstigen Bedarf für Kampf-U-Boote dient. ([159]) Ein mutiger Handstreich. (160) [Abb.]: Ein mutiger Handstreich. (160) [Abb.]: Deutsches U-Boot, zwischen den Klippen einer schottischen Insel auf Beute lauernd. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 161 (Heft 161) ([161]) [Abb.]: Englische Neutralitätsverletzung gegen Holland: Überfall deutscher Frachtdampfer durch englische Kriegschiffe im holländischen Hoheitsgebiet. ([161]) [9 Abb.]: Erfolgreiche deutsche U-Bootführer. (1)Kapitänleutnant Waßner. (2)Kapitänleutnant Max Viebeg. (3)Kapitänleutnant v. Bothmer. (4)Kapitänleutnant Otto Wünsche. (5)Kapitänleutnant Hans Adam. (6)Kapitänleutnant Wilhelms. (7)Oberleutnant z.S. Ernst Voigt. (8)Oberleutnant z.S. W. Fürbringer. (9)Oberleutnant z.S. Hans Howaldt. (162) [Abb.]: Straßenverkehr in einem Etappenort hinter der Front im Westen im französischen Kampfabschnitt. (163) [3 Abb.]: (1)Oberes Bild: Laden eines deutschen Minenwerfers an der Westfront. (2)Mittleres Bild: Ein kleiner deutscher Minenwerfer an der Westfront. (3)Unteres Bild: In Körben verwahrte, 1 1/4 Meter lange Minenwerfergeschosse, die von Schützengraben zu Schützengraben geschleudert werden. (164) [Abb.]: Marschierende französische Infanterie- und Wagenabteilungen werden unter Vernichtungsfeuer genommen. ([165]) [Abb.]: Bergung eines abgestürzten feindlichen Fliegers durch ein deutsches Wasserflugzeug. (166) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (167) Die Notwendigkeit der Wiedererlangung und Erweiterung unseres Kolonialbesitzes. (167) [Abb.]: Der bewaffnete englische Dampfer "Dalton" wird westlich vom Kap Matapan, der südlichsten Spitze des griechischen Festlandes, von einem österreichisch-ungarischen U-Boot versenkt. (167) [Abb.]: Eine niedergegangene feindliche Fliegerbombe. (168) Feldbefestigungsbaukunst. (168) [Abb.]: Deutscher Luftangriff auf Harwich am 22. Juli 1917. (169) [Abb.]: Bombensicherer Tunnellaufgraben von einem Kilometer Länge, der bis zu den vordersten Schützengräben führt. (170) [2 Abb.]: (1)Unterstand aus Wellblech. (2)Bombensichere österreichisch-ungarische Telephonzellen an der Front. (171) Der deutsche Hilfskreuzer "Seeadler" bringt die französische Bark "Cambronne" auf. (171) Der Beobachtungsflieger. (171) [Abb.]: Der deutsche Hilfskreuzer "Seeadler" (Kommandant Graf Luckner) kapert im Südatlantik die französische Bark "Cambronne". ([172 - 173]) [Abb.]: Vor dem Abflug des Beobachtungsflugzeuges. (174) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Fort der Festung Kowno mit den Einschlägen der Geschosse aus schweren deutschen Geschützen. Man erkennt deutlich den hellen aufgeworfenen Erdrand um die Granattrichter herum. (2)Fliegeraufnahme des Hafens und der Werft von Calais. (175) Unterbringung französischer Zivilbevölkerung in einer Kirche im Westen. (175) [Abb.]: Von den Kämpfern der Kronprinzenarmee in der Champagne erbeutete Fahne der Senegalneger. (176) [Abb.]: Unterbringung französischer Zivilbevölkerung wegen Wohnungsmangels in der Kirche einer hinter der Front im deutschen Etappengebiet gelegenen Ortschaft. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17.Heft 162 (Heft 162) ([177]) [10 Abb.]: Die neuen Männer in den deutschen Reichsämtern. (1)Botschafter Dr. Richard v. Kühlmann, Staatssekretär des Auswärtigen. (2)Bürgermeister Dr. Rudolf Schwander, Unterstaatssekretär, Leiter des Reichswirtschaftsamts. (3)Staatssekretär Dr. Karl Helfferich, Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers. (4)Geh. Justizrat Dr. Paul v. Krause, Staatssekretär des Reichsjustizamts. (5)Oberbürgermeister Max Wallraf, Unterstaatssekretär im Reichsamt des Innern. (6)Landrat Hans Joachim v. Graevenitz, Unterstaatssekretär in der Reichskanzlei. (7)Oberpräsident Wilhelm v. Waldow, Leiter des Kriegsernährungsamts. (8)Kgl. Bayr. Ministerialdirektor und Staatsrat Friedrich Edler v. Braun, Unterstaatssekretär im Kriegsernährungsamt. (9)Dr. August Müller, Unterstaatssekretär im Kriegsernährungsamt. (10)Eisenbahndirektionspräsident Otto Rüdlin, Staatssekretär des Reichspostamts. ([177]) [Abb.]: Ballonaufnahme aus dem flandrischen Kriegsgebiet. (178) [Abb.]: Durch Granattreffer hervorgerufene Explosion eines großen Hauses in einer von den Engländern besetzten Ortschaft. (179) [Abb.]: Aus den Durchbruchskämpfen in Ostgalizien im Juli 1917. Ein mit Geschützen, Munition und Lebensmitteln beladener russischer Eisenbahnzug, der nach Osten zu entkommen suchte, wird nachts bei Denysow von deutschen Jägern und Ulanen überfallen und zur Umkehr gezwungen. Die auf dem Bilde sichtbaren Gefallenen zeugen von dem erbitterten Kampf am Tag zuvor. ([180 - 181]) [Abb.]: Das brennende Dorf Koniuchy: im Hintergrunde die früheren, hartnäckig verteidigten österreichisch-ungarischen Stellungen, die bei der russischen Offensive im Juli 1917 zunächst verloren gingen. (182) [Abb.]: K.u.k. Major Novotny mit den tapferen Truppen, die den ersten Stoß der Russen bei Koniuchy aufhielten. (183) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (184) Schleichpatrouille. (184) [Abb.]: Den weichenden Russen nachsetzende kroatische Abteilungen dringen bei Nacht über die Pruthbrücke in Czernowitz ein. (184) [Abb.]: Bei Warneton an der Lys vorgehende deutsche Truppen. ( - ) [3 Abb.]: (1)Im eroberten Tempel. Die durch die Russen bei ihrem Abzug verwüstete Perlstraße. (2)General der Infanterie Kornilow, Oberbefehlshaber der russischen Südwestarmee, wurde an Stelle des zurückgetretenen Generals Brussilow zum Oberbefehlshaber über die russische Armee ernannt. (3)Der Einmarsch einer siegreichen österreichisch-ungarischen Truppenabteilung in das befreite Tarnopol. (185) [Abb.]: General v. Seekt, Chef des Generalstabs des Kommandos der Heeresfront Erzherzog Joseph. (186) [6 Abb.]: Vom Durchbruch in Ostgalizien im Juli 1917. (1)Von deutschen Truppen in Kozowa erbeutete Minen englischen Ursprungs. (2)Durch Treffer deutscher Artillerie zur Explosion gebrachter russischer Munitionszug in Kozowa. (3)Schwer beschädigte russische Kraftwagen vor Tarnopol. (4)Zerschossenes russisches Panzerautomobil auf der Straße nach Tarnopol. (5)An der Zlota-Gora-Höhe gefangene Russen werden auf einem Verbandplatz untersucht und verbunden. (6)Ein von den Deutschen an der Straße nach Tarnopol erbeuteter russischer Mörser. ([187]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Munitionsfabrik der Skodawerke in Pilsen-Bolevec. (2)Riesenmaschinen für die Kriegsindustrie in den Skodawerken: 200-Tonnen-Presse in der Kanonenfabrik. (188) [Abb.]: Kleine Montierungshalle der Skodawerke. ([189]) Die Skodawerke in Pilsen. (190) [Abb.]: Mechanische Werkstätte der Skodawerke. (190) [Abb.]: Kanonendreherei der Skodawerke. (191) Ein französisches Fliegerbild als Beweis gegen französische Meldungen. (191) [Abb.]: Die Kathedrale von Reims aus der Vogelschau. (192) [Gedicht]: Die Mutter. (192) [Abb.]: Auf Schleichpatrouille. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 163 (Heft 163) ([193]) [Abb.]: Sperrfeuer auf deutschen Gräben in einer Waldstellung im Westen. ([193]) [Abb.]: Einschlagende 38-cm-Granate, durch deren Luftdruck die in der Nähe stehenden Häuser niedergerissen werden. (194) [2 Abb.]: (1)eine Gruppe von "Kulturträgern" der Westmächte aus aller Herren Ländern. Gefangene aus den Kämpfen in der Champagne. (2) Deutsche Tonnenbarrikade an der Aisne. (195) [Abb.]: Gegenstoß deutscher Sturmtruppen im flandrischen Trichtergelände. ([196 - 197]) [Abb.]: Aus dem Überschwemmungsgebiet in Flandern. (198) Illustrierte Kriegsgeschichte. (199) Versöhnungsfriede. (199) [Abb.]: Die vollkommen zerschossene Stadt Loos, zwei Kilometer hinter der feindlichen Front, aus 2000 Metern Höhe von einem deutschen Flieger aufgenommen. (199) [Abb.]: Besuch des Generalfeldmarschalls v. Hindenburg bei dem General der Artillerie v. Gallwig, dem als Anerkennung für die siegrieche Abwehr der feindlichen Angriffe im Westen das Großkreuz des Roten Adlerordens mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern verliehen wurde. (200) [Abb.]: Württembergische Artillerie bei der Windmühle von Warneton. ([201]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberleutnant Ritter v. Tutschek, erfolgreicher deutscher Kampfflieger, erhielt den Orden Pour le Mérite. (2)Marsch amerikanischer Truppen durch die Straßen von Paris. (202) Die Befreiung Ostgaliziens und der Bukowina. (202) 1. Der deutsche Durchbruch. Von Zborow bis nach Tarnopol. (202) [3 Abb.]: Zum feindlichen Fliegerangriff auf die offene Stadt Trier. (1)Die zerstörte Kapelle des Franziskanerklosters. (2)Der zerstörte Dachstuhl des Franziskanerklosters. (3)Ein zerstörtes Haus mit zwei aus den Trümmern geborgenen Kindern. (203) 2. Bis an den Zbrucz und bis nach Czernowitz. (204 - 205) Finnische Bauern im Kampf mit russischen Soldaten. (204 - 205) [Abb.]: Finnische Bauern im Kampfe mit plündernden russischen Soldaten. (204 - 205) Der Krieg in Ostafrika im Juni und Juli 1917. (206) [Abb.]: Der Grenzfluß Rowuma im Süden von Deutsch-Ostafrika, der Schauplatz kleiner Gefechte mit den Portugiesen. (206) [2 Abb.]: (1)Heliographenabteilung der deutschen Schutztruppe in Daresalam. (2)eine militärische Beobachtungstation auf freiem Felde in Deutsch-Ostafrika. (207) Die Kriegsbeschädigtenfürsorge in den Lazaretten. (208) [Abb.]: Aus einem deutschen Lazarett bei Sedan. Hüftwiege zur Stärkung verheilter Muskelpartien. (208) die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 164 (Heft 164) ([209]) [Abb.]: Kaiser Karl nimmt im befreiten Czernowitz auf dem Rathausplatz Nachrichten vom Kriegschauplatz entgegen. ([209]) [Abb.]: K.u.k. Generaloberst Baron v. Rohr, dessen Truppen sich der Oitospaß-Straße bis Grozesci bemächtigten, so daß den Rumänen ebenso wie ihre rückwärtigen Verbindungen nach Osten auch die nach Norden verlegt wurden. (210) [2 Abb.]: (1)Beim Durchbruch in Ostgalizien gefangene Russen werden in einer Reservestellung gesammelt. (2)Deutsche Truppen auf dem weiteren Vormarsch hinter Tarnopol. (211) [Abb.]: Die Wiedereinnahme von Czernowitz am 3. August 1917. ([212 - 213]) [Abb.]: Französisches Gebirgsgeschütz und Maschinengewehr in Stellung in einer Athen beherrschenden Bresche der Pelasgischen Mauer. Im Hintergrund die Höhe von Lycabette. (214) [Abb.]: Französisches Feldgeschütz auf dem Musenhügel von Athen, nahe dem Grabmal des Philoppapos. Im Mittelgrund die Akropolis. (215) [2 Abb.]: (1)Blick auf das Sumpfgelände der Donau an der beßarabischen Front in Rumänien. (2)Stellung im Sumpfgelände der beßarabischen Front. (216) [Abb.]: Kosakenhorden bei der Plünderung einer Branntweinbrennerei in Radautz in der Bukowina. ( - ) [Abb.]: Rumänische Flüchtlinge. ([217]) [Abb.]: Kriegerischer Beduinenstamm am völlig versandeten Tigrisufer bei Assur, der Residenz des alten assyrischen Weltreiches, im mesopotamischen Wüstengelände. (218) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (218) Bomben auf Southend. (218) [Abb.]: Arabische Stadtmauern in Mosul, nördlich von Bagdad, im mesopotamischen Wüstengelände. (219) Die Befreiung Ostgaliziens und der Bukowina. (220) [3 Abb.]: (1)Flugzeugführer Oberleutnant Falke. (2)Flugzeugbeobachter Oberleutnant Felmy. (3)K.u.k. Kampfflieger Hauptmann Heyrowsky, der nach dem österreichisch-ungarischen Heeresbericht an einem Tag zwei italienische Flieger abschoß. (220) [Abb.]: Russische Truppen verweigern ihren Offizieren den Gehorsam und verlassen ihre Gräben. ([221]) [Abb.]: Exzellenz v. Litzmann überschreitet die neugeschlagene Brücke über den Dnjestr. (222) [2 Abb.]: (1)Von den Russen auf ihrem Rückzug gesprengte Brücke von Zaleszczyki. (2)Eine der beiden von den Russen zerstörten Dnjestr-Brücken von Czernowitz. (223) Der Meldehund. (223) [3 Abb.]: Deutsche Meldehunde. (1)Oberes Bild: Meldehündin "Lucie" mit ihrem Führer. Sie hat durch Zurückbringen wichtiger Meldungen über Sperrfeuerverlegungen an der Westfront bereits ungemein wichtige Dienste geleistet. (2)Mittleres Bild: Einem aus der Vorpostenstellung zurückgekommenen Meldehunde wird die Meldung abgenommen. (3)Unteres Bild: Der Meldehund als Kabelträger. Der Draht wird an dem Hund befestigt, so daß das Kabel abrollt. (224) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 165 (Heft 165) ([225]) [Abb.]: Granattrichterfeld an der Front in Flandern. Die Granatlöcher füllen sich sofort mit Grund- und Regenwasser und verschlammen. ([225]) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte zur Schlacht in Flandern. (226) [Abb.]: Bahnhof von Langemark. (226) [Abb.]: Munitionsübernahme aus einem Eisenbahnzug zur Beförderung nach der Front zwischen Lens und Arras. (227) [Abb.]: Nach Vergasung der deutschen Linien durch die Franzosen brechen diese mit vorgebundenen Gasmasken aus ihren eigenen Gräben zum Sturm vor. ([228 - 229]) [Abb.]: Gewehrgranate, fertig zum Abschießen. Das Gewehr liegt auf einem Ständer, der beliebig eingestellt werden kann. (230) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte zu den Kämpfen bei Verdun im Sommer und Herbst 1917. (230) [Abb.]: Französische Befestigungswerke vor Verdun. (231) [Abb.]: Wie die Franzosen ihre eigenen historischen Kulturdenkmale vernichten: Das Trümmerfeld der durch die französischen Granaten zerstörten Umgebung der Kathedrale in St. Quentin. Der Dachstuhl der Kathedrale ist eingestürzt, das Innere ausgebrannt. (232) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (232) Unsere Schütte-Lanz-Luftschiffe. (232) [Abb.]: Ein Schütte-Lanz-Luftschiff im Fluge über die Alpen. ( - ) [Abb.]: Artilleriegefecht zwischen deutschen Wachfahrzeugen und englischen Seestreitkräften am 16. August 1917 vor Helgoland. ([233]) Die elfte Isonzoschlacht. (234) [Abb.]: Deutsche Truppen verteidigen sich auf einer Bergspitze in den Alpen. (234) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte zur elften Isonzoschlacht. (235) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hauptmann Godwin Brumowsky. (2)Kaiser und König Karl bei den österreichisch-ungarischen Fliegern in Tirol. (236) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarische Kanoniere verteidigen sich und ihre aus den Deckungen nach vorn gerissenen Geschütze gegen anstürmende Italiener. ([237]) Flieger über Rußland. (238) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Festung Iwangorod am 3. August 1915, als sie sich noch in russischem Besitz befand. (2)Dieselbe Festung zwei Tage später. (238) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eisenbahnbrücke bei Kowno. (2)Von den Russen in Brand gesteckte Fabrikanlagen. (239) Die Treffsicherheit beim Bombenabwurf. (239) [3 Abb.]: (1)Fig. I Vorfallstrecken von Abwurfmunition für gebräuchlichste Verhältnisse. (2)Fig. II (3)Fig. III Flugzeug in links- u. rechtsschiefer Lage. (240) [Gedicht]: Nach der Schlacht. (240) [Abb.]: Die "Erlöser". Italienische Flieger bewerfen die offene Stadt Triest mit Bomben. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 166 (Heft 166) ([241]) [Abb.]: Auf der Hochfläche von Vrh vorgedrungene Italiener werden im Kampf Mann gegen Mann von österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen aufgehalten. ([241]) [Abb.]: Waldüberreste und Geschoßkrater auf dem Gipfel des San Marco bei Görz. (242) [Abb.]: Italienische Brückenbauabteilung am Isonzo. (243) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarische Artillerie entzündet ein italienisches Munitionslager am Monte Majo. ([244 - 245]) [Abb.]: Eine Luftverflüssigungsanlage an der Karstfront zur Herstellung aller Arten von Gasen für den Kriegs- und Spitalgebrauch. (246) [Abb.]: Italienischer Pionier in seiner Schutzrüstung beim Durchschneiden eines feindlichen Drahtverhaus. (247) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (248) Mit einem Stiefel. (248) [Abb.]: Russischer Zerstörer, der bei den Angriffen deutscher Flugzeuggeschwader im Gebiet des Rigaischen Meerbusens zum Sinken gebracht wurde. (248) [Abb.]: Am Nordhang des Monte San Gabriele eingedrungene feindliche Abteilungen werden von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen in die Flucht geschlagen. ([249]) [Abb.]: Ungarische Honvedinfanterie wird von der rumänischen Bevölkerung auf dem Marsch ins Gefecht mit Lebensmitteln beschenkt. (250) [2 Abb.]: (1)Im Donauhafen von Giurgiu. Umladen von Weizen aus Eisenbahnwagen in Schleppkähne nach Deutschland. (2)Das von den Russen zerstörte Podhajce: Einwohner vor den Trümmern ihrer Häuser am Markt. (251) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der ehemalige russische Kriegsminister Suchomlinov, dessen Zeugenaussagen in dem großen Unterschlagungsprozeß die aufsehenerregenden Enthüllungen über die Irreführung des Zaren seitens seiner Minister und den dadurch herbeigeführten Ausbruch des Weltkriegs erbrachten. (2)Vormarsch in den Bereczker Karpathen an der rumänischen Grenze. (252) Charakterköpfe der Weltkriegsbühne. 7. Achmed Dschemal Pascha. (252) [Abb.]: Erstürmung des Dorfes Muncelul am 28. August 1917. ([253]) [Abb.]: Exzellenz Dschemal Pascha, türkischer Marineminister u. Oberbefehlshaber der 4. Armee. (254) Die siebente Leipziger Kriegsmesse. (254) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Kamelreiterpatrouille in der Wüste an der Front von Gaza. (2)Eine von den Türken wähend des Krieges erbaute Wüstenbahn mit Etappenstation an der Front von Gaza. Auf dem Hügel im Hintergrund ein deutsch-türkisches Lazarett. (255) [2 Abb.]: (1)Während der siebenten Kriegsmesse in Leipzig: Beim Mittagskonzert auf dem Markte. (2)Während der siebenten Kriegsmesse in Leipzig: Leben und Treiben auf dem Markte. (256) Russen, die im Elsaß waren. (256) [Abb.]: Riga am Tage der Eroberung, 3. September 1917. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 167 (Heft 167) ([257]) [Abb.]: Blick auf das erobert Riga vom Turm der Petrikirche aus. ([257]) [Karte]: Von Riga bis Reval. (258) [6 Abb.]: Führer der deutschen Truppen bei der Eroberung von Riga. (1)General v. Sauberzweig. (2)General der Infanterie v. Kathen. (3)Generalleutnant v. Berrer. (4)General der Infanterie Riemann. (5)General v. Hutier, der Eroberer Rigas. (6)Im eroberten Riga. (259) [Abb.]: Blick auf den Kathedraleplatz in Riga während der Ansprache des Deutschen Kaisers an die siegreichen Truppen. (260) [Abb.]: Der Übergang deutscher Truppen über die Düna beim Dorfe Uxküll am 1. September 1917. ([261]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Truppen überschreiten die von den Russen bei ihrem Abzuge gesprengte Eisenbahnbrücke bei Riga. (262) [3 Abb.]: (1)Im eroberten Dünamünde. Deutsche Infanterie- und Marineposten an der Hafeneinfahrt von Dünamünde. (2)Bei der Verfolgung der Russen von den Deutschen auf der Straße nach Wenden erbeutete russische Minenwerfer. (3)Im eroberten Dünamünde. Eine der von den Deutschen erbeuteten Batterien schwerer Festungsgeschütze. (263) [Abb.]: Ein Tank auf dem Marsche. (264) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (264) Am Rande der Verdunschlacht: August 1917. (264) [9 Abb.]: (1)-(9)Zu den schweren Verlusten der Engländer in Flandern. Truppen von gefangenen englischen Soldaten. ([265]) [Abb.]: General der Infanterie v. Soden. Kommandierender General eines preußischen Reserve-Armeekorps, erhielt den Orden Pour le Mérite. (266) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kampfflieger Leutnant Max Müller, der wegen seiner Kampfleistungen vom Vizefeldwebel zum Offizier befördert wurde, hat anläßlich seines 27. Luftsieges den Orden Pour le Mérite erhalten. (2)Dun, nördlich von Verdun, als Lazarettstadt während der Kämpfe bei Verdun. (267) [Abb.]: Französische Sturmtruppen werden im Hohlweg von Vaux vor Verdun durch das deutsche Sperrfeuer vernichtet. (268 - 269) Im Kanonenlazarett. (268 - 269) [Abb.]: Erbeutete und ausbesserungsbedürftige Geschütze in einer Sammelstelle hinter der deutschen Front. (270) [Abb.]: Im Hofe einer Reparaturwerkstätte für Geschütze hinter der deutschen Front. (271) Die elfte Isonzoschlacht. (271) [Abb.]: Blick vom Monte Santo auf die Conca di Gargaro. (272) [Abb.]: Abweisung italienischer Anstürme auf dem Monte San Gabriele. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 168 (Heft 168) ([273]) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarische Patrouille auf dem Tonalepaß. ([273]) [Abb.]: Wasserversorgung im Karstgebiet durch Wasserkraftwagen, die so nahe wie möglich an die Front fahren. Vom Halteplatz aus erfolgt die Weiterbeförderung durch Tragtiere. (274) [2 Abb.]: (1)Prinz Emanuel, Herzog von Aosta. (2)Das heiß umstrittene Kampfgebiet an der Isonzofront: Der Monte San Gabriele in der Mitte zwischen den Bäumen, rechts von ihm der Monte Santo, links im Hintergrund die steile Wand des Monte Sabotino und vorn links ansteigend der Monte San Daniele. Die Steine im Vordergrund stammen von aufgewühlten Granatlöchern. (275) [Abb.]: Aus der 11. Isonzoschlacht: Österreichisch-ungarische Mannschaftsunterkunftstelle in Tolmein. (276) [Abb.]: Italienische Vorposten werden im Gebiet des Ortlers von einer österreichisch-ungarischen Patrouille überwältigt und gefangen genommen. ([277]) [Abb.]: Einbringen von Motorkampfzeugen im Kriegsgebiet Südalbanien. (278) [Abb.]: (1)Gefangene Serben und farbige Franzosen werden durch Usküb geführt. (2)Deutsche Soldaten durchwaten einen angeschwollenen Gebirgsbach an der albanischen Grenze. (279) [Abb.]: Junger Beduine am Tigrisufer. (280) [3 Abb.]: (1)Ein Beduinenzeltlager am Euphrat. (2)Stadttor in Mosul. (3)Beduinenposten in Assur. ([281]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (282) Am Rande der Verdunschlacht; August 1917. (282) [2 Abb.]: (1)Von den Deutschen erbeuteter russisch-belgischer Panzerwagen. (2)Generalleutnant v. Wenninger, bayrischer Divisionskommandeur, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite und des bayrischen Militär-Max-Joseph-Ordens, mit seinem Stab des 18. Reservekorps in Rumänien, fiel im Alter von 57 Jahren beim Begehen der deutschen Stellungen. (282) [Abb.]: Rumänen werden von einer deutschen Streifpatrouille überrascht. (283) Eine deutsche Stellung im Osten. (284 - 285) [Abb.]: Eine deutsche Stellung im Osten. (284 - 285) Wie Riga deutsch wurde. (286) [Karte]: Kartenskizze zum deutschen Durchbruch an der Dünafront. (286) [8 Abb.]: Zur Einnahme von Riga. (1)Blick auf die von den deutschen Pionieren geschlagene Dünabrücke bei Uxküll. (2)Übergang deutscher Kolonnen über die Düna bei Uxküll. Im Vordergrund verlassene russische Stellungen. (3)Ankunft des Deutschen Kaisers (X) in Riga. Prinz Joachim (XX) von Preußen. (4)Deutsche Truppenabteilungen ziehen nach der Eroberung Rigas in die Stadt ein. (5)Blick auf Riga von der Düna aus. (6)Die Eisenbahn- und die Straßenbahnbrücke von Riga. (7)Parade deutscher Truppen vor dem Oberbefehlshaber v. Hutier auf dem Kathedraleplatz in Riga. (8)Prinz Leopold von Bayern und Oberst Hoffmann vor dem Hotel de Rome beim ersten Einzug in Riga. ([287]) [Abb.]: Im eroberten Riga: Von den Einwohnern Rigas mit Blumen geschmückte deutsche Regimenter am Dünakai auf dem weiteren Vormarsch gen Osten. (288) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 169 (Heft 169) ([289]) [Abb.]: Vorgehen im Schutze von Nebelbomben. ([289]) [Abb.]: Oberleutnant Otto v. Rompf, vom König Ludwig von Bayern wegen hervorragender Tapferkeit vor dem Feinde mit dem bayrischen Militär-Max-Josephs-Orden ausgezeichnet, mit dem der persönliche Adel verbunden ist, fiel an der Spitze seiner Kompanie. (290) [3 Abb.]: Beim Marinekorps in Flandern. (1)Oberes Bild: In Stellung gehende Truppen in den Dünen. (2)Mittleres Bild: Minenwerfer bei der Arbeit in den Dünen. (3)Unteres Bild: Minenwerfertrupp geht in Stellung. (291) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ansicht des Dorfes Braye, bei dem andauernd die heftigsten Kämpfe im Gebiete der Aisne stattfanden. (2)Soldaten einer deutschen Sturmtruppe bringen vor Verdun ein Maschinengewehr in Stellung. (292) [Abb.]: Zufuhr von Kriegsbedarf und Lebensmitteln auf einer Etappenstraße im Westen. ([293]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsches Einsitzer-Jagdflugzeug, von einem deutschen Flieger aufgenommen. (2)Deutscher Aviatik-Doppeldecker (Zweisitzer); rechts neben dem Beobachtersitz das Maschinengewehr. (294) [Abb.]: Kampfflieger Oberleutnant Dostler, Führer einer Jagdstaffel im Westen, erhielt den Orden Pour le Mérite. (295) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (295) Ein Kampftag des "roten Richthofen". (295) [3 Abb.]: Erfolgreiche deutsche U-Bootführer. (1)Kapitänleutnant Marschall. (2)Oberleutnant z.S. Reinhold Salzwedel. (3)Kapitänleutnant Gerlach. (296) Wie Riga deutsch wurde. (296) [Abb.]: Abfeuern eines Schusses von einem deutschen U-Boot, das einen feindlichen Dampfer zum Stoppen bringt. (296) [Abb.]: Deutscher Sturmtrupp überrennt einen französischen Graben. Ein erbeutetes französisches Maschinengewehr wird gegen den zweiten französischen Graben gerichtet. ( - ) [Abb.]: Englische Neutralitätsverletzung gegen Dänemark: Überfall überlegener englischer Seestreitkräfte auf deutsche Wachtschiffe am 1. September 1917. Englische Granaten schlagen auf dänischem Boden ein. ([297]) [Abb.]: Italienische Unterseebootjäger, die bestimmt sind, zur Abwehr des deutschen U-Bootkrieges auf die deutschen und österreichisch-ungarischen Unterseeboote im Adriatischen Meer Jagd zu machen. (298) [4 Abb.]: Amerika im Kriege. (1)Londoner "Ballettratten" als Werber in Amerika. (2)Die amerikanische Auffassung vom Kriege. (3)Ein Indianerhäuptling als Soldatenanwerber. (4)Gepanzerte Soldaten. (299) Die deutschen Internierten in der Schweiz. (300 - 301) [Abb.]: Chemische Werke im Kriege. (300 - 301) [3 Abb.]: (1)Professor Heise aus Bochum bei der deutschen Internierten-Bergschule in Chur. (2)Generalmajor Friedrich. (3)Deutsche Internierte der Landwirtschaftlichen Schule auf Schloß Hard in Ermatingen in der Schweiz bei Erntearbeiten. (302) [3 Abb.]: (1)Schnitzereiwerkstätte der deutschen Internierten in Beckenried. (2)Ein Geschäftszimmer der Bücherzentrale für deutche Kriegsgefangene in Bern. (3)Maschinensaal der deutschen Interniertendruckerei in Bern. (303) [Abb.]: Ehrendenkmünze, die vom preußischen Kriegsministerium an solche Schweizer Persönlichkeiten verliehen wird, die sich um die in der Schweiz internierten Deutschen besonders verdient gemacht haben. (304) [Abb.]: Rückzug der Russen aus Livland. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 170 (Heft 170) ([305]) [Abb.]: Ein deutsches Fluzeuggeschwader belegt russische Seestreitkräfte bei der Insel Ösel mit Bomben. ([305]) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte zum deutschen Vorstoß bei Jakobstadt. (306) [2 Abb.]: (1)Beförderung eines auf dem versumpften Gelände des südöstlichen Kriegschauplatzes eingesunkenen 21-cm-Mörsers. (2)Vorgehende deutsche Truppen in einem galizischen Dorf. (307) [Abb.]: Abweisung rumänischer Angriffe auf den Mt. Casinului. (308) [Abb.]: Unter dem Armeekommando des Grafen Bothmer kämpfende deutsche und österreichisch-ungarische Sturmtruppen und Maschinengewehrabteilungen übersetzen bei der Verfolgung der geschlagenen Russen einen Fluß im Raume Tarnopol-Brzezany. Im Hintergrunde erbeutete russische Panzerkraftwagen und sonstiges Fahrgerät. ([309]) [2 Abb.]: Die Anarchie in Rußland. (1)Wilde Flucht eines russischen Regiments. (2)Ein englischer Offizier versucht auf einer Etappenstraße den russischen Rückzug zum Stehen zu bringen. (310) [Abb.]: (1) Die Anarchie in Rußland. Friedenskundgebung in Moskau. (311) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (311) Die Brieftaube. (311) [Abb.]: K.u.k. Feldmarschalleutnant Baron v. Zeitler. (312) [Abb.]: Straßenkämpfe in Turin anläßlich der Hungersnot in Italien. ([313]) [Abb.]: Die Bainsizza-Hochfläche an der Isonzofront. (314) Die Militärkleinbahnen im Feindesland. (314) [Abb.]: Österreichisch-ungarisches Feldartillerieregiment bezieht eine Stellung im Südtiroler Kampfgebiet. (315) [Abb.]: Bau einer Argonnenbahn. ([316 - 317]) Etwas über die Herstellung von Handgranaten. (318) Der Tag von Jakobstadt. (318) [6 Abb.]: Herstellung von Handgranaten in einer großen deutschen Munitionsfabrik. (1)Das Modellieren der Handgranaten zum Guß. (2)Blick in eine Gießerei für Handgranaten. (3)Die gegossenen Handgranatengehäuse werden der Form entnommen. (4)Die gegossenen Handgranaten werden mittels Luftpumpen vom letzten Staub befreit. (5)Das Putzen und Abwiegen der Handgranaten. (6)Das Ausbohren der Eierhandgranaten. ([319]) [Abb.]: Das bei Gumbinnen in Ostpreußen errichtete Denkmal für die am 20. August 1914 Gefallenen des Infanterieregiments Nr. 61. (320) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 171 (Heft 171) ([321]) [Abb.]: Zum Besuch des deutschen Kaisers in Flandern. Der Kaiser auf dem Wege zur Begrüßung der tapferen Flandernkämpfer. ([321]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutscher Maschinengewehr-Panzerturm in einer zerstörten Ortschaft in Flandern. (2)Deutsche Fliegeraufnahme von den schweren Kämpfen an der flandrischen Front: Die Reste des Dorfes Becelaere. (322) [Abb.]: Deutsche Fliegeraufnahme von den schweren Kämpfen an der flandrischen Front: Trichterfeld und zerschossene Häuser bei Poelcapelle. (323) [Abb.]: Deutsche Feldartillerie, in vorderster Kampflinie. ([324 - 325]) [Abb.]: Völlig zusammengeschossener französischer Panzerkraftwagen in einem deutschen Schützengraben, den er nicht zu überfahren vermochte. (326) [Abb.]: Infanterieflieger unterstützen vorgehende deutsche Sturmtruppen, indem sie in geringer Höhe der Infanterie voranfliegen und mit ihren Maschinengewehren die feindlichen Gräben beschießen. ([327]) [Abb.]: Die Kirche St. Etienne in St. Mihiel (200 Meter von dem Feinde entfernt). (328) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (328) Die Brieftaube. (328) [2 Abb.]: (1)Wie die Engländer ihre belgischen Verbündeten behandeln. Wirkung einer englischen Fliegerbombe an einem von Belgiern bewohnten Hause in der flandrischen Stadt Kortryk. (2)Abtransport vor Verdun gefangener Franzosen über eine von deutschen Pionieren gebaute Maasbrücke. (329) [4 Abb.]: Die Führer des deutschen Luftschiffgeschwaders, das in der Nacht vom 24. zum 25. September 1917 befestigte Plätze der englischen Küste erfolgreich angriff. (1)Kapitänleutnant d.R. Proelß. (2)Kapitänleutnant Ehrlich. (3)Kapitänleutnant Stabbert. (4)Hauptmann Manger. (330) Gefecht im Mitauer Kronforst. (331) [4 Abb.]: (1)Kampfflieger Leutnant Wüsthoff (X) mit einem von ihm abgeschossenen feindlichen Dreidecker. (2)Leutnant d.R. Anslinger, Kampfflieger. (3)Leutnant Tuy, Führer einer Jagdstaffel im Westen. (4)Leutnant Hans Adam, Führer einer Jagdstaffel im Westen. (331) [2 Abb.]: (1)Heimkehrendes deutsches Lazarettschiff. (2)Deutsche Torpedoboothalbflotille im Hafen. (332) Die Zentraleinkaufsgesellschaft m.b.H. in Berlin. (332) [Abb.]: Deutsche Truppen im Gefecht im Mitauer Kronforst. (333) [3 Abb.]: Lagervorräte der Zentral-Einkaufs-Gesellschaft in Hamburg. (1)Kaffeelager. (2)Lager für Grieß, Reis und Graupen. (3)Klippfischlager. (334) Fliegerkampf gegen Fesselballone. (334) [3 Abb.]: Lagervorräte der Zentral-Einkaufs-Gesellschaft in Hamburg. (1)Zuckervorräte. (2)Specklager. (3)Käsevorräte. (335) [Abb.]: Absprung mit dem Fallschirm. (336) [Abb.]: Ausschiffung deutscher Sturmtruppen zur Besetzung der Insel Ösel im Rigaischen Meerbusen. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 172 (Heft 172) ([337]) [Abb.]: Schwierige Auffahrt auf den verwahrlosten Wegen Ostgaliziens. ([337]) [2 Abb.]: Die Einnahme von Jakobstadt. (1)Deutsche Kolonnen überschreiten die versumpften russischen Stellungen vor der Einnahme von Jakobstadt. (2)Gestürmte russische Stellungen vor Jakobstadt. (338) [2 Abb.]: Die Einnahme von Jakobstadt. (1)Russische Bauern flüchten aus dem Feuerbereich von Jakobstadt. (2)Deutsche Patrouille in den Straßen von Jakobstadt am Tage der Einnahme. (339) [Abb.]: Gefangene Rumänen und Russen aus den Kämpfen an der rumänischen Grenze. (340) [Abb.]: Deutsche Truppen erobern eine rumänische Stellung an der Höhe Odobesci im Sturm. (341) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (342) Die Eroberung von Ösel. (342) [Abb.]: Vizeadmiral Erhard Schmidt. Leiter der Unternehmungen der deutschen Marine bei dem Vorgehen in der Bucht von Riga, wurde mit dem Orden Pour le Mérite ausgezeichnet. (342) [8 Abb.]: Die Vorbereitung der deutschen Transportflotte im Heimathafen zur Abfahrt nach dem Rigaischen Meerbusen. (1)Infanterie vor dem Einschiffen am Kai im Heimathafen. (2)Truppen gehen im Heimathafen an Bord eines Transportdampfers. (3)Einschiffen der Truppen in die bereitgestellten Schiffe. (4)Trainkolonne vor ihrer Einschiffung am Kai im Heimathafen. (5)(6)Verladen von Lastkraftwagen. (7)Im Verschiffungshafen. (8)Vor der Ausfahrt der Transportflotte. ([343]) [2 Abb.]: (1)General Luigi Capello, Kommandant der gegen die österreichisch-ungarische Hermadastellung eingesetzten italienischen Truppen. (2)Österreichisch-ungarische (X) und italienische (o) Stellungen bei Görz. (344) [Abb.]: Zerstörung eines italienischen Luftschiffes in der Halle bei Ancona durch Bombenabwurf aus österreichisch-ungarischen Seeflugzeugen am Abend des 27. Septembers 1917. ([345]) [Abb.]: Am Ufer des Tigris. Deutsche Lastkraftwagen bei Mosul auf Flößen, Keleks genant, die aus aufgeblasenen Ziegenhäuten mit darüber gelegten Baumstämmen bestehen. (346) Die Brieftaube. (346) [2 Abb.]: (1)Türkische Kavallerie auf dem Marsche vor Gaza. (2)Bei Gaza gefangene Engländer in Jerusalem. (347) [Abb.]: S.M.S. "Möwe", Kommandant Burggraf und Graf zu Dohna-Schlodien, versenkt die französische Viermastbark "Asnières" mit einer Ladung von 64 381 Sack Weizen für Frankreich. ([348 - 349]) Die "Möwe" versenkt die französische Viermastbark "Asnières". (350) Sterbende Städte. (351) [3 Abb.]: Von den Engländern zerstörte flandrische Stätten. (1)Die Reste der Kirche von Gheluvelt östlich von Ypern; vorn ein deutsches Kriegerdenkmal. (2)Ansicht der von den Engländern häufig beschossenen Stadt Comines. (3)Die traurigen Überreste des einstigen Schlosses von Hollebeke im Ypernbogen. (351) [Abb.]: Zum Besuch des deutschen Kaisers in der bulgarischen Hauptstadt. Der Kaiser im Gespräch mit Offiziersabordnungen am Schloß von Sofia. Hinter ihm König Ferdinand von Bulgarien. (352) [Abb.]: Sturm auf ein Franzosennest an der Westfront. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 173 (Heft 173) ([353]) [Abb.]: Belebte Etappenstraße hinter der englischen Front. Englische Truppen und Fahrzeuge auf einer Straße nach Pilkem in Flandern. ([353]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Sturmtruppen besetzen Granattrichter im Westen. (354) [2 Abb.]: (1)Englische Pioniere bauen Brücken durch eine flandrische Sumpfgegend. (2)Englische Pioniere im Westen beim Bau einer neuen Straße nach der Front. (355) [Abb.]: Ausgebauter deutscher Sprengtrichter, der mit unterirdischen Minenstollen für eine etwa notwendige Sprengung versehen ist, in der La-Folie-Stellung bei Vimy im Norden von Arras. (356) [Abb.]: Volltreffer in einem feindlichen Munitionslager an der Westfront. ([357]) [Abb.]: Zweiundzwanzig in der Champagne gefangene französische Offiziere auf dem Bahnhof in Vouziers. (358) [Abb.]: Der deutsche Späher in der Luft. Die Festung Verdun, in großer Höhe von einem deutschen Beobachtungsflugzeug aus aufgenommen. Man erkennt deutlich Straßenzüge, Häusergruppen, Wasserläufe, Brücken und die Bäume der Parkanlagen. (359) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (360) Die Brieftaube. (360) [Abb.]: Sturm nach einer Handgranatensalve. (360) [Abb.]: Auf einer Straße in der Nähe von Flabas bei Verdun. ([361]) [Abb.]: Ein von deutschen Fliegern und durch Artilleriefeuer vernichteter französischer Munitionszug und ein gesprengtes Munitionslager. (362) [8 Abb.]: Bewährte Führer deutscher Luftschiffgeschwader. (1)Kapitänleutnant Waldemar Kölle. (2)Kapitänleutnant Schwonder. Neue Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (3)Generalleutnant Freiherr Hermann v. Stein. (4)Generalleutnant Otto Rauchenberger. Erfolgreiche deutsche U-Bootkommandanten. (5)Oberleutnant z.S. Korsch. (6)Kapitänleutnant Georg. (7)Kapitänleutnant Rohrbeck. (8)Kapitänleutnant Jeß. (363) Chemische Werkstätten im Kriege. (363) [Abb.]: Vernichtung eines aus dreizehn Schiffen bestehenden englischen Geleitzuges durch zwei deutsche Schiffe nahe den Shetlandinseln. ([364 - 365]) [4 Abb.]: 80 000 Tonnen in 28 Tagen. (1)Vor Perasto an der dalmatinischen Küste. (2)Im Hafen von Spalato an der dalmatinischen Küste. (3)Festmachen nach erfolgreicher Unternehmung längseits des Wohnschiffes. (4)Die Offiziere von U35". Von links nach rechts: Leutnant z.S. de Terra, Kapitänleutnant v. Arnauld, Marine-Ingenieur Göhrs, Oberleutnant z.S. Loyck. (366) Mit Kapitänleutnant v. Arnauld de la Perière auf "U 35" im Mittelmeer. (367) [4 Abb.]: 80 000 Tonnen in 28 Tagen. Mit Kapitänleutnant v. Arnauld de la Perière auf "U 35" im Mittelmeer. (1)Übungen vor dem Auslaufen im Hafen. Nach dem Auftauchen. (2)Versenkung des italienischen Dampfers "Giuseppe Accamo". (3)Versenkung des englischen Schoners "Miß Morris". (4)Die Besatzung des versenkten Dampfers "Parkgate" kommt längseits. (367) Der deutsche Militärkrankenträger. (368) [Abb.]: Eine neue, im deutschen Sanitätswesen benützte Tragbahre, die den Vorzug hat, durch ihr leichtes Gewicht und ihre Kürze auch in den engen Schützen- und Verbindungsgräben gut verwendbar zu sein. (368) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 174 (Heft 174) ([369]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Generalleutnant v. Estorff, der Führer der siegreichen deutschen Truppen, die die Insel Moon im Rigaischen Meerbusen einnahmen. (2)Deutsches Wasserflugzeug überbringt den auf der Insel Ösel gelandeten deutschen Truppen Meldungen. ([369]) [Abb.]: Ein abgeschossenes russisches Flugzeug wird an der Küste Kurlands eingebracht. (370) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ausschiffen von deutschen Truppen vor Ösel. (2)Ausschiffen von Pferden deutscher Landungstruppen vor Ösel. (371) [Abb.]: Italienische Transportkraftwagen werden auf einer Bergstraße an der Isonzofront von einer österreichisch-ungarischen Abteilung überfallen. (372 - 373) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte zur Offensive der Mittelmächte gegen Italien. (374) [3 Abb.]: Helden vom Isonzo. (1)Generalmajor Lequis, Kommandeur der 12. Infanterie-Division, erhielt für besondere Verdienste an der Isonzofront den Orden Pour le Mérite. (2)General der Infanterie Alfr. Kraus, dessen Truppen die erste Bresche in das befestigte Lager von Gemona schlugen und sich durch Handstreich des Panzerwerks auf dem M. Lanza bemächtigten. (3)Leutnant Schnieber, der Führer der Kompanien, die am 25. Oktober 1917 den Monte Matajur erstürmten, erhielt für seine Heldentat den Orden Pour le Mérite. (375) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (375) Die Brieftaube. (375) [2 Abb.]: (1)In dem gestürmten Santa Lucia im Isonzotal. (2)Rastende österreichisch-ungarische Truppen vor Santa Lucia. (375) [Abb.]: Räumung von Vermiglio im Tonalegebiet. (376) [Abb.]: Die zweite italienische Armee, am 24. Oktober 1917 in voller Auflösung auf der ganzen Linie weichend, unter dem Kreuzfeuer österrichisch-ungarischer Artillerie und von Fliegern angegriffen. ( - ) [Abb.]: Wegschaffen von Verwundeten im zerklüfteten Karstgebirge durch eine österreichisch-ungarische Sanitätskolonne mittels Gebirgsponys, Maulesel und Gebirgskarren. ([377]) [Karte]: Vogelschaukarte des Gebietes vom Rombongebirge bis nach Görz. (378) [6 Abb.]: Vom Vormarsch der siegreichen deutschen und österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen im Isonzogebiet. (1)Beschießung und Sturmreifmachen der italienischen Stellungen bei Tolmein. (2)Deutsche Kavallerie auf dem Vormarsch durch Tolmein. (3)Deutsche Radfahrerabteilung am Isonzo vor Tolmein. (4)Im Isonzotal vorgehende deutsche Truppen. (5)Verwundete Italienier werden von ihren gefangenen Kameraden hinter die Front der Verbündeten gebracht. (6)Mit Straßenbauarbeiten beschäftigte Soldaten der verbündeten Truppen im Isonzotal. (379) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Durchbruchsgebiet der deutschen Isonzoarmee zwischen Flitsch und Tolmein. In der Mitte der Monte Matajur, den Leutnant Schnieber vom oberschlesischen Infanterieregiment Nr. 63 mit vier Kompanien am 25. Oktober 1917 stürmte. (2)Der Angriffsraum im Isonzotal und um Tolmein. (380 - 381) Die Eroberung von Ösel. 2. Der Siegeszug durch die Insel. (382) [Abb.]: Zwei deutsche Grüße an England. (382) [2 Abb.]: (1)Französische Brandpfeile, die von Fliegern gegen Fesselballone verwendet werden. (2)Fertigmachen eines deutschen Flugzeuges zu einem Bombenangriff. Einhängen der Bomben in die Abwurfvorrichtung unter dem Rumpf. (383) Die Fliegerwaffen. (384) [Abb.]: Beobachter in einem deutschen Flugzeug mit seinem drehbaren, luftgekühlten Maschinengewehr. (384) [Abb.]: Deutscher Flammenwerfer bei einem Angriff im Westen. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/17. Heft 175 (Heft 175) ([385]) [Abb.]: Exzellenz Dr. Georg Graf v. Hertling, deutscher Reichskanzler. ([385]) [Abb.]: Wohnlich gebaute Unterstände an der flandrischen Küste. (386) [Abb.]: Eine deutsche Matrosenabteilung mit erbeuteten belgischen Hundegespannen, die sich bei der Beförderung von Maschinengewehren und kleinen Munitionswagen bewährt haben. (387) [Abb.]: Ein durch Sprengung eines englischen Grabenstückes entstandener, von den Engländern wieder ausgebauter Minentrichter wird unter deutsches Artilleriefeuer genommen und durch Sturmtruppen angegriffen. ([388 - 389]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Erkundungspatrouille in Granatlöchern vor Soissons. (390) [Abb.]: Blick durch eine deutsche Schießscharte auf Soissons am linken Ufer der Aisne. Rechts der 66 Meter hohe Turm der Kathedrale links die ehemalige Abteikirche St. Leger. (391) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (391) Ein Flug um die Wolken. (391) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Beobachter eines von einem deutschen Flieger angegriffenen englischen Fesselballons rettet sich mittel Fallschirms. Da der Schirm in einer Baumkrone hängen blieb, mußte der Beobachter längere Zeit auf Befreiung warten. (2)Ein ausgehöhlter Baumstamm als Unterkunft für einen englischen Beobachtungsposten im Westen. (392) [Abb.]: Ostfriesische Sturmabteilungen erobern die französischen Stellungen auf der Höhe 326 südwestlich von Beaumont. ([393]) [Abb.]: Schwerer deutscher Mörser wird von Mannschaften durch eine Ortschaft in Stellung gebracht. (394) S.M.S. "Breslau" ("Midilli") und andere türkische Seestreitkräfte landen Truppen auf der Schlangeninsel. (395) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kapitänleutnant d.R. Julius Lauterbach. (2)Maschinengewehrstand in der vordersten deutschen Linie zur Bekämpfung feindlicher, die Front überfliegender Flugzeuge. (395) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Deutsche Kaiser in Begleitung des Sultans Mohammed V. und des türkischen Kriegsministers Enver Pascha begrüßt in Konstantinopel den Scheich ul Islam. (2)Der Deutsche Kaiser an Bord eines Motorkanonenbootes während der Fahrt durch die Dardanellen. (396) Bulgarenwacht an der Ägäis. (396) [Abb.]: S.M.S. "Breslau" ("Midilli") und andere türkische Seestreitkräfte landen am 24. Juni 1917 nach Beschießung der Küste Truppen auf der Schlangeninsel bei der Donaumündung. ([397]) [Abb.]: Blick auf das alte Kastell von Kavalla. Rechts die wohlerhaltene römische Wasserleitung. (398) Ritterlichkeit im Felde jetzt und früher. (398) [Abb.]: Ankunft einer Kamelkolonne vor den Tabaklagerhäusern in Kavalla. (398) [2 Abb.]: (1)Blick auf Kavalla vom alten Kastell aus. Im Vordergrunde bulgarischer Ausguckposten. (2)Türkische Soldaten beim Einkauf in Kavalla. (399) Erfolgreiche deutsche Kampfflieger und die Zahl ihrer Luftsiege bis zum 1. November 1917. (399) Die Eroberung von Ösel. 3. Moon und Dagö. (400) [Abb.]: Erbeutetes russisches Riesengeschütz englischer Herkunft von der Batterie "Zerel" auf der Insel Ösel. (400) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

VIRIBUS VNITIS. DAS BUCH VOM KAISER Viribus Vnitis. Das Buch vom Kaiser ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([V]) Impressum ([VI]) Titelseite ([VII]) [Abb.]: ([VII]) Unter dem höchsten Protectorate ihrer kaiserl. . ([VIII]) [Abb.]: ([VIII]) Inhalt. ([IX]) Mit Bildern u. Zeichnungen von ([X]) Vowort. (XI) Des Kaisers Jugend (XIII) [4 Abb.]: (1)Habsburg. (2)Lothringen. (3)Wappen von Österreich u. der Enns. (4)Wappen von Österreich ob. der Enns. (XIII) [2 Abb.]: (1)Wappen von Salzburg u. Steiermark (2)[Zeitungsausschnitt]: Oesterreichische-kaiserliche privilegirte Wiener Zeitung 189. Donnerstag, den 19. August 1830. (XIV) [Abb.]: Wappen von Kärnten und Krain. (XV) [Abb.]: Wappen von Stadt Triest, Görz und Gradiska. (XVI) [Abb.]: Wappen von Tirol mit Vorarlberg. (XVII) [Abb.]: Wappen v. Böhmen. (XVIII) [Abb.]: Wappen von Mähren und Schlesien. (XIX) [Abb.]: Wappen von Galizien und Bukowina. (XX) [Abb.]: Wappen von Istrien und Dalmatien. (XXI) [Abb.]: Wappen v. Ungarn und Siebenbürgen. (XXII) [Abb.]: Wappen v. Croatien und Slavonien. (XXIII) [Abb.]: Vorstellung des ersten Ministeriums am 2. Dezember 1848. (XXIV) [Gedicht]: Hymne. ([1]) [Abb.]: ([1]) In Wien (3) [Abb.]: Leibbüchenspanner Déjeuner anrichtend. (3) [Abb.]: Leibkammerdiener im Schlafzimmer des Kaisers. * Rudolf Rottner. (4) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser am Arbeitstisch. ([5]) [Abb.]: In der Uniformen-Garderobe. * Leibkammerdiener Eugen Ketterl. (6) [Abb.]: Kaiser und Kaiserin beim Frühstück ihrer Majestät. ([7]) [Abb.]: Gewehrkammer. * Leibkammerdiener Raimund Zrunek. (8) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser fährt aus. ([9]) [Abb.]: Im Bureau des ersten Hofrathes Wetschl. * 1. Regierungsrath Victor Horsetzky Edler von Hornthal; 2. Erster Hofrath Franz Wetschl; 3. Oberbaurath Heinrich Schemfil. (10) [2 Abb.]: (1)In der Hofwäschekammer. * 1. Hofwäschebewahrerin Helene Rudler; 2. Hofwäschebewahrerin Anna Dietrich; 3. Hofwäschebewahrerin Johanna Hofer. (2)Ein Hofwäschewagen. (11) [2 Abb.]: (1)Zimmeraufseher. * Josef Traxler. (2)Holzträger. **Franz Meidl. (12) [Abb.]: Pensionstag im Hofzahlamte. * 1. Pens. Hofcapellendiener Ziehrer; 2. Cassendiener Dorndorfer; 3. Hof-Reisecassier Stöger; 4. Pens. Hoflakai Sukup; 5. Pens. Revierjäger Jelinek; 6. Rehberger, Ordonanz von Schöbrunn. (13) [2 Abb.]: (1)Im Hofweinkeller. *1. Officiendiener Stadler; 2. Officiant Aimoth; 3. Extra - Officiendiener Teufelbauer. (2)Gläserauspackung nach einer Hofreise. **1. Extra-Officiendiener Joh. Beran; 2. Officiant Franz Holzinger; 3. Gehilfe Franz Waismayer; 4. Officiendiener Johann Smikal. (14) [Abb.]: In der Hofküche. *1. Hofkoch Bernardt; 2. Küchenträger Seiser; 3. Bestallungskoch Wscheteczka: 4. Mundkoch Skoda; 5. Hofkoch Münsch; 6. Hofkoch Hampel; 7. Wetty; 8. Rosa Kral. ([15]) [Abb.]: In der Hofzuckerbäckerei. *1. Hofzuckerbäcker Franz Effenberger; 2. Hofzuckerbächer Wilhelm Fürnkranz; 3. Officiendiener Johann Dobery; 4. Officienfrau Helene Petrik. (16) [Abb.]: In der Freudenau: vor der Hofloge. *1. Erzherzog Otto; 2. Erzherzogin-Witwe Stephanie; 3. G. d. C. Graf Paar; 4. Erzherzogin Marie Valerie; 5. Erzherzog Ludwig Victor; 6. Fürst Carl Trautmannsdorff; 7. Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand; 8. Gräfin Thun-Wilczek; 9. Minister d. Aussern Graf Agenor Goluchowski; 10. Oberst Carl Graf Auersperg; 11. Minister-Präsident Graf Franz Thun; 12. Erzherzog Franz Salvator. (17) [Abb.]: Bei Vater Emmerich. *1. Leopoldine Müller; 2. Anton Musch; 3. Hofdiener Franz Zapletal; 4. Emmerich Danyicska. (18) [2 Abb.]: (1)Vor dem Schweizerhofthor. *1.Hofstabs-Adjutant Oberlieutenant Anton Trost; 2. Hofstabs-Feldwebel Weber. (2)Wachzimmer d. Leibgarde - Infanterie. **1. Leopold Drexler; 2. Johann Baumgärtner; 3. Josef Csacska; 4. Wenzel Rosin; 5. Wenzel Werner; 6. Wilhelm Peiker; 7. Raimund Hejtmann; 8. Michael Heinsel; 9. Johann Houžek. (19) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser beim Fenster während der Burgwache-Ablösung. (20) [Abb.]: Bei der Burgmusik. ([21]) [Abb.]: Im Audienzsaal. I*1. K. u. Garde u. Rittm. Otto v. Unghváry; 2. k. u. Garde u. Rittm. Franz v. Borsiczky; 3. k. u. Garde-Vice-Wachtm. u. Major Julius v. Zsarnay; 4. k. u. k. Garde u. Rittm. Johann v. Soukup; 5. k. u. k. Garde u. Rittm. Eugen Freiherr v. Pillerstorff; 6. k. u. k. Garde-Vice-Wachtm. Otto v. Lesonitzky; 7. k. u. Garde u. Rittm. Leonh. v. Kiss; 8. Flügeladjutant Carl Ritter v. Wessely; 9. Graf Hans Wilczek jun.; 10. Geh. Rath Nik. Dumba. Im Audienzsaal. II.*1. Hof-Commissär Ritter von Weckbecker; 2. kaiserlicher Rath J. E. Ruthmayer; 3. Hof-Obercommissär Carl Pusch; 4. FZM. Rudolf Freiherr von Merkl; 5. Geh. Rath Carl Graf Lanckoroński; 6. Nuntius Mns. Taliani; 7. Geh. Rath Josef Freiherr von Bezecny; 8. Cardinal Fürsterzbischof Dr. Gruscha; 9. Unterrichtsminister Dr. Julius Wlassics; 10. Dr. Rob. Pattai; 11. Marquis Moussa Freige. (22 - 23) [Abb.]: Vor dem Audienzsaal. *1. Polizei Oberkommissär Otto Marinovich: 2. Official im Obersthofmeisteramt Ritter von Waldhütter. (24) [Abb]: Vor der Erstattung des Vortrages. *1. Minister des Aeussern Graf Agenor Goluchovski; 2. Geheimer Rath Emil Freiherr von Chertek; 3. Geheimer Rath Adolf Freiherr von Braun. (25) [Abb.]: Garden beim Fenster. *1. Kgl. ungar. Garde und Rittmeister Ludwig von Dadányi; 2. k. u. k. Garde und Rittmeister Johann Soukup von Salisko. (26) [Abb.]: Im Flügeladjutanten-Zimmer. *1. Flügel-Adjutant Major Heinrich Freiherr von Kulmer; 2. Flügel-Adjutant Obst. Hugo Fürst Dietrichstein; 3. Flügel-Adjutant Major Carl Ritter v. Wessely. (27) [Abb.]: Vortrag des ersten Obersthofmeisters. *1. Erster Obersthofmeister FML. Rudolf Prinz Liechtenstein. (28) [Abb.]: Gemeinsame Minister-Conferenz unter Vorsitz des Kaisers. *1. Österreichischer Finanzminister Dr. Josef Kaizl; 2. Vice-Admiral Freiherr von Spaun; 3. Hofrath Cajetan von Mérey; 4. Reichs-Finanz-Minister Benjamin v. Kállay; 5. ungarischer Ministerpräsident Ladislaus Lukács; 7. Reichs-Kriegsminister G. d. C. Edmund Edler v. Krieghammer; 8. österreichischer Ministerpräsident Franz Graf Thun; 9. Minister d. Aeussern Agenor Graf Goluchowski. ([29]) [Abb.]: Feierliche Eröffnung des Reichsrathes. ([30 - 31]) [Abb.]: Säbel Radetzky's und Standarte des I. Englische Dragoner-Reg. (32) [Abb.]: Das Ministerium Thun vor der Beeidung. *1. Garde-Vice-Wachtmeister u. Major Otto Edler v. Lesonitzky; 2. Garde u. Rittmeister Arthur Prennschitz v. Schützenau; 3. Garde u. Rittmeister Adolf Foser; 4. Garde u. Rittmeister Ladislaus Edler v. Benesch; 5. Garde-Vice-Wachtmeister u. Major v. Herdlicska; 6. Garde u. Rittmeister Sigmund Juhász de Kislapás; 7. Oberstkämmerer Hugo Graf v. Abensperg-Traun; 8. Garde u. Rittmeister Raimund Sebetić; 9. Minister des Aeussern Agenor Graf Goluchowski; 10. Landesverteidigungs-Minister FZM Zeno Graf Welsersheimb; 11. Hof-Ober-Commissär Maximilian von Eltz; 12. Hof-Commissär Josef Renglovics; 13. Minister-Präsident Franz Graf Thun; 14. Finanz-Minister Dr. Josef Kaizl; 15. Justiz-Minister Dr. Ignaz Edler von Ruber; 16. Ackerbau-Minister Michael Freiherr von Kast. 17. Minister für Galizien, Adam Ritter von Jędrzejowicz; 18. Eisenbahn-Minister Dr. Heinrich Ritter v. Wittek; 19. Unterrichts-Minister Arthur Graf Bylandt-Rheidt; 20. Handels-Minister Dr. Josef Maria Baernreither; 21. Hofrath Eugen Freiherr v. Hausenschield-Bauer. ([33]) [Abb.]: Auferstehung: Mitglieder der Hofcapelle. *1. Paukenträger Rohrhofer; 2. Hof-Trompeter Adolf Stiegler; 3. Paukist Franz Weber; 4. Hoftrompeter Franz Stiegler; 5. Paukenträger Franz Jellinek. (35) [Abb.]: Fusswaschung: Pfründner wird heimgeführt. (36) [Abb.]: Ceremonie der Fusswaschung. *1. Erster Obersthofmeister Rudolf Prinz zu Liechtenstein; 2. Oberhof-Caplan Dr. Carl Schnabl; 3. Propstpfarrer Ph. Dr. Gottfried Marschall; 4. Erzherzog Otto; 5. Erzherzog Ludwig Victor; 6. Erzherzog Eugen. ([37]) [Abb.]: Frohnleichnams-Procession: Kämmerer und Truchsessen. *[linke Bildseite] 1. Marian von Bogdanovics; 2. Ernst Freiherr von Laudon; 3. Oberlieutenant Ernst Graf Hoyos; 4. Emmerich Freiherr von Mattencloit; 5. Oberlieutenant Baron Dobrzenski; 7. Adolf Graf Beust; 8. Gustav Graf Pötting. [rechte Bildseite] 1. Béla Gr. Cziráky; 2. Oberl. C. Gr. Kinsky; 3. Flügel-Adj. Maj. Fr. Folliot de Crenneville-Poutet; 8. Hofsecr. E. Frh. v. Weber; 9. M. Gr. Bossi-Fedrigotti; 10. Flüg.-Adj. Gr. Alberti de Poja. (38 - 39) [Abb.]: Frohnleichnams-Procession: ungarische Leibgarde. *1. FML. Alexander Ritter Baccarcich von Nagy-Écs; 2. kgl. ung. Garde u. Rittmeister Adalbert Farkas von Orbánfalva; 3. kgl. ung. Garde und Rittmeister Alexander Zgórski von Gyarmata; 4. kgl. ung. Garde und Rittmeister Coloman Miticzky de Nemes-Miticz; 5. kgl. ung. Garde und Rittmeister Novaković Edler von Gyuraboj. (40) [Abb.]: 1. Oberhofmeister Alfred Fürst Montenuovo; 2. Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand; 3. General-Adjutant G. d. C. Eduard Graf Paar; 4. Erzherzog Otto; 5. Erzherzog Ludwig Victor; 6. Erzherzog Leopold Ferdinand; 7. Erzherzog Josef Ferdinand; 8. Erzherzog Leopold Salvator; 9. Erzherzog Friedrich; 10. Erzherzog Eugen; 11. Garde-Capitän G. d. C. Eugen Freiherr v. Piret; 12. Erzherzog Rainer; 13. Cardinal Fürst-Erzbischof Dr. Anton Gruscha; 14. Garde-Infant.-Compagnie-Commandant Oberst Carl Freiherr v. Minutillo; 15. Erster Obersthofmeister FML. Prinz Rudolf Liechtenstein; 16. Garde-Hauptmann Franz Mayer; 17. Geheimer Rath Ferdinand Fürst Kinsky; 18. FML. Josef Sommer; 19. Garde Wachtmeister Major Carl Geiger v. Klingenberg; 20. Garde und Rittmeister Hermann Freih. v. Waldegg. ( - ) [Abb.]: Frohnleichnams-Procession: Ankunft des Kaisers vor der Stephanskirche. ([41]) [Abb.]: Hofball: Cercle. *1. Gräfin Roman Potocka-Radziwill; 2. Fürstin Pauline Metternich; 3. Gräfin Wilcek-Kinsky; 4. Weihbischof Eduard Angerer; 5. Minister-Präsident a. D. Paul Frh. v. Gautsch; 6. Geh. Rath Johann Graf Harrach; 7. Aelxander Markgraf Pallavicini; 8. Leopold Graf Podstatzky-Liechtenstein; 9. Erster Obersthofmeister FML. Rudolf Prinz Liechtenstein; 10. Statthalter Graf Erich Kielmansegg; 11. Capit. d. ung. Leibg. Andreas Pálffy. (43) [Abb.]: Hofball: Erzherzogin Maria Josepha Hält Cercle. *1. Obersthofmeisterin Gräfin Marietta Széchenyi-Hoyos; 2. Erzherzogin Maria Josefa; 3. Kronprinzessin-Witwe Stephanie; 4. Erzherzogin Marie Valerie. (44) [Abb.]: Hofball: Vorstellung des Diplomatischen Corps im Marmorsaale. *1. Bayer. Gesandter Clemens Freiherr von Podewils-Dürniz; 2. Gesandter von Nordamerika Charlemagne Tower; 3. Niederländ. Gesandter Frederic Philippe Van der Hoeven Jonkheer; 4. Belgischer Gesandter E. Baron de Borchgrave; 5. Gesandter der Schweiz Alfred de Clapréde; 6. Belg. Legations-Rath Konrad Buisseret-Steenbecque; 7. Rumän. Gesandter Emile J. Ghika; 8. Persischer Gesandter General Nériman Khan; 9. Französischer Botschafter Marquis Frédéric de Reverseaux; 10. Französ. Milit. Attaché, Escadrons-Chef Baron de Berckheim; 11. Engl. Botschafter Sir Horace Rumbold; 12. Engl. Milit.-Attaché Oberst F. M. Wardrop C. B.; 13. Türkischer Botschafter Mahmoud Nedim Bey; 14. Span. Botschafter Don Isidoro Hoyos Marquis se Hoyos; 15. Span. Milit.-Attaché, Oberstlieut. des Gen.-Stabes Don José Centano; 16. Russ. Milit.-Attaché Oberst Stephan de Woronine; 17. Russ. Botschafter Peter Graf Kapnist; 18. Deutscher Botschafter Philipp Graf zu Eulenburg-Hertefeld; 19. Russ. II. Botschafts-Secretär Nikolaus v. Stolypine; 20. Deutscher Milit.-Attaché Oberstlieut. Kuno Graf v. Moltke; 21. Deutscher Boptschafter Prinz Carl Max v. Lichnowsky; 22. Italien. Botschafter Conte Constantin Nigra; 23. Italien. Milit.-Attaché Oberst im Gen.-Stab Cav. Luigi Nava; 24. Ital. Botschafts-Secretär Marchese Cusani Confalonieri; 25. Apost. Nuntius Erzbischof Mons. Emilio Taliani; 26. Päpstl. Uditore Monsign. Achille Locatelli; 27. Päpstl. Secretär Monsign. Charles Montagnini. ([45]) [Abb.]: Hofball: Der Kaiser verlässt den Saal. (46) [Abb.]: 1. Elisabeth Gräfin Kinsky-Henckl; 2. Geh. Rath Ferdinand Fürst Kinsky; 3. Obersthofmeister Alfred Fürst Montenuovo; 4. Geh. Rath Adolf Josef Fürst zu Schwarzenberg; 5. Präsident, Geheimer Rath Dr. Josef Alexander Freiherr von Helfert; 6. Marie Gräfin Wydenbruck-Fugger; 7. Präs. d. Gemeins. Obersten Rechnungshofes, Geh. Rath Ernst von Plener; 8. Oberceremonienmeister G. d. C. Koloman Graf Hunyady; 9. Erster Obersthofmeister FML. Rud. Prinz Liechtenstein; 10. Kronprinzessin-Witwe Stephanie; 11. Erzherzogin Franz Ferdinand; 12. Erzherzogin Isabella; 13. Erzherzog Ludwig Victor; 14. Erzherzog Otto; 15. Hans Graf Wilcek jun.; 16. Anastasia Gräfin Kielmansegg-Lebedeff. ( - ) [Abb.]: Hofball: beim Buffet. (47) [Abb.]: Hofball: ermüdet. (48) [Abb.]: Hofball: im Theesalon. *1. Kronprinzessin-Witwe Stephanie; 2. Grossherzogin Alice von Toscana; 3. Prinzessin Maria Louise von Cumberland; 4. Erzherzogin Maria Josepha; 5. Prinzessin Maria von Liechtenstein-Apponyi; 6. Erzherzogin Marie Valerie; 7. Gräfin Elisabeth Wilcek-Kinsky; 8. Fürstin Franziska Montenuovo Kinsky; 9. Fürstin Josefine Trauttmansdorff-Pallavicini; 10. Gräfin Marietta Széchenyi-Hoyos. ([49]) [Abb.]: Ball bei Hof: Comtessen-Insel. *1. Comtesse Gabrielle Eleonore Chotek; 2. Prinzessin Marie Montenuovo; 3. Prinzessin Windischgrätz; 4. Prinzessin Julie Montenuovo; 5. Comtesse Marie Kinsky; 6. Comtesse Sofie Bawarowska; 7. Comtesse Franziska Larisch; 8. Graf Ottokar Czernin; 9. Baronesse Ida Gudenus; 10. Comtesse Gabrielle Rechberg; 11. Garde-Rittm. Erbgraf Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg; 12. Kämmerer Marian Ritter von Rosco-Bogdanovicz. (50) [Abb.]: Ball bei Hof: Vortänzer. *1. Erzherzog Ferdinand Carl; 2. Prinzessin Marie Montenuovo; 3. Prinzessin Windischgrätz; 4. Prinzessin Julie Montenuovo; 5. Gräfin Caroline Széchenyi-Ledebur; 6. Garde-Oberlieutenant Ottokar Freiherr von Dobrzensky; 7. Lieutenant Prinz Friedrich Liechtenstein; 8. Comtesse Essi Fürstenberg; 9.Baronesse Marie Gudenus. (51) [Abb.]: Ball bei Hof: Auf der Botschafterstiege. (52) [Abb.]: 1. Botschafter Sir Horace Rumbold; 2. Lady Luiza Rumbold; 3. Fürstin Marie Kinsky-Liechtenstein; 4. Erster Stallmeister, Rittmeister Graf Ferdinand Kinsky; 5. Landesvertheidigungs-Minister FZM. Graf Zeno Welsersheimb; 6. Minister a. D. Geh. Rath Dr. Leon Ritter von Bilinski; 7. Fürstin Franziska Montenuovo-Kinsky; 8. Geh. Rath Fürst Paul Esterházy; 9. Oberstkämmerer Graf Hugo Abensperg-Traun; 10. Oberstjägermeister Leopold Freiherr von Gudenus; 11. Oberlieutenant Carl Graf Trauttmannsdorff-Weinsperg; 12. Unterrichtsminister Arthur Graf Bylandt-Rheidt; 13. Bank-Gouverneur Geheimer Rath Julius Kautz; 14. Rittmeister Carl Fugger Babenhausen; 15. Gräfin Eleonore Fugger-Hohenlohe; 16. Othon Baron de Bourgoing; 17. Baronin Therese Bourgoing-Kinsky; 18. Gräfin Marie Wydenbruck-Fugger. ( - ) [Abb.]: Portier beim Aufgang zu den kaiserlichen Apartements. *Josef Schlögl. (53) [Abb.]: Hofrath von Loebenstein, Hofconcipist Nepalleck und Hofcommissär Bar. Lütgendorff. (54) [Abb.]: Empfang des Kaisers Wilhelm II. auf dem Nordbahnhofe. *1. Sattelmeister Dithrich; 2. Kaiser Wilhelm II.; 3. Botschafter Philipp Graf Eulenburg; 4. Botschafter Ladislaus von Szögenyi-Marich; 5. G. d. C. Eduard Graf Paar; 6. Erzherzog Rainer; 7. General Graf Schlieffen; 8. Militär-Attaché Graf Hülsen-Haeseler; 9. General-Adjutant Graf von Hahnke; 10. Erzherzog Friedrich; 11. Erzherzog Otto; 12. Statthalter Erich Graf Kielmannsegg; 13. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 14. Erzherzog Eugen. ([55]) [Abb.]: Galavorstellung in der Oper zu Ehren des Kaisers Wilhelm II. *1. Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand; 2. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 3. Erzherzogin Caroline Imaculata; 4. Erzherzog Otto; 5. Kaiser Wilhelm II. 6. Erzherzogin Maria Theresia; 7. Erzherzog Ludwig Victor; 8. Erzherzogin Elisabeth; 9. Erzherzog Rainer; 10. Erzherzog Albrecht. (56) [Abb.]: Fahrt des Kaisers mit Kaiser Nikolaus II. in die Hofburg. ([57]) [Abb.]: Saalthürherr. *Alois Hein. (58) [Abb.]: Galadiner zu Ehren Kaiser Nikolaus II. im Ceremoniensaal. *1. Minister d. Aeussern Graf Agenor Goluchowski; 2. Erzherzogin-Witwe Stephanie; 3. Kaiserin Alexandra; 4. Kaiserin Elisabeth; 5. Kaiser Nikolaus II.; 6. Erzherzogin Maria Josepha. (59) [Abb.]: Galadiner: auftragende Lakeien. (60) [Abb.]: Trauung des Prinzen Louis Philipp von Orleans in der Hofburgpfarrkirche. *1. Cardinal Fürst-Erzbischof Gruscha; 2. Bischof von Stuhlweissenburg Dr. Philipp Steiner; 3. Hofburgpfarrer Prälat Dr. Laurenz Mayer; 4. Hofceremoniär Dr. Schnabl; 5. Herzog Louis Philipp von Orleans; 6. Erzherzogin Maria Dorothea; 7. Nuntius Mns. Taliani; 8. Erzherzog Joseph; 9. Herzog von Chartres; 10. Maria Amalia Königin von Portugal; 11. Erzherzogin Clotilde. ([61]) [Abb.]: Erster Stallmeister Graf Kinsky bei der Bespannung. *1. Futtermeister Ankowitsch; 2. Stallübergeher Martin Kasamas; 3. Erster Stallmeister Graf Kinsky; 4. Hofkutscher Kaspar; 5. Hofkutscher Rufera; 6. Hofkutscher Fialka; 7. Hofkutscher Boursch. (62) [Abb.]: Aus dem Lipizaner Gestüt. (63) [Abb.]: Oberbereiter Styles und Leibbereiter Lechartier. (64) [Abb.]: Im Marstall: bei der Morgen-Toilette. *1. Ober-Reitknecht Czerny; 2. Erster Obersthofmeister Rudolf Prinz zu Liechtenstein; 3. Leibbereiter Adolf Lechartier. ([65]) [Abb.]: Lipizaner in Dressur. *Oberbereiter Meixner. (66) [Abb.]: Officiersgardewagen.* 1. K. u. k. Garde und Rittmeister Ernst Graf Wurmbrand-Stuppach. (67) [Abb.]: Im Künstlerhause.* 1. Erzherzog Otto; 2. Baurath Prof. Deininger; 3. Maler Eugen Felix; 4. Maler Hans Temple. (69) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser im Atelier Angeli. (70) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser in der Ausstellung der "Vereinigung der Bildenden Künste Oesterreichs".* 1.Flügel-Adjut. Major Karl Ritter von Wessely; 2. Präsident Gustav Klimt; 3. Professor Rudolf Alt; 4. Josef Engelhart; 5. Carl Moll; 6. Franz Hohenberger; 7. Hans Tichy; 8. Architekt Josef Olbrich; 9. Carl Müller; 10. Eugen Jettel. ([71]) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser in der Incognitologe des Burgtheaters.* 1. General-Director Eduard Palmer; 2. Hofrath Dr. Max Burckhard; 3. Schriftsteller Hermann Bahr; 4. Gen.-Director Theodor Ritter v. Taussig; 5. Albert Freiherr von Rothschild; 6. Schriftsteller Ludwig Speidl; 7. Gen.-Intendant Aug. Freih. v. Plappart; 8. Director des Burgtheaters Dr. Paul Schlenther; 9. Redakteur Julius Bauer; 10. Hofrath Dr. Hermann Nothnagel; 11. Schauspielerin Rosa Retty; 12. Hofrath Friedr. Uhl; 13. Redakteur Ludwig Hevesi. (73) [Abb.]: Bei der Audienz.* Kammer- und Hofopern Sängerin Marie Renard. (74) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser bei der Rettungsgesellschaft.* 1. Erzherzog Eugen; 2. Erzherzog Rainer; 3. Landesgerichtspräsident Eduard Graf Lamezan; 4. Chefarzt Dr. Charas; 5. Geheimer Rath Hans Graf Wilczek. 6. Weihbischof Dr. Eduard Angerer; 7. Bürgermeister Dr. Karl Lueger. (76) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser auf dem Ball der Stadt Wien.* 1. Zweiter Vice-Bürgermeister Dr. Josef Neumayer; 2. Statthalter Erich Graf Kielmansegg; 3. Erster Vice-Bürgermeister Josef Strobach; 4. Erzherzog Rainer; 5. Erzherzog Ludwig Victor; 6. Apostol. Nuntius Monsign. Taliani; 7. Erzherzog Otto; 8. Marie Porzer; 9. Käthe Kment; 10. Mathilde Cžjžek-Breymann; 11. Amalie Pattai; 12. Anastasia Gräfin Kielmansegg-Lebedeff; 13. Emmy v. Eisner-Eisenhof; 14. Stadtrath Dr. Theodor Wähner. 15. Bürgermeister Dr. Carl Lueger; 16. Stadtrath Vincenz Wessely. (77) [Abb.]: Leibkutscher und Leibjäger beim Wagen sr. Majestät. (78) [Abb.]: Hofcourier. (79) [Abb.]: Schönbrunn: der Kaiser besichtigt die Orangenbäume. (80) [Abb.]: Schönbrunn: der Kaiser spricht einen Gärtner an. (81) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser verlässt Schönbrunn. (82) In Budapest. (83) [Abb.]: Der Portier der Ofner Burg in Wintergala.* Alois Rauschbacher. (83) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser in seinem Arbeitszimmer. (84) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser im Burggarten. (85) [Abb.]: Das Schlafzimmer des Kaisers. (86) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser wohnt in der Burgcapelle der Messe bei. (87) [Abb.]: Domherr Vézinger. (88) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser im Rauchzimmer. (89) [Abb.]: Adjutantenzimmer. Flügeladjutant Graf Alberti. (90) [Abb.]: Ministerpräsident Baron Banffy beim Vortrag. (91) [Abb.]: Hoftafel.* 1. Bischof Karl Rimély; 2. Stefan Rakovszky; 3. Josef von Szlávy; 4. Graf Aladár Andrássy. (92) [Abb.]: Der grosse Vorsaal des Audienzzimmers.* 1-4. Herzegov. Deputation; 5. Georg Zala; 6. Johann Fadrusz; 7. Baron Friedrich Podmaniczky; 8. Baron Alexius Nopcsa; 9. Ignaz Darányi; 10. G. d. C. Baron Géza Fejérváry; 11. Alexander Erdélyi; 12. Desiderus Szilágyi; 13. Cardinal Lorenz Schlauch. ([93]) [Abb.]: Die Herolde des Banderiums. (94) [Abb.]: Graf Zeno Csáky an der Spitze des Banderiums des Békéser Comitates. (95) [Abb.]: Minister des Inneren Perczel und Gefolge. (96) [Abb.]: 1. Erzherzogin Marie Valerie; 2. Kronprinzessin-Witwe Stephanie; 3. Erzherzogin Gisela; 4. Erzherzogin Clotilde; 5. Erzherzogin Isabella; 6. Erzherzogin Auguste; 7. Erzherzog Eugen; 8. Kaiserin Elisabeth; 9. Erzherzog Joseph; 10. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 11. Erzherzog Otto; 12. Erzh. Friedrich; 13. Ferdinand IV., Grossherzog v. Toscana; 14. Erzherzog Joseph August; 15. Erzherzog Leopold Salvator; 16. Erzherzog Ludwig Victor; 17. Geh. Rath Eugen Graf Zichy; 18. Michael Munkácsy; 19. Geh. Rath Eugen Graf Karácsonyi; 20. Honvédminister FZM. Géza Baron Féjerváry; 21. Dr. Maurus Jókai; 22. Mitglied des Magnatenhauses Feodor Baron Nikolics; 23. Reichstagsabgeordneter Aurel Münnich; 24. Präsident des ung. Abgeordnetenhauses Desider v. Szilágyi; 25. Ung. Ministerpräsident a. D. Geh. Rath Koloman von Tisza; 26. Geh. Rath Albin Graf Csáky; 27. Banus Carl Graf Khuen-Héderváry; 28. Cardinal Fürstprimas Claudius Vaszary; 29. Ung. Handelsminister Ernst Baron Dániel; 30. Ung. Minister-Präsident Desider Baron Bánffy; 31. Präsident des österr. Abgeordnetenhauses Johann Freih. v. Chlumecky; 32. Ung. Oberstkämmerer Geh. Rath Aladár Graf Andrássy; 33. Kronhüter Koloman von Széll; 34. Cardinal Lorenz Schlauch; 35. Ung. Staats-Secretär geh. Rath Desider von Gromon; 36. Reichstagsabgeordneter Albert Graf Apponyi; 37. Ung. Unterrichtsminister Dr. Julius von Wlassics; 38. Österreichischer Minister-Präsident Kasimir Graf Badeni; 39. Präs. des ung. Verwalt.-Gerichtshofes, Geh. Rath Dr. Alex. Wekerle; 40. Min. d. Aeussern Graf Agenor Gluchowski. ( - ) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser eroffnet die Millenniumsausstellung. ([97]) [Abb.]: Géza Melzer im Banderium des Borsoder Comitats. (98) [Abb.]: Graf Andreas Bethlen mit der Fahne Siebenbürgens. (99) [Abb.]: Abgeordnete erwarten vor dem Reichstagsgebäude die ungarische Krone. (100) [Abb.]: Millenniums-Tedeum: Rede des Fürstprimas Claudius Vaszary. *1. Kaiserin Elisabeth; 2. Oberstkämmerer Graf Aladár Andrássy; 3. Generaladjutant G. g. C. Graf Paar; 4. Oberstküchenmeister Graf Bellegarde; 5. Fürstprimas Claudius Vaszary. ([101]) [Abb.]: Prachtcarrosse mit der ungarischen Krone. ([102]) [Abb.]: Gefolge des Kronenwagens. *1. Karl Gerlóczy; 2. Karl Vosits; 3. Paul Olhauser. (103) [Abb.]: Cardinal Fürstprimas Vaszary in seiner Prachtcarosse. (104) [Abb.]: Der ungarische Reichstag huldigt dem Herrscherpaare. - Rede Desider Szilágyi's. * 1. Kaiserin Elisabeth; 2. Landesvertheidigungs-Minister G. d. C. Baron Géza Fejérváry; 3. Minister für Cultus und Unterricht Dr. Julius Wlassics; 4. Minister-Präsident Baron Desiderius Bánffy; 5. Erzbischof von Kolocsa Georg Császka; 6. Fürstprimas Claudius Vaszary; 7. Koloman Tisza; 8. Präsident des Abgeordnetenhauses Desiderius Szilágyi; 9. Vicepräsident des Abgeordnetenhauses Graf Tibor Károlyi. ([105]) [Abb.]: Baron Georg Bánffy. (106) [Abb.]: Graf Tassilo Festetics. (107) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser bei dem Turnfest der Schuljugend. *1. Reichskriegsminister G. d. C. Baron Krieghammer; 2. Corps-Commandant FZM. Prinz Lobkowitz; 3. Oberststabelmeister Albert Berzeviczy; 4. Vicebürgermeister Karl Gerlóczy; 5. Handelsminister Baron Ernst Dániel; 6. Minister für Cultus und Unterricht Dr. Julius Wlassics. (108) [Abb.]: Einzug des deutschen Kaisers Wilhelm II. in Budapest. ([109]) [Abb.]: Kaiser Franz Joseph I. und Kaiser Wilhelm II. gehen vom neuen Reichstagsgenäude zum Justizpalast. *1. Baron Desiderius Bánffy; 2. Kaiser Wilhelm II., 3. Béla Rudnay. (110 - 11) [Abb.]: Obersthofmeister Garf Ludw. Apponyi. (112) [Abb.]: Trinkspruch Kaiser Wilhelms II. ([113]) [Abb.]: Das beleuchtete Ofen. (114) [Abb.]: Das Redoutengebäude während der Beleuchtung. ([115]) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser mit dem rumänischen Königspaare im Parkclub. *1. Baron Béla Aczél; 2. Graf Csekonits; 3. Frau von Perczel; 4. König von Rumänien; 5. Königin von Rumänien; 6. Graf Széchényi; 7. Gouverneur von Fiume Graf Ladislaus Szapáry; 8. Baronin Dániel; 9. Oberstkämmerer Graf Aladár Andrássy. (117) [Abb.]: Die Burg in Ofen. (118) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser wird vor der Kunsthalle erwartet. *1.Erzherzog Josef; 2. Ferdinand IV. Grossherzog von Toscana; 3. Herzog Philipp von Coburg; 4. Erzherzog Leopold Salvator; 5. Erzherzog Josef August; 6. Erzherzog Friedrich; 7. Minister für Cultur und Unterricht Dr. Julius Wlassics; 8. Honvédminister Baron Ernst Dániel; 10. Erzherzog Otto; 11. Staatssecretär Albert Berzeviczy; 12. Sectionsrath Dr. Nicolaus von Zsmerecsányi. ([119]) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser bei dem Photographen Koller. *1.Roman Forché; 2. Stefan Gálfy. (120) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser lässt sich durch Michael Munkácsy dessen Bild "Ecce Homo" erklären. *1. Sectionsrath Dr. Nikolaus v. Szmrecsányi; 2. Minister für Cultus und Unterricht Dr. Julius Wlassics; 3. Michael Munkácsy. ([121]) [Abb.]: Das neue Parlamentsgebäude. (122) [Abb.]: Georg Zala modelliert die Büste des Kaisers. ([123]) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser besichtigt die neuen Burgbauten. *Oberpolier Franz Grossmann. (124) [Abb.]: Burghauptmann Ludwig Ritter von Ybl. (125) [Abb.]: Ansicht der neuen königl. Burg mit der Statue des Urhebers Nikolaus Ybl. (126) [Abb.]: Huldigungs-Fackelzug für den Kaiser. ([127]) [Abb.]: 1. Hauptstädt. Rath Karl Vosits; 2. Gemeinderath Andreas Thék; 3. Reichstagsabgeordneter Advokat Johann Radócza; 4. Gemeinderath Franz Fektor; 5. Reichstagsabgeordneter Gemeinderath Albert von Berzeviczy; 6. Hauptstädt. Rath Dr. Johann Vaszilievits; 7. Vice-Bürgermeister Karl Gerlóczy; 8. Bez.-Vorst. Paul Olhauser; 9. Hauptstädt Rath Franz Faller; 10. Ober-Bürgermeister Josef Márkus; 11. Gemeinderath Johann Mérő; 12. Bürgermeister Johann Halmos; 13. Gemeinderath Architekt Julius Pártos; 14. Gemeinderath Sigmund Medrey; 15. Pfarrer Vincenz Stieber; 16. Reichstags-Abgeordneter Gemeinderath Alexander Hegedüs; 17. Oberhausmitglied Gemeinderath Julius Ludvigh; 18. Gemeinderath Samuel Tiller; 21. Gemeinderath Truchsess Dr. Gustav Degen; 22. Gemeinderath Baumeister Joh. Bobula; 23. Gemeinderath Architekt Alfred Wellisch; 24. Reichstagsabgeordneter Advokat Géza Polonyi; 25. Reichstags-Abgeordneter Gemeinderath Dr. Max Falk; 26. Gemeinderath Jos. Pucher. ( - ) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser empfängt die Abordnung der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Budapest. ([129]) Auf Reisen. (131) [Abb.]: (131) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser begibt sich in den Hofzug. *1.Wagenmeister Josef Lehmayer; 2. Hofrath Klaudius Ritter von Klaudy; 3. Ingenieur August Hagen; 4. Wagenrevisor Josef Müller. (132) [Abb.]: Hofzug auf der Fahrt. (133) [Abb.]: In der Küche des Hofzuges. (134) [Abb.]: Kaiser mit Suite an der Tafel im Speisesalon des Hofzuges. *1. Generalstabs-Hauptmann Rudolf Dittl v. Wehrberg; 2. Kaiserl. russ. Oberst und Militär-Attaché Stefan de Woronine; 3. Oberstabsarzt Dr. Josef Kerzl; 4. Flügel-Adjutant Major Hugo Fürst v. Dietrichstein; 5. Flügel-Adjutant Oberstlieutenant Thaddäus graf Alberti; 6. Oberlieutenant Adolf Graf Ledebur-Wicheln; 7. General-Adjutant G. d. C. Eduard Graf Paar; 8. Hofrath Klaudius Alexander Ritter v. Klaudy; 9. General-Adjutant FML. Arthur Bolfras von Ahnenburg; 10. Obersthofmeister Alfred Fürst von Montenuovo; 11. Erzherzog Otto; 12. Generalstabs-Oberst Ludwig Wanka; 13. Minister des Aeussern Agenor Graf Goluchowski; 14. Generalstabs-Chef FZM. Friedrich Freiherr von Beck; 15. Geh. Rath Julius Freiherr von Zwiedinek-Südenhorst. (135) [Abb.]: Schlafsalon des Kaisers im Hofzuge. (136) [Abb.]: Klosterneuburg: der Kaiser in der Grabcapelle des heiligen Leopold. *1. Erzherzog Carl Ludwig; 2. Erzherzog Rainer; 3. Professor Paul Wache; 4. Stiftsdechant Leopold Hanauska; 5. Abt Ubald Kostersitz. (137) [Abb.]: Korneuburg: Vorstellung des Gemeinderathes. *1. Kriegsminister G. d. C. Edm. Edl. von Krieghammer; 2. General-Adjutant Eduard Graf Paar; 3. Bürgermeister Schaumann; 4. General-Adjutant Arthur von Bolfras. (138) [Abb.]: Linz: im Garten des Museums. *1. General-Adjutant Eduard Graf Paar; Erzherzog Carl Ludwig; 3. Statthalter Victor Freiherr von Pouthon. (140) [Abb.]: Graz: costümierte Reiter geleiten den Kaiser zur Universität. (141) [Abb.]: Graz: der Kaiser in der Universität. *1. Rector Hofrath Alexander Rollet; 2. Professor Dr. Moriz Holl; 3. Professor Dr. Schütz; 4. FZM. Wilhelm Freiherr von Reinländer. (142) [Abb.]: Abbazia: Kaiser Franz Joseph und Kaiser Wilhelm II. vor dem Hotel Stephanie. *1. Director Anton Silberhuber; 2. Oberst Guido Wachter; 3. General-Adjutant Graf Paar; 4. Erzherzog Josef; 5. Kaiser Wilhelm II. (143) [Abb.]: Das beleuchtete Abbazia vom Meere aus. ([145]) [Abb.]: Abbazia: die Deutsche Kaiserfamilie bei der Villa Amalaia. *1. Kaiser Wilhelm II.; 2. Kaiserin Auguste; 3. Kaiserliche Prinzen. (146) [Abb.]: Innsbruck: eine historische Abtheilung d. Festzuges. (147) [Abb.]: Innsbruck: Enthüllung des Andreas Hofer-Denkmals. *1. Erzherzog Carl Ludwig. (148) [Abb.]: Innsbruck: der Kaiser am Schiessstand. *1. FZM. Friedrich Freiherr von Beck; 2. Leibjäger Friedrich Spannbauer; 3. General-Adjutant Eduard Graf Paar. (149) [Abb.]: Innsbruck: aus dem Festzug der alten Tiroler Schützen. (150) [Abb.]: Prag: der Hradschin. (151) [Abb.]: Prag: in der Ausstellung. *1. Carl Max Graf Zedwitz. (152) [Abb.]: Prag: Bauernhochzeit in der Ausstellung. (153) [Abb.]: Prag: Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand in der Landesausstellung. *1. FML. Hugo Graf Wurmbrand; 2. GM. Leo Graf Wurmbrand; 3. Franz Graf Thun; 4. Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand. (154) [Abb.]: Prag: Der Kaiser vor dem Grabdenkmal des heil. Johannes von Nepomuk. *1. Carl Max Graf Zedwitz; 2. Cardinal Fürst-Erzbischof Graf Schönborn; 3. Franz Graf Thun; 4. Georg Fürst von Lobkowitz. (155) [Abb.]: Prag: Typen böhmischer und mährischer Landbevölkerung in der Landesausstellung. (156) [Abb.]: Landskron: Begrüssung durch weissgekleidete Mädchen. *1. Französischer Militär-Attaché Baron den Berckheim; 2. Erzherzog Albrecht; 3. General-Adjutant FML. von Bolfras; 4. Erzherzog Rainer. (157) [Abb.]: Mährische Königsreiter. (158) [Abb.]: Landskron: Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, Franz Graf Thun und Prinz Rudolf von und zu Liechtenstein. ([159]) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser mit fremdländischen Attachés auf dem Bahnhof Welleschin. *1. Russ. Mil.Attaché Oberst Steph. de Woronine; 2. Niederl. Mil.-Attchaé Col. Fredric Meyer Wardrop C. B.; 4. Deutsch. Mil.-Attaché Graf Hülsen-Häseler; 5. Leibgarde-Esc.-Commandant Oberst Jos. v. Görgey; 6. Italien. Mil.-Attaché Oberst Luigi Nava; 7. Türk. Mil.-Attaché Ahmed Abouk Bey. (160) [Abb.]: Bistriz: der Kaiser am heiligen Hostein. *1. Stadtrath von Kremsier J. N. Harna; 2. General-Adjutant Eduard Graf Paar; 3. Kriegsminister FZM. Edler von Kriegshammer; 4. Generalvicar Johann Weinlich; 5. Herrenhaus-Mitglied Ernst Baron Laudon; 6. Lieutenant Julius Graf Seilern; 7. Reichsrathsabgeordneter Ph. Dr. Anton Stojan. (161) [Abb.]: Brünn: der Kaiser im Schützenzelt. *1. Landeshauptmann Graf Vetter von der Lilie; 2. Statthalter Ritter von Löbl; 3. Oberschützenmeister Anton Jelinek; 4. Bürgermeister Gust. Winterholler; 5. Fahnenträger S. Fluss; 6. Vicebürgermeister Rudolf Rohrer. (162) [Abb.]: Brünn: Schützenvorstand mit Banner. *1. Ada Robinson; 2. Fritz Haas; 3. Josef Jelinek; 4. A. Diensthuber. (163) [2 Abb.]: (1)Brünn: Austria - Festwagen. (2)Teschen: Erzherzog Rainer im Gespräch mit Erzh. Wilhelm. (164) [Abb.]: Teschen: Landmädchen erwarten den Kaiser. (165) [2 Abb.]: (1)Lemberg: Ruthenisches Mädchen in der Ausstellung. (2)Lemberg: ländl. Bevölkerung in der Ausstellung I. (166) [2 Abb.]: (1)Lemberg: ruthenischer Bauer in der Ausstellung. (2)Lemberg: ländl. Bevölkerung in der Ausstellung II. (167) [2 Abb.]: (1)Lemberg: der Kaiser im Gespräch mit Fürst Sapieha. *1. Adam Fürst Sapieha; 2. Julius Graf Falkenhayn; 3. Landtagsabgeordneter Franz Hoszard. (2)Krakau: Banderium. (168) [Abb.]: Lemberg: der Kaiser nimmt ein Gesuch entgegen. (169) [Abb.]: Kolomea: der Kaiser spricht einen Invaliden an. *1. Adam Fürst Sapieha; 2. Kriegsminister Edler von Krieghammer. (170) [Abb.]: Zara: auf dem Landungsplatze. *1. Admiral Maximilian Freiherr Daublebsky von Sterneck; 2. General-Adjutant Eduard Graf Paar; 3. FZM: Emil David von Rhonfeld. ([171]) [Abb.]: Sinj: das Volk erwartet den kaiserlichen Wagen. (172) [Abb.]: Debreczin: galoppierendes Banderium. (173) [Abb.]: Debreczin: der Kaiser kommt! (174) [Abb.]: Orsova: der Kaiser begrüsst den König von Rumänien und den König von Serbien. *1. Serbischer Gesandter Milan Michailowitsch; 2. König Alexander; 3. König Karl I. (175) [Abb.]: Orsova: Fahrt durch den Kasanpass. (176) [Abb.]: Serbische Landbevölkerung begrüsst bei Salaria das Kaiserschiff. ([177]) [Abb.]: Am Ufer von Ada Kaleh. *1. Bego Mustapha. (178) [Abb.]: Besichtigung von Herkulesbad. *1. General-Adjutant Eduard Graf Paar; 2. Minister des Aussern Graf Góluchowski; 3. FZM. Friedrich Freih. v. Beck; 4. Herzog Albert von Coburg; 5. König Karl von Rumänien; 6. König Alexander von Serbien. (179) [Abb.]: Pressburg: Enthüllung des Maria Theresien - Denkmales. *1. Erzherzog Josef August; 2. Erzherzog Friedrich; 3. Bildhauer Johann Fadrusz; 4. Erzherzog Otto; 5. Bürgermeister Tröxler. (180) [Abb.]: Agram: Mädchen streuen Blumen vor der Ankunft des Kaisers. (181) [Abb.]: Agram: Schlussteinlegung des Theaters. *1. Architekt Leo Hönigsberg; 2. Baurath Hermann Helmer. (182) [Abb.]: Agram: der Kaiser verlässt die Synagoge. *1. Vorstand der israelitischen Cultusgemeinde Josef Siebenschein; 2. Banus Carl Graf Khuen-Héderváry; 3. Ober-Rabbiner Dr. J. Jakobi. (183) [Abb.]: Agram: der Kaiser verlässt die evangelische Kirche. *1. Banus Carl Graf Khuen-Héderváry; 2. Vorstand der evangelischen Gemeide A. Munda; 3. Sections-Chef Dr. J. Kršnjavi; 4. Pastor Kolaček; 5. Minister-Präsident Desider Freiherr von Bánffy. (184) [Abb.]: Empfang des Kaisers auf dem Bahnhofe Rohnstock. *1. G. d. C. Graf Waldersee; 2. General-Adjutant Eduard Graf Paar; 3. Prinz Heinrich von Preussen; 4. Prinz Albert von Preussen; 5. Kaiser Wilhelm II.; 6. König Albert von Sachsen; 7. Prinz Friedrich Leopold von Preussen; 8. Graf Caprivi; 9. General-Adjutant von Hahnke; 10. Graf von Wedel. ([185]) [Abb.]: Kaiserin-Witwe Auguste überreicht dem Kaiser Franz Joseph I. das Bild des Kaisers Wilhelm I. *1. Kaiserin Auguste; 2. Kaiser Wilhelm II. (186) [Abb.]: Kaiser Franz Joseph I. und Kaiser Wilhelm II. im Charlottenburger Mausoleum. (187) [Abb.]: Berlin: Besuch des Kaisers beim Fürsten Bismarck. (188) [Abb.]: Berlin: grosse Truppen-Parade. *1. Oesterreichischer Militär-Bevollmächtigter Baron Steininger; 2. Prinz zu Engalitschew; 3. General-Adjutant von Hahnke; 4. Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand; 5. Kaiserin Auguste Victoria; 6. Kaiser Wilhelm II. ([189]) [Abb.]: Kaiser Franz Joseph I. und Kaiser Wilhelm II. auf dem Manöver-Felde. (190) [Abb.]: Preussisch-Schlesien: Manöver-Kritik. *1. FZM. Friedrich Freiherr von Beck; 2. G. d. C. Graf Waldersee; 3. Graf Caprivi; 4. Major Steininger. (191) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser in der Uniform seines Deutschen Husaren-Regimentes. (192) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser in d. Uniform seines Deutschen Garde-Grenadier-Regimentes. (193) [Abb.]: Stettin: Kaiser Wilhelm II., Kaiser Franz Joseph I. und König Albert von Sachsen. (194) [Abb.]: Tegernsee: der Kaiser im Hochzeitszuge. *1. Erzherzogin Marie Valerie; 2. Prinz Regent Luitpold von Bayern; 3. Königin Carola von Sachsen; 4. Erzherzogin Maria Theresia; 5. König Albert von Sachsen; 6. Erzherzogin Maria Josepha; 7. König von Neapel. ([195]) [Abb.]: St. Petersburg: Besuch bei der Kaiserin. (196) [Abb.]: St. Petersburg: Kaiser Franz Joseph I. zur Parade reitend. *1. Kaiser Nikolaus II.; 2. Grossfürst Wladimir; 3. Erzherzog Otto; 4. Baron Meindorf. (197) [2 Abb.]: (1)St. Petersburg: Kaiser Franz Joseph I. führt sein Regiment dem Kaiser von Russland vor. *1. Kaiser Nikolaus II.; 2. Grossfürst Waldimir. (2)St. Petersburg: Fahrt zum Fürsten Liechtenstein. (198) [Abb.]: Rumänien: rumänische Mädchen am Ufer der Donau. (199) [Abb.]: Rumänien: Truppen Revue in Bukarest. *1. General-Adjutant Graf Paar; 2. Herzog Albert von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha; 3. Minister des Aeussern Agenor Graf Goluchowski; 4. Kronprinzessin Marie von Rumänien; 5. Königl. rumän. Kriegsminister; 6. König Karl I. (200) [Abb.]: Rumänien: im Familienkreise in Sinaia. *1. Königin Elisabeth von Rumänien; 2. König Karl I.; 3. Herzog Albert von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha; 4. Kronprinzessin Marie von Rumänien; 5. Kronprinz Ferdinand von Rumänien: ([201]) [Abb.]: Rumänien: Schloss Pelesch. (202) [Abb.]: Territet: das Kaiserpaar auf einem Ausfluge. *1. Erster Obersthofmeister Rudolf Prinz zu Liechtenstein; 2. General-Adjutant G. d. C. Graf Paar; 3. General-Adjutant FML. von Bolfras; 4. Kaiserin Elisabeth. (203) [Abb.]: Cap Martin: das Kaiserpaar bei den Pinien der Madonna. (204) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser inNizza prominierend. *1. Erster Obersthofmeister Rudolf Prinz zu Liechtenstein; 2. General-Adjutant G. d. C. Eduard Graf Paar. (205) [Abb.]: Village d'Eze. (206) [Abb.]: Cap Martin: Fahrt des Kaisers zum Präsidenten Faure. (207) [Abb.]: Cap Martin: Besuch des Kaisers beim Präsidenten Faure. (208) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser besichtigt die Spielsäle von Monaco. *1. General-Adjutant G. d. C. Graf Paar; 2. Erster Obersthofmeister Rudolf Prinz zu Liechtenstein. (209) [Abb.]: Cap Martin: das Kaiserpaar mit der Kaiserin Eugenie im Hôtelgarten. *1. Kaiserin Elisabeth; 2. Kaiserin Eugenie. (210) Der oberste Kriegsherr. (211) [Abb.]: Einzug der Burggendamerie. (211) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser in Parade-Uniform. (212) [Abb.]: Der Vorstand der Militär-Kanzlei Generaladjutant FML. v. Bolfras beim Rapport. ([213]) [Abb.]: Oberst Wanka in der Militär-Kanzlei. (214) [Abb.]: Die Rothe Tasche. *1. Hauptmann Gust. Mallász; 2. Garde-Wachtmeister Michael Popescul. (215) [Abb.]: Trabanten-Leibgarde. (216) [2 Abb.]: (1)Fahnenübergabe bei der Burgwache - Ablösung. (2)Hofrath Karl Appel in der Militärkanzlei. (217) [Abb.]: Revue auf der Schmelz: im reservierten Raum vor Beginn. *1. Secondelieutenant d. R. Albert Gschwind; 2. Premierlieutenant d. R. Manuel Mahn; 3. Secondelieutenant d. Z. Max Rolffs; 4. Kammersängerin Frau Ellen Forster Brandt; 5. Secondelieutenant d. r. Gustav Illner. (218) [Abb.]: Revue auf der Schmelz: Gruppen aus der Suite. *1. Leibbereiter Adolf Lechartier. (219) [Abb.]: Revue auf der Schmelz: FZM. Anton Baron von Schönfeld und Oberst Emil Ritter von Brasseur. (220) [Abb.]: Revue auf der Schmelz: Ankunft des Kaisers. *1. S. W.-Inspector-Stellvertreter Julius Pawelka; 2. S. W.-Oberinspector Roman Fuchs; 3. S. W. Josef Schwelle; 4. S. W.-Revier-Inspector Johann Kolba; 5. S. W. Johann Biegler. ([221]) [Abb.]: Revue auf der Schmelz: Ankunft Kaiser Wilhelm's II. (222) [2 Abb.]: (1)Revue auf der Schmelz: Oberst von Brasseur Ordnung schaffend. (2)Revue auf der Schmelz: Gardereiter zu Pferd in Parade-Adjustierung. (223) [Abb.]: Die beiden Monarchen verlassen die Schmelz. *1. Kaiser Wilhelm II.; 2. Erzherzog Friedrich; 3. Erzherzog Eugen. (224) [2 Abb.]: (1)Revue auf der Schmelz Abfahrt der Erzherzoginnen. *1. Obereiter Wilhelm Wagner; 2. Bereiter Stephan Tautmann; 3. Leibkutscher Hengge; 4. Erzherzogin Marie Valerie; 5. Gräfin Cornis; 6. Erster Stallmeister Graf Ferdinand Kinsky. (2)Inspicierung im Prater: Regiment auf der Krieau-Wiese den Kaiser erwartend. **1. Hauptmann Johann Fernengel; 2. Hauptmann Carl Stracker; 3. FML. Josef Sommer; 4. Corps-Commandant Alexander Graf Üxküll-Gyllenband. (225) [2 Abb.]: (1)Inspicierung im Prater: der Kaiser in der Plänklerkette. *1. General-Adjutant FML. Artur von Bolfras. (2)Inspicierung in Bruck: Regiment auf der Spitalswiese aufgestellt. (226) [Abb.]: Inspicierung in Bruck: der Kaiser lässt ein Cavallerie-Regiment vorrücken. *1. Erzherzog Otto. (227) [Abb.]: Inspicierung in Bruck: Fremdländische Militär-Attachés. *1. Russischer Militär-Attaché Oberst Stephan v. Woronine; 2. Rumänischer Militär-Attaché Major Auréle Demetrescu; 3. Französischer Militär-Attaché Baron de Berckheim; 4. Serbischer Militär-Attaché Oberst Alexander Machine. (228) [Abb.]: Inspicierung in Bruck: der Kaiser setzt mit Husaren über einen Strassengraben. (229) [2 Abb.]: (1)Inspicierung in Bruck: Defilierung eines Uhlanen-Regimentes. (2)Inspicierung in Bruck: der Kaiser lässt im Zuge Exercieren. (230) [Abb.]: Inspicierung in Bruck: Schlussbesprechung. (231) [Abb.]: Schloss in Totis. (232) [Abb.]: Im Totiser Park. *1. Erzherzog Rainer. (233) [2 Abb.]: (1)Altes Kastell in Totis. (2)Totiser Feuerwehr. (234) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Bergleute von Ober-Galla. (235) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Streuen von Lorbeer-Blättern. (236) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: in Tóváros vor der Ankunft des Kaisers. ([237]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Totiser Manöver: Banderium. (2)Totiser Manöver: Aufziehen der Mädchenschule mit Fahne. (238) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Honvéd in Reserve. ([239]) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Mädchen-Spalier. (240) [2 Abb.]: (1)Totiser Manöver: Genossenschaften und Sänger. (2)Totiser Manöver: Deputationen aus der Umgebung. (241) [2 Abb.]: (1)Totiser Manöver: Schankzelt am Wege z. Bahnhof. (2)Auswaggonierung von Handgepäck. (242) [Abb.]: Hofequipagen beim Totiser Bahnhofe. (243) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Leiterwagen-Tribüne auf freiem Felde. (244) [Abb.]: Totis: die Manöver-Oberleitung. *1. FZM. Friedr. Freih. v. Beck; 2. G.-St.-Oberst Oskar Potiorek; 3. G.-St.-Major Franz Freiherr von Khun; 4. G.-St.-Oberst Johann Schemua. (244) [2 Abb.]: (1)FZM. Freiherr v. Beck mit Officieren den Gang des Totiser Manövers beobachtend. *1. FML. Heinrich Ritter von Pitreich; 2. Oberlieutenant Gordian Freiherr von Gudenus; 3. Oberst Johann Schemua; 4. Hauptmann Josef von Schneider; 5. Oberst Oscar Potiorek; 6. FZM. Friedrich Freiherr vonBeck; 7. Hauptmann Josef Graf Ledóchowsky; 8. Major Franz Freiherr von Kuhn; 9. Major Franz Freiherr von Gerstenberger; 10. FML. Alexander Graf Hübner. (2)Totiser Manöver: Militär-Attachés. **1. Englischer Militär-Attaché Colonel Frederic Meyer Wardrop C. B.; 2. Französischer Militär-Attaché Baron de Berckheim. (246) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: FZM. Fejérváry und der deutsche Generalstabs-Chef von Schlieffen. ([247]) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: der russische Generalstabs-Chef Obrutschew. (248) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Fremdländische Militär-Attachés. *1. Italienischer Militär-Attaché Oberst Luigi Nava; 2. Japanischer Militär-Attaché Major D'Ohara; 3. Spanischer Militär-Attaché Oberstlieutenant José Centano; 4. Englischer Militär-Arraché Colonel Frederic Meyer Wardrop C. B. ([249]) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: die Schiedsrichter. *1. Oberst Carl Georgi. (250) [2 Abb.]: (1)FZM. Prinz Lobkowitz. (2)Totiser Manöver: Schnapshändler. (251) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Rastende Honvéd-Infanterie. (252) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Erzherzog Friedrich mit Suite. *1. Erzherzog Friedrich; 2. Oberst Friedrich Georgi; 3. Oberst Carl Schikofsky. ([253]) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: improvisierte Platzmusik in Tóváros nach Schluss der Manöver. (254 - 255) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Zuschauer. (256) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Generalstabs-Chef von Schlieffen lässt sich das österr. Geschütz erklären. ([257]) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Suite am Rendezvous-Platz die Majestäten erwartend. *1. FZM. Anton Galgótzy; 2. Kriegsminister Edmund Edler von Kriegshammer; 3. Deutscher Militär-Attaché Graf Hülsen-Haeseler. (258) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Victualien-Händler und Marketender-Wagen. (259) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: zuschauende Bauern. (260) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: FML. von Kropatschek, Auffahren des 13. Corps-Art.-Reg. (261) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Bagagewagen-Colonne. (262) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Mannschaftsküche an der Strasse in Kocs. ([263]) [Abb.]: Markt in Totis. (264) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: Vorrücken zur grossen Cavallerie-Attaque. ([265]) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: das Ende der Festlichkeiten. ([266]) [Abb.]: Schwimmteich des Militär-Waisenhauses in Fischau. (267) [Abb.]: Kriegshafen in Pola. (268) [Abb.]: Totiser Manöver: der Kaiser mit FZM. Freiherrn von Beck, Minister von Krieghammer und Engerer Suite. *1. Italienischer Militär-Attché Oberst Luigi Nava; 2. Major Ferdinand von Khuepach; 3. Gen.-Adj. G. d. C. Eduard Graf Paar; 4. Oberst Oscar Potiorek; 5. Gen.-Adj. FML. Arthur v. Bolfras; 6. FZM. Friedrich Freiherr von Beck; 7. Reichskriegsminister Edmund Edler von Krieghammer. ([269]) [Abb.]: Admiral Freiherr von Sterneck. (270) [Abb.]: Vice-Admiral Freiherr von Spaun. (271) [Abb.]: Linienschiffs-Lieutenant Huber in der Militär-Kanzlei. (272) Auf der Jagd (273) [Abb.]: (273) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: das Jagdschloss. (274) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: der Kaiser ertheilt dem Leibkammerdiener Aufträge. *1. Leibkammerdiener Raimung Zrunek. (275) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: Gedicht der Erzherzogin Marie Valerie. (276) [Abb.]: Mürzzuschlag: Ankunft der Jagdgäste auf dem Bahnhofe. *1. Ingenieur August Haben; 2. General-Adjutant G. d. C. Eduard Graf Paar; 3. Kaiser Wilhelm II.; 4. Flügel-Adjutant Oberstlieut. Thaddäus Graf Alberti; 5. Erster Obersthofmeister Prinz Rudolf zu Liechtenstein; 6. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 7. König Albert von Sachsen; 8. Ober-Forstrath Gustav Förster. ([277]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hofrath Pichler. (2)Josef Kundrat. (278) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: äsende Gemsen. (279) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: Herunterbringen des erlegten Wildes. (280) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: Zusammenkunft bei der Taschelschwelle nach einer Winterjagd. *1. Ober-Forstrath Gustav Förster; 2. König Albert von Sachsen; 3. Generalstabs-Chef FZM. Friedr. Freih. v. Beck; 4. Reichskriegsminister G. d. C. Edmund Freiherr v. Krieghammer; 5. Prinz Leopold v. Bayern; 6. Gutsbesitzer Bräunlich; 7. Forstverwalter Jul. Greiner. ([281]) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: Nachsuche des angeschossenen Wildes. (282) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: Eingang zum "Todten Weib". (283) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: Gedenktafel beim "Todten Weib". (284) [Tabelle]: Programm für die Allerhöchste Hofjagd am 26. September 1894. (284) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: vor der Heimfahrt bei der Lechnerbrücke. *1. Forstverwalter Guido Hentsch; 2. Forstverwalter Julius Greiner; 3. Postmeister von Mürzsteg Baron de Prey; 4. Werksdirektor G. A. Pummer; 5. Bezirks-Jagdarzt Dr. Sonnenthal; 6. Erster Obersthofmeister Prinz Rudolf Liechtenstein; 7. Reichskriegsminister G. d. C. Edmund Edler von Krieghammer; 8. Geh. Rath Johann Graf Ledebur-Wicheln; 9. Erzherzog Otto; 10. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 11. Generalstabs-Chef FZM. Friedrich Freiherr von Beck; 12. Hofrath Dr. Hermann Freiherr von Wiederhofer; 13. Flügel-Adjutant Oberstlieut. Thaddäus Graf Alberti; 14. Kaiser Wilhelm II.; 15. Prinz Leopold von Bayern; 16. König Albert von Sachsen; 17. General-Adjutant G. d. C. Eduard Graf Paar; 18. Deutscher Botschafter Philipp Graf Eulenburg; 19. Sächsischer Ober-Stabsarzt Dr. F. W. Selle; 20. Gutsbesitzer Bräunlich; 21. Forstverwalter Hugo von Kham; 22. Minister des Aeussern Agenor Graf Goluchówski; 23. FZM. Gustav Freih. v. Wersebe. ([285]) [Abb.]: Oberjäger Mühlbacher. (286) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: der Kaiser und der König von Sachsen besichtigen beim Abstieg das erlegte Wild. *1. König Albert von Sachsen. (287) [Karte]: Jagdprogramm mit eigenhändigen Vormerkungen des Kaisers. (288) [Abb.]: Mürzsteg: Conversation nach dem Diner. *1. Ober Forstrath Gustav Förster; 2. Hofrath Dr. Hermann Freih. v. Widerhofen; 3. Geh. Rath Johann Graf Ledebur-Wicheln; 4. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 5. König Albert von Sachsen; 6. Prinz Leopold von Bayern; 7. Flügel-Adjutant Major Carl Ritter v. Wessely; 8. Oberstjägermeister Leopold Freiherr v. Gudenus; 9. FML. Gustav Freiherr von Wersebe; 10. Sächsischer Ober-Stabsarzt Dr. F. W. Selle; 11. Statthaltereirath Franz Sarsch; 12. General-Adjutant Graf Bellegarde; 14. Forstverwalter Unger; 15. Gutsbesitzer Bräunlich. ([289]) [Abb.]: Jagdschloss Radmer. (290) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Die Abschußtabellen des bei den Hofjagden erlegten Wildes in den Salzkammergut-Jagdgebieten ergeben folgendes Resultat: (2)In allen kaiserlichen Hochgebirgsrevieren erlegte der Kaiser, soweit es aus den Abschusslisten nachweisbar ist: (291) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser mit seinen Jagdgästen beim frühstück vor der Kaiserhütte in der Seeau. *1. König Albert von Sachsen. (291) [Abb.]: Gretl. (292) [Abb.]: Eisenerz: der Kaiser am Abend zur Birsch gehend. (293) [Abb.]: Ebensee: der Kaiser besichtigt eine kleine Strecke beim Almhaus Fahrnau. (294) [Abb.]: Der Kaiserstand bei der Grünbergjagd im Offenseer Jagdrevier. (295) [Abb.]: Ebensee: Vorderer Langbathsee. (296) [Abb.]: Ebensee: der Kaiserstand bei der Steinbergjagd. (297) [2 Abb.]: (1)Stoanhansl. (2)Ebensee. der Kaiser und Prinz Leopold verlassen das Jagdhaus auf der Spitzalm. *1. Prinz Leopold von Bayern. (298) [Abb.]: Jägermeister Grill mit Treibern. (299) [Abb.]: Ebensee: sieben Geweihe von, bei einer Jagd in Steineckfahrnau, vom Kaiser erlegten Hirschen. (300) In Ischl. (301) [2 Abb.]: (2)Der Kaiser auf einem Spaziergange. (301) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ansicht v. Ischl und der Kaiserlichen Villa. (2)Eingang z. Kaiserlichen Park. (302) [Abb.]: Vor der Ankunft des Hofes. *1. Hofdiener Franz Gruber; 2. Hofdiener Felix Gastauger; 3. Hofdiener Friedr. Hanna; 4. Villen-Inspector Nikol. Zellner. (303) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser u. seine Jagdgäste reiten auf die Zimnitz. *1. Leibkammerdiener Raimund Zrunek; 2. Prinz Leopold von Bayern; 3. General-Adjutant G. d. C. Eduard Graf Paar; 4. Prinz Georg von Bayern; 5. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 6. Ob.-Stabsarzt Dr. Josef Kerzl; 7. Hofrath Dr. Hermann Freih. v. Widerhofen. (304) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser auf dem Wege zur Kirche. ([305]) [Abb.]: Hofrath Titz empfängt den Kaiser am Rendevousplatz zur Jagd. *1. Leibkutscher Josef Walter; 2. Hofrath und Hofjagdleiter Leo Titz; 3. Forst- und Domänen-Verwalter Franz Straschilek; 4. Prinz Leopold von Bayern. (306) [Abb.]: Speisenbeförderung von der Küche in die Villa. *1. Hof-Zuckerbäcker Carl Geraus; 2. Chef-Koch Richard Skoda; 3. Hofkeller-Officiant August Bischof; 4. Hoftafel-Inspector Anton Grill; 5. Hofwirtschafts-Adjunct Carl von Prileszky. ([307]) [Abb.]: Erzherzogin Gisela radfahrend. *1. Erzherzogin Gisela; 2. Prinz Konrad v. Bayern. (308) [Abb.]: Familien-Diner. *1. Prinz Leopold von Bayern; 2. Prinz Konrad von Bayern; 3. Kaiserin Elisabeth; 4. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 5. Erzherzogin Gisela; 6. Prinz Georg v. Bayern; 7. Erzh. Marie Valerie. ([309]) [Abb.]: Leibarzt Hofrath Widerhofer. *1. Thorwächter Anton Wiesauer; 2. Hofrath Dr. Hermann Freiherr von Widerhofer. (310) [Abb.]: Reichskanzler Fürst zu Hohenlohe und Minister Graf Golouchowski vor dem Hotel Elisabeth. *1. Alfred Freiherr von Springer; 2. Redacteur Julius Bauer. 3. Deutscher Reichskanzler Chlodwig Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst; 4. Minister des Aeussern Agenor Graf Goluchowski; 5. Hotelier Franz Koch. ([311]) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser Zeitung lesend. (312) [Abb.]: Kaisers Geburtstag: die Kinder der Erzherzogin Valerie gratulieren. (313) [Abb.]: Kaisers Geburtstag: Aufmarsch der Salinenkapelle. *1. Salinenmeister Bruckschlögel. (314) [Abb.]: Kaisers Geburtstag: Concert auf der Esplanade. *1. Adele Strauss; 2. Componist Johann Strauss; 3. Flügel-Adjutant Heinrich Freiherr von Kulmer; 4. Anastasia Gräfin Kielmansegg-Lebedeff; 5. Statthalter Victor Freiherr von Puthon; 6. Sections-Chef Ludwig von Dóczy; 7. Hof-Reise-Cassier Victor Stöger; 8. Kammer-Virtuose Alfred Grünfeld; 9. General-Director Eduard Palmer. ([315]) [Abb.]: Erster Obersthofmeister Rudolf Prinz Liechtenstein und General-Adjutant Eduard Graf Paar auf dem Kreuzplatze. (316) [Abb.]: Flügel-Adjutant Major Heinrich Freih. v. Kulmer; 2. Flügel-Adjutant Major Hugo Fürst v. Dietrichstein; 3. General-Adjutant G. d. C. Eduard Graf Paar; 4. Erzherzogin Marie Valerie; 5. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 6. Hof-Wirthschafts-Adjunkt Carl Prileszky von Prilesz; 7. Ober-Stabsarzt Dr. Josef Kerzl; 8. Hof-Secretär Franz v. Hawerde-Wehrlandt; 9. Regierungs-Rath Carl Edler von Herdliczka; 10. Hof-Schauspielerin Wilhelmine Mitterwurzer; 11. Alexander Girardi; 12. Bezirkshauptmann Julius Graf Salburg; 13. Kämmerer Andreas Graf Csekonits; 14. Statthalter Victor Freiherr von Puthon; 15. Theater-Director J. Wild; 16. Chef-Redakteur Dr. Ed. Bacher; 17. Villen-Inspector i. P. Nikolaus Zellner; 18. Maler Artur Halmi; 19. Bürgermeister von Ischl Wiesinger; 20. Hofwirthschafts-Assistent Max Eckmann; 21. Hof-Reisecassier Victor Stöger. ( - ) [Abb.]: Der Kaiser im Theater. (317) [Abb.]: Erzherzog Franz Salvator von einer Bergpartie heimkehrend. *1. Alexander Girardi; 2. Kammervorsteher Rittmeister Hugo Freiherr von Lederer; 3. Erzherzog Franz Salvator; 4. Ob.-Stabsarzt Dr. Josef Kerzl. (318) [Abb.]: Im Stiegen-Vestibül. *1. Erzherzogin Elisabeth Franziska; 2. Erzherzog Franz Carl Salvator; 3. Erzherzog Franz Salvator. (319) [Abb.]: Die Obersthofmeister seiner Majestät. *1. Erster Obersthofmeister FML. Rudolf Prinz Liechtenstein; 2. Obersthofmeister Alfred Fürst von Montenuovo. (320) Schlusswort. (321) [Abb.]: (321) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - ) Buchschnitt ( - ) Buchschnitt ( - ) Buchschnitt ( - )

Issue 69.1 of the Review for Religious, 2010. ; The ApostolicI Visitation Adapting the Ignatia~i Exercises From Ygung and Old " Prac~tic'al Wisdom QUARTERLY 69.1 2010 Review for Religious fosters dialogue: with God, dialogue with ourselves, and dialogue ~with one another about the holiness we try to live according to chariSms of Catholic religious life. AS Pope Paul V! said, our way of being church is _ . today the way of dialogue. Review for Religious (ISSN 0034-639X) is published quarterly at Saint Louis University by the Jesuits of the Missouri Province. Editorial Office: 3601 Lindell Boulevard ¯ St. Louis, Missouri 63108-3393 Telephone: 314-633-4610 ¯ Fax: 314-633-4611 E-Maih reviewrfr@gmail.com ¯Web site: www.reviewforreligious.org Manuscripts, books for review, and correspondence with the editor: Review for Religious ¯ 3601 Lindell Boulevard ¯ St. Louis, MO 63108-3393 POSTMASTER Send address changes to Review for Religious ¯ P.O. Box 6070 ¯ Duluth, MN 55806. Periodical postage paid at St. Louis, Missouri, and additional mailing offices. See inside back cover for information on subscription rates. ©2010 Review for Religious Permission is herewith granted to copy any material (articles, poems, reviews) contained in this issue of Review for Religious for personal or internal use, or for the personal or internal use of specific library" clients within the limits outlined in Sections 107 and/or 108 of the United States Copyright Law. All copies made under this permission must bear notice of the source, date, and copyright owner on the first page. This permission is NOT extended to copying for commercial distribution, advertising, institutional promotion, or for the creation of new collective works or anthologies. Such permission will only be considered on written application to the Editor, Review for Religious. Editor Associate Editor Scripture Scope Editorial Staff Advisory Board David L. Fleming SJ Philip C. Fischer SJ Ehgene Hensell OSB Mary Ann Foppe Tracy Gramm Judy Sharp Paul Coutinho SJ Martin Erspamer OSB Margaret Guider OSF Kathleen Hughes RSCJ Louis and Angela Menard Bishop Terry Steib SVD QUARTERLY 69.1 2010 contents prisms 4 Prisms 6 16 the apostolic visitation The Apostolic Visitation of Institutes of Women Religious: A Visitator's Perspective M. Clare Millea ASCJ explains the purpose and process of the apostolic visitation of the U.S. institutes of women religious and its intended impetus to apostolic witness and vitality. The Apostolic Visitation: An Invitation to Intercultural Dialogue Kathleen Hughes RSCJidescribes the intercultural dialogue that provides the best framework for the apostolic visitation of United States women religious, a useful habit of heart, and some possible hope-filled outcomes. 31 47 adapting the ignatian exercises Discovering What Ignatius Does Not Say J. Thomas Hamel SJ examines the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius to point out the subtle but consistent ways in which retreatants become authors of the Exercises, putting their own experience into words. Revisiting St. Ignatius's Kingdom Meditation Louis M. Savary expands the reading of St. Ignatius's Call of the King meditation through the incorporation of ideas from the Jesuit Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Review for Religious 63 71 from young and old ~1 Gleanings from My First Ten Years Ann Marie Paul SCC celebrates her profession of perpetual vows after living religious life for ten years by sharing eight pieces of wisdom she has learned. Monasteries of Meteora Mary Frances Coady gives her visual and spiritual impressions of ancient traditions kept by Eastern Christian monastics on a rocky peninsula of Greece. 77 practical wisdom ~ Kindness, the Everyday Virtue " James H. Kroeger MM delves into kindness's depth of meaning and inexhaustible potential for increasing goodness anywhere. 90 Ten Ideas on Priesthood George Olivera OFMCap offers ways to consider our Christian priesthood that may be helpful to priests and for those who pray for them and who enjoy their ministry. 97 102 departments ~ Scripture Scope: Praying the Psalms as Songs of Praise Book Reviews 69.1 2010 prisms T Apostolic Visitation of Women Religious in the United States has elic-ited a lot of speculation about its purpose and intended outcome and roused various emotional responses from religious and laity alike. Some speculation allows for an honest effort on the part of the Vatican offices to eval-uate the Vatican II-inspired renewal efforts of U.S. women religious, their discerned change in choices of ministry or ways of ministering, and the reality of their meager vocation recruit-ment. Most people, even among the critics, acknowledge that U.S. women religious took seriously the renewal call issued by Vatican II and responded more wholeheartedly than the men religious and the rest of the U.S. church. Realizing that certain ministries no longer required the massive effort of sheer numbers, women religious followed the church's lead and their own original charisms by seeking to serve those marginalized in our current society makeup--the poor, the handicapped, women in dire straits--and by advocating for justice in many spheres. While many more needy people were being served, women religious often lost the visibility that accompanied their corpo-rate mission in schools and hospitals. Among a Review for Religious number of factors in American family life and culture, vocational recruitment suffered from the positive secu-lar possibilities of the feminist equality movement and from the continued limits imposed on women's roles and leadership in the church. There is no doubt that the U.S. church is as strong as it is because of the work and witness of women religious through the 19th and 20th centuries. Many are the veri-fied accounts of bishops and local pastors using and mis-using the work of religious women in their own chosen endeavors. The generous sacrifices of women religious in the U.S. church are documented and unforgettable. What now needs to be honored in the current, often still hidden and unacknowledged, ministry of women religious is their being the church's arms reaching out to a world-in-need. The witness of their apostolic lives cannot now be measured by institutions, corporate devotional emphases, or monastic garb. Apostolic reli-gious life cannot be well evaluated by monastic criteria, which seemingly inspire the current study. The theology of religious life has never adequately explained the breadth of religious-life development because it has retained monasticism as its norm. Church leadership has consistently found apostolic religious life to be second-class and deficient as measured against the monastic ideal. Perhaps the Vatican s~dy will be the occasion for a breakthrough in the understanding and acceptance of the breadth of apostolic religious life in the church of the 21st century. U.S. women religious will have offered the worldwide church a most precious gift of wisdom and insight into the true living of the Spirit-given charism of active religious life. David L. Fleming SJ 69.1 2010 the . a, postol c Visitation M. CLARE MILLEA The Apostolic Visitation of Institutes of Women Religious: A Visitator's Perspective How many times in our lives, while living through a particularly challenging situation, we reflect on earlier situations in which we felt stretched beyond our own limited resources and abilities. Unable to do anything but rely upon God in surrender and trust, we later realize that not only did the Lord sustain us beyond our imagining, but those very expe-riences taught us the relational and practical skills we would need in far more challenging circumstances to come. I have reflected often during the past year about how many of my personal experiences have shaped and honed the gifts I hope to bring to the Apostolic Visitation of Institutes of Women Religious in the United States. M. Clare Millea ASCJ is the superior general of the Apostles of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Her U.S. address is Mt. Sacred Heart; 295 Benham Street; Hamden, Connecticut 06514. Review for Religious During my early years in religious life, I learned to see beyond external limitations--such as those of the mentally challenged children and adults I lived with and served--and was able to truly respect and cherish, as they do, the inner beauty of each unique person. Much later, as the newly elected superior general of the Apostles of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and before beginning dialogue or canonical visitation with each of my more than 1200 sisters, I made a whirlwind tour of the communities in the fourteen nations in which my sisters are missioned. I was welcomed into every faith community by lively music, colorful dance, lovely handmade gifts, and much jovial hugging. At one point, exhausted by travel, extreme changes of climate and cul-ture, and the strain of communicating in various lan-guages, I tearfully confided to a priest my difficulty in responding with enthusiasm to these endless outpour-ings of love. Father gently explained to me that his peo-ple needed to use exuberant gestures to express their joy and gratitude for visible signs of God's presence so that they would not succumb to the weight of their daily struggles for survival. That simple explanation was a truly graced moment for me, a key to entering into the world of those faith-filled people and many others whom I would later come to know. Moments such as these throughout my many years of congregational service have intensified in me the desire to synchronize the beating of my .heart with the heart of the other person, to understand, accept, and lovingly embrace her in her uniqueness. International living and travel have strengthened in me the liberating conviction that "my way" is not the only valid way or necessarily the best way to be or to do. While I still struggle at times to succinctly articulate my congregation's unique 69.1 2010 Millea ¯ Tbe Apostolic Visitation of Institutes of Women Religious charism of witnessing that God loves each person with the human and divine love of Jesus, I am continually awed to sense the charism coursing through the veins of every Apostle of the Heart of Jesus throughout the world. I feel constantly renewed and challenged by my sisters to authentic religious living while at the same time I try to discover with them how we can grow in personal holiness, effective gospel witness, and fruitful ministry in communion with the church. My recent appointment as apostolic visitator to the institutes of women religious in the United States, the first instance of a woman religious being delegated with apostolic authority to carry out such a service to the church, seems ovei'whelming at times. While my affir-mative response to this mandate from the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (CICLSAL) requires considerable per-sonal sacrifice, I have embraced it as a joyful expression of that unconditional assent to the divine will that I freely offered to God, to the church, and to my supe-riors on the day of my religious profession. Personally and through the religious who assist me in carrying it out, I sincerely endeavor to encounter with holy respect the members of each of the religious institutes involved in the apostolic visitation. The Church's Pastoral Concern for Religious Life In the apostolic exhortation Vita consecrata, Pope John Paul II clearly affirmed that consecrated life, with its variety of charisms and institutions, is a treasure which has its origin in the example and teachings of Jesus Christ. It is a gift of God the Father to the church through the Holy Spirit, a precious and necessary gift for the present and future of the People of God, and an Review for Religious intimate part of the church's life, holiness, and mission.1 Women and men freely choose to live in institutes which are canonically erected by the competent authority of the church. Through the profession of ~ ,~ vows or other sacred bonds, according to the institute's proper law, they profess the evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience and, through the charity ~ to which the coun-sels lead, are joined in a special way to ~ the church.2 On her - ~ part, the church has the duty of clarifying the identity, the vocation, and the particular mission of religious institutes and promoting their ecclesial communion? The apostolic visitation of institutes of women religious in the United States was promulgated with the express approval of Pope Benedict XVI.4 In a recent address to the members of the council for rela-tions between CICLSAL and the men's and women's International Unions of Superiors General, the Holy Father noted that religious communities are not exempt from the increasing difficulty encountered in proclaim-ing and witnessing to the gospel in our modern global-ized society. While acknowledging the difficult crisis that has affected many congregations by reason of the aging of members, a more or less pronounced decrease in the number of vocations, and a certain "spiritual and charismatic weariness," he indicated that the Holy Spirit The Church has the duty of clari~ing the identity, the vocation, and the particular mission of religious institutes an~d promoting their e~clesial communioh. 69.1 2010 Millea ¯ The Apostolic Visitation of Institutes of Women Religious continues to inspire a new commitment to fidelity in long-established institutes and in new forms of religious consecration as well. He pointed out that authentic actualization of the founders' charism has resulted in a promising new ascetic, apostolic, and missionary impe-tus for many congregations.5 The current apostolic visitation can rightfully be seen as a pastoral desire of the Apostolic See to journey with religious congregations as they respond to Pope Benedict's renewed invitation to "start afresh from Christ.''6 In open and honest dialogue with the univer-sal church, the visitation is a means for congregations to evaluate their present reality with courage and truth, to rediscover their founding charism, and to live it in a more authentic manner appropriate for the present time. In particular, it offer~ major superiors and their sisters a privileged opportunity to present to the Apostolic See their congregation's unique charismatic identity, as well as their communal and ministerial expression of religious life. It likewise affords the Apostolic See a way to listen to the joys, accomplishments, hopes, and concerns of the sisters and, together with the religious themselves, to seek strategies for enhancing the vitality of the individual institutes. In order to attain beneficial results, the dialogue with the Apostolic See must begin with an honest self-evaluation of the congregation's lived fidelity to its internal norms and to universal church law. The grace of the apostolic visitation can only occur in a climate of prayer, docility, open dialogue, and collaboration, with a sincere desire on the members' part to examine the congregation's strengths and weaknesses and to effect changes which would enhance the expression of its charism and ecclesial identity. Review for Religious Phases of the Apostolic Visitation The apostolic visitation is being carried out in four phases. In Phase 1, which lasted from April through July 2009, more than 75 percent of the superiors general whose institutes are included in the visitation responded to the invitation of Cardinal Franc Rodd, prefect of CICLSAL, to enter into personal dialogue with the visitator. Attentive and respectful listening to the hopes and dreams of those wonderful congregational leaders deepened my esteem for the women religious who courageously and faith-fully witness to their foundresses' and founders' spiritual patrimony and spend themselves in generous service to the church. The major superiors' love for and pride in their sisters were clearly evident as they shared their collective stoW and vision. These interviews and letters helped me formulate more precisely the objectives and procedures of the visitation. In July 2009 the Instrumenturn laboris7 or working document for the apostolic visitation was released, out-lining its nature, purpose, and procedures. Major supe-riors were encouraged to use the reflection questions contained in the working document to engage their sisters in a. process of self-evaluation regarding their congregation's unique identity, their present experience of community life, their mission and ministry, and their hopes and concerns for the future. During Phase 2 of the apostolic visitation, major superiors were asked to complete a questionnaire regard-ing fundamental aspects of their congregation's identity, present lifestyle, and future projections. The questions were similar in content to those already suggested for community reflection in the Instrumenturn laboris and were based on the model of religious life proposed in post-Vatican Council II documents on religious life8 69.1 2010 Millea ¯ The Apostolic Visitation of Institutes of Women Religious and the Code of Canon Law. The questionnaire was composed of three sections. Part A requested statistical data about the congregation itself, the demographics of its members, living arrangements, care for elderly and infirm members, and ministerial presence. Its results have been collected by the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (CARA), which will prepare an aggregate report of the findings for all reporting institutes, respect-ing the ahonymity of the individual congregations. The questions in Part B of the questionnaire offered the major superiors the opportunity to share with the Apostolic See the unique reality of their congrega-tion, They were designed to permit the major superi-ors to express each congregation's unique way of living the evangelical counsels, in accord with their founding charism and their own fundamental documents, approved by the church. The questions also sought basic informa-tion regarding governance, vocation promotion and for-marion policies, the spiritual and common life, mission and ministry, and financial administration. In addition, major superiors were invited to offer further explanations or comments to express their reality more completely. In Part C of the questionnaire, major superiors were asked to submit basic and supplementary congregational documents, such as constitutions, ancillary norms, for-marion plans, and chapter decisions. A complete copy of the questionnaire is available on the Apostolic Visitation website.9 The canonical model of religious life which under-lies the questions does not fully correspond to the lived reality of certain institutes. The questionnaire extended an invitation to those communities which appear to be evolving into a new form of consecrated life to describe their emerging expression of vowed living.1° Honest and Review for Religious respectful conversation between the institute and the Apostolic See could predictably lead to greater clarity of purpose and identity. During Phase 2 the apostolic visitator also extended an invitation to bishops and individual members of reli-gious communi-ties to share their observations. Input from any persons whose lives have been affected by women religious is also welcomed. All such contributions are assured confi-dentiality. A core team of religious who are aiding the visitator is currently evaluating the data received in preparation for the subsequent phases of the apostolic visitation. The third phase will begin in the spring of 2010 with on-site visits to a representative sample of institutes con-ducted by teams of religious visitors who will act indi-vidually and collectively in the name of the Apostolic See. The visitors were chosen from among the many fine religious nominated by superiors general and others and represent a variety of congregations and areas of exper-tise. Before conducting the on-site visits, all potential visitors will have participated in an orientation workshop during which they will pronounce the public profession of faith and the oath of fidelity to the Apostolic See that are made by those assuming offices to be exercised in the church's name2~ This profession carries with it a special grace which will strengthen the visitors in their delicate i~c: ,Adore~,team of religious who are ~aiding the visitator is currently ,,evaluating the data received in ~:preparation for the subsequent phases of the apostolic visitation. 69.1 2010 Millea ¯ The Apostolic Visitation of Institutes of Women Religious task. It will assist them to faithfully carry out their role in communion with the sound teachings and practice of the Catholic Church and not according to their own private judgment or subjective ideology.'2 The on-site visitors will engage in dialogue primarily with the members of leadership teams and a representa-tive group of the sisters, eliciting their vision of the joys, challenges, and obstacles the religious face in seeking to live authentically their charismatic identity. The details of the on-site visit will be arranged with the congrega-tions to be visited in such a way as to afford the visitors a broad and objective picture of the life and mission of the congregation and its impact on the local church. The visitation team will formulate a report for the apostolic visitator in which they will seek to articulate the accom-plishments, the key strengths, and the challenges of the institute as revealed in their dialogue and will include any recommendations which they consider appropriate. In Phase 4 of the visitation, drawing from the data gathered in the previous phases, the apostolic visitator will prepare for CICLSAL a summary report of each of the participating congregations, whether or not they will have received an on-site visit. Each of the congrega-tions will receive feedback for the purpose of promoting their charismatic identity and apostolic vitality in ongo-ing dialogue with the local and universal church. There is much good news to tell about the history and present reality of religious life in the United States. There are also great challenges to be faced so that reli-gious may continue to offer selfless service to the church and to the people who long for our unique witness to Christ through our lives, works, and words. May the fervent prayer of the church sustain women religious on the path of ongoing conversion and renewal that they Review for Religious may be a more vibrant presence and effective instrument of evangelization into the future. As did Pope John Paul in the conclusion to VTta consecrata, we entrust all reli-gious to the Virgin of the Visitation, that the church may always be gifted with generous women who, as lov-ing consecrated persons, will continue to bring Jesus to the poor, the hungry, those without hope, the little ones, and all who seek Jesus with a sincere heart.13 Notes ~ See John Paul II, Vita consecrata, §§1 & 3. 2 See Code of Canon Law, c. 573, §2. 3 See Vita consecrata, §4. 4 Decree, Prot. N. 16905/2008, at . 5 Benedict XVI, Address to Members of the Council for Relations between the CICLSAL and the USG and IUSG, 2/18/2008, at . 6 Ibid. See also CICLSAL, instruction Starting Afresh front Christ (2002). 7 To obtain a complete text of the Instrumentum laboris, see . 8 See especially John Paul II, Vita consecrata (1996); CICLSAL, Starting Afresh from Christ (2002); CICLSAL, The Service of Authority and Obedience (2008). 9 See and . ~0 See Questionnaire, Part B, Section 1, E: "Is your institute mov-ing toward a new form of religious life? If so, how is this new form specifically related to the church's and your institute's understanding of religious life?" ~' See ; Origins 28 (1998): 163-164. 12 See Lumen gentium, §25. ~3 See I/ita consecrata, §I 12. 69.1 2010 KATHLEEN HUGHES The Apostolic Visitation: An Invitation to Intercultural Dialogue EOtxrar owrodmineanry r etliimgieosu.s in the United States, these are In February 2009 Cardinal Franc Rod~, prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (CICLSAL), stunned American women religious by announcing "an Apostolic Visitation of the Generalates, Provincialates, and Centers of Initial Formation of the Principal Religious Institutes of Women in the United States of America." The pur-pose of the visitation is, according to Cardinal Rod4, "to look into the quality of the life of apostolic congre-gations of women religious in the United States.''1 Kathleen Hughes, a Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, former professor of Word and Worship at the Catholic Theological Union in Chicago and former provincial of her order's United States prov-ince, is currently a mission consultant in the Network of Sacred Heart Schools. Her address is 541 S. Mason Road; St. Louis, Missouri 63141. . Review for Religious Scarcely had this news been absorbed when a second announcement compounded the surprise and confusion of United States women religious. In March 2009 the Leadership Conference of Women Religious (LCWR) was informed by letter that Cardinal William Levada, prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, had initiated a doctrinal investigation of LCWR's activities and initiatives, particularly citing the tenor and content of various addresses given at the LCWR annual assemblies in recent years. While the visitation of women religious and the investigation of LCWR are distinct, their simultaneity was not lost on many observers, and it has been reported that Cardinal Levada's decision to investigate LCWR was made while in communication with Cardinal Rod~. These two initiatives stirred up questions, a variety of feelings, and--given that those principally affected did not participate in the planning of these investigations--a broad range of speculation about motivations and pos-sible (or probable) outcomes. This article will focus on only one of these initiatives, the Apostolic Visitation. The first section will consider the process of the visitation and the storm that arose as knowledge of it spread across the country. The second section will offer a perspective with which to understand and prepare for the visitati6n, namely, as an invitation to intercultural dialogue. The third section will suggest a habit of heart which may prove useful for visitors and visited alike. The concluding section will propose some potentially beneficial outcomes of the visitation. The Visitation and Initial Responses to It On the face of it, the visitation is a fairly straight-forward two-year process. Cardinal Rodd appointed 69.1 2010 Hughes ¯ Tbe Aposto.lic Visitation The visitation "is intended to comprehensively assess and encourage the growth of Catholic institutes of women religious in the United States who engage in apostolic works." Sister M. Clare Millea, superior general of the Apostles of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, to oversee the visitation. Sister Clare announced three phases for the visitation. The first phase, completed in July 2009, offered major superiors of orders of women religious in the United States the opportunity to meet with Sister Clare in per-son or by phone or letter to express their hopes, ioys, concerns, and other observations about their orders; approximately fifty-two percent of them did so.2 The second phase was a question-naire, completed in November 2009. This questionnaire solicited a wide range of empirical data from every apos-tolic order of women in the United States, and asked for whatever observations and aspirations they wanted to express. Compliance with this second phase varied widely across the country. Because of concern expressed by many major superiors, the request for personnel and financial information was dropped from this phase.The third phase of the visitation, on-site visits of "a rep-resentative sample of religious institutes,''3 will begin in the spring of 2010. For this phase Sister Clare will be joined by other religious, women and some men, who will form teams of visitors. After on-site visits are complete, Sister Clare will send Cardinal Rod4 a confi-dential report summarizing all the information gleaned Review for Religious from the visitation's three phases. In addition, individual confidential reports of all congregations will be pre-pared for the cardinal. The reports of those congrega-tions receiving on-site visits will be more extensive. The visitation's website (www.apostolicvisitaton. org) offers both the reason for the visitation and its objective. The visitation "is intended to comprehen-sively assess and encourage the growth of Catholic institutes of women religious in the United States who engage in apostolic works." Why a visit? Because "reli-gious life has passed through challenging times. The Congregation for Consecrated Life is aware that many new congregations have emerged in the United States while many others have decreased in membership or have an increased median age. Apostolic works have also changed significantly because of societal changes. These and other areas need to be better understood and assessed in order to safeguard and promote consecrated life in the United States.''4 It sounds so benign. Why the furor from so many quarters? The anguish of many people, religious women and a throng of their supporters and friends as well, springs from the very nature of an apostolic visitation, some-thing generally intended for the correction of abuses. The lack of participation of major superiors in the visit's design, the secrecy about those chiefly responsible for it, and wonderment about its conclusions--all of this causes concern. What abuse exactly is this visitation meant to correct? Most women religious believe they have been living faithfully that form of religious life which emerged from their obedience to the church's mandate for renewal at Vatican Council II, and which is distilled in the congregations' constitutions--rules 69.1 2010 Hughes ¯ Tbe Apostolic Visitation of life previously approved by CICLSAL, the very con-gregation now mandating the visitation. Furthermore, congregations have built into their governance certain internal structures (general chapters, for example, or the periodic visits of those in leadership) for the protection of their spiritual heritage, for evaluation of their fidel-ity to their constitutions, and for assessment of people's needs in the light of the gospel so as to establish min-isterial priorities. Women religious in the United States have also embraced a pattern of discernment and decision-making which welcomes the participation of every member. For many religious congregations, transparency and collegi-ality have become a way of life. Why, then, a visitation initiated without the collaboration of those being vis-ited, lacking collegiality, shrouded in secrecy? The apos-tolic visitation of women religious and the concurrent investigation of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious make many feel beleaguered, others fearful, others suspicious or angry. There are other voices being heard, of course. Some think it is high time someone examined what is hap-pening among women religious--whether the vows are being lived, whether prayer is still the core of religious life, whether women religious should be working out-side institutional church structures, and whether women religious should be advocating for those on the margins or promoting issues of justice within and beyond the church. Still others believe that the visitation provides an opportunity for women religious to go more deeply into issues of substance. The forty questions posed by the visitation's Instrumentum laboris, that is, its working paper, touch on everything from charism, vows, lead- Reviem for Religious ership, formation, spiritual life, and community living to mission, ministry, and financial administration,s For many women religious today, conversations on these topics happen less frequently than they would wish because of the multiple demands placed on their time and energy. There is always the danger that values taken for granted or left unarticulated become inoperative. Conversations on the essential elements of religious life may help participants discern anew where the Spirit is leading. These conflicting voices and divergent responses mirror the church at large not only in response to the visitation but on __ myriad issues large and small. Clearly, we need to find a way to talk together, to speak with integ-rity and honesty about matters of substance with those who may not share our worldview. Above . all, we need to find a way to reframe the conversation which this visitation invites us to have among ourselves and with our visitors. Even though the visitation is limited to the United States, and visiting teams will be formed from members of U.S. orders, the visitation is sure to find a range of "cultures" among us because of differing generations, theologies, spiritualities, forma-tion experiences, educational opportunities, and so on. The growing discipline of intercultural dialogue may We :need to find a way to talk together, to speak with integrity and honesty about matters of substance with those Who may not share our worldview. 21 69.1 2010 Hughes ¯ Tbe Apostolic Visitation provide the best framework and some guidance for our exchange. Intercultural Dialogue: A Definition and Some Guidelines Choose any Internet search engine and you will find thousands of entries on intercultural dialogue, offering various definitions of it and rules for engaging in it. The following definition is representative: Intercultural dialogue is an open and respectful exchange of views between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures that leads to a deeper understanding of the other's global perception. In this definition, "open and respectful" means "based on the equal value of the partners"; "exchange of views" stands for every type of interaction that reveals cul-tural characteristics; "groups" stands for every type of collective that can act through its representatives (family, community, associations, peoples); "culture" includes everything relating to ways of life, customs, beliefs, and other things that have passed on to us for generations, as well as the various forms of artistic creation; "world perception" stands for values and ways of thinking.6 Intercultural dialogue invites all interested parties to an open and respectful exchange with a view to deeper mutual understandings. Intercultural dialogue promotes esteem for diversity and insists that "different" does not mean "deficient." It fosters mutuality in the face of unequal power relations and forges partnerships in a common cause. And surely the most profound outcome looked for is the transformation of all who take part-- interior conversions that make room for changed forms, images, and behaviors and the freedom to see new pos-sibilities and to make choices that promote growth. Revie~v for Religious Among some simple rules for intercultural exchange, the most important is that of active listening, listening to one another with respect and openness, indeed with reverence. Each religious community being visited has a unique history shaped by the founder and her or his culture and circumstances. Each order has a unique charism and spirit, a set of traditions, beliefs, customs, even a particular "vernacular language" shaped over the years from the teachings and writings of members who have gone before, prophets and mystics among them, who have had a formative influence on the institute. Each order has a rule of life which is precious to the members, having been carefully composed and then gradually finding its way into their hearts. There may be a common set of questions in the Instrumentum laboris and a range of issues to be explored during on-site visits, but the answers will be as varied as the wonderful variety of religious communities which for almost two millennia have grown up in response to the Spirit's prompfings regarding particular needs of the day and the place. There are no "right" answers, but there will be many ways that sisters will express their following of Christ within a particular rule of life. The visitors, too, will have specific and precious religious heritages that shape their understanding and expecta-tions of religious life. Active listening--listening that is open to the hearts of others in the dialogue~is required of visitors and the visited alike. A second rule for the dialogue is to speak from one's own experience, not in the language of "they" or even "we," but "I." I believe, I think, I choose, I struggle with, I have come to appreciate, even I don't know or I am not sure. The living of religious life is an imprecise science, dependent as it is in the last analysis on each 69.1 2010 Hughes * The Apostolic Visitation 24 one's intimate and unique relationship with God. We grow into our understanding of prayer, the vows, com-munal life and mission during the course of years of choices made before God, in the power of the Spirit, and in communion with one another. Each member's experience and expression of religious life has been shaped by so many different influences, chief among them prayer, community life, ministerial experiences, and wise guides along the way. Rarely, if ever, can we read one another's mind or heart. Best, then, to speak only our own truth. A third rule for the dialogue is not to fear differ-ences but to welcome a respectful challenge, a thought-ful follow-up question. Particular external choices of lifestyle--for example, regarding housing options or ministerial options or the use of money--are less impor-tant than the reasons such choices have been made, the communal discernments which prompted this or that decision. In some instances clearly life-altering decisions have been made by local communities or whole con-gregations after long and serious prayer and reflection. These choices do not admit of true or false, yes or no, but require a reflective exchange whose eventual reward will be deeper insight. A fourth rule of intercultural dialogue is to come to common agreement about the scope of the conversa-tion. Both the Instrumentum laboris and the question-naire of phase two of the visitation present a wide range of topics for personal reflection. Not all of these topics, however, were appropriate for comment in the ques-tionnaire of phase two, especially if major superiors were in possession of information gleaned in personal manifestations of conscience, nor should some topics be included in the on-site dialogues of phase three. Review for Religious There are canonical norms which govern the extent of the dialogue. Subjects such as the frequency of one's sacramental participation are more appropriate to the internal forum and, in any case, are beyond the scope of the visitation. Furthermore, any questions with poten-tially incriminating consequences may also be politely deflected. Participants in an intercultural dialogue must know and accept the boundaries of the conversation; in an apostolic visitation, the boundaries are demarcated in canon law.7 Finally, intercultural dialogue is best and most fruitfully employed when all the participants have had an opportunity to shape the dialogue and accept the rules which bind the par-ticipants. In the case of the apostolic visi-tation, certain rules have been imposed from the outset which are troubling to some of those expected to partici-pate. Especially neu-ralgic among women religious who are used to openness ¯ Participants in an intercultural dialogue must know and accept the .boundaries of the conversation; ~in .an apostolic visitation, ithe boundaries are ~,~demarcated in canon law. and transparency is the secrecy surrounding the visita-tion's motivation and its final reports. Some opportunity for participants to negotiate the rules of the visitationt[ would be a good-faith gesture to women religious who ~ welcome courageous, gende, and respectful dialogue as partners with a church they love. 69.1 2010 Hughes * Tbe Apostolic Visitation A Useful Habit of Heart The habit of heart I want to recommend in prepara-tion for the visitation comes from my own experience of an earlier visitation. More than twenty years ago, I was part of the first apostolic visitation of seminar-ies and houses of formation in the United States. In 1981 the Holy See appointed Bishop John A. Marshall of Burlington, Vermont, to serve as apostolic visitator for this process, which took nearly seven years from announcement to formal conclusion. At the time of the visit, I was a member of the faculty of the Catholic Theological Union (CTU) in Chicago, teaching in the department of Word and Worship. Bishop Marshall himself led the party of visitors to CTU, and I was invited by the administration to meet with him. My visit with Bishop Marshall was not a happy expe-rience for me, perhaps because intercultural dialogue had not yet been discovered. Upon my being asked "What are you doing here?" my half hour was spent, about equally, in parrying questions about the alleged behavior of oth-ers on the faculty and staff and in defending my inter-pretation of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal and other liturgical norms. Too quickly our conversation ended, and I realized almost at once that I had not had a chance to communicate my appreciation of CTU, its extraordinary faculty and student body, and its commit-ment to educating faithful ministers for the post-Vatican II world church. Furthermore I had been given no oppor-tunity to speak of my own contribution to the mission of CTU. I asked for and was granted a second visit. Why put myself through that experience twice? The words of 1 Peter 3:15 express it best. "Always be pre-pared to make a defense to anyone who calls you to account for the hope that is in you, yet do it with gen- Review for Religious tleness and reverence." I wanted to give an account of my hope, based on a faculty where intellectual rigor and faith, were wed, on a student body of women and men from all over the world preparing to commit themselves to a life of service of the gospel of Jesus Christ, and on the local church in Chicago, where the leadership of Cardinal Joseph Bernardin gave extraordinary witness to the very qualities of holiness and gospel service we were trying to nurture in ourselves and instill in our students. For many women religious, hope is what has kept us faithful to this privileged journey in the midst of the numerous challenges of these last several decades. Changing demographics, underfunded ministries, elder care decision-making, conversations towards merger, cus-toms no longer viable, and ministerial needs forever out-stripping our human and material resources--all of these realities have tested congregations and their leaders. At the same time, that basic love and longing for God which brought us to the threshold of religious life still drives us, together, to seek and find God in contemplative prayer, in a life of common purpose, in zeal which keeps even the oldest among us focused on mission. Hope is the glue in religious life today. That hope must be the undercurrent of every exchange during on-site visits. If our visitors discover little else, they should leave with the conviction that hope is why we came to religious life and why we stay and why we get out of bed each morning and why, despite all the challenges and limitations we experience, we try every day to be God's heart on earth. "Always be prepared to make a defense to anyone who calls you to account for the hope that is in you, yet do it with gentleness and reverence." How wise of 69.1 2010 Hughes ¯ The Apostolic V'~itation the author of First Peter to link hope to gentleness and reverence, two other habits of heart which we do well to foster. If we do so, the intercultural dialogues in our future will accomplish in all of us, visitors and visited, great transformations of head and heart and mission. Hopeful Expectation What might be expected at the conclusion of this apostolic visitation? Approximately three hundred forty communities of apostolic women religious will have con-tributed to a composite picture of religious life in the United States. Sister M. Clare Millea has the unenviable task of summarizing all the information and impressions gleaned from her visits with major superiors, from the empirical data tabulated from many questionnaires, and from the reports of numerous on-site visits to moth-erhouses and houses of formation. This composite report together with individual reports of the religious orders will be presented to Cardinal Franc Rod~ and the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life. It is to be hoped that major superiors and their councils will have had an opportu-nity to see these reports, to correct factual errors, and to participate inthe assembling of recommendations before their formal presentation to Cardinal Rode. Then what? Here are some possible hope-filled outcomes, first on the institutional level. The Instrumentum laboris poses some thoughtful questions about institutional sponsor-ship, care of the elderly, ongoing formation resources, and so on. In the course of the visitation, it is possible that some "best practices" might emerge--the kind of information that the Leadership Conference of Women Religious has worked to surface and circulate among its Review for Religious members for many years. While respecting the auton-omy of each institute, congregations with similar proj-ects or needs might be invited to consult with other congregations that have addressed similar issues with success. Another institutional prospect might be that those communities no longer viable because of a lack of either personnel or financing might be given the sup-port they need to make decisions for their future. On the personal level, the visitation could have a profound outcome. The Instrumenturn laboris for this visitation has a long series of thoughtful questions for personal study and prayer. These questions touch on the essence of religious life with two serious omissions: contemplation and other forms of solitary prayer are not mentioned, nor is there any reference to the quality and tone of community life, only to religious exercises performed in common. Apart from those lacunae, the document together with its numerous citations of other documents from the Apostolic See is, on balance, a rich resource for reflection and prayer and for conversa-tions within and across communities and congregations. Whether a congregation receives an on-site visit or not, this process has the potential for renewal among us. It also has the possibility of instilling in us a deeper real-ization of our place in the church and a deeper appre-ciation of our work as collaborators with our ordained and professed brothers in the public life of the church. And is it foolish to hope for one last outcome? Is it possible that this Apostolic Visitation might conclude with a resounding "thank you" to nearly sixty thou-sand women who have lived religious life as faithfully as nature and grace could achieve, making God's love known through their ministries and by their very lives? For this, let us pray to the Lord. 29 69.1 2010 Hughes ¯ Tbe Apostolic Visitation Notes ~ Letter of Cardinal Franc Rod~ to the Superiors General of Congregations of Women Religious in the United States, 2 February 2009. 2 Of approximately 340 eligible communities, 177 responded through visits or letters to Phase One. See the Apostolic Visitation web-site "Update on the Progress of Phase 3 See Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, Instrumentum Laboris for Apostolic Visitation of the General Houses, Provincial Houses, and Centers of Initial Formation of the Principal Religious Institutes of Women in the United States of America. Protocol No. 16805/2008. 4 The Apostolic Visitation website, Frequently Asked Questions. s A copy of the Instrumentum laboris is available on the Apostolic Visitation website. 6 European Roma Information Office, White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue. 7 See the Resource Center for Religious Institutes, The Apostolic Visitation of Women Religious in the United States: A Canonical Reflection. 9 March 2009. Review for Religious j. THOMAS HAMEL Discovering What St. Ignatius Does Not Say Having accompanied a number of people on retreat for quite a few years--the ordained, the married and single, religious of various congre-gations-- I continue to delight in seeing that people unacquainted with Ignatius's little book actually mirror it in their own retreat experi-ence. Along with those who are quite famil-iar with Ignatius's words ("Divine Majesty," "God our Lord," "Creator and Lord," "Two Standards," and so forth), they have a retreat experience that is personal, profound, and Ignatian. In this way the Spiritual Exercises show themselves to be primarily oral. The "annotations" that introduce them appear to be the result of conversations throughout the four Weeks of retreat. What happens to the retreatants is usually the very thing Ignatius j. Thomas Hamel SJ last wrote for us in 2008, in our 67.2 issue. His address remains College of the Holy Cross; 1 College Street; Worcester, Massachusetts 01610. adapting the ignati.an exercises 69.1 2010 Hamel ¯ Discovering What Ignatius Does Not Say How Jesus Christ is present in creation is how he: is present in the Eucharist. hoped would happen. Retreatants become authors of the Exercises, putting their own experience into words. Enlightened by graces asked for and received, and lis-tened to by their director, they gradually own the experi-ence they has been graced with. "For it is not so much knowledge that fills and satisfies the soul, but rather the intimate feeling and relishing of things.''1 Being led to search out and find in ourselves the desires and ways of God is the touchstone of the Exercises. Ignatius's sober language actually encour-ages us to go beyond his words, and yet at times his notes and suggestions seem like an overload. He takes note of our waking up and going to sleep. He comments on the way we take meals. He pays attention to the warmth of the sun in winter and the effect of closing the shut-ters of our room. His interest in physical posture seems as modern as yoga lessons, not to mention his sensitive and insightful responses to inner changes and emo-tions, high and low and in between. In the end, how-ever, Ignatius does not tell us what to do. He will not interfere with God's coming and communicating (§ 15). Like John the Baptist at Jesus' baptism, Ignatius simply disappears so that retreatants may (like Jesus) hear the Father's voice and feel the Holy Spirit descending like a dove (Mk 1:10-11). A striking instance of Ignatius disappearing in the Exercises is the Principle and Foundation: "The human person is created to praise, reverence, and serve God our Review for Religiotls Lord and by so doing to save his or her soul . One must use created things insofar as they help towards one's end, and free oneself from them insofar as they are obstacles to one's end. To do this we need to make ourselves indifferent to all created things" (§23). A subtle glory radiates from the name "God our Lord." It refers to the Trinity, and we know from Ignatius's "autobiography" or Reminiscences~ what great devotion he felt when praying to the Blessed Trinity, often,.with prayers and sobs (Rent §28). If this happened when he saw three keys on a keyboard, what might he have experienced before the triad of praise, reverence, and service of God? What Ignatius does not say here is revealed in the poetry of a mystical experience at Manresa. There is only one way he looks upon the gift of creation: "Once the way in which God had created the world was repre-sented in his understanding, with great spiritual joy: it seemed to him he was seeing a white thing, from which some rays were coming out, and that God was making light out of it" (Rent §29). He also saw "with his interior eyes some things like white rays which were coming from above as the body of the Lord was being raised at Mass" (Rent §29). How Jesus Christ is present in creation is how he is present in the Eucharist. The One who alone can praise, rever-ence, and serve the eternal Father is Creator and Lord (§5). Annotation 5 was traditionally given along with the Principle and Foundation at the beginning of the retreat, and so the glory of Jesus, Creator and Lord, pervades the Principle and Foundation. How appropri-ate that Ignatius would tap our generosity and openness at the beginning of retreat by having us offer our desires and liberty to our Creator and Lord! 69.1 2010 Hamel ¯ Discovering What Ignatius Does Not Say When Ignatius first arrived at the Benedictine Abbey of Montserrat, he made a general confession that lasted three days. Just how long was his list of sins? If one thing stands out in the First Week, it is the repeated reference to many sins: "How many times I deserved to be damned forever on account of my many sins" (§48). "Numberless other people have gone to hell for fewer sins than I have committed" (§52). "I look at myself. the source of many sins and evils" (§58). Rather than making a theological statement about sin, Ignatius seems to be pointing to his own spiritual journey, without actually saying so. So aware of the mal-ice of sin, he cannot but put into stark language the hor-ror of even one grave sin against one's Creator and Lord. M1 the while, Ignatius never loses sight of God's power, justice, wisdom, and goodness (§59). Suddenly we have a picture of Ignatius hugging himself in sheer wonder and joy before the whole range of created beings. Who are we, prayed over by angels and saints? Who are we, kept alive by earth and sky, stars and sun and moon and " the animal kingdom? (§60). What to do but talk to our Creator and Lord about mercy, and thank God for giv-ing us life to this very moment. When Ignatius left Montserrat after making a gen-eral confession, little did he realize that his own First Week was just beginning. Manresa was not in his plans, but it surely was in God's. There in Manresa the chiv-alrous ex-knight had to be knocked down by scruples. Slowly and painfully he had to learn he was no lon-ger in charge of anything, not even his own sinfulness. Instead of feeling duty-bound to keep on confessing his sins, he had to leave them to God. We can only wonder how many times Ignatius felt that the Lord "willed that he wake up as if from sleep," ever so slowly learning Review for Religious "the difference in kind of spirits through the lessons God had given him," so that at last "he decided, with great clarity, not to confess anything from the past any more. Thus from that day onward he remained free of those scruples, holding it for certain that our Lord in his mercy had willed to liberate him" (Rein §25). "As if from sleep" aptly describes Ignatius recu-perating from the wounds of Pamplona in his home at Loyola. He was given over to daydreaming. Tales of chivalry would foster his fantasies, but the only books available to him were Ludolph the Carthusian's Life of Christ and Jacobus de Voragine's account of lives of the saints. For the first time, in the Flos Sanctorum (or Golden Legend), Ignatius read about the knights of God who did great deeds in the service of the eter-nal Prince, Christ Jesus. Ignatius, it seems, woke up to hear the call of the eternal Lord and King of all people everywhere. Seeing "with the eyes of the imagination the synagogues, towns, and villages where Christ our Lord went preaching" (§91) leads us to see our world here and now immediately present to the risen Lord Jesus calling each of us in particular. The geography of the Kingdom goes from the Holy Land to the world at large and ends up "before your infinite Goodness, and before your glorious Mother and all the saintly men and women of the court of heaven" (§98). The grace not to be deaf to his call is an enormous grace. Summoned to know, love, and follow Jesus of Nazareth means a life-time journey that includes being with Jesus suffering and dying, rising and ascending. The desire to distinguish oneself in loyal dedica-tion is itself a grace. But where does such a desire come from? Before the Kingdom meditation, the last use of the phrase "infinite Goodness" was in the context of sin: the 69.1 2010 Hamel ¯ Discovering What Ignatius Does Not Say Ignatius does not e~cpect that this offering of oneself will happen right away. horror of sinning "against the infinite Goodness" (§52). Here we find "before your infinite Goodness." The Lord's favor and help are clearly at work in the prayer of oblation (§98). Surely Ignatius himself is among those who desire to distinguish themselves, though he does not say this. David Fleming captures the energy and emotion of the prayer: "Those who are of great heart and are on fire with zeal to follow Jesus" (~97).3 Of course, Ignatius does not expect that this offer-ing of oneself will happen right away, or even in the same words. What is of great moment is the coming together of desire, feel-ing, and imagination, radiating in some myste-rious way the glory of the risen Jesus. Imagine the change of feeling from having sinned against infi-nite Goodness to having a ~ heart on fire with zealous . desires and seeing in faith the Mother of Jesus in glory along with all the saints waiting to hear what I want to say. Among the saints that Ignatius read about at Loyola was St. Ignatius, bishop of Antioch. The account of his life opens: "The name Ignatius comes from the Latin ignem patiens, which means being on fire with love of God.''4 For Ignatius of Loyola ignem patiens describes the Second, Third, and Fourth Weeks of the Exercises. In contemplating the mysteries of Jesus' life, I am reminded of the Song of Songs: "How right it is to love you" (Sg 1:4). Such assurance is the fruit of inte-rior knowing nourished and fed by desire, feeling, and imagination. In the Second Week the fifth of each day's Review for Religious prayer periods highlights the imagination. In the prayer of the senses, we are to imagine what the three Divine Persons are saying, what our Lady is saying to her new-born at his birth (§123). In this way we are further drawn into their pres-ences, where we may pause to imagine what we could say to the Holy Trinity, or to the Mother of Jesus, or to the Newborn. During the retreat we speak from different positions, whether as friend, servant, or sin-ner (§54), not to mention as child, as beloved, and so forth. In our prayer of the senses and in the colloquies we make, an oral history is taking shape. The same is true of repetitions. In contrast to all that Ignatius says about preparation for prayer, along with detailed aids to prayer, he has very little to say about the repetitions. He clearly expects, however, that something will happen. These are his words: After the preparatory prayer and two preambles, repeat the First and Second Exercises, noting and dwelling upon the points where I have felt greater consolation or desolation or greater spiritual relish. (§62) After the preparatory prayer and the three pre-ambles, the repetitions of Exercises 1 and 2 will be made, attention always being given to any more important places where one has experienced new insight, consolation, or desolation. (§ 118) Two repetitions will be made on the First and Second Contemplations at the times of Mass and Vespers. (§204) Listening to the "sounds" of movements is at the heart of repetition. The peace and quiet that flow from a sense of being so loved by God is like hearing water falling upon a sponge; agitation, disturbance, any resistance to God is like hearing water fall upon a stone (§335). In the meditation on the Two Standards, Ignatius has 69.1 2010 Hamel * Discovering What Ignatius Does Not Say a great deal to say and little is left to the imagination. Lucifer is described as "sitting on a throne of fire and smoke in Babylon, while in a great plain of the region of Jerusalem stands Christ our Lord, his appearance comely and gracious" (§§138, 140, 144), who "selects apostles, disciples, etc. and sends them out over the world spreading his sacred doctrine" (§145). Christ our Lord, leader of all good, draws us to spiritual poverty and to the surprising joy of being chosen to imitate his humility and so to come to know the true life. In the first contemplation of the Second Week, a battle was already alluded to with people living in great blindness, wounding, killing, and going to hell, etc. (§106). The enemy of human nature is clearly at work sending demons to every region of the world to get peo-ple to crave riches and honors, thereby ending up with swollen pride. In contrast are the goodness of spiritual and actual poverty and the consolation of being allowed to share in the insults and rejection that Christ suffered. Could it be that here is the seed of the Suscipe prayer? When growing up in Nazareth, did Jesus himself begin to pray the Suscipe and Ignatius heard it? May we imag-ine the Suscipe becoming the song of the beloved dis-ciples when they are fishing on the Sea of Galilee, or all the more when they are sent out to preach? (§281.3). They were to travel without gold or silver, and Ignatius adds the abbreviation "etc." (Versio Prima text). It is noteworthy that "etc." occurs over forty times in the Exercises, chiefly in the Vulgate text, and thirteen times in the Reminiscences. The et cetera's in the Exercises may be nothing more than space savers. They might, however, also be an invitation to complete a thought, a sentence, or a scriptural quotation. In the opening days of the Second Week, the autograph text mentions "etc." Review for Religious twice, while in the Vulgate text it occurs fourteen times. "The Blessed Virgin burst with joy in this canticle: 'My soul magnifies the Lord, etc.'" (§263). It would seem that we are being invited to complete her canticle. At the birth of Jesus "all of a sudden a multitude of the celestial militia joined the angel, praising God and saying: 'Glory to God in the highest, etc.'" (§264). The words "and on earth peace among those whom he favors" are left to us to sing, all the while imagining ourselves as poor servants waiting on Mary and Joseph. Another unnamed angel comes to the shepherds nearby: "I announce to you a great joy, etc. Today a Savior is born for you, etc. After their visit they returned, 'giv-ing glory and praise to God, etc.'" (§265). Later, in the temple, Simeon took the child in his arms, blessed God, and said, "Now, Lord, let your servant go, etc." (§268). As we complete his Nunc Dimittis, are we holding the Child? Later still, after the unexpected night journey, etc., into Egypt, the Holy Family is back in Nazareth, where the Child grows in wisdom, age, and grace etc. (§271). These texts, replete with et cetera's, nourish our desires, feelings, and imagination in reflecting upon the mysteries of Jesus' early life. During all those years at Nazareth, I wonder if Jesus ever climbed Mount Tabor, which is fairly close by. There came a day on that mountain when Jesus was transfigured in the presence of his three dearest dis-ciples, Peter, James, and John. Upon hearing a resound-ing voice from heaven announcing "This is my beloved Son, etc., listen to him," they were frightened and fell to the ground, but Jesus came and touched them. He said, "Get up and be not afraid, etc." (§284). Why would the beloved disciples fear the Father's voice of intimacy? How many books have been written about the fear of 69.1 2010 Hamel ¯ Discovering What Ignatius Does Not Say Is it by mere chance that comes immediately after "be not afraid"? Ignatius leaVes that to us. God? Is it by mere chance that "etc." comes immedi-ately after "be not afraid"? Ignatius leaves that to us. In the Third Week, Ignatius focuses more on Christ our Lord's interior sufferings than on his external suf-ferings. In this way he simply allows the Gospel nar-ratives to speak for themselves as we strive to remain at Jesus' side every step of the way, imagining what he might be saying to his Father. On the first day of the Third Week, Ignatius wants us to nttice whether the road from Bethany to Jerusalem is "broad or narrow, level, etc.," and similarly to notice the place of the sup-per (§192). On the morning of the same first day, Ignatius again considers the road from the place of the supper, Mount Zion, to the valley of Josaphat, "and also the garden, whether - - -- wide, whether long, whether of one form or another" (§202). "With the eyes of the imagination" he sees the road from Nazareth to Bethlehem, its length, whether flat or through valleys or over hills; and also the place of the grotto of the nativ-ity, how big or small, how high, and what is in it (~112). Roads, of course, lead to a place, like the grotto or the garden or the upper room. One would expect, then, another consideration regarding the length and breadth of the Via Dolorosa, but that is left to our imagination. We are even encouraged to imagine ourselves seeing Jesus eating with his disciples (while we eat, §214), and this is the event that opens the Third Week. Jesus says, Review for Religious "Take and eat, etc." (~289). His supreme sign of love in the Eucharist creates the church community. "Take and eat" will be heard until the end of time. Nothing is spared in asking for the grace proper to the Passion. From grief, brokenness, and tears to this interior suffering, how he suffers for my sins, etc. (§197). This particular "etc." lifts us into Jesus' heart, where we are reminded that his "labors, weariness, and grief began at the moment of his birth" (§206, re Addition 6, §78). Once the Lord is put in bonds, his name is only Jesus, as in his early life. From then on, Jesus is silent until he speaks from the cross. Through all his silences we may imagine what he was saying to his Father and in turn what we want to say to his Mother, to him, and to the Father in the triple colloquies. From house to house Jesus is led back and forth. It seems worthy of note that the Third Week does not end at the tomb of our Lord's burial but at the house where our Lady went. The seventh day of the Third Week is spent with our Lady in her loneliness and grief, and, on the other hand, on recalling the bitter loneliness of the dis-ciples (§208, 7th day). There is no scriptural reference to our Lady's loneliness and grief, and when the risen Christ appears to his Mother there is no mention of the doors of her house being closed. Oral tradition, not Scripture, supports the Lord's appearance to her. She is the perfect instance of our Creator and Lord communicating himself to a faithful soul, "inflaming her in his love" (§ 15, reading abrasdndola for abrazdndola). Curiously enough, for those who may doubt, Ignatius quotes a line of Scripture: "Are you also without understanding?" (Mt 15:16). After we have spent a whole day with our Lady in her loneliness, what can compare with experiencing her exultation upon meeting her Son risen from the 69.1 2010 Hamel * Discovering What Ignatius Does Not Say tomb? His appearing to her is the first of many appear-ances. Ignatius seems to delight in recounting every single appearance of the risen Christ, just as he seems to relish seeing us present to our Lady's great gladness and rejoicing over our Lord's glory and joy (§221). Her house is transformed, her oratory is the new sanctuary of an infant church, of which she is the sign. The Holy Spirit is newly present in these Fourth Week mysteries. The disciples are given the Holy Spirit. Jesus has said to them: "Receive the Holy Spirit; whose sins you will remit, they are remitted, etc." (§304.3, Vulgate text). The infant church itself is in need of reconciliation in the person of the apostle Thomas. It happens on the eighth day of the resurrection. Cyril of Alexandria writes: "With good reason we are accustomed to having sacred meetings in churches on the eighth day" (Commentary on the Gospel of John). The church proclaims, "When we eat this bread and drink this cup we proclaim your death, Lord Jesus, until you come in glory." The apostle Thomas, who all too keenly experienced the death of his Master, has to wait until he comes in the glory of his wounds. So Jesus says to him, "Put your .finger here and see etc., and be not unbelieving but believing" (§305.2, Versio Prima text). Christ the Lord .is living within his new church when he appears to Thomas and to ourselves in our unbelief before the mystery of the resurrection. Christ lives on in his church, appearing again to Thomas and six other disciples on the shore of Lake Tiberius. He is Lord of the sea as well as Lord of the Sabbath when he brings about a huge catch of fish. Who counted all 153 of them? Of the fish they had just caught, Jesus "gave them some bread and fish, etc. (§306.3, Vulgate text). Did Jesus first bless the bread, Review for Religious then break it? And were there leftovers? After the hot breakfast, there is one more catch: three times Jesus asks Peter "Do you love me?" and each time tells him to feed his sheep. Jesus commissions his new church to feed his flock, chiefly with the Eucharist. To hear Thomas's confession "My Lord and my God," to hear Peter's confession "Lord, you know all things, you know that I love you," to hear the Lord of Mount Tabor say "Go and teach all peoples" (§307): this is already to hear the Suscipe being sung. Do we hear Mary, Mother of the risen Lord, Mary Magdalene, the other Marys, the couple on their way to Emmaus, the fishermen of Tiberius, other disciples behind closed doors, the five hundred brethren together, St. James, Joseph of Arimathea, and St. Paul all singing the Suscipe? Is that not one of the ways friends experience consolation, including Jesus himself, who is the glory and generosity of the Father? With what affection and with what great love may we hear him say: "All that I have and possess you gave it all to me; to you, Father, I give it all back" (§234). The great joys of gratitude are all found in the Suscipe. With what great desires would God our Lord, the angels, and the saints want to hear us repeat the Suscipe? Participating in this prayer may fittingly be one of the "holy effects of the most holy resurrection" (§223). The Suscipe may not even be the last word. Ignatius leaves it to our creativity to consider some other way of thanksgiving that we feel to be better (§235). And what we may feel to be a better gift can only be due to God at work giving being, conserving life, granting growth and feeling, etc. (§236). "For it is not much knowledge but the inner feeling and relish of things that fills and satisfies the soul" (§2). Ignatius 69.1 2010 Hamel ¯ Discovering Wbat Ignatius Does Not Say was fond of concluding his letters by saying: "May His perfect grace be granted to all of us always to feel and fully accomplish His most holy will.''5 Although love is shown more in deeds than in words, Ignatius for his part is more wordy than usual in the Contemplation to Arrive at Love (§230). His words seem to carry the weight of deeds. This is evident in the first point of the Contemplatio where Ignatius refers to "particular gifts" (§234). Naturally these particular gifts are individual and personal; and yet, without say-ing so, it appears likely that Ignatius had in mind "the true bride of Christ our Lord, our holy mother, the hierarchical church" (§353), which--like our Lady as the new temple of the Lord's dwelling--humbly gives thanks to the Divine Majesty (§108). A vision of church rather than of the individual arises in the fourth point of the Contemplatio. The church's power, her goodness, her sense of justice, piety, mercy, etc. reflect the supreme and infinite power, goodness, justice, loving kindness, and mercy of her Lord and eternal King (§237). I am reminded that, when Ignatius traveled to the Holy Land, he did not have time to see Nazareth, watch sun-beams sparkle across the Sea of Galilee, or climb Mount Tabor. But he did see these holy places in his imagination, where his desires and dreams appeared. Later in Rome, seeing Christ "like a sun" as he had in Manresa (Rein §99), he saw the pilgrim church of the disciples go forth and teach all people, baptizing them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (§307). Likewise it is the story of Jesus that invites, challenges, and informs our ser-vice in the world. It is not by accident that the majority of Ignatius's et cetera's follow upon a biblical text. Just as the Scriptures never come to an end, there is no last medita-tion or contemplation in the Spiritual Exercises. Review for Religious Ignatius says goodbye to retreatants (as directors do), but seeking and finding seem to become a never ending duet. There is no final step, nor does the music have any final note. Providence goes on giving birth to God's deeper presence within us and even to our pres-ence to ourselves. As Karl Rahner wrote, "God speaks us to ourselves.''6 In some analogous fashion, is this not what Ignatius also does? As we make the Exercises, per-haps Ignatius is speaking each of us as their author. Notes ~ Saint Ignatius of Loyola, Personal Writings: Reminiscences, Spiritual Diary, Select Letters, including the text of The Spiritual Exercises, ed. and trans. Joseph Munitiz and Philip Endean (London: Penguin Books, 1996), §2. Hereafter I will refer to the Exercises by giving the paragraph number in parentheses. ~ Reminiscences, §28. Hereafter I will refer to this text with Rein and the paragraph number in parentheses. 3 David L. Fleming SJ, Draw Me into Your Friendship: A Literal Translation and a Contemporary Reading of the Spiritual Exercises (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1996), p. 87, §97. 4 Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints, 2 vols., trans. William Granger Ryan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), I:140. 5 Personal Writings, Select Letters #38, p. 275. 6 Harvey Egan SJ, Karl Rabner: Mystic of Everyday Life (New York: Crossroad Publishing Co., 1998), p. 84. Questions for Personal and Group Reflection Hamel points out that the Ignatian Exercises in their language structure call for the retreatant's involve-ment. As you have experience retreats, have you felt the freedom to follow the promptings of God's grace? 4Y 69.1 2010 Hamel * Discovering Wlzat Ignatius Does Not Say 2. Can you give some examples of certain scripture passages that continue to open up new meanings .and insights for you? Transformation Behold the glory of a rose. All it has to do is be. From tightly closed bud to emerging blossom to exquisite flower - it happens so slowly that very few notice. The gentle rain, the warming sun, the nurturing soil - all contribute to the life within. Holy Spirit, the power of your love is my source of transformation. All I have to do is be in You. Mary Frances Herkender SND 46 Review for Religious LOUIS M. SAVARY Revisiting St. Ignatius's Kingdom Meditation at Ignatius is primarily trying to do in the ¯ ¯ Kingdom meditation, and many miss the point, is to create a major shift in the retreatant's mind. The shift is necessary in order to have a proper mindset for the Second Week of the Exercises. It is a mindset quite different from that of the First Week. Theologically, it is a shift in how one sees one's purpose in life. The shift goes from simply seeking one's own salva-tion, which is probably the purpose of most believers, to committing oneself to a divine project on Earth. Ignatius has Christ refer to the divine project as "the work" (SpEx §96). In committing to this work, one's attention and energy shift from personal salvation to involvement in the divine project. For the retreatant, this shift is from avoiding sin and getting to heaven to a new goal: accepting responsibility for helping change the human face of the earth.1 Louis M. Savary has given many lectures, workshops, and classes on the spirituality of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. His address is 3404 Ellenwood Lane; Tampa, Florida 33618. 69.1 2010 Savary ¯ Revisiting St. Ignatius's Kingdom Meditation After the retreatants' First Week preoccupation with Christ's forgiving their sins and enabling their salvation, the Kingdom meditation may come as a surprise--when its meaning dawns on them. It presents retreatants with a new and grand "horizon," as the Jesuit philosopher Bernard Lonergan might describe it. Their attention expands from a narrow spotlight on their personal life to a horizon as big as the world. In this meditation Ignatius wants retreatants to begin thinking globally, looking toward "a much larger horizon than they had been living within" during the First Week.2 The Divine Project Christ's project, as we read in Ignatius's Kingdom text, involves nothing less than transforming the "whole world." It will certainly call for hard work ("share the labor with me"), and will require great generosity of ser-vice ("make offerings of greater worth and moment").3 Ignatius wants retreatants to recognize that in this medi-tation Jesus is inviting them to join him in a special proj-ect, initiated by God, which is so important that it needed God's own Son to reveal it clearly and accurately.4 Many ordinary Christians, those who try merely to save their own souls, fail to hear this call. Ignatius hopes to find "worthy knights" who hear Jesus' call to establish the reign of God on earth and who want to work with others to make it happen. He recommends that the one giving the Exercises be sure that the retreatant is ready to hear this call and has the generosity to respond to it.5 Jesus, in the Ignatian text, is clearly.proposing and working toward a historical result. His project has to do with what we humans, with his help, are meant to accomplish here and now for a better planetary future. It has to do with changing history and how people live Review for Religious and interact on earth. The project is far bigger than simply baptizing as many people as possible. As the hymn to the Holy Spirit puts it, humanity's true pur-pose with the Spirit's help is to "renew the face of the earth." It is a project that goes far beyond keeping the commandments and avoiding sin. In this meditation we enter into Jesus' vision and dream for humanity. Joseph Tetlow says Ignatius wants you to "feel the excitement of a call to transcend everyday concerns.''6 A New Purpose in Life Most people live their entire lives concerned about food, shelter, and clothing. They may think about the future, but mostly about everyday concerns. Their life purpose is to take care of daily wants and needs--food, grooming, safety, security, accep-tance, approval, belong-ing, esteem, and personal development. They see no '4' larger horizon than that. Speaking of everyday concerns, Jesus said, "All these things the pagans seek." He adds, "Your heavenly Father knows that you need all these things. But seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things will be given you besides" (Mt 6:32-33). Jesus calls his hearers to a new life purpose: finding out what the worldwide kingdom project wants from you ("seek first the kingdom of God"), carrying it out, and letting God take care of the rest. This worldwide transformation, the divine project, begins in individuals with a special kind of repentance, Repentance in this context " much closer to a change :" lifepurpose, 69.1 2010 Savary ¯ Revisiting St. Ignatius's Kingdom Meditation a change of heart, which is quite different from sorrow for sin. Repentance in this context is much closer to a change in life purpose. "Repent for the reign of God is among you.''7 Most Christians do not really spend much time meditating on this simple, foundational statement. When understood, it calls for a new way of looking at ourselves, the human family, and all of creation; it means establishing the reign of God. Individually, the "work" calls for a change in mind-set because it requires people to begin thinking about transforming all of humanity and the planet rather than simply saving their own soul. It also calls for a conver-sion of heart because Jesus asks us to love all people and to accept responsibility for everyone, rather than limiting our responsibility to our own life and immediate family. Instead of merely waiting for the gift of salvation from God on high, Ignatius hears in the call of Christ an invita-tion to shoulder the creative responsibility of "living for others."8 Instead of the abstract virtues or commandments required for salvation, Jesus emphasizes the practical contributions each person's talents and abilities can bring to this divine project on earth. Once we under-stand Christ's divine project, says Tetlow, "each of us, with God, must create our own response.''9 Jesus in his teachings and miracles is announcing what Juan Luis Segundo calls a "project-Christology" that is "centered around the reign of God on earth.''I° In the light of this project, we each have a destiny, a part, that we alone can fulfill. Love Is Central in God's Plan Jesus reveals that God is unconditional love and that this love is active and plan-centered. In other words, Revie~v for Religious God's love is not just responsive to individual and col-lective human needs as they happen to occur; it is also forward looking, proactive, and evolutionary. God has had a loving plan for his creation since the beginning. It was enunciated by Christ. It is spelled out in Jesus' teachings, and it is all about love. Psychologically, we know that love blossoms and matures where the lovers have a shared project and a shared dedication to it. We are invited--no, com-manded- by Jesus to love one another. We may be invited to join the ranks of the "knights" who follow Jesus, but once we join we are commanded to love one another. Nothing less than unconditional love for all humans and all of creation will suffice. The love Jesus (and Ignatius) is talking about is no infatuation or emo-tional attachment. It is a mature love that thrives on sharing the responsibility for a project--"that they may be one as you, Father, and I are one" (Jn 17:20-23).13 Each individual is called to become God's coworker (synergos in Greek; see 1 Co 3:8-9, 21-23) in establish-ing God's reign on earth. Kingdom as Reign Many scripture scholars emphasize this Christological project by suggesting that Jesus' use of the word "king-dom" is less about physical boundaries and more about God's reigning. To reign is to do something. When you talk about a king "reigning," you are referring to his plans for the future of his people and the ways he wants his wishes to be carried out. Such reigning includes the effective fulfillment of the king's will in the structures of society under his charge. It means carrying out the king's program or "standard.''~ As the divine "stan-dards" (such as the beatitudes) become more and more 69.1 2010 Savary ¯ Revisiting St. Ignatius'~ Kingdom Meditation established on earth, there will be ever-increasing love. From this will follow conditions of freedom, justice, equality, peace, and so forth for all human beings and respect for all creation. So, in this meditation, when people think the call of the temporal king (to conquer infidel lands) applies directly to the call of the divine King, they need to note that Ignatius's words refer to a conquest, not by the sword, but by covering the planet with people full of unconditional love. It is only love that will conquer all. It is probably appropriate to say that the Kingdom med-itation is really a parable about the power and attraction of real love on the human heart, more than about kings and knights.12 An Evolutionary Viewpoint of the Kingdom Pierre Teilhard de Chardin reminds us that the divine project did not begin with Jesus' public ministry two thousand years ago. It started about fourteen bil-lion years ago at the Big Bang. Creation itself has been a book of divine revelation that we are just beginning to learn to read with the help of science. According to Teilhard, God implanted his love in every particle that burst forth at the first moment of creation. Everything that exists lives in what Teilhard calls a Divine Milieu of love, and this Divine Milieu is the Universal Body of Christ On 1:3). As St. Paul says, "In him we live and move and have our being" (Ac 17:28). In studying the evolution of the universe, Teilhard dis-covered a law that has been operative since the Big Bang. He called it the Law of Complexity-Consciousness.13 Expressed more completely, it is the Law of Attraction- Connection-Complexity-Consciousness.14 It asserts that the universe is not static or cyclical, but has always been Review for Reli~ous on the move. Furthermore, its evolutionary movement has a direction. From the beginning, it has been mov-ing toward higher levels of complexity and conscious-ness-- or to higher levels of interiority, if you wish. ~s In simple language, the law of attraction is at work everywhere. All units, from atomic particles up to human beings, are attracted to other units to form con-nections. In first-year chemistry class, you learned about the Table of Chemical Elements. These connections of subatomic particles that evolved over time are listed on the Table from the simplest to the most complex. Connections are, by definition, more complex than the elements that make them up. Vvnnen evolution is looked at over eons, it is clear that this law of attraction-connection-complexity has been at work, especially on our planet, in generating forms of life. After about a billion years of trying, Earth finally evolved single-celled creatures. And over another billion years the continually evolving Earth gave birth to life forms with increasing complexity--insects, plants, trees, flowers, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals. Consciousness and awareness appeared and increased. Starting about a hundred thousand years ago, the Law of Attraction-Connection-Complexity-Consciousness generated not only human beings on Earth, but also societies, cultures, arts, and sciences. For Teilhard, this Law is universal. It applies not only to biology, but to all levels of existence. Over many millennia, psychologi-cal, social, and cultural evolution has been happening and keeps happening, following that same divine law. As Henry Kenney puts it, for Teilhard "there is only one cosmically integrated evolution. Physical and social evolution are an essential part of this one evolution.''~6 Can this understanding of evolution help us to 69.1 2010 Savary ¯ Revisiting St. Ignatius's Kingdom Meditation understand the divine project? If that general law of divine love that Teilhard discovered studying the book of creation is accurate, then it is clear how we can foster the divine project. We simply follow the universal evo-lutionary law. We do it, first, by making ourselves attrac-tive for more connections and relationships. Second, we welcome connections and the complexity they bring to our lives. Third, the struggle to live lovingly in that complexity will bring us, fourth, to greater consciousness of who we are, who we are meant to become, and how we can respond to the call of Christ. Teilhard's law does not contradict any of the laws Christ gave; it merely applies them more broadly in our scientific world. For example, it allows people to see in their professions and careers how their work contributes to the divine project and promotes the reign of God. Kingdom and Cosmos God's divine Word has been breathing into the universe the divine creative Spirit for almost fourteen billion years. During all these eons, God's wisdom has been watching creation grow and evolve in complexity and consciousness. This ever-expanding cosmos, which God loved so much that he sent his only Son to become one with it and to show us that love, must be a special part of the Kingdom of God. This evolving cosmos is the original and continual blessing God has been giv-ing to us since the Big Bang. God has been waiting for us to emerge from within it and become conscious of its almost infinite temporal stretch of divine revelation and blessing--and become conscious of the divine law of love that Teilhard identified. God not only has immersed us and all of creation in this Divine Milieu, but also has written upon our hearts Review for Religious the desire to know, love, and care for the cosmos (and everything in it)--as God knows, loves, and cares for it. To do this with all your heart, mind, soul, and strength is to love as God loves. To learn to love God passion-ately, we must learn to love the cosmos passionately.~7 With the incarnation, God has doubly sanctified this cosmos. Not only is the cosmos one single immense entity beloved of God and living in the Divine Milieu; it is also, in Christian lan-guage, living within God's own Son, as part of his Body, the Total Christ. All of creation lives and moves and has its being in this Universal Christ. With these ideas Teilhard introduces us to an evolutionary way of under-standing the Kingdom meditation. ' :With the incarnation, Godhas doubly sanctified 'i this cosmos. A Prelude to the Kingdom Meditation A quotation from the jacket of a recent book may best provide an Ignatian "history" prelude a for new century's Kingdom meditation: The dawn of the twenty-first century has witnessed two remarkable developments in our history: the appearance of systemic problems that are genu-inely global in scope, and the growth of a worldwide movement that is determined to heal the wounds of the earth with the force of passion, dedication, and collective intelligence and wisdom. Across the planet groups ranging from ad-hoc neighborhood associa-tions to well-funded international organizations are confronting issues like the destruction of the envi-ronment, the abuses of free-market fundamentalism, social justice, and the loss of indigenous cultures. They share no orthodoxy or unifying ideology; they 69.1 2010 Savary ¯ Revisiting St. Ignatius's Kingdom Meditation follow no single charismatic leader; they remain sup-ple enough to coalesce easily into larger networks to achieve their goals. While they are mosdy unrecog-nized by politicians and the media, they are bringing about what may one day be judged the single most profound transformation of human society.18 According to the author of that book, Paul Hawken, there are at least two million organizations worldwide working toward ecological sustainability and social jus-tice. This vast collection of committed individuals does not constitute a traditional "movement," nor does it have one charismatic person inspiring or directing it. It is a global, leaderless conglomerate that reaches every corner of the world. Hawken says it is "dispersed, incho-ate, and fiercely independent. It has no shared manifesto or common doctrine, no overriding authority to check with.''~9 It is taking shape, however, in schoolrooms, farms, jungles, villages, companies, deserts, fisheries, slums, and hotel rooms. From an evolutionary perspective, the movement is the most complex collection of human beings ever assem-bled. Most people know only the organization or two they chose to link with, but the movement's overall global database is mammoth. This collection of organizations is tackling issue~ that governments are failing to face: energy, jobs, conservation, poverty, and global warming. Its function as a coherent system is mysterious. Compelling, coherent, innovative, organic, self-organized congregations involving tens of millions of people are dedicated to change. "What I see," says Hawken, "are ordinary and some not-so-ordinary indi-viduals willing to confront despair, power, and incalcu-lable odds in an attempt to restore some semblance of grace, justice, and beauty to this world.''z° According Review for Religious to Hawken, while in the past most people filed griev-ances only with respect to themselves, this new move-ment involves millions of people working altruistically on behalf of strangers. Individually and together they think and speak for the planet. For them, healing the wounds of the earth in this way is a sacred act. This unnamed movement is a healing life force striv-ing for social justice and planetary welfare under and through and around national boundaries. All these small and large groups are intertwining, creating worldwide a web of relationships that are increasingly conducive to life. Perhaps this perspective can serve the Kingdom meditation. An Evolutionary Kingdom Meditation Part One: Ten Thousand Earthly Leaders First Point. Perhaps, instead of an earthly king, Teilhard might ask us to imagine ten thousand leaders spread all over the cities and villages of the earth, people of all races and classes, of all religions and no religion, young and old, rich and poor, in storefronts and board-rooms, in homes and churches, in classrooms and picket lines, in jungles and around campfires, in laboratories and offices. These leaders represent ten thousand dif-ferent groups, all rising above their daily difficulties, finding ten thousand different ways to improve the earth and the beings on it. These "activist" groups are committed to bringing human rights to all. They con-front local injustice or seek multinational solutions to world hunger and poverty. Scientists seek new drugs to alleviate suffering. Authors and journalists suggest solu-tions to local and world problems. Educators concern themselves with literacy and other areas of knowledge. Some people try to solve employment problems. Some 69.1 2010 Savary * Revisiting St. Ignatius's Kingdom Meditation address ecological concerns. Some are philosophers and theologians, some are concerned parents. Some people have dedicated their lives to meditation and to prayer for world peace, for an end to war and terrorism. Every field or life path you can imagine is represented by these ten thousand leaders. Second Point. Imagine yourself standing in this crowd, not knowing where to turn or whom to speak with, and one or two of these leaders approach you. You discover they are persons just like you working in the same area of interest. They describe their work and their aim to improve the lives of others in their circle of influence. You feel their excitement and enthusiasm. It is contagious. They may even suggest ways that you could uniquely help them pursue their purpose. Other leaders are approaching other persons like you who have found their way here. In stages-of-consciousness language, these leaders would be encouraging people to grow beyond their egocentric and ethnocentric stages of development and commit themselves to anthropocentric and geocentric mindsets.21 Anyone failing to support and find a way to actively participate in one or more of these programs might be considered an unworthy or unconscious citi-zen of the earth. Part Two: The Universal Christ While you imagine yourself still standing amid these ten thousand leaders, you can imagine Christ speaking to you as a voice heard in your heart: You see all these people representing thousands of small-to-large organizations worldwide, each doing its own small part to transform the world. They and all their groups live and move and have their being in me. They were meant to come into being and work Review for Religious in peaceful and loving concern for the betterment of all. Each small and large group has been part of the Creator's plan and vision from the beginning of time. That vision is to bring all creation together in one supreme loving union. These people love Earth and all of creation. I invite you to find the individuals and groups that you are most attracted to and most qualified to help, and commit yourself to supporting them. For we all have a long evolutionary way to go to fulfill the Creator's plan. When you hear these leaders speaking to you, realize that it is I speaking to you. When you work with them, realize that it is I working with you, alongside you. Those who want to be more devoted and signalize themselves in service of the Body of Christ will not only offer their persons to the labor required for the Creator's project, but will also make offerings of greater value 'and greater importance, saying:22 Eternal Creator of all things, I make my oblation with your favor and help, in the presence of your divine Son and in the presence of our compassionate Mother and all the saints of heaven: I want and desire, and it is nay deliberate choice and determination, with all my heart and mind and soul and strength, to be an instrument of your love and healing in the world. I beg for energy and clarity,23 so that I will contribute in all the ways I can, whatever the cost, to building up the Universal Body of your divine Son on earth as long as I live. Summing Up and Going Forward The job of achieving world peace and justice in today's world is too big for any one person or orga-nization. It is the work of thousands of organizations and individuals worldwide, rich and poor, cooperating in achieving a world at peace and an environment, a milieu, where life can be safe.24 69,1 2010 Savary ¯ Revisiting St. Ignatius's Kingdom Meditation Teilhard offers us a fuller picture of the "work" of God's reign. It integrates fourteen billion years of divine revelation that science is teaching us how to read. In the Law of Attraction-Connection-Complexity- Consciousness, he offers people in every walk of life specific ways of cooperating in the evolving divine plan. He shows how the global humanitarian movements coming up everywhere are organically inspired by the Divine Milieu. They represent an instinctive collective response of the human spirit, inspired by God, to many different needs and challenges around the planet. What these people and groups are in effect telling us, perhaps still unconscious of what they are saying, is that the Body of Christ is alive and well in our day.25 Notes t George Aschenbrenner SJ points out that Ignatius uses words like "all" and "whole" to emphasize that this meditation takes retreatants beyond their individual selves. It is a call to universal salvation. See his Stretched for the Greater Glory (Chicago: Loyola Press, 2004), pp. 68 and 98. 2 Joseph A. Tetlow SJ, Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises (New York: Crossroad, 1992), p. 90. 3 See Tetlow, Ignatius, pp. 95, 97. 4 See John 3:16-21. Jesus' project--actually it is the Father's project--encompasses the cosmos, the universe. It includes "living the truth" about creation--what it is and where it is going. s Tetlow, Ignatius, p. 90. "Ignatius would not continue an exerci-tant into the next three Weeks unless the exercitant had a great desire to go into them. That desire--to continue in the Spiritual Exercises a search for something more--itself comes as a gift from the Spirit of God." Aschenbrenner, Stretched, p. 66, makes the same point. 6 Tetlow, Ignatius, p. 91. Aschenbrenner, Stretched, pp. 66-68, sug-gests three prerequisites for truly grasping the call of the Kingdom. The first two are "a desire to know Jesus in your unique vocation" and "a capacity for intimacy." The third is "some personal lived expe-rience of the need for salvation and liberation in the social dimension of our world." Review for Religious 7 The theme of John the Baptist's preaching was "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand"; Jesus does not modify that message at all (Mr 3:2 & 4:17). John and Jesus are talking about the same divine project. Jesus merely enlarges upon it in his other sermons. s See Rm 14:7, 20-23; Mt 25:34-40. 9 Tetlow, Ignatius, p. 92. ,0 Juan Luis Segundo SJ, The Christ of the Ignatian Exercises (Maryknolh Orbis Books, 1987), p. 96. ~ This seems to be Ignatius's intent in using the word "standard" in the Two Standards. His king's "standard" stands for his plan and its fulfillment. ,2 See Aschenbrenner, Stretched, pp. 66-67, 72-73. ,3 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin SJ, The Phenomenon of Man, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), p. 300. ,4 See Louis M. Savary, The Divine Milieu Explained (New York: Paulist Press, 2007), pp. 29-30. '~ See W. Henry Kenney SJ, A Path through Teilhard's Phenomenon (Dayton: Pflaum Press, 1970), pp. 60-64. 16 Kenney, Path, p. 70. ,7 While Aschenbrenner, Stretched, says the grace for this medita-tion is to "fall in love with Jesus" (p. 66), Teilhard would have you also ask for the grace to fall in love and become "intimate" with the cosmos. While Ignatius focuses on Christ of the Gospels, Teilhard focuses on the Cosmic Christ. ,8 Paul Hawken, Blessed Unrest: How the Largest Movement in the World Came into Being and Why No One Saw It Coming (New York: Viking, 2007). You may enjoy a short video: http://www.blessedun rest.com/video.html ,9 Hawken, Blessed, p. 3. 20 Hawken, Blessed, p. 4. 2, Here egocentric would imply caring only about my own salva-tion. An ethnocentric stage would imply putting a high value on pro-tecting and caring for my family, my tribe, my country, my race, my gender, my religion. The anthropocentric stage would mean desiring to protect and care for all human beings, seeing them as my brothers and sisters under God our Father. A fourth stage, geocentric, is emerg-ing around the planet; it means extending my care and concern to all living things. We all share one planet. 22 SpEx §98, adapted. Ignatius sometimes suggests specific col-loquies, but a colloquy must always come from each one's heart. 69.1 2010 Savary ¯ Revisiting St. Ignatius's Kingdom Meditation Aschenbrenner, Stretched, p. 74, says, "You must make the offering that is in your heart." He notes, though, that a major function of this colloquy is to lead the retreatant into the exercises of the Second Week. 23 VChile Ignatius suggests that the retreatant ask for "injury, affronts, and poverty," Teilhard feels that there will be plenty of unwanted "diminishments" to endure if one commits oneself with energy and clarity to the divine project of building the Body of Christ on Earth. See Teilhard's Divine Milieu (New York: Harper & Row, 1962, 1968), Section Two, "The Divinization of Our Passivities." 24 Ignatius does not identify the Kingdom with the Roman Catholic Church, but sees Christ's reign as including all people and all the world. Teilhard might say that Christ inspires everyone with the desire to promote the loving unity of all beings, but that many of us are not yet conscious of that desire, and that many of those who are conscious of it have not yet followed that desire. Evoking that commitment is the purpose of Ignatius's Kingdom meditation. 25 Hawken, Blessed, pp. 4-5, says: "We must also remember that humans are frail and imperfect. People are not always literate or educated. Most families in the world are impoverished and may suffer from chronic illnesses. The poor cannot always get the right foods for proper nutrition, and must struggle to feed and educate their young. If citizens with such burdens can rise above their quotidian difficulties and act with the clear intent to confront exploitation and bring about restoration, then something powerful is afoot. And it is not just the poor, but people of all races and classes everywhere in the world." Review for Religious ANN MARIE PAUL Gleanings from My First Ten Years It is still difficult for me to believe that the time passed so quickly. July 2009 marked ten years since I entered the Sisters of Christian Charity, and August 2009 saw the profession of my perpetual vows. Shortly before that, I was asked what advice I would give to those just starting out. Although fully cognizant that I s611 have much to learn, I came up with pieces of advice that were too numerous to count. After omitting many important items (includ-ing emptying trash cans and filling the car's gas tank), I have committed myself to the fol-lowing tidbits. Be grateful, no matter what. A few years ago I lived in a convent with a sister who was commemorating the 60th anniversary of her entrance into the community. I asked her, Ann Marie Paul SCC wrote as a novice an article we pub-lished in 2001. Her address is Divine Providence Hospital Convent; 1100 Grampian Boulevard; Williamsport, Pennsylvania 17701. from young and old 69.1 2010 Paul ¯ Gleanings from My First Ten Years "What do you have to say on this auspicious occasion?" Without skipping a beat, she answered, "Three words: Thank you, Jesus!" What a lesson for me and for all younger religious-- Be grateful, no matter what! Living community life calls for gratitude in abundance. The five convents where I lived during these ten years have provided numerous reasons for expressing gratitude. I am grateful for the welcome I received from the sisters and the guidance they gave me--everything from where to find extra toilet paper to how to persevere in living my vows. I am grate-ful for the extra effort these women expended not only in making me feel at home but also in making me who I am today. I am grateful for the way they live and love in community and the example they have been for me. But that is the easy part of thankfulness--being grateful to those who have loved you. The "no mat-ter what" enters in when we are grateful to those who have found it hard to love us or those we have found it hard to love. Remember that not everyone will find it easy to love you and you will not always find it easy to love everyone else. These are the people who will teach you the most about loving as Jesus loves. Be grateful to them, although it might take time and distance for this gratitude to manifest itself. Forgive early and often. Forgiveness, it has been said, is the scent that the rose leaves on the foot that crushes it. The scent we leave when we are "crushed" by or when we "crush" someone else is most important. No matter how Christlike you strive to be, you are human, and so are the people with whom you live. Your com-munity will never be perfect, and neither will you. You will make mistakes (~ometimes big mistakes), and so will they. Sometimes your mistakes will hurt people deeply. Re~iew for Religious Learn early to forgive yourself and others, and to ask for forgiveness frequendy and quickly, so that everyone comes up smelling like roses! It is not a mathematical coincidence that, when asked about how often we should forgive, Jesus says, "Not seven times, but seventy-seven times" (Mr 18:22), or "seven times in one day" (Lk 17:4). The number seven is symbolic of perfection or totality. So, when Jesus uses the number seven (or seventy-seven, for real emphasis), he is saying that our forgiveness should be limidess. That is a tall order, but one that is absolutely essential to living community life. Be the community you want to see. Mahatma Gandhi is widely quoted as having said, "Be the change you want to see." These words apply to many situations in diverse regions of the world, but they can apply just as easily to your situa-tion in your local com-munity. To be sure, at some point you will rea'ch the conclusion that your community does not live up to your not meet your needs, !:: f! st.a k yourself if you have :g!ven enough, of yourself yoUr:Community. expectations. Do not let your disillusionment get the best of you. If your community does not meet your needs, first ask yourself if you have given enough of yourself to your community. That is, have you been the community you wish to see? When I hear younger sisters complain about what their community does not do often enough (or does too often), I usually ask, "What have you attempted to initi- 69.1 2010 Paul ¯ Gleanings from My First Ten Years ate in your community recendy?" (In the interest of full disclosure, I have been asked that very question a few times, too.) If the answer revolves around waiting for an elusive "someone else" to initiate an elusive "something else," warning flags should go up. Such a complaint is rarely about "them"; it is usually about "me." Own these complaints and use them as springboards to action. Be as foolish as God. Whenever you make deci-sions, always choose the most loving thing. On the surface, this looks blatantly obvious for someone in religious life. However, if you had been responsible for making practical, efficient decisions before entering your community, you will have to reprogram yourself toward making loving decisions. This is not to say that religious life lacks practicality and efficiency; it simply means that what is practical is not always what is loving. Many times the loving choice will go against your culturally pro-grammed response toward practicality and efficiency. If you have trouble figuring out what the loving thing is, turn more deeply toward the Gospels. There we find a God who is foolish in the eyes of the world-- encouraging the payment of a full day's wages both to those who worked a full day and to those who worked only one hour; leaving ninety-nine sheep in the des-ert to search for one lost sheep; and welcoming back a repentant child who had left saying "I wish you were dead" with "Let's throw a party!" So, when you are given a choice, be as foolish as God. Try not to miss too many community meals. As you struggle to find and honor your own rhythm in religious life, be aware of the rhythm of.your commu-nity, especially as it pertains to meals. Because of various schedules and commitments, the community meal (and the accompanying preparation and cleanup) may be the Review for Religious only meaningful contact we have with each other as a community on some days. That is where the debrief-ing of the day occurs, where the stories are told, and where bonds of community are formed. When you miss too many community meals, you run the risk of losing touch with the rhythm of the community. So, if you have ministry commitments that prevent you from shar-ing the community meal on Monday and Wednesday, it is probably not a good idea to accept an invitation to dinner from a friend on Tuesday or Thursday of that same week. That would make it quite difficult for you to regain your place in the rhythm of the community. Be a servant. You entered religious life to serve, but you probably lacked an understanding of the precise types of service that would be required of you. Perhaps you had an idea of service as going out to the poor and doing wonderful things for God. While that is an admi-rable goal and one that you still hope to accomplish, the actual service we are asked to do rarely matches the enchanting stuff of our imaginations. John 13 tells us that, after Jesus has washed his dis-ciples' feet, he says "As I have done for you, you should also do." Note that Jesus does not say that his disciples should follow his example only when it is convenient or when they are not tired. He does not tell the disciples to think about it; he simply says "Do it." The example of Jesus' service should be foremost in our minds as we listen to a sister tell about her day when we would rather watch the evening news; car pool when we would rather drive alone; and' go to a community meeting when we would rather have a relaxing weekend. These are the times when our service, although less glamorous than we originally envisioned, answers the call that Jesus issued to his disciples shordy before he died. 69.1 2010 Paul * Gleanings from My First Ten Years If we do not take the time ~o let God in through attentive praye, r, we may block God from~ .~ ~ working through us, ~ 681 Pray, pray, pray. This is another piece of advice that seems fairly obvious for someone in religious life. However, as we leave the novitiate, we run the risk of our prayer life taking a back seat to all the other good things that we can choose to do. As we become busier with many things, we sometimes try to convince our-selves, "My work is my prayer." While our work--that is, what we do-- ~, certainly is prayer, prayer is also who we are. If we do not take the 6me to let God in through attentive prayer, we may block God from work-ing through us. We cannot give what we do not possess. My awkward translation of the advice of St. Francis de Sales on prayer goes something like this: "You should pray thirty minutes each day, except when you are very busy. Then you should pray for an hour." In our initial formation, we spend time praying, reading about prayer, and being taught many things about prayer. We have heard what some saints have said about prayer, and most likely we have studied what our founders said about it. In 1851 the founder of my com-munity, Pauline yon Mallinckrodt, said, "What water is to the fish, prayer is to the religious." On the surface, this is a nice saying about prayer. But looking more deeply gives us a much truer picture. Try to remember the last time you saw a live fish out of water. Maybe it was a goldfish as you cleaned the bowl or a larger fish you caught in a lake on vacation. Review for Religious Do you remember the desperate flailing and gasping of that fish? Now try to think of yourself without prayer as that fish. When you flail and gasp while living your religious life without prayer, it will become apparent to those around you and will quickly become an obstacle to living a meaningful life in community. Do whatever it takes to dive back into the "water" of prayer. Talk to your spiritual director, your soul friend, or any of the various support people available to you. But do not stay out of the water for so long that you cannot be revived. Remember that we are all in this together. Religious life is a wondrous journey filled with joy and sorrow, surprises and banality, times of deep joy and times of darkness. As in other walks of life and voca-tions, people will "wow" you and disappoint you; you will have times of complete connectedness and utter loneliness. Through it all, remember that you are part of a community of people called by God to follow Christ more closely in this particular way of life. Every mem-ber- from the one who most annoys you to the one you most admire--was called to your community by God at a particular time for a particular mission. Avoid wasting time questioning how God could have ever intended this seemingly motley group to do anything together, let alone live in community and witness to God's love. Instead, praise and thank God for the wondrous diver-sity in which you are privileged to participate, and think of all of these persons as doing their best. When you think you have had enough and cannot go on, remember what "the call" was like for you. Think about what it was like to say "Yes," no matter how long ago it was, and begin again to follow Jesus more closely. Ask others, if you are comfortable doing so, to share 69.1 2010 Paul ¯ Gleanings from My First Ten Years their stories with you. Shared vocation stories not only create unity, but they also give us the possibility of hav-ing something to whisper in each other's ears when our memories fade. What--and how often--we whisper is a testimony to our commitment to God and to each other. We are all in this together, and our communi-ties' futures depend on how well we witness this to each other and to those who seek to join us. Ten years have passed. That is a minuscule amount of time, given the years of service of most of the mem-bers of our communities. Every year of service, how-ever, consists of distinctive days, hours, and minutes in which we strive to live in grace-filled fidelity to our vows and trusting commitment to our religious community. Whether we have done this for one, ten, fifty, or eighty years, each day we have the responsibility of living in ways that bring ourselves, our community, all those we meet, and the entire church closer to God. Keeping the present moment--the dailyness--at the forefront of our prayer and consciousness aids us in doing God's will in our lives. The ideas I have shared above are, I think, some of the many things that, gathered together, can help us be who God calls us to be. Review for Religious MARY FRANCES COADY Monasteries of Meteora a n the chapel of St. Stephen's Monastery, set high mong the giant outcroppings of rock that stand before the Pindos Mountains in central Greece, the nuns' chanting of Vespers goes on and on as evening turns into night. Their voices, singing in a minor key of mournful solemnity, become a drone, the unfamiliar sounds an incantation. The nuns themselves, draped in black cloaks, their faces flamed with severe black bands, sit motionless or move about freely from one icon to another--strange, fearsome paintings of,Christ, Mary, and various saints--across the top of the chapel. Lighted candles hang from brass chains. There is no other light--only shadow, and black figures moving, and incense hanging sweet and thick in the air, and a heavy feeling of enclosure. Sleep begins to overtake me, despite the discomfort of the hard benches we are sitting on. To shake myself awake, I shift my body and cross my legs. Immediately a nun glides over Mary Frances Coady writes from 35 Cowan Avenue; Toronto, Ontario; M6K 2N1 Canada. 69.1 2010 Coady * Monasteries of Meteora to me, gives a light tap on my knee, motions with her hand, and looks at me with deep blue eyes. Her face is a mixture of kindness and unquestioned authority. Like a child caught in mid-mischief, I uncross my legs. And the chanting goes on and on . Later, in the nearby town of Kalambaka, we sit in the taverna drinking wine. Red and white checkered cloths cover the tables, and pictures of blonde American movie stars line the walls. In the darkness outside loom enormous rocks, called Meteora, a name derived from a word meaning high in the air. Bare and gray and phal-lic- shaped, they stand like a monstrous fortress. Hidden among them, as if suspended between earth and heaven, is a series of medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries. A handful of these, including the one where we have just attended Vespers, are still inhabited. This is desert land, the abode of ascetics. I wonder aloud why these monasteries were built in the first place and why anyone these days would want to return to such a medieval way of life. "You've got it wrong if you're thinking medieval," says my compan-ion, taking a sip of wine. "You've got to think Eastern." Eastern: the fierce mysticism, that is, of Byzantine Christianity. In the 1 lth century, hermits first came to Meteora seeking refuge from "the world." Here the caves and clefts of the forbidding rocks seemed the perfect home for those who sought to retreat from society and who strove to punish their bodies with rigorous practices so that they might purify their souls. The landscape was an exact mirror of their desire to disregard the things of earth and attend to heavenly matters. Once they had found their way up the rock face and had established their niche, the hermits remained Review for Religio~s undisturbed and free to pursue God in the silence of their own hearts. They fasted for days and even weeks on end, depending on the kindness of local peasants for their meager sustenance. They went years without washing, for this was one of the signs of a holy man (and indeed these early hermits seemed to be only men): one who disdained his body so much that even as his clothes rotted on top of him he remained lost in the contempla-tion of the eternal, oblivious to his own stench. In succeeding centuries, wars forced the hermits to group together for protection. In the 14th century the monk Athanasius arrived from Mount Athos, the group of monasteries that stretch over a fifty-kilome-ter peninsula jutting into the Aegean Sea southeast of Thessaloniki. With nine other monks he established the first Meteora monastery. As at Mount Athos, women were strictly forbidden to visit the monasteries, and the monks were instructed not to give food to a woman even if she were dying of hunger. (At Mount Athos, not even female animals were allowed. Athanasius himself, his early biographer tells us, never allowed the word "woman" to sully his lips.) At the height of the Middle Ages, the monasteries grew in number to twenty-four. Only three are now still inhabited: Transfiguration (Great Meteoron), All Saints (Varlaam), and St. Stephen's. It is not known exactly how the ascetics reached their lonely habitations, or how they got the materials hoisted up to build the monasteries. The likelihood is that they hired local hunters and goatherds who were intimately familiar with the passes and crags in the rock. The biographer of Athanasius says only: "And taking a certain climber, he put him on a stone, and building a hut he remained there a long time." Up until the early 69.1 2010 Coady * Monasteries of Meteora In 1961 the oldest monastery became a monastery for women. decades of this century, men who visited the monaster-ies either climbed by rope ladders, which were often frayed and barely secured, or were pulled up in net bas-kets, swinging precariously over the abyss. Visitors were instructed to avoid dizziness by closing their eyes as the creaking pulley lifted them up, and to chant a hymn in order to keep calm through the ordeal. In 1920 the monks began cutting steps into the rock leading up to the buildings, and in 1948 a paved road was completed, making the still-inhabited monaster-ies accessible by car. In the same year, permission was granted for women to visit the monaster-ies. (In these matters Meteora has sur-passed Mount Athos in modernization. At the entrance to the Holy Mountain, as Mount Athos is called, a sign still stands forbidding women to enter. Up until the late 1950s, wheeled vehicles were also forbidden, the only access to the Mount Athos monasteries being by foot or mule. The decision to build roadways still remains a controversy among some of the monks. Apparently no such controversy has yet arisen regarding the ban against women visitors.) In 1961 St. Stephen's, the oldest monastery and the only one visible from the road below, became a "nun-nery," or monastery for women. It is the most accessible of the monasteries; an eight-meter footbridge over the chasm brings the visitor face to face with the monas-tery's imposing iron door, which opens onto a sunny courtyard, the stark austerity softened by the presence of azalea and bougainvillea bushes and flowering plants Review for Religious in earthenware pots. This is the peaceful setting where the spiritual quest takes place in the stillness and soli-tude of the heart. Here nuns of all ages--a surprising number of them young, with smooth complexions and sparkling eyes--labor with rolled-up sleeves and easy smiles. A nearby plaque, however, refers to "the church of Christ" as the "new ark" that is saving the world from the "cataclysm of sin." The pleasant courtyard and happy faces can be deceptive: there is nothing sunny about the work that is carried out here. That work, here on a spot suspended between earth and sky, is nothing less than a lifetime spent in con-templation of the eternal--or, in other words, an inner search for what is essential and lasting. To carry out this quest, one leaves one's place of comfort and moves to a barren land where outward distractions have been left behind and the interior struggle begins. Anyone who has been on such a desert quest will tell you that the experience demands a healthy respect, and it is not to be undertaken lightly. In the ~adition of Byzantine Christianity, the search is carried out within the con-text of liturgical prayer, where one prays with the whole body, chanting, bowing, signing oneself with the cross, gathering in spirit the whole of humanity. We leave Meteora on a Sunday morning, driving past a church where men in well-pressed suits con-gregate outside, smoking cigarettes. No women are in sight; they are perhaps already inside, lighting tapers and placing them in a vat of sand at the back of the church. They too will pray with their bodies, moving about the church, bowing in front of icons, lighting more candles, moving their lips in prayer as bearded clerics in gold brocade vestments chant the prayers of the sacred liturgy. 69.1 2010 Coady ¯ Monasteries of Meteora Their sisters on top of the monastic rocks continue their lives of unceasing prayer. For them, Sunday is a solemn feast, and this means that there is more than the usual amount of liturgical prayer. There will be more chanting, more bowing, more lighting of candles. All that can be said, perhaps, of this stark way of life is that here there is a spiritual continuity, a sense of ageless prayer, a de