Suchergebnisse

Urgency of the research. With the development of the information society, the issue of improvement of communication lines between government and citizens, in particular such new form of citizens' appeals to authorities as an electronic petition, is becoming more relevant. Target setting. According to the Law of Ukraine d.d. 2 of October 1996 "On appeals of citizens" (with amendments), the possibility of submitting of electronic petitions to the government and authorities of local self-government is determined, but it is necessary to identify details and to specify mechanisms for electronic identification of citizens and implementation of these standards. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The works of foreign researchers K. Deutsch, P. Lazarsfeld, U. Lippmann, Ukrainian researchers A. Semenchenko, I. Klimenko, H. Pocheptsov, V. Tsymbalyuk, E. Romanenko, Yu. Kozlov are devoted to the communication between the citizens and government within the frame of the development of the information society. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The article is aimed at summarizing of the international experience of application of electronic identification of citizens, improvement of mechanisms for the electronic identification of citizens in Ukraine. The research objective. To substantiate the definition "electronic identification", to generalize the international experience of the leading countries of the world concerning approaches to electronic identification, to assess the state of implementation of this instrument in Ukraine. The statement of basic materials. The information development of the society requires the improvement of methods and forms of communication with public authorities and authorities of local self-government. In particular, such form of collective appeal as the e-petition is widely used in the world, it is submitted using the latest telecommunications means and prescribes a specific procedure for recipient to respond and confirms its effectiveness as a mechanism of systematic public dialogue. Conclusions. The article reveals the essence of the concept, the categorical and conceptual framework on issues of electronic identification is improved, the status of implementation of this tool in Ukraine is assessed, the ways to improve the functioning mechanisms of the electronic identification in Ukraine are proposed. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. З розвитком інформаційного суспільства все більшої актуальності набуває питання вдосконалення шляхів комунікації влади та громадянина, зокрема йдеться про таку нову форму звернення громадян до влади, як електронна петиція. Постановка проблеми. Згідно з Законом України від 2 жовтня 1996 р. «Про звернення громадян» (зі змінами) [2] визначена можливість подання електронних петицій до органів влади та органів місцевого самоврядування, але необхідна деталізація та конкретизація механізмів електронної ідентифікації громадян та реалізації цих норм. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Питанням комунікації між громадянами та владою в умовах розвитку інформаційного суспільства присвячені роботи зарубіжних дослідників К. Дойча, П. Лазарсфельда, У Липпмана, українських дослідників А. Семенченко, І. Клименко, Г. Почепцова, В. Цимбалюка, Є. Романенка, Ю. Козлова. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Стаття спрямована на узагальнення міжнародного досвіду застосування електронної ідентифікації громадян, вдосконалення механізмів електронної ідентифікації громадян в Україні. Постановка завдання. Обґрунтування визначення поняття «електронна індентифікація», узагальнити міжнародний досвід провідних країн світу, щодо підходів до електронної індентифікації, оцінити стан впровадження цього інструменту в Україні, запропонувати шляхи вдосконалення механізмів функціонування електронної ідентифікації в Україні. Виклад основного матеріалу. Інформаційний розвиток суспільства вимагає вдосконалення методів і форм провадження комунікації з органами державної влади та органами місцевого самоврядування. Зокрема, у світовій практиці широко застосовується така форма колективного звернення як електронна петиція, що подається шляхом застосування новітніх телекомунікаційних засобів, передбачає особливу процедуру реагування адресата та підтверджує свою дієвість як механізм систематичного суспільного діалогу. Висновки. В статті з'ясовано сутність поняття, вдосконалено категорійно-понятійний апарат з питань електронної ідентифікації, оцінено стан впровадження цього інструменту в Україні, запропоновано шляхи вдосконалення механізмів функціонування електронної ідентифікації в Україні, а саме налагодження взаємодії системи електронної ідентифікації з реєстром виборців України, з Єдиним державним демографічним реєстром громадян.

This research offers a dual approach: it offers firstly an analysis of the consequences of gender globalization, through the application of policies meant to be universal, which are imposed to different participants. This research also looks at the reactions of these participants, particularly local women's organizations, and the ways in which they adapt or appropriate these international prescriptions. We mean to uncover how gender, as a specific category in the field of public intervention, spreads out, on the one hand, in development aid programs coming from funding countries, and, on the other hand, in developing countries. A multi-level analysis has thus been conducted, which looked at cooperation policies and programs supervised by Germany, at the application in chad and at the PRODALKA project. Are policies and projects aiming at economic and political empowerment or reforms of the code of personal status really being implemented? Can the impact of the PRODALKA project on the living conditions of women and their recognition by men really be measured? In order to answer these questions, this research, which is both qualitative and quantitative, relies on a survey conducted with 310 women and on a several formal interviews and several non-formal interviews with individuals involved with this topic, within the context of a bilateral program of economic development between Germany and chad. The thesis will show that not a lot of progress has been made by the PRODALKA project, although some women have witnessed an improvement of their conditions. Indeed, the projects carried out have not really taken into consideration women's needs or gender relations because of a posture of neutrality which implies that any type of action carried out in society benefits all groups, without exceptions. Those projects consisted more in actions aimed at integrated women in development, such as those that were conducted in the 1960s. Those types of actions were criticized by the « gender and development » approach, which offer theoretical and methodological tools that could have been used to prevent some of the mistakes that were made. ; La présente recherche développe une double démarche : l'analyse des effets de la globalisation du genre par des politiques qui se veulent universelles en s'imposant à différent-e-s acteurs/actrices et les réactions de ceux/celles-ci, particulièrement celles des organisations féminines locales, dans la façon d'adapter ou de se réapproprier ces prescriptions internationales. Il s'agit de rendre compte de la manière dont le genre en tant que catégorie d'intervention publique parvient à se déployer d'une part dans les programmes d'aide au développement des pays financeurs et d'autre part dans les pays du Sud. Une analyse multi-niveaux est donc menée, tant au niveau des politiques et programmes de la coopération allemande, que de l'état tchadien puis du PRODALKA. Des projets et politiques visant à l'empowerment économique et politique, mais aussi la lutte contre les violences faites aux femmes ou des réformes du code du statut personnel, sont-ils vraiment mis en oeuvre ? Peut-on repérer des effets du PRODALKA sur les conditions de vie des femmes mais aussi concernant leur reconnaissance par les hommes ? Pour répondre à ces questions, la recherche, à la fois qualitative et quantitative, s'appuie sur une enquête auprès de 310 femmes et sur une vingtaine d'entretiens formels et de plusieurs autres non formels auprès des personnes intéressées par cette thématique dans le cadre d'un programme bilatéral de développement économique tchado-allemand. La thèse montre que peu de progrès ont été rendus possibles par l'intervention du PRODALKA, bien que certaines femmes aient vu leurs conditions améliorées. En effet, les projets menés ont peu tenu compte des besoins des femmes ou des relations de genre à cause d'une posture de neutralité postulant que toute action menée dans la société profite à tous les groupes sociaux sans exclusive. Ils relevaient plutôt des actions de type « intégration des femmes dans le développement telles que celles qui étaient menées dans les années 1960 et ont été critiquées par l'approche « genre et développement » qui a proposé des outils théoriques et méthodologiques qui auraient pu éviter les erreurs commises.

У статті розглядається ієрархічна складова засадничих цінностей конституційного ладу України. Виділяються рівні традиційних цінностей за загальноцивілізаційним підходом (на прикладі США та України). Проводиться аналіз класифікацій цінностей конституційного ладу України та пропонується авторський поділ за конституційним критерієм. Розглядаються існуючі в Україні проблеми, що перешкоджають практичному втіленню засадничих ідей, та можливі шляхи наближення громадян і суспільства до реалізації конституційно-правових ідеалів. ; В статье рассматривается иерархическая составляющая основных ценностей конституционного строя Украины. Выделяются уровни традиционных ценностей согласно общецивилизационному подходу (на примере США и Украины). Проводится анализ классификаций ценностей конституционного строя Украины и предоставляется авторское разделение по конституционному критерию. Рассматриваются существующие в Украине проблемы, препятствующие практическому воплощению основных идей, а также возможные пути приближения граждан и общества к реализации конституционно-правовых идеалов. ; Problem setting. The development of society in the process of democratization involves changes in the value system, which is the litmus test that shows the level of democratic transformations. Total number of traditional values of Ukrainian people can change their hierarchy depending on a number of criteria with the interconnected system of values finding their fixation at the constitutional level. In this regard, there is an urgent need for providing a classification of values of the constitutional order of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis. A number of researchers made a significant contribution to the development of problems of the constitutional order and its basic values. They include Yu.G. Barabash, N.A. Bobrova, M.M. Bondar, F.V. Venislavskyi, O.G. Kushnirenko, Yu.M. Todyka and others. Works of domestic scientists in the field of value orientation of public life (V.P. Kolisnyk, O.V. Skrypniuk, V.V. Rechytskyi and others) form a significant scientific and methodological basis of the research. It is also necessary to note works of foreign scientists, in particular, A. Sen, J. Habermas, G. Joas, K. Vihandta, etc.Paper objective. The objective of the article is analysis of generally defined value orientations of Ukrainian society in the conditions of globalization processes and provision of the author's classification of the basic values of the constitutional order of Ukraine.Paper main body. Systematic analysis of the text of the Constitution of Ukraine allows identification of freedom, human rights, justice, morality, humanism, democracy, rule of law, legal limit of power, pluralism and a number of other fundamental ideas as the most important and widely accepted social values. After all, they contribute to the democratic nature of the legal status of a person, democratic procedures of the formation, organization and functioning of the state power, interaction of its various bodies, free activity of the institutes of civil society, etc. Taken together, they constitute the basic values of the constitutional order of Ukraine, i.e. the political, legal and moral ideas and principles that reflect the ideals existing in Ukrainian society that underly the entire constitutional and legal regulation.If to describe the very characteristic of the values of the constitutional order concerning the Ukrainian statehood, we should first determine sovereignty and independence. Sovereignty in the constitutional law is a prerequisite for the formation of the state in general, an important feature of the constitutional structure of the modern state. That is why it needs a clear legal definition and provision with guarantees at the highest legal level.Conclusions of the research. Given a large number of values of Ukrainian society, much of them received their fixation at the level of the Constitution of Ukraine. The constitutional order being the fundamental basis of the Constitution of Ukraine represents the basic values. Given the current classifications of the basic constitutional values, one should be guided by a combination of values of the constitutional order relating to the principles of civil society and values of the constitutional order concerning the Ukrainian statehood. The highest hierarchical values have been characterized: freedom and justice as the values of civil society; sovereignty, independence and Unitarianism as the values relating to the Ukrainian statehood. These values are the means of rapprochement between individuals, cultures and nations and an universal instrument to achieve social harmony and peace.

This research aims at demonstrating that the prevention of mass atrocities is strongly related to States' obligation to provide their citizens with human security, as States, as well as the international community, have the moral responsibility to respect, protect, and promote individual human rights. To do so, it will examine the existing nexus between the concept of state sovereignty, meant as state responsibility, and the principle of Responsibility to Protect in the drafting of timely and efficient strategies to prevent war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing. As highlighted in Art. 1 of the UN Charter, "To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace." Hence, UN Member States, together with all the other actors of the international community, should cooperate to create a global architecture of prevention through the empowerment of State responsibilities. The research will emphasize the responsibility of States to provide its citizens with human security and, more specifically, with the seven dimensions included in the concept of human security, as it is necessary to overcome the ongoing challenges in fragile States. Even though no country is immune from fragility and, eventually, from the occurrence of mass atrocities, developing countries characterized by political instability are the ones that usually find themselves unable to protect their populations. Thus, the international community plays a crucial role in providing human security according to the principle of the Responsibility to Protect and, most importantly, to its Pillar II concerning the "duty to cooperate" to achieve international peace and security. The assessment of the risk factors of fragility and atrocity crimes is needed to draft and implement efficient and prompt actions to tackle large-scale violations of human rights. Strengthening the State responsibility to provide human security strongly contributes to address the root causes of State fragility, thus preventing the escalation of tensions and violence and, ultimately, the occurrence of mass atrocities. It is then essential to embrace the evolution of the concept of sovereignty throughout history. By starting the analysis from the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, it is possible to identify the reframing of the sovereignty status as well as their willingness to sign and ratify international treaties and conventions. The classical definition of sovereignty referred to the State supreme authority over its subjects, whereas the contemporary one includes the universal recognition of State responsibilities towards the citizens. The creation of the United Nations and the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stressed the existence of individual human rights, in which the right to human security is indirectly incorporated, and the need for States, as main actors of global governance, and for the international community, including non-state actors, to foster and provide them without no discrimination. The research concludes with a concrete proposal regarding the empowerment of available tools for the development of preventive measures. As the prevention of fragility and mass atrocities includes complex and coordinated strategies, it is necessary to adopt a holistic and long-term approach. Specific attention should be given to the young generation who, through education and participation in both social and political life, could play a crucial and proactive role in the international relations framework. Education, inclusion, respect, dialogue, disarmament, responsibility, accountability, protection, intervention, and advocacy are the 10 elements integrated within the seven dimensions of human security that States, as responsible actors in the international arena, or the international community, in case of State failure or unwillingness, should guarantee to maximize prevention and minimize violations of human rights.

Problem setting. The development of society in the process of democratization involves changes in the value system, which is the litmus test that shows the level of democratic transformations. Total number of traditional values of Ukrainian people can change their hierarchy depending on a number of criteria with the interconnected system of values finding their fixation at the constitutional level. In this regard, there is an urgent need for providing a classification of values of the constitutional order of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis. A number of researchers made a significant contribution to the development of problems of the constitutional order and its basic values. They include Yu.G. Barabash, N.A. Bobrova, M.M. Bondar, F.V. Venislavskyi, O.G. Kushnirenko, Yu.M. Todyka and others. Works of domestic scientists in the field of value orientation of public life (V.P. Kolisnyk, O.V. Skrypniuk, V.V. Rechytskyi and others) form a significant scientific and methodological basis of the research. It is also necessary to note works of foreign scientists, in particular, A. Sen, J. Habermas, G. Joas, K. Vihandta, etc.Paper objective. The objective of the article is analysis of generally defined value orientations of Ukrainian society in the conditions of globalization processes and provision of the author's classification of the basic values of the constitutional order of Ukraine.Paper main body. Systematic analysis of the text of the Constitution of Ukraine allows identification of freedom, human rights, justice, morality, humanism, democracy, rule of law, legal limit of power, pluralism and a number of other fundamental ideas as the most important and widely accepted social values. After all, they contribute to the democratic nature of the legal status of a person, democratic procedures of the formation, organization and functioning of the state power, interaction of its various bodies, free activity of the institutes of civil society, etc. Taken together, they constitute the basic values of the constitutional order of Ukraine, i.e. the political, legal and moral ideas and principles that reflect the ideals existing in Ukrainian society that underly the entire constitutional and legal regulation.If to describe the very characteristic of the values of the constitutional order concerning the Ukrainian statehood, we should first determine sovereignty and independence. Sovereignty in the constitutional law is a prerequisite for the formation of the state in general, an important feature of the constitutional structure of the modern state. That is why it needs a clear legal definition and provision with guarantees at the highest legal level.Conclusions of the research. Given a large number of values of Ukrainian society, much of them received their fixation at the level of the Constitution of Ukraine. The constitutional order being the fundamental basis of the Constitution of Ukraine represents the basic values. Given the current classifications of the basic constitutional values, one should be guided by a combination of values of the constitutional order relating to the principles of civil society and values of the constitutional order concerning the Ukrainian statehood. The highest hierarchical values have been characterized: freedom and justice as the values of civil society; sovereignty, independence and Unitarianism as the values relating to the Ukrainian statehood. These values are the means of rapprochement between individuals, cultures and nations and an universal instrument to achieve social harmony and peace. ; В статье рассматривается иерархическая составляющая основных ценностей конституционного строя Украины. Выделяются уровни традиционных ценностей согласно общецивилизационному подходу (на примере США и Украины). Проводится анализ классификаций ценностей конституционного строя Украины и предоставляется авторское разделение по конституционному критерию. Рассматриваются существующие в Украине проблемы, препятствующие практическому воплощению основных идей, а также возможные пути приближения граждан и общества к реализации конституционно-правовых идеалов. ; У статті розглядається ієрархічна складова засадничих цінностей конституційного ладу України. Виділяються рівні традиційних цінностей за загальноцивілізаційним підходом (на прикладі США та України). Проводиться аналіз класифікацій цінностей конституційного ладу України та пропонується авторський поділ за конституційним критерієм. Розглядаються існуючі в Україні проблеми, що перешкоджають практичному втіленню засадничих ідей, та можливі шляхи наближення громадян і суспільства до реалізації конституційно-правових ідеалів.

Цель настоящей статьи сопоставить новое для России понятие «территории опережающего развития» с уже существующими конструкциями «особые экономические зоны» и «зоны территориального развития», изучить характеристики территорий со специальным налоговым режимом и преимущества для инвесторов. Предметом данного исследования являются условия, формирующие благоприятный режим инвестиционной деятельности за счет предоставляемой государственной поддержки во вновь создаваемых территориях опережающего развития в сравнении с уже действующим инструментом, таким как особые экономические зоны и зоны территориального развития. В качестве гипотезы было выдвинуто предположение о прямой связи между наличием налоговых льгот и других форм государственной поддержки инвесторов, предоставляемых на территории со специальным режимом, и привлечением инвесторов в регион. В работе использован метод сравнительного анализа, статистические методы группировок. По определенным характерным признакам выявлены общие черты анализируемых типов территорий, к которым относятся наличие федерального статуса и специальный режим осуществления инвестиционной деятельности резидентами. В статье обосновываются их отличительные особенности, среди которых сроки создания, управление территориями, меры государственной поддержки. Представленные в статье результаты исследования подтверждают, что резиденты вновь созданных территорий опережающего развития на Дальнем Востоке имеют более конкурентные и льготные условия ведения бизнеса по сравнению с резидентами особых экономических зон и зон территориального развития в Российской Федерации. В статье обосновывается наличие управленческих рисков передачи полномочий по управлению территориями частным компаниям. Выявлено отсутствие взаимосвязи декларируемой специализации создаваемых территорий опережающего развития с особым режимом осуществления предпринимательской деятельности и видами экономической деятельности, определенными постановлениями Правительства Российской Федерации по конкретной территории, при осуществлении которых действует льготный правовой режим, что увеличивает недополучение налоговых доходов регионами за счет предоставления льгот неприоритетным видам деятельности. Были сформулированы предложения по законодательному урегулированию выявленных проблем. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы федеральными и региональными органами власти при подготовке предложений по корректировке законов и других нормативных актов в сфере создания территорий со специальным режимом для инвесторов. ; The purpose of the article is to compare the new term for the Russian economy «priority development areas (PDA)» with the existing concepts of «special economic zone (SEZ)» and «regional development zones (RDZ)». In the article, the characteristics of territories with a special tax regime and its benefits for investors are examined. The subject matter of the research are the conditions that shape the favourable environment of investment activity due to the provided state support in newly created priority development areas in comparison with the existing tools, such as special economic zones and zones of territorial development. It is hypothesized that there is a direct link between the existence of tax benefits and other forms of the state support of investors provided in a territory with a special tax regime, and the attraction of investors to the region. In the study, the method of comparative analysis and statistical grouping methods are used. The common features of the analyzed types of territories are revealed according to certain characteristics; these are the federal status and the special regime of the investment activity implementation. In the article, their distinctive features such as the terms of creation, management of territories and measures of the state support are substantiated. The results of the research presented in the article confirm that the residents of newly created priority development areas in the Far East have more competitive and preferential terms for business in comparison with the residents of special economic zones and zones of territorial development in the Russian Federation. In the article, the administrative risks of the transfer of authority for the management of territories to the private companies are substantiated. The absence of interrelation between the declared specialization of the created priority development areas with the special regime of business activity and the types of economic activity determined by the resolutions of the Russian government for the certain territories where the preferential legal regime works, is revealed. This increases the insufficient tax yield in the regions as the benefits are granted to non-priority activities. The proposals for the legal response to the revealed problems have been formulated. The results of the research may be used by the federal and regional authorities in forming the proposals for updating the laws and other regulations in the sphere of the creation of the territories with the special regime for investors.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical and informative exploration of the emerging roles and rising influence of the Global South in shaping the future of global governance. Specifically, it inquires into the following questions: How is the Global South impacting the way we govern globally? What are the pushers, pulls and weights to the futures of global governance? Using Jim Dator's alternative futures archetype, what is the future of global governance? What are the emerging issues and trends?


Design/methodology/approach
– It uses Sohail Inayatullah's futures triangle to map the drivers – the pushes, pulls and weights of global governance and Jim Dator's archetypes – continued economic growth, collapse, conserver and transformation – to imagine and construct alternative futures of global governance.


Findings
– The futures triangle analysis maps and reveals three diverse but causally linked Global South narratives of global governance. The pulls of the future include the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa leading the way, and emerging economies reinforcing the pluralization of global governance discourses and systems. New governance regimes create new global governance dynamics and North – South relations. Their increasing social, political and economic clout leads to new governance structures. The Global South's rising human development index, economic growth, decreasing financial reliance, the rise of minilateralism and South – South cooperation is a push of the present. Weights are recurring financial constraints, their lack of technical capacity, existing international laws, stagnating bureaucracy, poverty, domestic issues and state centrism (among others). Four alternative global governance scenarios emerge: a harmonious world is everybody's business – a state-centric and economic growth global governance future. Here, the dynamics of global governance remain the same as zero-sum thinking informs the rules of the game. In dangerous transitions and the rise of the rest, however, the status quo is disrupted as power shifts rapidly and detrimentally. Then, in mosaic of the old structure, the South embraces protectionism, and the old vanguards return. Finally, in all boats rise substantially, power is redistributed as emerging states gain larger, formal (and informal) leadership roles in global governance. The global world order is re-designed for the Global South. A world parliament is created and stronger regional confederation or unions emerge.


Research limitations/implications
– This paper extensively utilizes existing and emerging literature, official reports, blogs, interviews, books and other digital texts on global governance. The sources relevance is analyzed using the futures triangle tool and dissected to present four detailed scenarios using Dator's alternative futures archetype. This study seeks to initially explore alternative futures of global governance from the perspective of the Global South. While some studies have approached the topic, only a few authors have addressed global governance using futures tools and methods. The goal of this research is to map and explore some alternative futures of global governance. The paper is less useful in predicting what lies ahead. Its intention is to highlight the "rise of the different" and to create a space for more meaningful conversations on global governance.


Practical implications
– This research could provide futurists, policy-makers, international relations scholars and global governance advocates some alternative narratives, frameworks and images of global governance. While it does not offer any specific structures and solutions, it offers a number of emerging issues and perspectives from the Global South that decision-makers and institutions might want to consider as they rethink global governance.


Social implications
– This paper highlights the emerging roles and perspectives of the Global South in global governance. It identifies some "trading zones" and "emerging issues" that may inspire actors to create new global governance spaces, innovate alternative narratives and design new frameworks of global governance.


Originality/value
– It maps and constructs some plausible scenarios of global governance that emphasize Global South perspectives while using futures tools and methods.

В статье изложены сведения об общем ареале, распространении в средней полосе европейской части России, особенностях экологии, встречаемости, численности и состоянии локальных популяций четырнадцати видов сосудистых растений, относящихся к отделам хвощеобразных (Equisetophyta) и покрытосемянных (Angiospermae), рекомендуемых нами к внесению в новое издание Красной книги Белгородской области как виды, требующие повышенных мер охраны кандидаты на включение в Красную книгу Белгородской области. Распространение на территории области, частота встречаемости, численность видов, состояние локальных популяций, особенности экологии изучались в ходе маршрутных экспедиций автора в течение нескольких лет.No. 6-pp "About the lists of objects of an animal and flora included in the Red List of the Belgorod region" is approved by the resolution of the government of the Belgorod region of January 26, 2005 the list of the plants demanding the increased protection measures candidates for inclusion in the Red List of the Belgorod region. Section 2 of the Red List of the Belgorod region contains only the list of these types. It included 79 species of plants (mosses, lichens. angiospermous) belonging to 31 families. In our opinion the new edition of the Red List has to contain the summary of each species including the following: the status of a species in area, adjacent regions; data on the general area, distribution in a midland of the European part of Russia, in adjacent territories, in the Belgorod region; features of ecology and number; justification of entering on this list.Proceeding from it, we provide the list and we supply it with the short information on distribution, features of ecology, number of 14 species of vascular plants which could be included in the Red List of the Belgorod region as the types demanding the increased protection measures candidates for inclusion in the Red List of the Belgorod region.As object of research species of the vascular plants relating to the division Equisetophytina, class Equisetopsida, family Equisetaceae served; to the division angiospermous, class monocotyledoneae, families Gramineae, Liliaceae, to the class dicotyledons, families Salicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Ranunculaceae, Cruciferae, Crassulaceae, Rosaceae, Onagraceae. Their general area, distribution in a midland of the European part of Russia, feature of ecology, occurrence, number and a condition of local populations in the Belgorod region were studied.We used traditional methods of botanical research. Audit of local florae in the central, east and southeast administrative regions of the Belgorod region, the assessment of frequency of occurrence, number of separate types were carried out during route expeditions within more than fifteen years (from 1998 to 2015) during different seasons of the vegetative period (from March to October) with an interval two-four weeks. It is in total surveyed 14 (from 21) administrative regions of the Belgorod region. More than 300 copies of plants are collected and identified.The data on 14 species of the vascular plants relating to the above families, recommended by the author for entering into the new edition of the Red List of the Belgorod region as types, demanding the raised protection measures candidates for inclusion in the Red List of the Belgorod region are presented in this article.One can come across one of them, though rarly, but the number of types and a condition of their populations allows not to include them in the general list of the protected plants so far. Others are characterized by insufficiency of data on their distribution in the territory of area, number of local populations and their states, occurrence frequency.Many of the offered types are vulnerable, in view of their narrow ecological amplitude. Their number decreases in connection with reduction of habitats (plowing of steppes, features of the hydrological mode of the rivers of the forest-steppe now, shallowing and disappearance of reservoirs, destruction of coastal slopes etc.). Acceptance and implementation of certain measures for preservation of their habitats and number of local populations is necessary.Material is based on the analysis of references, and the long-term researches conducted by the author in east and southeast parts of the Belgorod area.

This dissertation investigates the gender gap in voluntary association participation in cross-national perspective and gives insights into why women's voluntary association affiliation is similar to that of men in some countries but falls behind men's participation in other countries. This dissertation adds to the existing literature by focusing on the antecedents of the gender gap in voluntary association participation. The crucial starting point has been to conceptualize membership in voluntary associations as a multilevel phenomenon affected by individual-level attributes as well as country-level characteristics. Using this perspective makes it possible to investigate cross-national variation in the gender gap in voluntary association participation and to examine how the gender gap is related to composition effects and shaped by country characteristics. Studying the extent of the gender gap in voluntary association participation and identifying its causes may help in understanding women's position in contemporary societies. By joining a voluntary association the individual actor becomes part of a social network. The social resources embedded in this network may be accessed and mobilized for achieving one's aims. Therefore, voluntary associations are a relevant factor in structuring social inequality and membership in voluntary associations has ramifications in the status attainment process. If women's position in different areas of society is — at least partly — influenced by the resources that become available via participation in voluntary associations, then it will be fruitful to study the extent of this gender gap as well as its individual and societal antecedents. Although there is ample evidence from single-country studies of a gender gap in voluntary association participation and a sizeable stock of comparative studies on levels of voluntary association participation as well as cross-national research on gender inequalities in the family, the market and the state, there is a lack of a systematic inquiry of the gender gap in the voluntary sector in comparative perspective. Thus, in order to close this research gap the central research questions pursued in this dissertation are: Is there a gender gap in voluntary association participation in contemporary European countries? Does this gender gap vary across countries? Which individual-level and country-level characteristics as well as mechanisms can explain these cross-national differences? Is the gender gap varying over time? Which factors can explain temporal variation in the gender gap in voluntary association participation? In order to answer these questions, data from the European Social Survey, the European Values Study and the World Values Survey has been analyzed using different quantitative methods including two-level Poisson regression, nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and three-level logistic multilevel models for change. These analyses give insights into the multilevel antecedents of the gender gap in voluntary association participation. ; Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht den Geschlechterunterschied in der Partizipation in Freiwilligenorganisationen in ländervergleichender Perspektive. Sie liefert Erkenntnisse darüber, warum in einigen Ländern die Mitgliedschaften von Frauen denen von Männern gleichen, es in anderen Ländern aber so ist, dass Frauen den Männern hinterherhinken. Diese Dissertation geht dabei über bereits bestehende Untersuchungen hinaus, indem sie die Einflussfaktoren des Geschlechterunterschieds in Mitgliedschaften beleuchtet. Der wesentliche Ausgangspunkt ist, Mitgliedschaft in einer freiwilligen Vereinigung als Mehrebenenphänomen aufzufassen, das sowohl von individuellen Merkmalen der Akteure als auch von Ländereigenschaften abhängt. Diese Sichtweise ermöglicht es, den Geschlechterunterschied im Ländervergleich zu untersuchen und darzulegen, wie dieser durch Kompositionseffekte und Ländereigenschaften beeinflusst wird. Eine Untersuchung des Ausmaßes des Geschlechterunterschieds in Mitgliedschaften und eine Bestimmung seiner Einflussgrößen hilft, die Stellung von Frauen in heutigen Gesellschaften zu verstehen. Durch die Mitgliedschaft in einer freiwilligen Vereinigung wird ein individueller Akteur Teil eines sozialen Netzwerks. Die in dieses Netzwerk eingebetteten Ressourcen können von den Akteuren zum Erreichen eigener Ziele mobilisiert werden. Freiwillige Vereinigungen sind somit ein relevanter Faktor in der Strukturierung sozialer Ungleichheit und die Mitgliedschaft in Freiwilligenorganisationen hat positive Effekte auf den Statuserwerb. Wenn die Stellung von Frauen in den verschiedenen Sektoren der Gesellschaft zumindest teilweise von Ressourcen abhängt, auf die man über eine Mitgliedschaft in einer Freiwilligenorganisation zugreifen kann, dann ist es fruchtbar das Ausmaß des Geschlechterunterschieds in Freiwilligenvereinigungen als auch die individuellen und gesellschaftlichen Bestimmungsfaktoren zu untersuchen. Es gibt einige empirische Belege für einen Geschlechterunterschied in der Partizipation in Freiwilligenvereinigungen. Diese entstammen allerdings meist aus Studien, in denen lediglich ein Land untersucht wurde. Darüber hinaus gibt es diverse ländervergleichende Studien, die das Mitgliedschaftsniveau untersuchen. Ebenso gibt es zahlreiche ländervergleichende Studien, die Geschlechterungleichheiten in der Familie oder in den gesellschaftlichen Sektoren Markt und Staat betrachten. Es gibt aber einen Mangel an Studien, die systematisch den Geschlechterunterschied im Freiwilligensektor im Ländervergleich untersuchen. Um diese Lücke zu füllen, wird in der vorliegenden Dissertation folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Gibt es einen Geschlechterunterschied in der Partizipation in Freiwilligenorganisationen in den europäischen Gegenwartsgesellschaften? Variiert der Geschlechterunterschied zwischen diesen Ländern? Welche individuellen Merkmale und Ländereigenschaften sowie welche Mechanismen können diese Länderunterschiede erklären? Verändert sich der Geschlechterunterschied über die Zeit? Welche Faktoren können die zeitliche Veränderung des Geschlechterunterschieds in Freiwilligenorganisationen erklären? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wurden Daten des European Social Surveys, der European Value Study sowie Daten des World Value Surveys mit Hilfe verschiedener quantitativer Verfahren (u.a. Zweiebenen-Poisson-Regression, nichtlineare Blinder-Oaxaca-Dekomposition und logistische Dreiebenen-Wachstumsmodelle) ausgewertet. Die Analysen geben Einsicht in die Mehrebenenstruktur der Bestimmungsgründe des Geschlechterunterschieds in der Partizipation in freiwilligen Vereinigungen.

Предмет/тема. В современных условиях развития Центрального федерального округа (ЦФО) все более актуальной становится задача определения внутренних резервов социально-экономического развития. Ее решение неразрывно связано с разработкой новых подходов к определению структуры, сущности, а также методов оценки социально-экономического потенциала округа. Данная задача может быть решена только с помощью реализации научно-обоснованной социально-экономической политики федерального округа на разных уровнях экономики (федеральном, региональном, муниципальном). Цели/задачи. Целью исследования является разработка и апробация теоретического и методического инструментария оценки социально-экономического потенциала ЦФО. Для ее достижения были поставлены следующие логически взаимосвязанные задачи: 1) выявить сильные и слабые стороны различных подходов к анализу и оценке социально-экономического потенциала ЦФО; 2) разработать отвечающую современным требованиям методику оценки социально-экономического потенциала округа. Методология. В настоящей работе с помощью эконометрических методов проанализированы различные подходы к анализу и оценке социально-экономического потенциала ЦФО, составлен рейтинг областей округа на основе объективных показателей качества жизни. Результаты. Анализ результатов проведенного исследования показал, что в большинстве административных единиц ЦФО имеются проблемные черты с негативным влиянием на качество жизни населения округа. Решение вопросов, на которые они указывают, представляется первоочередной задачей для улучшения социально-экономической ситуации. Обсуждение/применение. Предложенные в статье рекомендации по разработке и применению методического инструментария оценки социально-экономического потенциала Центрального федерального округа могут быть использованы на всех уровнях власти для модернизации важнейших социально-экономических процессов. Выводы/значимость. Сделан вывод о том, что в современных условиях методологические вопросы оценки экономического, социального, финансового, природно-ресурсного потенциалов областей ЦФО имеют важное значение, с одной стороны, для проведения активной федеральной политики, направленной на укрепление экономической и политической целостности страны, а с другой для определения самостоятельного экономического статуса каждого субъекта РФ. ; Importance The contemporary circumstances of the development of the Central Federal District make the issue of determining internal resources of socio-economic development even more important. To solve this issue, it is necessary to devise new approaches to determining the structure, substance of, and methods for evaluating the socio-economic potential of the District. It may be achieved only if the Central Federal District implements the scientifically proven and socio-economic policies at various economic levels (federal, regional and municipal). Objectives The research pursues developing and testing theoretical and methodological tools for evaluating the socio-economic potential of the Central Federal District. The following logically consistent objects have been set: to identify strengths and weaknesses of various approaches to analyzing and evaluating the socio-economic potential of the Central Federal District; to develop the appropriate methods for evaluating the socio-economic potential of the District. Methods Using econometric methods, this research reviews various approaches to analyzing and evaluating the socio-economic potential of the Central Federal District and ranks the regions of the District on the basis of unbiased indicators of the standard of living. Results As the analysis of the research results shows, the majority of administrative units in the Central Federal District have some weaknesses that affect the standard of living of the population. Solving the respective issues and challenges should be a priority goal to improve the socio-economic situation. Conclusions and Relevance I conclude that, under the current circumstances, evaluation of the economic, social, financial and natural resource potential of the Central Federal District is of high significance, on the one hand, to implement the active federal policies aimed at strengthening the economic and political integrity and consistency of the country, and, on the other hand, to help each constituent entity of the Russian Federation determine its own economic status. The proposed recommendations for developing and applying the methodological tools for evaluating the socio-economic potential of the Central Federal District may prove helpful at each tier of authority in order to modernize the crucial socio-economic processes.

Актуальность и цели. Для демократического и правового государства характерно постоянное стремление к совершенствованию органов власти и управ­ления. Потребность в модернизации способов формирования и структуры органов местного самоуправления актуальна и для нашего государства. Этим обусловлены текущие изменения в отечественном законодательстве, регулирующем функции и полномочия органов местной власти. Актуальность исследуемой темы обосновывается необходимостью учета исторического опыта реформирования органов местного самоуправления в России. Цель работы проанализировать этапы подготовки к проведению реформы органов местного самоуправления в России в середине ХIХ в. и предпосылки возникновения избирательных прав у сельского населения Российской империи. Материалы и методы. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе анализа нормативно-правовых актов дореформенного периода и проектов правовых актов, разрабатываемых для проведения земской реформы. Особое внимание уделено исследованию работ государственных деятелей С. С. Ланского, П. Д. Киселёва, П. А. Валуева, М. А. Корфа и ученых-юристов А. А. Корнилова, К. А. Пажитнова и других, а также работам современных исследователей-историков и юристов Л. Е. Лаптевой, А. Ю. Шутова, Е. Н. Морозовой и других. Методологическую основу исследования составили методы историко-правового анализа, сравнительно-правовой и логический методы, позволившие сопоставить содержание и значение отдельных положений проектов законодательных актов, идей и предложений дореформенного периода с положениями узаконений, составившими правовую основу земской реформы. Результаты. В результате исследований установлено влияние социальных, экономических и политических условий на возникновение избирательных прав у сельского населения Российской империи, на нормативное определение статуса представительных органов местного самоуправления. Выводы. Изучение опыта подготовки и проведения земской реформы в Российской империи позволяет установить причины малоэффективной деятельности земств, неразвитой системы земских учреждений, отсутствия всесословного представительства в них. В свою очередь, анализ причин позволит нам избежать повторения на современном этапе ошибок реформирования муниципальных органов и разработать более совершенные законы, регламентирующие их деятельность. ; Background. A constant desire to improve governing bodies is typical for a democratic and legal state. The need to modernize ways of formation and a structure of local governments is still relevant for our state as well. This situation causes the current changes in the domestic legislation governing the functions and powers of local authorities. Relevance of the research theme justifies the need to consider the histo­rical experience of the reform of local government in Russia. The purpose of the article is to examine the stages of preparation for the reform of local governments in Russia in the middle of XIX century and the prerequisites of electoral rights of the rural population of the Russian Empire. Materials and methods. Implementation of the research tasks was achieved on the basis of the analysis of legal acts of the pre-reform period and drafts of legal acts developed for the Zemstvo reform. Particular attention was paid to the study of works of statesmen S. S. Lanskoy, P. D. Kiselev, P. A. Valuev, M. A. Korf and law scholars A. A. Kornilov, K. A. Pajitnov and others, as well as works by contemporary historians and lawyers-researchers L. E. Lapteva, A. Y.Shutova, E. N. Morozova and others. The methodological basis of the research were the methods of historical and legal analysis, comparative legal and logical methods that allowed to compare the content and meaning of certain provisions of legislative acts' drafts, ideas and suggestions of the pre-reform period with the provisions of statutes, being a legal framework of the Zemstvo reform. Results. As a result, the studies have established the influence of social, econo­mic and political conditions on occurrence of the electoral rights of the rural population of the Russian Empire, the normative definition of the status of local government bodies. Conclusions. Studying the experience of preparation and implementation of the Zemstvo Reform in the Russian Empire allowed to determine the cause of inefficient activity of the zemstvos, of the undeveloped system of zemstvo institutions, of the lack of representatives from all the society groups in them. In turn, the analysis of the causes allows us to avoid repeating of the same mistakes at the present stage of the reform of municipal bodies, and to improve the laws governing them.

Distribution of publications by university publishers is considered one of the most complicated spheres of publishing activities because of its particularities. It requires not only attention (support) from the State, but also much effort from the publisher. Today we often stress the status of the university, development of possibilities of the academic publisher and distribution ofscientific publications. It makes us think of the relationship between commercial and noncommercialactivity in cultural space and discuss effectiveness of distribution of academicbooks and communication.It should be stressed that from the scientific point of view distribution of publications ofuniversity publishers is still an unexplored sphere. We lack theoretic literature and relevant information.There is almost no information about the distribution of publications delivered byuniversity publishers. Our research involved 15 state university publishing houses that werefinanced by the state budget. The research was based on archival documents, data basis ofuniversity publishers, etc. (press, virtual space). The method of interview was chosen (a halfstandardizedinterview). People from university publishing houses responsible for distributionwere interviewed (15 persons) and a questionnaire was made up (24 open questions). Theresearch revealed their possibilities and attitude towards the distribution of books.The aim of the article was to investigate the space of production distribution within theuniversity and outside it in order to reveal particularities of this distribution. The distributionanalysed covers the period 1991–2011, but the main attention was paid to book distributionin the recent years in order to stress the importance of the present situation experienced byuniversity publishers. The first part of the article looks for the answer whether university publishershave any model of book distribution. After determining relations among the elements of distributionstructure, the scheme of the system of book distribution was established. The second part investigatesthe situation from an outward perspective, namely, exploring how university publishers areable to use the possibilities of free-market, looking for distribution methods, ways and forms as wellas highlighting some peculiarities of distribution of academic books.It was found that the distribution space of publications delivered by contemporary universitypublishers could be divided into two groups. The first group covers non-commercial distribution systeminside the university that was formed in the long-term book distribution culture and experiencegained by university publishers. The second group is related to commercial distribution system outsidethe university that for a long time had been closed; only now it is little by little directed towardscommercialization. This shows that in the twenty years of the Independent Lithuania, universitypublishers have experienced some changes in the distribution of their books. These changes weredetermined by political and economical conditions, fast development of information and communicationtechnologies and alternations of public communicational processes.Summarising the research, peculiarities of book distribution by university publishers must bestressed. These peculiarities determine the particularity of this distribution process, distinguishingthe following three dominating components: scientific product (specific item), institution (departmentalsubordination), the publisher's initiative (the need to change). These components make the basis ofthe general distribution of publications by university publishers. ; Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyrosir dokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: usaviciened@gmail.com Straipsnyje analizuojami Lietuvos valstybinių universitetinių leidyklų spausdintinėsprodukcijos sklaidos probleminiai klausimai. Siekiama atskleisti šiųleidyklų šiandienos leidinių sklaidos erdvę ir nusakyti universitetų leidybinėsprodukcijos platinimo tendencijas pačiuose universitetuose ir už jų ribų.Remiantis atliktu tyrimu konstruojama knygų sklaidos schema, atskleidžiamiir nagrinėjami universitetų leidyklų produkcijos sklaidos ypatumai.Tyrimu nustatyta, kad šiuolaikinių universitetinių leidyklų produkcijossklaidos erdvė padalyta į dvi dalis: nekomercinę (leidinių sklaidos sistemauniversiteto viduje), kuri suformuota ilgametės universitetų leidybinėsprodukcijos sklaidos kultūros ir patirties, ir į komercinę (leidinių sklaidossistema už universiteto ribų), kuri ilgą laiką buvusi uždara, dabar pamažukreipiama komercializacijos link. Tai rodo, kad universitetų leidyklosper daugiau nei dvidešimt Lietuvos nepriklausomybės metų patyrė knygųsklaidos pokyčių, kuriuos lėmė naujos politinės ir ekonominės sąlygos, spartiinformacinių, komunikacinių technologijų raidos ir komunikacijos procesųtinklaveikos visuomenėje kaita.REIKŠMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: universitetas, leidykla, leidiniai, sklaida, platinimas, leidybinė produkcija,mokslinė produkcija, knygos, knygynas, interneto svetainė, vartotojai,institucija, mažmeniniai platintojai, didmeniniai platintojai.

This study explores Black parental involvement by re-collecting my lived experiences as parent and social worker through memoir. Although the main characters in my stories are based on my family members and the parents and children I have assisted in various schools, I have fictionalized events, periods, and identities to protect myself and the people in my stories from the voyeuristic spectator. Fictionalizing also provides access within the intricacies of a lived experience and allows me to highlight ways of knowing that may expand epistemological standpoints regarding Black parental involvement. Re-collecting allowed me to reflect upon my two selves as parent and social worker and reminded me of a generational othermothering that traversed Afrocentric traditions and found a new home among the decedents of African slaves in the United States (James, 1993; Collins, 1994; Walker & Snarey, 2004). Steeped within a rich tradition of parenting, othermothering counters conventional narrative that suppresses Black parents' involvement in their child's life. Exploring parent involvement through my personal and professional narratives provided an opportunity to for me to unearth those suppressed and silent hegemonic ideals to understand who I am in Black children's lives and how I affect their success in school. There is a plethora of research that explores Black parental involvement as a means for increasing their children's achievement; however, few texts unpack the intersectionality of Black parents' multiple social identities to examine the ways they are already involved in their children's schooling. By exploring the gaps in research, this study problematizes Black parental involvement as a means for interrogating the process of teaching and learning in American schools. Drawing upon the work of Critical Race Theory (e.g. Bell, 1995; Delgado & Stefancic, 2001; Ladson-Billings, 1999; Watkins, 2001; Parker & Lynn, 2002), I explore parenting from a Black Feminist Thought standpoint (e.g. Collins, 1994; Collins, 2000; hooks, 2000; Lorde, 1984/2007) to provide a revisionist interpretation of a communal mothering that nurtures the growth and development of a child's physical, emotional and mental interconnected selves (e.g. Case, 1997; Glenn, 1993; Henry, 2006; James, 1993; Lightfoot, 1978; Walker & Snarey, 2004). I draw upon the works of memoir and fiction as my methodology to complicate narratives in the home, school, and community (e.g. Harris, 2005; Braxton, 1989). The benefit of using this approach is that it creates a space for imaginative activity in capturing a truth, a reality, a lived experience (Morrison, 2008). The use of memoir also freed me to write about experience thematically as opposed to chronologically. I was therefore able to present Black parents' lived experiences with their children's schooling as a school social worker or as a parent throughout this study to expose a truth silent within research. It is my hope that this study sparks an imaginative activity that reveals to policy makers, educational researchers and practitioners that there is a need for Black orientations to parental involvement in schools to redress universalization, hegemonization, and silencing of Black parents' engagement in their children's schooling; to recognize all that is suppressed and silent to gain insight of who they are and how they became who they are in the lives of Black children; to dismantle those individual, structural, and political agendas and practices that are pervasive and negatively affect Black children's success in schools and life; and to recognize how Black parents' varying identities inference their perceptions and interactions with their children's schools. This imaginative activity helps to construct a dialogical relationship between the home, school and community that honors multiple ways of knowing about Black communal parental involvement that inspires all Black children to reach their highest potential (Walker, 1996). A dialogical relationship would minimize barriers to Black parental involvement created by school personnel's hegemonic status and bureaucratic social structures. It would also foster knowledge about school functions, curricular and educational standards that Black parents seek in accessing expertise that will further their children's success in schools.

Our research on the dynamic of international agreements in preventing and treating violence against women is a specific topic and important for the spirit of legislation, policy recommendations and projects especially in the Muslim Arab countries working on the new status of Muslim women. Violence is a tragic situation for all; Governments make it a matter of concern because of the emergency alarming number of victims. The French media reports for example that one woman dies every two days due to the assault and violence caused by a spouse, parent or in the street. In Morocco, domestic, marital and social violence takes more space and is part of everyday life to such an extent that it no longer shocks anyone, it seems that the couple has integrity where the man is the core family, all the merit and the priority back mainly to him. Patriarchal power, brother, husband draws its strength from some misinterpretations of Koranic texts, a speech that does not promote the spirit of sharing and equality that the texts of the Koran, guidelines and practices of the Prophet encouraged fully. In this research, we will try to explore how we could prevent and treat violence against women, based on texts and experiences, which limit and fight against discrimination against women and against violence when they are victims. We will find a legal study, put in a frame to social, cultural, political and psychological, for they think that violence is closely related to all disciplines that will meet the needs of people and improve living conditions. Our research has been developed around practical work and field experiences. Violence against women remains a family problematic first. Around the world, women have their rights abused in the name of honor, love, jealousy, passion and tradition and religion, even within their families. Yet, none of these values allows the legitimate use of violence. Discrimination and violence against women are closely linked. Today, Morocco, Turkey, Yemen, Afghanistan and others, the little girl may be betrothed at birth; she became less easy to schooling and higher education than boys. Once adult, women are less informed about their rights, they will have fewer chances to develop its capabilities in different sectors, including politics. Without a profession and without its own financial resources, it is difficult to end a violent relationship. Violence against women is no longer considered as a taboo, women respond; they have no more difficulties to file complaints against their abusers. But the complaint is not an end in itself if the laws do not provide any text to protect women against violence, whether physical or moral. Non-Governmental Organizations call all leaders and the international community to support and to promote initiatives to ensure the prevention and the treatment of violence, to establish mechanisms of protection and that all women victims of violence receive compensation. The perpetrators of such violence must be sentenced to punishment applicable with their crime. The police and the judiciary should be trained to be able to act quickly and effectively against all forms of violence against women and grant them appropriate weight. Religious institutions are called on to give up any action that encourages or tolerates violence against women and to respect the rights thereof, and to introduce civic education programs in schools, highlighting the role of women within the family and society and promoting a change in attitudes. A cultural and economic revolution of women is necessary; independence allows freedom of choice and expression. The lack of places where they can escape, take refuge, a place to be listened and get the help needed faced to the violence constitutes an obstacle for them to denounce their aggressors and fight against this violence lived for a long time.

The year 1973 was a watershed in the history of energy. That year the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) took the momentous decision to raise the price of crude oil multifold resulting in the worst energy crunch in recorded history. The trend which the OPEC decision set in motion continued unabated and by 1980–81 oil was sold at a price about five times as that of 1972. The unprecedented rise in the price of oil resulted in a world-wide search for alternate sources of energy and for knowledge to conserve the non-renewable sources of energy that were heading slowly but steadily towards depletion. But although research is under way for an alternate cheap source, oil is likely to remain one of the most important sources of energy during the foreseeable future, and its high cost, in spite of the latest indications pointing at a sustained glut in the oil market,1 would continue to constrain the economic development in a major part of the world. It is against this background that the present paper purports to analyse the world oil outlook, assess the possible repercussions of the current oil glut on the Indian economy and gauge its implications for India's foreign and energy policies. Since the beginnings of the nineteenth century the chief sources of world's industrial energy have been fossil fuels, mainly coal, oil and gas, all of which are non-renewable. For centuries coal had provided the most popular source of energy, but since the Second World War the trend started changing and by 1960, coal on the one side and oil and gas on the other emerged as almost equally sought after sources of energy. Ever since oil and gas steadily replaced coal the former occupied 62 per cent and coal 30 per cent of world's total energy supply. Table 1 would illustrate the point.2 The reasons why oil and gas emerged as chief sources of energy was its cheapness, easy availability and the vastness of its utility. There have been sustained efforts, particularly after the 1973 oil crisis, to discover alternate sources of energy. For decades it has been considered by many that nuclear energy would replace oil. But the proliferation of nuclear reactors are raising questions whether proper safeguards are being maintained or not. In addition, costs are also prohibitive. Save a few industrially developed countries, in no third world country has nuclear energy become a major input for electricity generation. Even India which has a fairly long record of nuclear research gets only two per cent of its electrical power from nuclear energy.3 Similarly, solar energy as a source has yet to be a commercially viable proposition. However, it is expected that countries with technological capabilities and financial resources will be able sooner or later to make a significant breakthrough in these fields. But while it is important to explore possibilities for the development of energy substitutes, it is probably important to conserve oil so as to have a secure energy source during the transition period. This means increased energy efficiency which has been called "productive conservation."4 Although growth of conservation is not as satisfactory as it should have been, considering the magnitude of the problem, yet it is increasingly gaining in importance and consequently emerging as a specialised field of research and training. In many segments of American industry, a new profession of "energy manager" is growing in status and importance.5 But while the United States and other developed countries of the West appear to be making significant progress towards conservation, it has been alleged by the OPEC that many of their measures are directed towards conservation of their indigenous supplies and not foreign ones.6 From the foregoing discussion it appears that oil is and will continue to remain a very important source of energy. Hence it is imperative to assess the word oil situation so as to enable one to gauge its implication for the Third World in general and India in particular.