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The article presents an attempt to analyze several major problems: the status and importance of higher education, which needs to be updated in line with the needs of the whole society; the importance of higher military education in Ukraine; the problem of the content of the disciplines and its modernization; the use of innovative methods and tools to form the professional competencies of future border guards. Globalization trends in the development of the world community formulate renewed demands on the educational sphere, which is a fundamental social formation. Priority requirements for future specialists in any industry are the rapid mastery of the essence of new achievements of society (information, communication, cultural, etc.), the breadth and rationality of thinking (cognitive component, not limited to the knowledge of one specialty), the ability to operate different information masses. In order to complete the transformation processes in Ukrainian society, in the experience of Western social reforms, it is necessary to start with education. The Ukrainian higher education system needs fundamental changes, while maintaining existing methodological bases and updating them with innovations in pedagogy and other scientific fields. The analysis of the state of Ukrainian society was made taking into account the modern globalization feature. The importance of the content of higher education, in particular in the Ukrainian transitional society, is revealed. The main problem is formulated, from which the purpose of the proposed scientific article is distinguished. The presentation of innovation characteristics in the training of future border guards is preceded by a literary and bibliographic analysis. The author presents the names of the scientists and the sphere of their scientific interests that are relevant to his scientific research. The list of scientists includes representatives of the State Border Service of Ukraine, both theorists and practitioners, as well as Western European and American researchers. The author explained the role and importance of pedagogical innovation in general, and for future border guards in particular. Among the many new methods and forms in pedagogy, the following are distinguished: socio-professional trainings, designing, case technology, imitation modeling, interactive lectures, intellectual maps. The content of each of these forms and methods is revealed, as well as their application in the educational process of the National Academy of State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is substantiated. Practical directions of implementation of each of the selected methods and forms are presented. Practitioners and theorists carry out their own research activities in order to increase the level of development of society as a whole. Education is one area that transforms, develops and takes to a new level of state. This is evidenced by the abundance of historical facts. However, science must create the preconditions for the emergence of new scientific tenets. The law enforcement service in the Ukrainian society needs special attention, the issues of the content of professional training, methods of teaching the subjects of military and special bloc are not disclosed. ; У представленій статті здійснено спробу проаналізувати декілька основних проблеми: стан і значення вищої освіти, який необхідно оновлювати, узгоджуючи із потребами цілого суспільства; значення вищої військової освіти в Україні; проблема зміст навчальних дисциплін і його модернізація; використання інноваційних методів і засобів з метою формування професійних компетенцій майбутніх офіцерів-прикордонників. Аналіз стану українського суспільства проведено із врахування сучасної глобалізаційної ознаки. Розкрито значення змісту вищої освіти, зокрема в українському перехідному суспільстві. Сформульовано основну проблему, з якої виділено мету запропонованої наукової статті. Представленню характеристик інновацій у підготовці майбутніх офіцерів-прикордонників, передує літературно-бібліографічний аналіз. Автор подав прізвища вчених та сферу їх наукових інтересів, які дотичні до його наукового дослідження. У переліку науковців подано представників Державної прикордонної служби України, як теоретиків, так і практиків, а також західноєвропейських та американських дослідників. Автор пояснив роль і значення педагогічних інновацій взагалом, і для майбутніх офіцерів-прикордонників зокрема. З-поміж чималої кількості нових методів і форм у педагогіці, виокремлено такі: соціально-професійні тренінги, проектування, кейс-технологія, імітаційне моделювання, інтерактивні лекції, інтелект-карти. Розкрито зміст кожного із зазначених форм і методів, а також обґрунтовано їх застосування в освітньому процесі Національної академії Державної прикордонної служби України. Подано практичні напрями впровадження кожного з обраних методів і форм. Сформульовано основні результати та висновки проведеного дослідження. Визначено напрями подальших наукових пошуків, цінних для вітчизняної та зарубіжної освітньої системи, а також формування професійних компетенцій майбутніх фахівців.

The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) proposes to develop approximately 5.2 acres located on the northeast quadrant of the Interstate Highway (IH) 45 and IH 10 interchange within the City of Houston, Harris County, Texas. Initially, the proposed project included the construction of an extensive multi-purpose facility that would house the METRO Police Department, a back-up Emergency Operations Center, and Maintenance of Way (MOW) department. Additionally, an ancillary laydown yard would be located immediately north of the facility. Subsequently, however, the proposed development plan was updated to include MOW facilities only. The proposed MOW facility would serve as an ancillary rail maintenance facility composed of a two-story building, surface parking, stormwater detention, and a laydown yardi Designs for the facility are currently under development. The proposed project comprises a total acreage of approximately 5.2 acres, including approximately 2.7 acres for the proposed facility and approximately 2.6 acres for an ancillary laydown yard. The archeological area of potential effects (APE) is the entire 5.2-acre footprint of the proposed project. The maximum anticipated depth of impacts within the location for the proposed facility is not yet known but is not anticipated to be deeper than one meter (3.3 feet) in the footprint of the proposed MOW facility. Impacts within the ancillary laydown yard are anticipated to be negligible. The project is owned by and will be overseen by METRO, a political agency of the State of Texas, rendering the project subject to the Antiquities Code of Texas. Additionally, since the project will be partially funded by Full Funding Grant Agreement North Corridor and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) monies, a federal nexus exists. As a result, compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, is required. In May 2020, Cox|McLain Environmental Consulting, Inc. (CMEC) conducted an intensive survey augmented by the excavation of trenches within the footprint of the proposed facility. No subsurface testing was conducted within the location for the ancillary laydown yard due to evidence of extensive surface disturbance and the lack of anticipated sub-surface impacts associated with the current project. The fieldwork was carried out over the course of a single field session (approximately 48 person-hours or 6 person-days) under Texas Antiquities Permit #9413 by archeologists Scotty Moore and Amani Bourji of CMEC. Nine mechanically excavated trenches totaling 44.9 meters (147.3 feet) were placed and investigated. Subsurface investigations revealed the presence of mixed modern materials and historic-age artifacts throughout the APE within a heavily disturbed, and in some places, burned, matrix that extended approximately 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) below the surface. Below this depth, however, three partially intact and in situ cultural features were documented that date to the early twentieth century. These features appear to be related to residential occupation of the Fifth Ward and consisted of a brick-lined cistern, a possible brick/concrete pier, and an in-filled posthole. Sixteen artifacts were identified in association with these features. Based upon the presence of the intact features and artifacts, the investigated area was determined to meet the criteria for archeological sites and was assigned trinomial 41HR1242 by the Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory. Results of the survey indicate that all aboveground remnants of 41HR1242 within the APE have been demolished and/or displaced, but subsurface features and deposits are still present within the project area. One of these features, the brick-lined cistern, exhibits high vertical and horizontal integrity below a depth of approximately 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) and could contribute to the National Registry of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility of the site under Criterion D (research potential). Moreover, preliminary evidence suggests that some or all of the burned overburden that caps intact features at the site could be the result of the Great Fifth Ward Fire of 1912. As a result, intact features identified within the site may be associated with structures that were destroyed by this fire and may therefore be eligible for inclusion on the NRHP under Criterion A (association with important events). No cultural materials were collected; therefore, only project records will need to be curated per TAC 26.16 and 26.17. Project records will be curated at the CAS at Texas State University where they will be made permanently available to future researchers. The Texas Historical Commission concurred with all recommendations on November 2, 2020. The eligibility status of site 41HR1242 remains undetermined.

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2020. 8. 신성호. ; The EU-NATO conundrum has a significant impact on the Atlantic security and defense. These two bodies aim at securing the European soil since the creation of NATO in 1949. Over the years, the EU seeks for more autonomy in the security realm, notably with the creation of the CSDP. France and Britain have been the main European powers dealing with the European defense, due to their major contribution to the EU and NATO in terms of military force. France reintegrated the integrated military command structure of NATO in 2009. Therefore, the different policies adopted by the French and the British's succession of governments towards NATO will be analyzed to provide a deeper understanding of the EU-NATO dynamic, from 2009 to 2019. Their commitment and engagement in the organization indeed differs drastically, impacting widely on the Transatlantic Alliance. Therefore, the in-depth analysis of the NATO policy adopted by each government will display the strategic engagement of both countries in the organization, and the aftermath it induces on the investment in the European Defense. This study will offer a better understanding of the French and British position on the European Defense despite their contradictory positions regarding NATO, and America as corollary. This thesis finds its significance in times of Brexit, with France accounting for the sole European member benefitting from substantial military power, including the nuclear weapon, without the UK balancing its aspirations. By examining these two countries' engagement towards NATO in light of their political stance over the past decades, this thesis will provide insights to better assess the prospect of the European Defense. ; 유럽연합(EU)과 북대서양조약기구(NATO)의 역학관계는 대서양 안보와 방위를 좌지우지한다. 북대서양조약기구는 처음 출범한 1949년 이래로 본 기구는 유럽의 안보 수립에 목표를 두고 있다. 유럽연합은 수년 간 유럽은 안보 자치권을 주장해왔고 그에 따라 공동안보방위정책(CSDP)를 설립했다. 프랑스와 영국은 유럽지역에 막강한 영향력을 행사하는 강국으로써 각각 유럽연합과 북대서양조약기구에 병력 증강을 도모하며 유럽의 방위에 가장 힘써왔다. 프랑스의 경우 2009년 북대서양조약기구의 군사지휘권에 다시 재가입했다. 따라서 2009년을 기점으로 십 년 동안의 유럽연합과 북대서양조약기구의 전략적 관계를 연구하기 위해 프랑스의 정책과 영국 정부의 정책을 분석하고자 한다. 상반되는 북대서양조약기구에 대한 양국의 전략적 관계와 입장은 대서양동맹에 지대한 영향을 미친다. 각 정부의 북대서양조약기구 전략적 정책의 심층 분석은 양국과 북대서양조약기구의 전략적 관계 및 유럽연합 안보를 위한 양국의 기여도를 잘 입증한다. 본 논문은 상반되는 북대서양조약기구 정책과 궁극적으로 미국에 대한 입장에도 불구하고 유럽방위를 위해 프랑스와 영국의 정책 연구에 목적을 둔다. 본 논문은 브렉시트 (Brexit) 이후의 영국과 그로 인해 유럽연합의 유일한 핵무기 포함 군사력을 보유한 강국으로 발돋움한 프랑스의 북대서양조약기구 전략적 관계 및 정책을 분석하며 궁극적으로 유럽의 방위를 전망하고자 한다. ; I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. BACKGROUND 1 2. SIGNIFICANCE 2 3. RESEARCH PURPOSE AND RESEARCH QUESTION 2 4. METHODOLOGY 4 a. Analytical framework 4 b. Method 5 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 6 1. DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY: DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN FRANCE AND THE UK 9 2. PREVIOUS STUDIES ON THE UNITED KINGDOM AND EU-NATO COOPERATION 12 3. PREVIOUS STUDIES ON FRANCE AND EU-NATO COOPERATION 16 4. LITERATURE REVIEW'S OVERVIEW AND LIMITATIONS 19 III. THE UNITED KINGDOM'S POLICY TOWARDS NATO 21 1. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF UK-NATO COOPERATION 21 2. STRENGTHENING TIES WITH NATO: BROWN AND CAMERON'S ADMINISTRATION 24 a. Gordon Brown 24 b. David Cameron 26 3. THERESA MAY DIVIDED BETWEEN NATO AND THE EU 32 4. BORIS JOHNSON'S STRONG SUPPORT FOR NATO 37 IV. FRANCE'S POLICY TOWARDS NATO 40 1. HISTORICAL COMPLEXITY OF FRANCE-NATO COOPERATION 40 2. ATLANTICIST POLICY UNDER NICOLAS SARKOZY'S ADMINISTRATION 43 3. MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO UNDER FRANÇOIS HOLLANDE'S ADMINISTRATION 47 4. EMMANUEL MACRON AND ITS PRO-EUROPEAN DEFENSE ENGAGEMENT 52 V. ANALYSIS OF UK AND FRANCE'S STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE TRANSATLANTIC ORGANIZATION 57 1. DISTINCTIVE MODUS OPERANDI IN REGARD TO NATO 57 a. Political engagement 57 b. Financial and military engagement 60 2. INVESTMENT IN THE EUROPEAN DEFENSE 64 a. Involvement in the CSDP 65 b. The Anglo-French Cooperation 68 3. IMPLICATIONS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE EUROPEAN DEFENSE: DEATH KNELL OF NATO? 70 a. The US-EU conundrum 70 b. France as leader of the European Defense 72 VI. CONCLUSION 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY 80 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 93 ; Master

This is a concept article proposing trends and methods to improve monitoring of national projects in terms of training personnel for professional development programs at all levels. The paper is based on analysing Russian and international methodologies and practices of education development monitoring. The problem of precise defining personnel development quantitative indicators within national projects implementation is significant both for universities as a part of management decision planning and for government structures, with an information database (correctly representing the process and results of implementing national projects) to be relied upon by the latter. The analysis of Russian federal statistic monitoring forms of personnel development has revealed a number of weaknesses which complicate regular monitoring of national projects implementation. The research has also shown examples of incorrect key indicators setting. The article mainly aims at proposing directions for personnel development methods in ongoing professional development education system according to national project purposes in this part. The article compares EU's, OECD's, USA's, and Russian methodologies and basic monitoring techniques for personnel development. There are revealed their significant differences, advantages and disadvantages, including those used within cross-country comparisons. The analysis shows that foreign models of projects framework cannot be applied to operational monitoring of national projects implementation. The Russian system of federal statistical monitoring requires a certain modification, which can be implemented quite easily and can provide monitoring of national projects implementation in terms of professional development. The article proposes suggestions on improving the monitoring system of national projects implementation according to monitoring purposes. Besides, it can be a basis for future harmonization research for Russian and foreign methodologies of education monitoring. Universities may use the suggestions expressed in the paper for improving national projects implementation monitoring as a part of their management practice. It will allow them to estimate a status and efficiency of their contribution to national projects implementation. The newly proposed methods of national projects realization monitoring can be used by educational bodies and universities within personnel training and improving the system of lifelong vocational training. These methods may be of help when developing control national projects implementation monitoring and vocational training system monitoring in general or in its parts. ; В настоящей концептуальной статье на основе анализа отечественной и зарубежных методологий мониторинга развития образования и практики их применения предлагаются направления и методы совершенствования мониторинга реализации национальных проектов в части подготовки кадров по профессиональным образовательным программам всех уровней. Проблема корректного определения количественных показателей подготовки кадров в процессе реализации национальных проектов актуальна как для вузов при выработке управленческих решений по стратегии их развития в сопоставлении с национальными целями и стратегическими задачами развития страны, так и для органов государственного управления. Последние при подготовке решений должны опираться на информационную базу, корректно отображающую ход и результаты реализации национальных проектов. Анализ используемых в России форм федерального статистического наблюдения подготовки кадров позволил обнаружить ряд недостатков, затрудняющих систематический мониторинг реализации национальных проектов, также в процессе исследования были выявлены примеры некорректного задания целевых показателей подготовки кадров в национальных проектах. Именно это послужило причиной написания данной статьи, цель которой – предложить направления развития методик мониторинга подготовки кадров в системе непрерывного профессионального образования и реализации национальных проектов в этой части. В статье рассматриваются и сопоставляются методология и основные методики мониторинга подготовки кадров, применяемые в ЕС, ОЭСР, США, России, выявляются их основные различия, преимущества и недостатки, в том числе при использовании в межстрановых сравнениях. Проведенный анализ показал, что для целей мониторинга реализации национальных проектов зарубежные методики в силу методологических особенностей не могут использоваться для оперативного мониторинга, а российская система федерального статистического наблюдения требует определенной модификации, которая достаточно легко реализуема и позволит обеспечить мониторинг реализации национальных проектов в части подготовки кадров с профессиональным образованием. Приведенные в статье предложения по совершенствованию системы мониторинга реализации национальных проектов могут в последующем детализироваться в соответствии с целями мониторинга, а также послужить основой для исследований в сфере гармонизации российской и зарубежных методологий мониторинга образования. С точки зрения практики университетского менеджмента предлагаемые направления совершенствования мониторинга реализации национальных проектов могут в инициативном порядке реализовываться на уровне конкретных вузов, что позволит им оценить состояние и результативность своего вклада в реализацию национальных проектов. Предложенные в статье новые конкретные методы организации мониторинга реализации национальных проектов в части подготовки кадров и направления совершенствования мониторинга системы непрерывного профессионального образования могут использоваться органами управления образованием и вузами для совершенствования мониторинга реализации национальных проектов и мониторинга системы непрерывного профессионального образования в целом и ее отдельных элементов.

The article investigates the current trends of informal labor market development in Ukraine during 2016–2018, based on a synthesis of statistical data. The object of study is informal employment, which acts as a factor of economic danger for the country as a whole and its business entities. The purpose of the article is an identification of the nature of changes occurring in the structure of informal employment in Ukraine in recent years, in particular, after the pension system reform. In the research process, the following general scientific methods were used: analytical-monographic – in the study of literary sources on the research topic; analysis and synthesis – to summarize statistical data on development trends of the informal labor market; system analysis, abstraction, logical generalizations – in determining the characteristic features and causes of informal employment; abstract-logical – for conclusions forming. A comparative analysis of the informally employed population by type of economic activity, gender, place of residence, employment status has been conducted. According to the study results, it was established: the vast majority of workers in the informal sector work in agriculture, forestry and fisheries; among the total number of informally employed persons, men predominate; a high level of informal employment was recorded among men and women 40–49 and 50–59 years old; more than half of the informally employed persons live in rural areas; almost half of informally employed persons are self-employed. Based on the conducted study, the characteristic features and the most significant reasons of informal employment occurrence, as well as the risks of its existence and ambiguous consequences of the spread, are determined. Some ways of reducing of informal employment level in the country are proposed, in particular, in the field of tax legislation, labor relations and social insurance. ; В статье на основе обобщения статистических данных исследованы современные тенденции развития неформального рынка труда в Украине на протяжении 2016–2018 гг. Объектом исследования является неформальная занятость, которая выступает фактором экономической опасности для страны в целом и ее субъектов хозяйственной деятельности. Целью статьи является выявление характера изменений, происходящих в структуре неформальной занятости в Украине в последние годы, в частности, после реформирования пенсионной системы. В процессе исследования использовались следующие общенаучные методы: аналитикомонографический – при изучении литературных источников по теме исследования; анализа и синтеза – для обобщения статистических данных о тенденциях развития неформального рынка труда; системного анализа, абстрагирования, логических обобщений – при определении характерных особенностей и причин возникновения неформальной занятости; абстрактно-логический – для формирования выводов. Проведен сравнительный анализ неформально занятого населения по видам экономической деятельности, полу, месту жительства, статусу занятости. По результатам исследования было установлено: подавляющее большинство занятых в неформальном секторе работает в сельском, лесном и рыбном хозяйствах; среди общего количества неформально занятых лиц преобладают мужчины; высокий уровень неформальной занятости зафиксирован среди мужчин и женщин 40–49 и 50–59 лет; больше половины неформально занятых проживают в сельской местности; почти половина неформально занятых лиц работает не по найму. На основе проведенного исследования определены характерные особенности и наиболее весомые причины возникновения неформальной занятости, а также риски ее существования и неоднозначные последствия распространения. Предложены некоторые пути снижения уровня неформальной занятости в стране, в частности, в сфере налогового законодательства, трудовых отношений, социального страхования ; У статті на основі узагальнення статистичних даних досліджено сучасні тенденції розвитку неформального ринку праці в Україні протягом 2016–2018 рр. Об'єктом дослідження є неформальна зайнятість, яка виступає фактором економічної небезпеки для країни в цілому та її суб'єктів господарської діяльності. Метою статті є виявлення характеру змін, що відбуваються у структурі неформальної зайнятості в Україні протягом останніх років, зокрема, після реформування пенсійної системи. У процесі дослідження використовувалися такі загальнонаукові методи: аналітикомонографічний – при вивченні літературних джерел з теми дослідження; аналізу та синтезу – для узагальнення статистичних даних щодо тенденцій розвитку неформального ринку праці; системного аналізу, абстрагування, логічних узагальнень – при визначенні характерних особливостей та причин виникнення неформальної зайнятості; абстрактно-логічний – для формування висновків. Проведено порівняльний аналіз неформально зайнятого населення за видами економічної діяльності, статтю, місцем проживання, статусом зайнятості. За результатами дослідження було встановлено: переважна більшість зайнятих у неформальному секторі працює у сільському, лісовому та рибному господарствах; серед загальної кількості неформально зайнятих осіб переважають чоловіки; найвищий рівень неформальної зайнятості зафіксований серед чоловіків і жінок 40–49 та 50–59 років; більш ніж половина неформально зайнятих проживають у сільській місцевості; майже половина неформально зайнятих осіб працюють не за наймом. На основі проведеного дослідження визначено характерні особливості та найбільш вагомі причини виникнення неформальної зайнятості. Окреслено ризики існування неформальної зайнятості та неоднозначні наслідки її поширення. Запропоновано деякі шляхи зниження рівня неформальної зайнятості в країні, зокрема, у сфері податкового законодавства, трудових відносин, соціального страхування.

The article investigates the current trends of informal labor market development in Ukraine during 2016–2018, based on a synthesis of statistical data. The object of study is informal employment, which acts as a factor of economic danger for the country as a whole and its business entities. The purpose of the article is an identification of the nature of changes occurring in the structure of informal employment in Ukraine in recent years, in particular, after the pension system reform. In the research process, the following general scientific methods were used: analytical-monographic – in the study of literary sources on the research topic; analysis and synthesis – to summarize statistical data on development trends of the informal labor market; system analysis, abstraction, logical generalizations – in determining the characteristic features and causes of informal employment; abstract-logical – for conclusions forming. A comparative analysis of the informally employed population by type of economic activity, gender, place of residence, employment status has been conducted. According to the study results, it was established: the vast majority of workers in the informal sector work in agriculture, forestry and fisheries; among the total number of informally employed persons, men predominate; a high level of informal employment was recorded among men and women 40–49 and 50–59 years old; more than half of the informally employed persons live in rural areas; almost half of informally employed persons are self-employed. Based on the conducted study, the characteristic features and the most significant reasons of informal employment occurrence, as well as the risks of its existence and ambiguous consequences of the spread, are determined. Some ways of reducing of informal employment level in the country are proposed, in particular, in the field of tax legislation, labor relations and social insurance. ; В статье на основе обобщения статистических данных исследованы современные тенденции развития неформального рынка труда в Украине на протяжении 2016–2018 гг. Объектом исследования является неформальная занятость, которая выступает фактором экономической опасности для страны в целом и ее субъектов хозяйственной деятельности. Целью статьи является выявление характера изменений, происходящих в структуре неформальной занятости в Украине в последние годы, в частности, после реформирования пенсионной системы. В процессе исследования использовались следующие общенаучные методы: аналитикомонографический – при изучении литературных источников по теме исследования; анализа и синтеза – для обобщения статистических данных о тенденциях развития неформального рынка труда; системного анализа, абстрагирования, логических обобщений – при определении характерных особенностей и причин возникновения неформальной занятости; абстрактно-логический – для формирования выводов. Проведен сравнительный анализ неформально занятого населения по видам экономической деятельности, полу, месту жительства, статусу занятости. По результатам исследования было установлено: подавляющее большинство занятых в неформальном секторе работает в сельском, лесном и рыбном хозяйствах; среди общего количества неформально занятых лиц преобладают мужчины; высокий уровень неформальной занятости зафиксирован среди мужчин и женщин 40–49 и 50–59 лет; больше половины неформально занятых проживают в сельской местности; почти половина неформально занятых лиц работает не по найму. На основе проведенного исследования определены характерные особенности и наиболее весомые причины возникновения неформальной занятости, а также риски ее существования и неоднозначные последствия распространения. Предложены некоторые пути снижения уровня неформальной занятости в стране, в частности, в сфере налогового законодательства, трудовых отношений, социального страхования ; У статті на основі узагальнення статистичних даних досліджено сучасні тенденції розвитку неформального ринку праці в Україні протягом 2016–2018 рр. Об'єктом дослідження є неформальна зайнятість, яка виступає фактором економічної небезпеки для країни в цілому та її суб'єктів господарської діяльності. Метою статті є виявлення характеру змін, що відбуваються у структурі неформальної зайнятості в Україні протягом останніх років, зокрема, після реформування пенсійної системи. У процесі дослідження використовувалися такі загальнонаукові методи: аналітикомонографічний – при вивченні літературних джерел з теми дослідження; аналізу та синтезу – для узагальнення статистичних даних щодо тенденцій розвитку неформального ринку праці; системного аналізу, абстрагування, логічних узагальнень – при визначенні характерних особливостей та причин виникнення неформальної зайнятості; абстрактно-логічний – для формування висновків. Проведено порівняльний аналіз неформально зайнятого населення за видами економічної діяльності, статтю, місцем проживання, статусом зайнятості. За результатами дослідження було встановлено: переважна більшість зайнятих у неформальному секторі працює у сільському, лісовому та рибному господарствах; серед загальної кількості неформально зайнятих осіб переважають чоловіки; найвищий рівень неформальної зайнятості зафіксований серед чоловіків і жінок 40–49 та 50–59 років; більш ніж половина неформально зайнятих проживають у сільській місцевості; майже половина неформально зайнятих осіб працюють не за наймом. На основі проведеного дослідження визначено характерні особливості та найбільш вагомі причини виникнення неформальної зайнятості. Окреслено ризики існування неформальної зайнятості та неоднозначні наслідки її поширення. Запропоновано деякі шляхи зниження рівня неформальної зайнятості в країні, зокрема, у сфері податкового законодавства, трудових відносин, соціального страхування.

In the Nordic countries, as in other contemporary societies across the world, increased migration following from conflicts, persecution and natural disasters has led to the arrival of and ensuing responsibility for cohorts of refugees and asylum seekers, many of which are underage children. With small chances of a safe return to their homelands for years to come, these children rely on the policies and practices of their host nations to promote the development of skills and competencies necessary to understand, live and work in their new societies. Moreover, they depend upon their host cultures to facilitate social integration while also providing the opportunity of maintaining and developing their own cultural identities. Through the UN convention relating to the status of refugees, as well as the UN convention on the rights of the child, refugee children are ensured these rights: the right to elementary education, the right to practice and enjoy one's own language and culture, and notably also the right to participate fully in cultural and artistic life.In Sweden and the other Nordic countries, the established system of municipally financed music and art programmes have, in recent years, cautiously assumed some of the responsibility for facilitating refugee children's social integration, learning and participation in and through music and art activities. Following visions of including all children, the Swedish and Norwegian Art and Music Schools have explored, tentatively, different ways of recruiting and engaging refugee children and youth in cultural activities. However, recent research suggests that participation in Art and Music School activities amongst refugee and immigrant children stay low, compared to their peers. How to include (fulfil their own vision), and thereby contribute to secure the rights of, refugee children, remains a challenge and also a political priority for the Art and Music Schools.Sweden's Art and Music Schools have under the last few years gone through a historical political period; they have been subjected to a national policy process, a process officially initiated by the government to create national regulation for the first time in history. Within the process, inclusion, in general, appears as a key issue as exemplified by the title of the investigation report on Art and Music Schools (SOU 2016:69), "An inclusive Art and Music School on its own terms". In this article, we investigate how the inclusion of refugee children in Swedish Art and Music and Schools is addressed and considered by Art and Music School leaders when discussing policies and their own Art and Music and School practices. Our approach entails tracing and analysing the discursive tension fields that form in focus group conversations with Art and Music School leaders talking about inclusion of refugee children in relation to practice and to the national policy process, as well as tracing and analysing the discourses that emerge within official documents of the policy process.105NNMPF2019, Stockholm PhD ProjectsThe aim of this article is to investigate the discourses and discursive tensions that emerge when Swedish Art and Music School leaders talk about inclusion of refugee children in relation to policy, as well as in relation to their own Art and Music school practices. The research question is: how do Art and Music School leaders talk about policy and inclusion of refugees when describing their own practice fields?The data for the present article consist of official documents (such as the investigation report on Art and Music Schools) as well as two focus group conversations with a total of twelve Art and Music School leaders from Sweden. Both conversations were conducted during the mentioned national policy process. Foucault inspired discourse analysis together with concepts from educational policy theories constitute the theoretical and analytical framework.A dominant inclusion discourse emerges through the initial analysis of the data. However, there are tensions between the policy and the practice levels when it comes to the inclusion of refugees. One example of such a tension is that when the municipalities do not have a specific policy for Art and Music Schools to include refugees, new kinds of including practices might not get funded. Further analysis of the data will trace discursive tensions within each dataset (the official documents and the focus group conversations) as well as between them. Moreover, further analysis will focus on how the concept of inclusion itself is spoken and written of. The concept of policy as process, as text and as discourse will also be applied in the analysis.

The need for reforming the system of anti-money laundering, terrorist financing and financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (AML / CFT), one of the elements of which is the introduction of adaptation mechanisms in the field of state regulation and supervision is a very topical issue. Risk assessment and a risk-based approach are the first FATF recommendation of international standards. The article assesses the impact of state regulation and supervision on the development of a risk-oriented system of AML / CFT in Ukraine based on the construction of a five-level hierarchical model for the development of this system. The methodological basis of the researche was a method for analyzing the hierarchy of T. Saaty for conducting an experiment on identifying a priority scenario for developing a risk-oriented system in Ukraine. The research has been carried out to determine the impact of adverse factors, influence instruments and subjects on the priority goals and scenarios of the development of a risk-oriented system of AML/CFT, in particular, the most likely to be realized scenario is neutral. The basic of the hierarchical model was the development goals (ensuring Ukraine's status as a reliable partner of the international community in the field of preventing and AML / CFT, enhancing the information transparency of the system of AML / CFT, improving the legislation in the field of prevention and AML / CFT, reducing the asymmetry of information for participants in the system of AML / CFT; reducing the risk of using SIFM for ML / CFT; improving the mechanism and model of state regulation and supervision in AML / CFT) and scenarios of develoopment (accelerated, neutral and braking). ; Необходимость реформирования системы противодействия легализации (отмыванию) доходов, полученных преступным путем, финансированию терроризма и финансированию распространения оружия массового уничтожения (ОД/ФТРО), одним из элементов которой является внедрение адаптационных механизмов в сфере государственного регулирования, является особенно актуальным вопросом. Оценка рисков и применения подхода, основанного на оценке рисков, является первой рекомендацией международных стандартов FATF. Оценено влияние уровня государственного регулирования и надзора на развитие риск-ориентированной системы обеспечения противодействия отмыванию денег, финансированию терроризма и финансированию распространения оружия массового уничтожения в Украине на основе построенной пятиуровневой иерархической модели развития этой системы. Методологическую основу исследования составлял метод анализа иерархий Т. Саати для определения приоритетного сценария развития риск-ориентированной системы обеспечения противодействия ОД/ФТРО в Украине. Проведен опыт по определению влияния неблагоприятных факторов, инструментов воздействия и субъектов влияния на приоритетные цели и сценарии развития риск-ориентированной системы обеспечения противодействия ОД/ФТРО в Украине, в частности определено наибольшую вероятность реализации именно нейтрального сценария. Базовой основой иерархической модели стали цели развития (обеспечение утверждения Украины статуса надежного партнера международного сообщества в сфере предотвращения и противодействия ОД/ФТРО, усиление информационной прозрачности системы обеспечения противодействия ОД/ФТРО, совершенствование законодательства в сфере предотвращения и противодействия ОД/ФТРО, снижение асимметричности информации для участников системы обеспечения противодействия ОД/ФТРО, уменьшение риска использования СПФМ для ОД/ФТРО, совершенствование механизма и модели государственного регулирования и надзора в сфере противодействия ОД/ФТРО) и сценарии (ускоренный, нейтральный и торможения). ; Необхідність реформування системи запобігання i протидії легалізації (відмиванню) доходів, одержаних злочинним шляхом, фінансуванню тероризму та фінансуванню розповсюдження зброї масового знищення (ВК/ФТРЗ), одним з елементів якої є запровадження адаптаційних механізмів у сфері державного регулювання, є особливо актуальним питанням. Оцінка ризиків і застосування підходу, що ґрунтується на оцінці ризиків, є першою рекомендацією міжнародних стандартів FATF. Оцінено вплив рівня державного регулювання і нагляду на розвиток ризик-орієнтованої системи забезпечення протидії відмиванню коштів, фінансуванню тероризму та фінансуванню розповсюдження зброї масового знищення в Україні на основі побудованої п'ятирівневої ієрархічної моделі розвитку цієї системи. Методологічну основу дослідження становив метод аналізу ієрархій Т. Сааті для проведення досліду щодо визначення пріоритетного сценарію розвитку ризик-орієнтованої системи забезпечення протидії ВК/ФТРЗ в Україні. Проведено дослід щодо визначення впливу несприятливих факторів, інструментів впливу та суб'єктів впливу на пріоритетні цілі та сценарії розвитку ризик-орієнтованої системи забезпечення протидії ВК/ФТРЗ в Україні, зокрема визначено найбільшу ймовірність реалізації саме нейтрального сценарію. Базовою основою ієрархічної моделі стали цілі розвитку (забезпечення утвердження Україною статусу надійного партнера міжнародної спільноти у сфері запобігання та протидії ВК/ФТРЗ; посилення інформаційної транспарентності системи забезпечення протидії ВК/ФТРЗ; удосконалення законодавства у сфері запобігання та протидії ВК/ФТРЗ; зниження асиметричності інформації для учасників системи забезпечення протидії ВК/ФТРЗ; зменшення ризику використання СПФМ для ВК/ФТРЗ; удосконалення механізму та моделі державного регулювання і нагляду у сфері протидії ВК/ФТРЗ) та сценарії (прискорений, нейтральний і гальмування).

The need for reforming the system of anti-money laundering, terrorist financing and financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (AML / CFT), one of the elements of which is the introduction of adaptation mechanisms in the field of state regulation and supervision is a very topical issue. Risk assessment and a risk-based approach are the first FATF recommendation of international standards. The article assesses the impact of state regulation and supervision on the development of a risk-oriented system of AML / CFT in Ukraine based on the construction of a five-level hierarchical model for the development of this system. The methodological basis of the researche was a method for analyzing the hierarchy of T. Saaty for conducting an experiment on identifying a priority scenario for developing a risk-oriented system in Ukraine. The research has been carried out to determine the impact of adverse factors, influence instruments and subjects on the priority goals and scenarios of the development of a risk-oriented system of AML/CFT, in particular, the most likely to be realized scenario is neutral. The basic of the hierarchical model was the development goals (ensuring Ukraine's status as a reliable partner of the international community in the field of preventing and AML / CFT, enhancing the information transparency of the system of AML / CFT, improving the legislation in the field of prevention and AML / CFT, reducing the asymmetry of information for participants in the system of AML / CFT; reducing the risk of using SIFM for ML / CFT; improving the mechanism and model of state regulation and supervision in AML / CFT) and scenarios of develoopment (accelerated, neutral and braking). ; Необходимость реформирования системы противодействия легализации (отмыванию) доходов, полученных преступным путем, финансированию терроризма и финансированию распространения оружия массового уничтожения (ОД/ФТРО), одним из элементов которой является внедрение адаптационных механизмов в сфере государственного регулирования, является особенно актуальным вопросом. Оценка рисков и применения подхода, основанного на оценке рисков, является первой рекомендацией международных стандартов FATF. Оценено влияние уровня государственного регулирования и надзора на развитие риск-ориентированной системы обеспечения противодействия отмыванию денег, финансированию терроризма и финансированию распространения оружия массового уничтожения в Украине на основе построенной пятиуровневой иерархической модели развития этой системы. Методологическую основу исследования составлял метод анализа иерархий Т. Саати для определения приоритетного сценария развития риск-ориентированной системы обеспечения противодействия ОД/ФТРО в Украине. Проведен опыт по определению влияния неблагоприятных факторов, инструментов воздействия и субъектов влияния на приоритетные цели и сценарии развития риск-ориентированной системы обеспечения противодействия ОД/ФТРО в Украине, в частности определено наибольшую вероятность реализации именно нейтрального сценария. Базовой основой иерархической модели стали цели развития (обеспечение утверждения Украины статуса надежного партнера международного сообщества в сфере предотвращения и противодействия ОД/ФТРО, усиление информационной прозрачности системы обеспечения противодействия ОД/ФТРО, совершенствование законодательства в сфере предотвращения и противодействия ОД/ФТРО, снижение асимметричности информации для участников системы обеспечения противодействия ОД/ФТРО, уменьшение риска использования СПФМ для ОД/ФТРО, совершенствование механизма и модели государственного регулирования и надзора в сфере противодействия ОД/ФТРО) и сценарии (ускоренный, нейтральный и торможения). ; Необхідність реформування системи запобігання i протидії легалізації (відмиванню) доходів, одержаних злочинним шляхом, фінансуванню тероризму та фінансуванню розповсюдження зброї масового знищення (ВК/ФТРЗ), одним з елементів якої є запровадження адаптаційних механізмів у сфері державного регулювання, є особливо актуальним питанням. Оцінка ризиків і застосування підходу, що ґрунтується на оцінці ризиків, є першою рекомендацією міжнародних стандартів FATF. Оцінено вплив рівня державного регулювання і нагляду на розвиток ризик-орієнтованої системи забезпечення протидії відмиванню коштів, фінансуванню тероризму та фінансуванню розповсюдження зброї масового знищення в Україні на основі побудованої п'ятирівневої ієрархічної моделі розвитку цієї системи. Методологічну основу дослідження становив метод аналізу ієрархій Т. Сааті для проведення досліду щодо визначення пріоритетного сценарію розвитку ризик-орієнтованої системи забезпечення протидії ВК/ФТРЗ в Україні. Проведено дослід щодо визначення впливу несприятливих факторів, інструментів впливу та суб'єктів впливу на пріоритетні цілі та сценарії розвитку ризик-орієнтованої системи забезпечення протидії ВК/ФТРЗ в Україні, зокрема визначено найбільшу ймовірність реалізації саме нейтрального сценарію. Базовою основою ієрархічної моделі стали цілі розвитку (забезпечення утвердження Україною статусу надійного партнера міжнародної спільноти у сфері запобігання та протидії ВК/ФТРЗ; посилення інформаційної транспарентності системи забезпечення протидії ВК/ФТРЗ; удосконалення законодавства у сфері запобігання та протидії ВК/ФТРЗ; зниження асиметричності інформації для учасників системи забезпечення протидії ВК/ФТРЗ; зменшення ризику використання СПФМ для ВК/ФТРЗ; удосконалення механізму та моделі державного регулювання і нагляду у сфері протидії ВК/ФТРЗ) та сценарії (прискорений, нейтральний і гальмування).

Environmental pollution is one of the most challenging environmental issues to tackle due to its impact to human health and the ecosystem. One of the main objectives of environmental geochemistry is to investigate, characterise, and reveal the patterns of organic compounds and inorganic elements and further unveil their possible sources. Geogenic features and anthropogenic activities are the main sources of environmental contamination which are likely to release these contaminants into atmospheric, soil and water media. Moreover, anthropogenic activities let out chemicals produced from industrial activities, domestic, livestock and municipal wastes (including wastewater), agrochemicals, and petroleum-derived products. Organic pollutants cover a large group of synthetized pollutants and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have received a specific attention due to their physico-chemical properties, high toxicity, and subject to long-range atmospheric transfer. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Organochlorines Pesticides (OCPs) are the main POPs that are subject to different regulation schemes to their irreversible adverse effects to both human and wildlife health. Stockholm Convention, Rotterdam and Basel, World Health organisation (WHO) and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe POPs Protocol have so far addressed, threated and introduced legislation which ban or fix threshold's values of these POPs into environment. Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) are widespread metals/metalloids related to geogenic and/or anthropogenic activities. PTEs are one of the major concerns in the environment because their concentrations are increasing due to accelerated population growth rate, higher level of urbanisation and industrialisation providing a great variety of anthropogenic contamination/pollution sources. They have often been given special emphasis because their accumulation in different matrices can cause soil and land degradation and they can be transferred into the human body as a consequence of dermal contact, inhalation and ingestion through food chain and drinking water. PTEs are generally non-biodegradable having long biological half-lives and tend to accumulate in soils being absorbed to clay minerals and organic matter. However, their bioavailability is influenced by different physicochemical processes (e.g. pH, Eh) and physiological adaptation. PTEs and POPs can be observed in different environmental media but soil is considered an important reservoir due to its physico-chemical properties which confer high retention capacity of these pollutants. Soil contamination has been increasing worldwide and has become the focus of attention in recent years. Several soil parent materials are natural sources of certain organic contaminants, elements, and these can pose a risk to the environment and human health at elevated concentrations. For that, various geostatistical computations have been used to identify source patterns of different pollutants related to underlying geological features and/or anthropogenic activities, and to further distinguish mineralisation from contamination. Several single and complex contamination/mineralisation indices such as Enrichment Factor, Geo-accumulation Index or Single Pollution Index have been elaborated to quantify the contamination or mineralisation status of different PTEs. They are generally based on intervention limits (thresholds) or background/baseline values of a single element based on National Legislation, as a reference. Indices based on intervention limits (thresholds) are easily interpretable and comparable, but they disregard the compositional nature of geochemical data; hence they can be biased and/or spurious. This PhD research project reveals novel geostatistical computations that will lay out sources patterns of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and assess the soils contamination levels in the central-southern Italy. Series of follow up studies have provided an invaluable baseline for these contaminants distribution in Italy to push towards an institutional response for more adequate regulation of these pollutants worldwide. A further ongoing research project is currently investigating the content and bioavailability of mercury and Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) districts of Kedougou (Senegal). This study in particular will represent a fundamental stepping stone to build a baseline review of PTEs in ASGM of Kedougou (Senegal) and evaluate human health risks from exposure of PTEs. It is envisaged that the results of this study should trigger more detailed surveys in contaminated areas as well as ad-hoc risk-based studies, which in the long-term will constitute a strong argument to cause an adequate institutional response by the Senegalese regulating authorities for a full application the Minamata convention.

Показано, що в інформаційному суспільстві відбувається трансформація відповідальності і в аспекті атрибутивних характеристик, і плані модальних її проявів. Обґрунтовується, що на сучасному етапі функціонування інформаційного суспільства спостерігається криза позитивної відповідальності, що загрожує стабільному соціальному розвитку. Доводиться необхідність формування системи цінностей, заснованих на принципі відповідальності. ; Показано, что в информационном обществе происходит трансформация ответственности и в аспекте атрибутивных характеристик, и в плане модальных ее проявлений. Обосновывается, что на современном этапе функционирования информационного общества наблюдается кризис позитивной ответственности, что угрожает стабильному общественному развитию. Доказывается необходимость формирования системы ценностей, основанных на принципе ответственности. ; Problem setting. The current stage of development of society is characterized by intensive development and dissemination of information technologies, high level of technical power, global social and cultural transformations. This, along with a positive effect, creates many threats for future people. Only the assertion of responsibility as the principle of building social relations can counteract these threats.Recent research and publications. The results of the analysis of the latest publications testifying to the existence of a large number of studies of contemporary scientists and thinkers of the past devoted to the field of responsibility. As a multidimensional phenomenon, responsibility was considered in different modi: moral, social, legal, philosophical. At the same time, the authors analyzed responsibility in the field of determining the essence and development of approaches to its detection, as well as from the position of different subject areas. Nevertheless, in the domestic science the problem of responsibility examines primarily the areas of different branches of law.Paper objective. Given the insufficiency of scientific developments on the integrated analysis of responsibility in the information society, the purpose of the article is to update the problem of responsibility in the information society.Paper main body. Philosophical reflection of the phenomenon of responsibility involves clarifying the attributive characteristics of the idea of responsibility.In the classic positive sense, responsibility means awareness of the ability to be the cause of change in ourselves and the world and the willingness to accept the consequences of our free choice.Attributive characteristic of responsibility is subjectivity. The signs of the subject are intelligence and freedom. Reason is understood as the ability to understand and evaluate one's actions, and to foresee their consequences. Freedom is seen as autonomy in determining the direction of its behavior and decision-making.A distinctive feature of the modern information society is the globalization of cultural values, based on Western transforming values. Freedom becomes not just the highest value, but an end in itself. In an effort to achieve maximum freedom, traditional bans are lifted and authorities are leveled. The mutation of freedom generates social tension, which can only be removed through responsible behavior.Positive responsibility is the recognition by the individual of his duty to society and other people, the performance of his duties in accordance with the requirements of society. It arises as a back reaction to the demands of society and concretizes itself in certain modi: moral, political, social. The peculiarity of the modalities of responsibility lies in the fact that they are based on a certain system of values.Moral responsibility is an indispensable element of moral choice and acts as an ability to consciously treat oneself, its activities, as moral competence to act within the moral requirements to achieve the goal, as the ability to foresee moral and practical results and to prevent negative results.Socio-political responsibility is directed at others: people, future generations, the social whole, the image of the social order. The information society is characterized by the depersonification of the subject of socio-political responsibility by including it in a collective subject or as a result of "leaving" into a virtual space, into a network communication.Legal responsibility is also been transformed, since the total deformation of values has led to the emergence of "double standards", while the same actions qualify differently depending on the status of the subject. The mass media create a distorted view of certain events, "appointing" the perpetrators before the court's decision.Conclusions of the research. Responsibility is considered as a special social and moral-legal relationship of a person to society. This is the attitude of a person's skill and ability in his moral choice, his actions, the consequences of which are connected with approval or conviction, with reward or punishment. At the present stage of the functioning of the information society, social and cultural contradictions have created a systemic crisis of responsibility. Traditional ways of being human need a significant correction.

Показано, що в інформаційному суспільстві відбувається трансформація відповідальності і в аспекті атрибутивних характеристик, і плані модальних її проявів. Обґрунтовується, що на сучасному етапі функціонування інформаційного суспільства спостерігається криза позитивної відповідальності, що загрожує стабільному соціальному розвитку. Доводиться необхідність формування системи цінностей, заснованих на принципі відповідальності. ; Показано, что в информационном обществе происходит трансформация ответственности и в аспекте атрибутивных характеристик, и в плане модальных ее проявлений. Обосновывается, что на современном этапе функционирования информационного общества наблюдается кризис позитивной ответственности, что угрожает стабильному общественному развитию. Доказывается необходимость формирования системы ценностей, основанных на принципе ответственности. ; Problem setting. The current stage of development of society is characterized by intensive development and dissemination of information technologies, high level of technical power, global social and cultural transformations. This, along with a positive effect, creates many threats for future people. Only the assertion of responsibility as the principle of building social relations can counteract these threats.Recent research and publications. The results of the analysis of the latest publications testifying to the existence of a large number of studies of contemporary scientists and thinkers of the past devoted to the field of responsibility. As a multidimensional phenomenon, responsibility was considered in different modi: moral, social, legal, philosophical. At the same time, the authors analyzed responsibility in the field of determining the essence and development of approaches to its detection, as well as from the position of different subject areas. Nevertheless, in the domestic science the problem of responsibility examines primarily the areas of different branches of law.Paper objective. Given the insufficiency of scientific developments on the integrated analysis of responsibility in the information society, the purpose of the article is to update the problem of responsibility in the information society.Paper main body. Philosophical reflection of the phenomenon of responsibility involves clarifying the attributive characteristics of the idea of responsibility.In the classic positive sense, responsibility means awareness of the ability to be the cause of change in ourselves and the world and the willingness to accept the consequences of our free choice.Attributive characteristic of responsibility is subjectivity. The signs of the subject are intelligence and freedom. Reason is understood as the ability to understand and evaluate one's actions, and to foresee their consequences. Freedom is seen as autonomy in determining the direction of its behavior and decision-making.A distinctive feature of the modern information society is the globalization of cultural values, based on Western transforming values. Freedom becomes not just the highest value, but an end in itself. In an effort to achieve maximum freedom, traditional bans are lifted and authorities are leveled. The mutation of freedom generates social tension, which can only be removed through responsible behavior.Positive responsibility is the recognition by the individual of his duty to society and other people, the performance of his duties in accordance with the requirements of society. It arises as a back reaction to the demands of society and concretizes itself in certain modi: moral, political, social. The peculiarity of the modalities of responsibility lies in the fact that they are based on a certain system of values.Moral responsibility is an indispensable element of moral choice and acts as an ability to consciously treat oneself, its activities, as moral competence to act within the moral requirements to achieve the goal, as the ability to foresee moral and practical results and to prevent negative results.Socio-political responsibility is directed at others: people, future generations, the social whole, the image of the social order. The information society is characterized by the depersonification of the subject of socio-political responsibility by including it in a collective subject or as a result of "leaving" into a virtual space, into a network communication.Legal responsibility is also been transformed, since the total deformation of values has led to the emergence of "double standards", while the same actions qualify differently depending on the status of the subject. The mass media create a distorted view of certain events, "appointing" the perpetrators before the court's decision.Conclusions of the research. Responsibility is considered as a special social and moral-legal relationship of a person to society. This is the attitude of a person's skill and ability in his moral choice, his actions, the consequences of which are connected with approval or conviction, with reward or punishment. At the present stage of the functioning of the information society, social and cultural contradictions have created a systemic crisis of responsibility. Traditional ways of being human need a significant correction.

During a post-election TV interview that aired mid-November 2016, then President-Elect Donald Trump claimed that there are millions of so-called "criminal aliens" living in the United States: "What we are going to do is get the people that are criminal and have criminal records, gang members, drug dealers, we have a lot of these people, probably two million, it could be even three million, we are getting them out of our country or we are going to incarcerate." This claim is a blatant misrepresentation of the facts. A recent report by the Migration Policy Institute suggests that just over 800,000 (or 7 percent) of the 11 million undocumented individuals in the United States have criminal records.1 Of this population, 300,000 individuals are felony offenders and 390,000 are serious misdemeanor offenders — tallies which exclude more than 93 percent of the resident undocumented population (Rosenblum 2015, 22–24). Moreover, the Congressional Research Service found that 140,000 undocumented migrants — or slightly more than 1 percent of the undocumented population — are currently serving time in prison in the United States (Kandel 2016). The facts, therefore, are closer to what Doris Meissner, former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Commissioner, argues: that the number of "criminal aliens" arrested as a percentage of all fugitive immigration cases is "modest" (Meissner et al. 2013, 102–03). The facts notwithstanding, President Trump's fictional tally is important to consider because it conveys an intent to produce at least this many people who — through discourse and policy — can be criminalized and incarcerated or deported as "criminal aliens." In this article, we critically review the literature on immigrant criminalization and trace the specific laws that first linked and then solidified the association between undocumented immigrants and criminality. To move beyond a legal, abstract context, we also draw on our quantitative and qualitative research to underscore ways immigrants experience criminalization in their family, school, and work lives. The first half of our analysis is focused on immigrant criminalization from the late 1980s through the Obama administration, with an emphasis on immigration enforcement practices first engineered in the 1990s. Most significant, we argue, are the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) and the 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). The second section of our analysis explores the social impacts of immigrant criminalization, as people's experiences bring the consequences of immigrant criminalization most clearly into focus. We approach our analysis of the production of criminality of immigrants through the lens of legal violence (Menjívar and Abrego 2012), a concept designed to understand the immediate and long-term harmful effects that the immigration regime makes possible. Instead of narrowly focusing only on the physical injury of intentional acts to cause harm, this concept broadens the lens to include less visible sources of violence that reside in institutions and structures and without identifiable perpetrators or incidents to be tabulated. This violence comes from structures, laws, institutions, and practices that, similar to acts of physical violence, leave indelible marks on individuals and produce social suffering. In examining the effects of today's ramped up immigration enforcement, we turn to this concept to capture the violence that this regime produces in the lives of immigrants. Immigrant criminalization has underpinned US immigration policy over the last several decades. The year 1996, in particular, was a signal year in the process of criminalizing immigrants. Having 20 years to trace the connections, it becomes evident that the policies of 1996 used the term "criminal alien" as a strategic sleight of hand. These laws established the concept of "criminal alienhood" that has slowly but purposefully redefined what it means to be unauthorized in the United States such that criminality and unauthorized status are too often considered synonymous (Ewing, Martínez, and Rumbaut 2015). Policies that followed in the 2000s, moreover, cast an increasingly wider net which continually re-determined who could be classified as a "criminal alien," such that the term is now a mostly incoherent grab bag. Simultaneously and in contrast, the practices that produce "criminal aliens" are coherent insofar as they condition immigrant life in the United States in now predictable ways. This solidity allows us to turn in our conclusion to some thoughts about the likely future of US immigration policy and practice under President Trump.

The representation of the aborigines, whether due to aboriginal artists or based on an outside perspective, is an integral part of the construction of an identity, in particular when the act of creation is conceived as a mode of cultural transmission (in order to find their ancestral spirits). The first step to approaching the works of the aboriginal artists consists of multiplying points of view on the question of the cultural identity (the political dimension of self-affirmation) and the questioning of their intent to be considered an artist. The fact that the aboriginal artist regards himself as an artist, had already been attempted in the non-aboriginal community. However, this position has not been without controversy. After the ethnographical turn (contextual turn into specific identity), the aboriginal artist is obliged to think about his/her status, the way to create and the reason why (s)he would become an artist. The approach chosen by the four artists studied here has not led them to learn anything (act of construction or building of themselves) ; it is rather a question of unlearning, in order to associate with the cultural juxtaposition and the simultaneity of the others in the global and mobile world. Therefore, the artist as an aborigine-traveler causes a short-circuit in the interpretations. In this perspective, each presentation at the museum builds a relationship with the 'visitor-viewer' in a temporary or parallel space as it relates to the real space.This research is based at the same time on the analysis of the socio-cultural situation of the four artists (Rahic Talif, Walis Labai, Sapud Kacaw et Chang En-Man), the aesthetic analysis of their works and the historical analysis of the context of production, diffusion and exhibition of the aboriginal works in general between 1895 and 2017. By relying on a sociocultural and artistic representation, our research is designed to build a strategic vision for the post-colonial studies between art and ethnography. Developing a practice of the qualitative analysis, we wish to focus on three fundamental questions : How were the works of the aboriginal artists represented and « framed » in a control of identity discourse? How does the aboriginal artist consider the traceability of his/her feeling of belonging (like a trackable identity) through his/her representation? How does this representation introduce a short circuit of the cultural interpretations in the different modes of expression, perception, evolution and reception? ; La représentation des aborigènes qu'elle soit due à des artistes aborigènes ou à un regard extérieur fait partie de la construction d'une identité, notamment lorsque l'acte de création est pensé comme un mode de transmission culturelle (afin de retrouver leurs esprits ancestraux), la première étape pour aborder les œuvres des artistes aborigènes consiste à multiplier les points de vue sur la question de l'identité culturelle (la dimension politique d'affirmation de soi) et à remettre en question leur intention d'être artiste. Le fait que l'artiste aborigène se pense comme artiste dénote déjà une tentative d'inscription dans un monde social non aborigène. Cette posture ne va cependant pas sans tensions. Après le tournant ethnographique (tournant contextuel et identitaire), l'artiste aborigène s'est obligé à réfléchir à son statut, à sa manière de créer et au pourquoi de ce choix de devenir un artiste. La voie choisie par les quatre artistes étudiés ici ne les a pas conduits à apprendre des choses (acte de construire ou se construire). Il s'agit plutôt d'un effort de désapprendre, afin d'exprimer la juxtaposition culturelle et la simultanéité de l'Autre dans un monde global et mobile. En conséquence, l'artiste en tant qu'aborigène-voyageur provoque un court-circuit des interprétations. Dans cette perspective, chaque présentation au musée noue une relation avec le visiteur ou le spectateur dans un espace temporaire ou parallèle à l'espace réel.Cette recherche s'appuie à la fois sur l'analyse de la situation socio-culturelle de quatre artistes aborigènes ( Rahic Talif, Walis Labai, Sapud Kacaw et Chang En-Man ), l'analyse esthétique de leurs oeuvres et l'analyse historique du contexte de production, de diffusion et d'exposition des œuvres aborigène en général entre 1895 et 2017. Elle tente de cerner une vision post-coloniale entre l'art et l'ethnographie et de développer une pratique de l'analyse qualitative bâtie sur trois questions fondamentales : comment les oeuvres des artistes aborigènes ont-elles été représentées et « encadrées » dans un discours identitaire ? Comment l'artiste aborigène met-il en lumière la traçabilité de son appartenance (comme identité traçable) à travers sa représentation ? Comment cette représentation introduit-elle un court-circuit des interprétations culturelles dans les modes de réception ?

The purpose of this article is to examine and compare how the ethnicity, gender and social class conditions of citizenship influence, and are understood by, teachers and secondary school students in England and Sweden. The intention is also to compare how conditions of citizenship are dealt with in social studies for upper secondary school in England and Sweden. The relationship between students education and real conditions for citizenship is complex and partly differs between, as well as within, the two countries. The present comparative examination and analysis aims to visualize both specific and common conditions of citizenship in England and Sweden. This is to draw attention to how the meaning of frequently used terminology and images in the field of Citizenship Education do not always coincide with teachers' and students' own opinions and perceived meanings. By doing this we hope to contribute some new knowledge regarding one of the most difficult challenges that citizenship education is struggling with, whether the provided knowledge and values prepare todays youth to defend and develop future democratic and just societies. To achieve this, we have conducted a number of interviews with teachers and secondary school students and asked them about their experiences and opinions regarding Citizenship Education and the nature of citizenship. The following main questions were central to the interviews: What knowledge and skills does a citizen need in a democracy and how is the meaning of citizenship connected to gender, class and ethnicity? How are personal liberties affected by the citizen's gender, class and ethnicity according to the respondents? What are teachers' and students' experiences of Citizenship Education and how does school pay attention to citizens´ conditions based on gender, class and ethnicity? In recent years, both public debate and published research have shown that, in order to understand the real meanings of citizenship, it is necessary to understand and interpret formal citizenship rights and responsibilities from individuals' social and cultural conditions as characterised by gender, ethnicity and social class. During the 2000s, the Swedish National Agency for Education (Skolverket) presented recurrent reports that shows how socio-economic background, in combination with foreign background, are crucial for pupils school results. The reports also show how segregation between schools and residential areas has increased on the basis of residents socio-economic and ethnic background. This group of students are a part of tomorrows citizens, which are also likely to remain marginalized even as adults. The links between Swedish school policy, pupils school results and the democratic development of society at large has been observed and analysed in contemporary Swedish research. In England, the picture is slightly different with the 7 per cent of the population who experience private education being over-represented in positions of power and influence. In May 2012, the then Secretary of State for Education Michael Gove provided a list of leaders in the arts, sciences, politics, sports, journalism, entertainment and other fields who had all been to independent schools, concluding that "the sheer scale, the breadth and the depth, of private school dominance of our society points to a deep problem in our country . . . Those who are born poor are more likely to stay poor and those who inherit privilege are more likely to pass on privilege in England than in any comparable county." There is significant evidence that socio-economic background, in combination with ethnic background, continue to be highly influential on pupils school results. Links between national education policy, social class and pupils school results appear to remain entrenched in England. When we identify cultural and social conditions as in any way hindering the status of citizenship, we do so from a perspective which does not seek to blame the less powerful for holding particular cultural perceptions but which recognises the barriers a dominant culture sets against those with less power. The insight that tells us it is necessary to comprehend individuals' social and cultural conditions in order to understand and interpret their formal citizenship rights and responsibilities is not, however, particularly recent. Marx wrote over 160 years ago that, "if you assume a particular civil society . . . you will get particular political conditions", from which it must follow that any society divided on the grounds of class, ethnicity and gender will present political conditions which reflect such divisions. It is also the case that there is likely to be a significant space between what is (the real) and what is perceived (the formal); just because there is inequality it does not follow that everyone is aware of that inequality.