Suchergebnisse

Peter R. Coss and Trevor John, eds., The early records of medieval Coventry, with the Hundred Rolls of 1280 (Records of social and economic history. New ser. xi: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1986. PpN. J. Williams, The maritime trade of the East Anglian ports, 1550‐1590 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. PpSouthamptonPeter Clark and David Souden, eds., Migration and society in early modern England (Hutchinson, 1988. PpThe Queen's University of BelfastPeter Edwards, The horse trade of Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. PpUniversity of HeadingPaul Slack, Poverty and policy in Tudor and Stuart England (Longman, 1988. PpUniversity of HullSydney Check!and, The Elgins, 1766‐1917: a tale of aristocrats, proconsuls, and their wives (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1988. PpDeakin University, GeelongStanley H. Palmer, Police and protest in England and Ireland, 1780‐1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. PpUniversity of KansasRoger Lloyd‐Jones and M. J. Lewis, Manchester and the age of the factory (Croom Helm, 1988. PpUniversity of LeedsRobert Fitzgerald, British labour management and industrial welfare, 1846‐1939 (Croom Helm, 1988. PpCollege of St Paul and St May, CheltenhamDavid Jones, The origins of civic universities: Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool (Routledge, 1938. PpUniversity of East AngliaJ. A. Jowitt and A. J. Mclvor, eds., Employers and labour in the English textile industries, 1850‐1939 (Routledge, 1988. PpThe Queens University of BelfastT. R. Gourvish and Alan O'Day, eds., Later Victorian Britain, 1867‐igoo (Macmillan, 1988. PpThe Queen's University of BelfastKathleen E. McCrone, Sport and the physical emancipation of English women, 1870‐1914 (Routledge, 1988. PpThe Flinders University of South AustraliaWilliam J. Fishman, East End, 1888 (Duckworth, 1988. PpUniversity of LancasterDavid Kynaston, The Financial Times: a centenary history (Viking, 1988. PpUniversity of BristolBarbara Brookes, Abortion in England, 1900‐1967 (Croom Helm, 1988. PpUniversity of LancasterLinda Bryder, Below the Magic Mountain: a social history of tuberculosis in twentieth‐century Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. PpUniversity of GlasgowRobert W. D. Boyce, British capitalism at the crossroads, 7979‐7932: a study in politics, economics and international relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. PpUniversity of BristolHerbert Loebl, Government factories and the origins of British regional policy, 1934‐1948 (Avebury: Gower Publishing, 1988. PpThames PolytechnicL. S. Pressnell, External economic policy since the war. Vol. i: The post‐war financial settlement (H.M.S.O., 1087. PD. v + SOI. 7 tables. 27 appendices. W)Imperial College, LondonH.J. Graff, The legacies of literacy (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987, PpWorcester College, OxfordR. M. Schwartz, Policing the poor in eighteenth‐century France (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. PpUniversity of WarwickSergio Aiolfi, Calicos und gedrucktes Zeug: die Entwicklung der englischen Textiherede‐lung und der Tuchhandel der East India Company, 1650‐1750 (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1987. PpBielefeld UniversityJ. A. Marino, Pastoral economics in the kingdom of Naples (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. PpUniversity of EssexMyron P. Gutmann, Toward the modern economy: early industry in Europe, 1500‐1800 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988. PpUniversity of DurhamV. P. Danilov, Rural Russia under the new regime, translated and introduced by Orlando Figes (London: Hutchinson; Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988. PpSchool of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of LondonLewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the politics of productivity in the USSR, 1935‐1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. PpUniversity of WarwickRonald Hoffman, John J. McCusker, Russell R. Menard, and Peter J. Albert, eds., The economy of early America: the revolutionary period, 1763‐1790 (Charlottesville, Virginia: United States Capital Historical Society; published by the University Press of Virginia, 1988. 30)Deakin University, GeelongSteven Ruggles, Prolonged connections: the rise of the extended family in nineteenth‐century England and America (Madison, Wisconsin and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. PpUniversity of GlasgowVincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: private international bankers, 1854‐1913 (London and Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987. PpEdinburghHoward M. Gitelman, Legacy of the Ludlow massacre: a chapter in American industrial relations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. PpUniversity of BirminghamPaul A. Tiffany, The decline of American steel: how management, labor and government went wrong (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. PpBirkbeck College, University of LondonDietmar Rothermund, An economic history of India from pre‐colonial times to 1986 (Croom Helm, 1988. PpUniversity of BirminghamRyoushin Minami, The economic development of Japan: a quantitative study (Macmillan, 1986. PpLondon School of Economics & Political ScienceRichard Hodges, Primitive and peasant markets (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988. PpUniversity of Wales, SwanseaHubert H. Lamb, Weather, climate and human affairs: a book of essays and other papers (Routledge, 1988. PpJohn Kington, The weather of the 1780s over Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. PpLa Trobe University, MelbourneSolomos Solomou, Phases of economic growth, /S50‐/973: Kondratieff waves and Kuznets swings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. PpUniversity of WarwickE. J. Hobsbawm, The age of empire, 1875‐1914 (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987. PD. xii + AOA. 54 elates, n tables. 6 maps. 16.95)University of BristolE. L. Jones, Growth recurring: economic change in world history (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. Pp

I loved La Man of La Mancha musicalso loved this statue in Madrid andthe Dulcinea stores on the road Turns out Spain is hot in mid/late June.  Who would have thought it?  Today's 109F in Seville may not be a new high for me--I forget if it ever got to 110 in ye olde Lubbock.  But like Lubbock, it was not a very wet heat, so not nearly as unpleasant as a summer in NY in between college and grad school.  Helps that the hotels and car have been nicely air conditioned unlike the apartment I stayed and unlike half of the subway cars.  Anyhow, I am in Spain with Mrs. Spew on a long delayed anniversary trip/EISS conference.  At the end of the road, I go to the European Initiative on Security Studies annual meeting.  I have been to the ones in Lisbon and Paris, so, yeah, networking can be pretty terrific. And the aim is to build bridges between the CDSN and European defence/security folks.  And to eat really, really well.  So, before the conference, we started in Madrid, went to Toledo, Cordoba, and now Sevilla.  We go to Ronda, Malaga, Granada, and Valencia before the conference in Barcelona.  Surprisingly, this is our first Euro trip together.  Parenthood and pethood and other stuff kept my wife from joining me on most work trips, although she did join me in Japan for part of my last sabbatical.  I had a taste of Spain thanks to a week in between two Euro conferences in 2019, including the EISS in Paris. My wife's college Euro trips skipped Spain, so this is all new to her. So, what have we learned thus far?  I will break it up into the cities we have seen thus far.Madrid:Maybe four museums in one day is a bit much?  Prado had a lot of older art, Reina Sofia had some great Picassos and especially Dalis.  The Naval Museum was interesting--not much mention of 1588, but I did learn that the Spanish Navy opted for the 100 duck-sized horses--small torpedo boats when dreadnoughts were becoming the fashion, and this helps to explain why they lost in 1898.  The archeology museum was interesting, but man, were we tired.Some great food neighborhoods--just tapas place after tapas place after tapas place.  I also went on a sangria run as I drank that stuff for every non-breakfast meal for a few days.  We couldn't figure out how to get a metro card--the  machines to load them were easy to figure out, but getting a card was not.  So, we cabbed a lot. Toledo Do not drive in Toledo's old city.  The roads are super narrow, so going in was a bit scary and leaving was positively nerve-wracking.  We had to get a lot of help from the manager at the hotel to direct our compact but not tiny rental car into the garage.  The next morning, every alarm on the car was blaring as we eked past a tight spot without scraping the mirrors.  Yowza.I am pretty sure Inigo Montoya's father is from Toledo as knives and swords were the most popular tourist items.  We went to a shop that made the real things, yet I still bought a touristy dagger, as the real thing would cost 1000 Euros.  I will be unprepared for the zombies as a result.  The Predator here was just one example of old artisan work--sharp steel stuff--meeting pop culture as Assassin's Creed dude was also in a window plus ohters.For a small old study, it had a lot of cobblestones and a lot of hills--I wore out Mrs. Spew as I tried to see the town from all the angles.  Our hotel had a lovely terrace at the top, where I got to chat with a nice couple from Guatemala/Mexico. The husband offered me some wine, and it would have been rude to refuse.  It was a very nice conversation, and I am glad I wandered up there.Right now, Toledo may be my favorite Spanish city, edging out my memories of Barclona.CordobaI was reminded that rival religions would put their new religious spot directly on top of the previous one to make theirs supreme.. for the moment.  I learned that in Israel, and it applies here as well.  Mezquita is a former Mosque where a cathedral was built over it.  I wondered how the Muslim tourists felt about this.  It was a beautiful and very different cathedral--more square, for one thing, and just amazing tiles and arches and design.Spain has its own French toast--torrejas!  Yum.  Not quite Hoshinos level, but outstanding.Lots and lots of olive groves and maybe orange tree groves in between the cities.  Once I got out of Toledo, the driving got much less stressful.      SevilleI forgot that Flamenco dancers are so very serious.  I saw a show four years in Barcelona. This show here was much smaller and improvised apparently (Mrs. Spew didn't think it was as improvised as they said it was.)A dry heat is not as bad as a wet one--109 today was not great, but not awful.  We did ok, and, yes, we did siesta.  the Royal Alcazar had more and more gardens so much so that we got turned around.  Good thing we had peacocks, peahens, and peakids to entertain us. Oh and tile, heaps and heaps of tile.  Mrs Spew was expecting displays of armor, but we got heaps of tile instead.  Had perhaps the best meal thus far.  All of the food has been excellent, but the meal tonight competes well with the lunch we had at the place around the corner from our Toledo hotel.  Just a special dinner of very small, very tasty dishes.  Oh and silly names.    So far, we have found great food, friendly people, beautiful art, and a lot of heat.  Oh and some very true words: 

ÖSTERREICHS KRIEGE SEIT 1495 Österreichs Kriege seit 1495 ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Einleitung. ([3]) Chronologisches Verzeichniss der Schlachten, Belagerungen etc. (5) I. 1495 - 1519. (5) 1495-1496. Hilfszug in Italien gegen die Franzosen. 1495. Fornovo am Taro, 1496. Livorno, (5) Abkürzungen: (5) 1499. Krieg mit den Eidgenossen. (5) 1503-1504. Theilnahme an dem bayerischen Erbfolgekrieg. 1504. Regensburg, 1508-1516. Feldzüge in Italien, im nördlichen Frankreich etc. (6) II. 1520 - 1600. (6) 1521-5126. In Italien, Frankreich etc. (6) In Ungarn gegen die Türken. 1527. In Italien und Ungarn. 1528. In Ungarn und Italien. 1529. In Ungarn und Italien. 1530. In Ungarn und Italien. (7) 1532. In Ungarn, Österreich etc. (7) 1535. Feldzug gegen Tunis. 1536. In Ungarn, Italien, Frankreich etc. 1537. In Ungarn. 1541. Feldzug gegen Algier. 1542. In Ungarn und Piemont. 1543. In Ungarn, Piemont, Deutschland, Frankreich etc. 1544. In Piemont, Frankreich, Ungarn etc. (8) 1546. In Deutschland. 1551. In Ungarn und Italien. 1552. In Ungaru [Ungarn], Italien, Deutschland etc. 1553. In Italien, Deutschland. 1554. In Ungarn, Italien, Deutschland. 1555. In Italien, Frankreich. (9) 1556. In Ungarn, Croatien etc. (9) 1587. In Ungarn und Polen. 1588. In Schlesien und Ungarn. (10) 1591. In Ungarn, Croatien etc. (10) In Frankreich. (11) 1597. In Ungarn. (11) 1600. In den Niederlanden. (12) III. 1601 - 1870. (12) 1601. In Ungarn und Siebenbürgen etc. 1602. Bistritz, (12) 1604. Gran, 1605. Feldzug der Siebenbürger und Türken in Ungarn, Mähren etc. 1615. Fehde mit der Republik Venedig (1613 - 1616). 1616. Gradisca, 1617. Feldzug gegen Venedig. (13) Dreissigjähriger Krieg. (13) 1618. In Böhmen und Niederösterreich. 1619. In Böhmen, Mähren, Niederösterreich, Ungarn etc. (13) 1620. In Österreich, Böhmen, Ungarn etc. (13) 1621. In Ungarn, Mähren und der Rhein-Pfalz. 1622. In der Rhein-Pfalz, Elsass etc. 1623. In Deutschland und Ungarn. 1625. In Nord-Deutschland gegen Dänemark. Bauern-Aufstand in Österreich. (14) In Nord-Deutschland gegen Dänemark. 1628. In Nord-Deutschland. 1629. In Deutschland. Hilfszug für Polen gegen Schweden. In Ungarn. In Italien wegen der mantuanischen Erbfolge. 1630. In Italien. In Nord-Deutschland gegen Schweden. (15) In Nord-Deutschland gegen Dänemark. 1628. In Nord-Deutschland. 1629. In Deutschland. Hilfszug für Polen gegen Schweden. In Ungarn. In Italien wegen der mantuanischen Erbfolge. 1630. In Italien. In Nord-Deutschland gegen Schweden. (15) 1631. In Deutschland. (15) 1632. In Deutschland, Niederlande, etc. (16) 1633. In Deutschland. (17) 1635. In Deutschland, Elsass und der Lombardie. (18) 1636. In den Niederlanden, in der Picardie, Champagne, am Rhein etc. (18) 1637. In Pommern, Sachsen, Westphalen, am Rhein und in der Franche-Comté. 1638. In Pommern, Westphalen, den Rheinlanden, Niederlanden etc. 1639. In Sachsen, Böhmen, Niederlanden etc. 1640. In Böhmen, Schlesien und Norddeutschland. (19) 1641. In Deutschland und den Niederlanden. 1642. Am Nieder-Rhein, in Schlesien, Mähren, Sachsen, Nieder-Elbe, Ober-Rhein etc. 1643. In Sachsen, Böhmen, Mähren, Schlesien, in der Lausitz und am Ober-Rhein. (20) 1644. In Schlesien, Mähren, Ober-Rhein, Ungarn etc. 1645. In Böhmen, Mähren, Österreich, Ober- und Nieder-Sachsen, Schlesien, Ober-Rhein, Niederlanden etc. etc. 1646. In Norddeutschland, am Rhein und in Bayern, Schlesien, Österreich, Mähren, Böhmen etc. etc. (21) 1647. In Franken, Böhmen, Schlesien, Mähren, Ober- und Niedersachsen, Westphalen, Schwaben, Niederlanden etc. (21) 1648. In Noeddeutschland, Schwaben, Bayern, Oberpfalz, Böhmen, Niederlanden etc. etc. (22) 1657 - 1660. Im polnischen Auxiliar-Kriege. (22) 1658. In Polen und Holstein. (22) 1660 - 1664. In Siebenbürgen und Ungarn gegen die Türken. 1660. Grosswardein, 1662. Schässburg, 1663. In Ungarn. 1664. Szigetvár, (23) 1672. In Ungarn gegen die Insurgenten. 1673. In Norddeutschland gegen Frankreich. 1674. In Deutschland. (24) 1675. In Norddeutschland, Niederlanden, am Rhein und an der Mosel. (24) 1677. In Ungarn gegen die Insurgenten. In Norddeutschland. In Ungarn gegen die Insurgenten. 1682 - 1688. In Ungarn gegen die Insurgenten und Türken. 1683. In Ungarn und Österreich. 1684. In Ungarn. 1685. Neuhäusel, 1686. Ofen, (25) 1687. Hársany 1688. In Ungarn, Bosnien und Serbien. 1669. Gegen Frankreich am Rhein. In Ungarn und Serbien gegen die Türken. In den Niederlanden. In Ungarn. (26) 1692. Grosswardein, In der Dauphiné (Österreicher und Piemontesen). 1693. In Deutschland. In Ungarn. In Italien (Österreicher und Piemontesen). 1694. In Ungarn. In Deutschland und in den Niederlanden. In Ungarn. Streifzug nach Bosnien. In Spanien und am Rhein. (27) Im spanischen Successionskrieg. (28) 1701. In Italien. (28) 1702. In Italien. (28) Am Ober-Rhein. (29) 1703. In Italien. (29) Am Ober-Rhein, an der Donau und in Tirol. In Siebenbürgen und Ungarn. (30) 1704. In Italien. Am Rhein, an der Donau, in Tirol und Ober-Österreich. (31) In Ungarn. 1705. In Italien. In Deutschland. (32) 1705. In Ungarn und Siebenbürgen. 1706. In Italien. Am Ober-Rhein. In Ungarn. (33) 1707. In Italien, in der Provence etc. (33) In Deutschland. In Ungarn. 1708. In den Niederlanden, Spanien etc. In Ungarn. 1709. Feldzug in Spanien und Niederlanden. In Deutschland. In Savoyen. (34) 1710. In Spanien, Niederlanden, in den Alpen etc. In Deutschland. In Ungarn und Siebenbürgen. 1711. In Spanien, Niederlanden etc. (35) In Deutschland. In Savoyen. 1712. In den Niederlanden, Spanien, Italien etc. 1713. In Deutschland. (36) 1716. Türkenkrieg. 1718 - 1720. In Sicilien. (36) 1731 - 1732. Hilfszug der Österreicher in Corsica. 1733. In Ober-Italien. (37) 1734. In Ober-Italien, Neapel und Sicilien. (37) 1735. In Ober-Italien, Neapel und Sicilien. Am Rhein. (38) 1737. In Bosnien, Serbien und Ungarn. (38) 1740 - 1748. Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg. (39) 1740. In Schlesien. (39) 1741. In Schlesien, Österreich und Böhmen. (39) 1742. In Österreich, Bayern, Mähren und Böhmen. (40) In Italien. (41) 1742. In Bayern und der Oberpfalz, am Main und Rhein und in Böhmen. In Italien. (42) 1744. In Deutschland, Frankreich, Böhmen, Schlesien und Elsass. (42) In den Niederlanden. In Italien. (43) 1745. In Bayern, Schlesien, Böhmen, Lausitz und Sachsen, am Nieder-Rhein und in der Ober-Pfalz. (43) In den Niederlanden. In Italien. (45) 1746. In Italien und in der Provence. (45) In den Niederlanden. (46) 1747. In Italien und in der Provence. In den Niederlanden. 1748. In Corsica. (47) 1756 - 1763. Siebenjähriger Krieg. (48) 1759. In Schlesien und Sachsen. (51) 1760. In Schlesien und Sachsen. (53) 1762. In Schlesien und Sachsen. (55) [Tabelle]: Verluste. (55) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Vom Feinde fielen in Gefangenschaft: (2)An Siegeszeichen: (56) 1778 - 1779. Bayerischer Erbfolgekrieg. (56) 1788 - 1790. Türkenkrieg. (58) 1788. In Croatien und Slavonien, in Bosnien und Serbien, Galizien, Bessarabien und Albanien etc. (58) 1789. In der Moldau, Walachei, Croatien, Banat etc. (60) 1790. In Coratien, Slavonien, Serbien, Bosnien und in der Walachei etc. (62) 1789 - 1790. Unruhen in den Niederlanden. (62) Kriege gegen Frankreich. (63) 1792. Feldzug in den Niederlanden, in Deutschland, in der Champagne etc. (63) 1793. In den Niederlanden. (65) In Deutschland. (67) In den Alpen, in Piemont, Savoyen und Nizza. (68) 1794. In den Niederlanden. (69) In Deutschland. (72) In den Alpen. (73) Vertheidigung der Festung Luxemburg. (73) 1795. Vertheidigung von Luxemburg. (74) Am Rhein und (Winterfeldzug) in Holland. (74) In Italien. (77) 1796. In Deutschland. (77) Gefechte in den Apeninen. (82) In Italien und Süd-Tirol. (82) 1797. In Italien, Inner-Österreich und Tirol. (86) In Deutschland. (87) 1799. In Italien, der Schweiz und Tirol. (88) In Deutschland. (92) 1800. In Italien, der Schweiz etc. (94) Vom Wiederausbruch der Feindseligkeiten bis zum Rückmarsch der Österreicher hinter die Etsch. (96) In Deutschland. (97) 1801. In Italien. (99) In Deutschland. (99) In Italien, Tirol, Inner-Österreich etc. (101) 1809. In Italien, Tirol, Dalmatien, Croatien etc. (101) In Polen und Galizien. (105) 1809. In Deutschland, Ungarn etc. (105) 1812. In Polen. (109) 1813. In Deutschland und Frankreich. (110) In Italien, Inn-Österreich, Tirol, Istrien, Dalmatien. (114) 1814. Krieg gegen Frankreich. (117) In Italien, Dalmatien etc. (122) 1815. Gegen Neapel. (123) Gegen Frankreich. (124) 1821. Zug nach Neapel. (125) 1821. Unruhen in Piemont. 1831. Occupation von Modena, Parma und den Legationen. 1835 und 1836. Repressalien-Gefechte gegen die Bosnier. 1838. Repressalien-Gefechte gegen die Montenegriner. 1840. In Syrien. 1845. Repressalien-Gefecht gegen die Bosnier. (126) 1846. Unruhen in Galizien. (127) 1848. In Italien. (127) In Ungarn und den angrenzenden Theilen. (132) 1849. In Italien. (135) In Ungarn. (137) 1859. In Italien, Dalmatien, Tirol etc. (148) 1864. In Schleswig und Jütland. (151) 1866. In Böhmen und Deutschland. (152) [Tabelle]: Summa der Verluste der österreichischen und preussischen (letztere mit Rücklade-Gewehren bewaffnet) Armee in den sämmtlichen Gefechten: (156) In Italien, Dalmatien und Tirol etc. (156) 1869 - 1870. Bekämpfung des Aufstandes in Süd-Dalmatien. (158) Orts-Register. ([161]) A. ([161]) B. (162) C. (164) D. (166) E. (167) F. (168) G. (169) H. (170) I. (171) J. (172) K. (172) L. (173) M. (175) N. (177) O. (178) P. (179) Q. (181) R. (181) S. (182) T. (186) U. (187) V. (187) W. (188) X., Y. (189) Z. (189) Schlussbetrachtungen und statistische Übersicht der Kämpfe Österreichs. ([191]) Inhalts-Verzeichniss. ( - ) [Karte]: Die territoriale Ausdehnung und die Intensität der Kämpfe Österreichs in den Kriegen seit dem Jahre 1495. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

How David Hume and Adam Smith forged a new way of thinking about the modern state. What is the modern state? Conspicuously under theorized in recent political theory, this question persistently animated the best minds of the Enlightenment. Recovering David Hume and Adam Smith's long-underappreciated contributions to the history of political thought, The Opinion of Mankind considers how, following Thomas Hobbes's epochal intervention in the mid-seventeenth century, subsequent thinkers grappled with explaining how the state came into being, what it fundamentally might be, and how it could claim rightful authority over those subject to its power. Hobbes has cast a long shadow over Western political thought, particularly regarding the theory of the state. This book shows how Hume and Smith, the two leading lights of the Scottish Enlightenment, forged an alternative way of thinking about the organization of modern politics. They did this in part by going back to the foundations: rejecting Hobbes's vision of human nature and his arguments about our capacity to form stable societies over time. In turn, this was harnessed to a deep reconceptualization of how to think philosophically about politics in a secular world. The result was an emphasis on the "opinion of mankind," the necessary psychological basis of all political organization. Demonstrating how Hume and Smith broke away from Hobbesian state theory, The Opinion of Mankind also suggests ways in which these thinkers might shape how we think about politics today, and in turn how we might construct better political theory

Background: The spectrum of disorders of the brain is large, covering hundreds of disorders that are listed in either the mental or neurological disorder chapters of the established international diagnostic classification systems. These disorders have a high prevalence as well as short- and long-term impairments and disabilities. Therefore they are an emotional, financial and social burden to the patients, their families and their social network. In a 2005 landmark study, we estimated for the first time the annual cost of 12 major groups of disorders of the brain in Europe and gave a conservative estimate of €386 billion for the year 2004. This estimate was limited in scope and conservative due to the lack of sufficiently comprehensive epidemiological and/or economic data on several important diagnostic groups. We are now in a position to substantially improve and revise the 2004 estimates. In the present report we cover 19 major groups of disorders, 7 more than previously, of an increased range of age groups and more cost items. We therefore present much improved cost estimates. Our revised estimates also now include the new EU member states, and hence a population of 514 million people. Aims: To estimate the number of persons with defined disorders of the brain in Europe in 2010, the total cost per person related to each disease in terms of direct and indirect costs, and an estimate of the total cost per disorder and country. Methods: The best available estimates of the prevalence and cost per person for 19 groups of disorders of the brain (covering well over 100 specific disorders) were identified via a systematic review of the published literature. Together with the twelve disorders included in 2004, the following range of mental and neurologic groups of disorders is covered: addictive disorders, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, brain tumor, childhood and adolescent disorders (developmental disorders), dementia, eating disorders, epilepsy, mental retardation, migraine, multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular disorders, Parkinson's disease, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, sleep disorders, somatoform disorders, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Epidemiologic panels were charged to complete the literature review for each disorder in order to estimate the 12-month prevalence, and health economic panels were charged to estimate best cost-estimates. A cost model was developed to combine the epidemiologic and economic data and estimate the total cost of each disorder in each of 30 European countries (EU27 + Iceland, Norway and Switzerland). The cost model was populated with national statistics from Eurostat to adjust all costs to 2010 values, converting all local currencies to Euro, imputing costs for countries where no data were available, and aggregating country estimates to purchasing power parity adjusted estimates for the total cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Results: The total cost of disorders of the brain was estimated at €798 billion in 2010. Direct costs constitute the majority of costs (37% direct healthcare costs and 23% direct non-medical costs) whereas the remaining 40% were indirect costs associated with patients' production losses. On average, the estimated cost per person with a disorder of the brain in Europe ranged between €285 for headache and €30,000 for neuromuscular disorders. The European per capita cost of disorders of the brain was €1550 on average but varied by country. The cost (in billion €PPP 2010) of the disorders of the brain included in this study was as follows: addiction: €65.7; anxiety disorders: €74.4; brain tumor: €5.2; child/adolescent disorders: €21.3; dementia: €105.2; eating disorders: €0.8; epilepsy: €13.8; headache: €43.5; mental retardation: €43.3; mood disorders: €113.4; multiple sclerosis: €14.6; neuromuscular disorders: €7.7; Parkinson's disease: €13.9; personality disorders: €27.3; psychotic disorders: €93.9; sleep disorders: €35.4; somatoform disorder: €21.2; stroke: €64.1; traumatic brain injury: €33.0. It should be noted that the revised estimate of those disorders included in the previous 2004 report constituted €477 billion, by and large confirming our previous study results after considering the inflation and population increase since 2004. Further, our results were consistent with administrative data on the health care expenditure in Europe, and comparable to previous studies on the cost of specific disorders in Europe. Our estimates were lower than comparable estimates from the US. Discussion: This study was based on the best currently available data in Europe and our model enabled extrapolation to countries where no data could be found. Still, the scarcity of data is an important source of uncertainty in our estimates and may imply over- or underestimations in some disorders and countries. Even though this review included many disorders, diagnoses, age groups and cost items that were omitted in 2004, there are still remaining disorders that could not be included due to limitations in the available data. We therefore consider our estimate of the total cost of the disorders of the brain in Europe to be conservative. In terms of the health economic burden outlined in this report, disorders of the brain likely constitute the number one economic challenge for European health care, now and in the future. Data presented in this report should be considered by all stakeholder groups, including policy makers, industry and patient advocacy groups, to reconsider the current science, research and public health agenda and define a coordinated plan of action of various levels to address the associated challenges. Recommendations: Political action is required in light of the present high cost of disorders of the brain. Funding of brain research must be increased; care for patients with brain disorders as well as teaching at medical schools and other health related educations must be quantitatively and qualitatively improved, including psychological treatments. The current move of the pharmaceutical industry away from brain related indications must be halted and reversed. Continued research into the cost of the many disorders not included in the present study is warranted. It is essential that not only the EU but also the national governments forcefully support these initiatives.

Book Reviews in this Article:J. M. Winter and D. M. Joslin (Eds.).Dom David Knowles, C. N. L. Brooke, and Vera London (Eds.)Dorothy M. Owen. Church and Society in Medieval Lincolnshire. History of Lincolnshire.J. Z. Titow. Winchester Yields: A Study in Medieval Agricultural Productivity.Joyce Youings. The Dissolution of the Monasteries.A. L. Rowse. The Elizabethan Renaissance. The Life of the Society.B. Dietz (Ed.).J. de L. Mann.Arthur J. Willis and Margaret J. Hoad (Eds.).Joan Thirsk and J. P. Cooper (Eds.)L. M. Cullen. An Economic History of Ireland since 1660.Joan Wake and Deborah Champion Webster (Eds.).Mary Thale (Ed.).T. D. Campbell. Adam Smith's Science of Morals.R. D. Collison Black. Readings in the Development of Economic Analysis 1776–1848.Philip A. Stevens.H.J. M. Johnston. The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart., Partly written by himself, edited and completed by William Pole.Howard Temperley. British Antislavery, 1833–1870.W. J. Reader. The Weir Group. A Centenary History.Asa Briggs and John Saville (Eds.)B. W. E. Alford. Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth 1918–39.R. and E. Frow and Michael Katanka.Graham Humphrys. Industrial Britain: South Wales.Maurice F. Bond. Guide to the Records of Parliament.B. R. Mitchell and H. G. Jones.Robert Craig (Ed.). Maritime History.J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz. Antioch. City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire.Sir Joseph Hutchinson. Farming and Food Supply: The Interdependence of Countryside and Town.Marguerite Kuczynski and Ronald L. Meek (Eds.). Quesnay's Tableau Économique.Guy P. Palmade. French Capitalism in the Nineteenth Century (1961)Glyndwr Williams (Ed.). Peter Skew Ogden's Snake Country Journals 1827–28 and 1828–29.C. W. Newbury. British Policy towards West Africa. Select Documents 1875–1914. With Statistical Aptendices, 1800–1914.G. B. Kay. The Political Economy of Colonialism in Ghana. A collection of documents and statistics 1900–1960.A. K. Bagchi. Private Investment in India 1900–1939.John B. Rae. The Road and the Car in American Life.Thorstein Veblen. The Theory of the Leisure Class.Alan S. Milward. The Fascist Economy in Norway.Hassanein Rabie. London Oriental Series.N. W. Posthumus. De uitvoer van Amsterdam, 1543–1545.P. H. M. G. Offermans. Arbeid en Levensstandaard omstreeks de Reductie in Nijmegen, 1550–1600. With French Summary.C. Ch. Goslinga. The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 1580–1680.J. G. Van Dillen. Van Rijkdom en Regenten. Handboek tot de Economisch en Sociale Geschiedenis van Nederland tijdens de Republiek.P. H. Winkelman (Ed.). Bronnen voor de geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Oostzeehandel in de XVIIe eeuw.A. C. Carter. The Dutch Republic in Europe in the Seven Years War.R. Darquenne. La conscription dans le département de Jemappes (1798–1813). Bilan démographique et médio‐social.M. A. Arnould, G. Despy, D. Gheret, P. H. Moureaux, and others. Recherches sur l'histoire des finances publiques en Belgique, Tome II.D. Degreve. D'une analyse historique de la Révolution industrielle à un diagnostic du sousdéveloppement.E. Schiff. Industrialization without National Patents. The Netherlands, 1869–1912, Switzerland, 1850–1907. Ada Historiae Neerlandica, Vol. V. Geschiedenis van ver en nabij. Bundel versfreide geschriften van Dr Th. J. G. Locher.A. M. Bonenfant‐Feytmans. L'èvolution des hǒpitauxà Bruxelles.A. C. J. De Vrankrijker. Geschiedenis van de Belastingen.M. K. E. Gottschalk. Stormvloeden en rivieroverstrorningen in Nederland. I: de periode voor 1400.C. Dekker. Zuid‐Beveland. De historisch geografie en de instellingen van een Zeeuws eiland in de Middeleeuwen.Cnr. Pierard (Ed.). La plus anciens comptes de la ville de Mons, 1279–1356: Tome I.J. Mertens. De Laat‐Middleleeuwse landbouweconomie in enkele gemeenten van het Brugse platteland.Alphonse Gillard. L'industrie du fer dans les localitès du comte de Namur et de L'Entre‐Sambre‐et‐Meuse de 1345 à 1600.David M. Nicholas. Town and Countryside. Social, Economic and Political Tensions in Fourteenth Century Flanders.W. P. Blockmans e.a. Studién betreffende de sociale strukturen te Brugge, Kortrijk en Gent in de 14e enW. P. Blockmans (Ed.). Handelingen van de Leden en van de Staten van Vlaanderen (1467–1477)J. Grauwels. Dagboek van gebeurtenissen opgetekend door Christiaan Munters, 1529–1545.M. Baelde (Ed.). De domeingoederen van de vorst in de Nederlanden omstreeks het midden van de zestiende eeuw (1551–1559)H. Hasquin. Une mutation: le "Pegs de Charleroi" aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles. Aux origines de la Révolution industrielle en Belgique.Georges Hansotte. La clouterie liégeoise et la question ouvrière au XVIIIe siècle.J. R. Bruijn. De admiraliteit van Amsterdam in ruatige jaren 1713–1751. Regenten en financien, schepen en zeevarenden.W. Ph. Coolhaas. Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs‐Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindisch Compagnie,J. L. F. Engelhard. Het Generaal‐Plakkaat van 31 juli 1725 op de Convooien en Licenten en het Lastgeld op de schepen. Een studie over de heffing der in‐ en uitvoerrechten van de Republiek der Vereenigde Nederlanden, hoofdzakelijk tijdens de achttiende eeuw.Ph. Moureaux. Les préoccupations statistiques du gouvernement des Pays‐Bas Autrichiens.Annette André‐Felix. Les débuts de l'industrie chimique dans les Pays‐Bas autrichiem.P. Dekker. De laatste bloeiperiode van de Nederlandse Arctische walvis‐ en robbevangst 1761–1775.Irene Hasenberg Butter. Academic Economics in Holland, 1800–1870.R. Rentenaar (Ed.). Van Swindens Vergelijkingstafels van Lengtematen en Landmaten.K. Caulier Mathy. La modernisation des charbonnages liégeois pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Techniques d'exploitation.I. J. Brugmans. Stapvoets voorwaarts. Sociale geschiedenis van Nederland in de negentiende eeuw.J. M. Dirkzwager. Dr B. J. Tideman, 1834–1883. Grondlegger van de moderne scheepsbouw in Nederland.C. Van Der Berg. H. B. J. Van Rijn, burgemeester van Venlo, pionier de milieuhygiëne.H. Wouters. Documenten betreffende de geschiedenis der arbeidersbeweging ten tijde van de Ie Internationale (1866–1880). Vol. I. Honderd jaar Brand. De historie van een Limburgse brouwerij 1871–1971.H. Claude. Histoire, réalité et destin d'un monopole. La Banque de Paris et des Pays‐Bas et son groupe (1872–1968)J. F. R. Philips. Vijftig jaar Hornerhide. Historisch beschouwingen over medische zorg in Limburg. Zeventig jaren statistiek in tijdreeksen 1899–1969.J. ‐M. Faverge, A. Houyoux, M. Olivier and A. Querton, J. Laporta, A. Poncin and P. Salengros. L'organisation viuante. Comportements d'ajustements et d'èvolution au sein des organisations.I;. Baudhuin. Histoire éonomique de la Belgique, 1957–1968.

"Intolerance of Catholics and Catholicism is one of the best-known features of seventeenth-century England" ; but at the same time it is also "in some ways […] one of the least explored. In particular ; little is known of the essential feature of this intolerance – the nature ; extent and causes of the Protestant fear of Catholics." It was this quote which struck me the most while I was conducting research for my thesis. Robin Clifton made this statement in his study on "The popular fear of Catholics during the English Revolution" in the early 70's and addressed a well-known phenomenon of early modern studies. We all know about the religious and political struggles of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras. We know about the event which initiated the whole English Reformation ; that is the divorce of Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon and his second marriage to Anne Boleyn. And we know that "a vocabulary of anti-Catholicism or anti-Popery was developed and deployed for a wide variety of national and international circumstances" ; but the reason why this ; in essence ; marital issue launched the prosecution of hundreds of English Catholics and converted a Catholic nation into a Protestant nation with fierce anti-Catholic sentiments has remained an under-investigated and intriguing phenomenon. The aim of my thesis was to find a satisfying answer to these questions. The basis for this answer consists of political and historical facts ; legal texts and a selection of dramatic texts of the early modern period. I chose dramatic texts for the simple reason that theatre was the only open medium and form of entertainment which was accessible for all social classes. Moreover ; going to the theatre did not "demand literacy in an age when most of the population was illiterate" ; and when books were reserved for the literate few ; that is to say that even the uneducated 'groundlings' – as they were called – formed a welcome part of the audience. By choosing such a broad spectrum I hoped to have built an ideal foundation of historical and literary inquiry ; which would offer sufficient information and leave as little questions as possible. The structure of my thesis therefore aims at providing all necessary facts and information at first and in a second step bringing all the information down to a common denominator and find an – in this case – philosophical explanation. Therefore ; the first part of my thesis offers a broad and extensive overview of the historical background of the early modern period by bringing together "a number of religiously coded events" like the excommunication of Elizabeth I ; the execution of Mary Stuart ; the victory over the Spanish Armada and the Gunpowder Plot. These events are put into context with the governmental measurements – in the form of decrees and statutes – that were passed as a direct response and attempted to restrict and finally banish Catholic life from England. I limited the time span to nearly one hundred years ; starting in 1534 and ending in 1625. The second part offers a discussion of ten selected dramatic texts and subsequent literary analysis. To fulfill the requirements needed for such a literary analysis the dramas selected were chosen for different reasons. Firstly ; it was essential that one or more Catholic characters be amongst the characters. Secondly ; these Catholic characters had to be complex and in some way provoking the audience and/ or the other characters. Furthermore ; they needed to be influential and in some position of power ; so that the possible abuse of their office would be of major consequence. Considering the time these plays needed to cover ; I kept close to the historical time span ; so that the first play was produced in 1588 and the last in 1641. Thus ; the final selection included plays from the Elizabethan ; Jacobean and Caroline era ; which fulfilled the aforementioned criteria. All plays contain one or more Catholic characters ; who are in relatively powerful positions and either abuse their power or manipulate those around them to achieve higher political and personal aims. In the case of the Elizabethan plays ; it is the Bishop of Winchester ; later Cardinal Beaufort of Shakespeare's Henry VI ; Parts 1+2 ; Cardinal Pandulph of Shakespeare's The Life and Death of King John and the Catholic league around Catherine de Medici and the Duke of Guise in Marlowe's The Massacre at Paris. Doctor Faustus ; was chosen because of the open derision of Catholicism displayed on stage ; and opens the chapter on Elizabethan drama. In the first Jacobean play ; Thomas Dekker's allegory The Whore of Babylon ; the plot centers on a Catholic league led by the Empress of Babylon – an allegorical figure ; representing the pope and the Vatican. John Webster's plays The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi both show a cardinal who considerably – and negatively – influences the strand of the plot ; either by abusing his position or by manipulating other characters. The last Jacobean play ; Thomas Middleton's A Game at Chess ; is another allegory ; staging a game of chess in which the Black House is representative of a Catholic league ; and the White House stands for the English Protestants. The last play discussed in this thesis is James Shirley's The Cardinal. After having provided this basis ; which I found necessary to offer before the theoretical analysis ; the third part of my thesis then merges history ; law and drama and highlights the common features these three levels have in common. For example ; techniques for isolating Catholics off the stage and Catholic characters on the stage ; Protestant fears of being seduced by cunning missionary priests and the theatrical representation of these fears on stage ; or ; for example ; the completely exaggerated image the English Protestants had of the pope ; which also found its way to the stage. Finally I searched for an explanation for all these elements which would illustrate that the processes on the stage were just a mirror of the processes off the stage. And which furthermore would support my thesis that early modern drama was just as influential in promoting the prosecution and banishment of Catholics in England as the legal and political measurements ; or that politics and literature worked in a mutual and reciprocal cooperation ; respectively. I attribute this explanation to the philosophical writings of the Lithuanian phenomenologist Emanuel Levinas. Levinas has worked out the idea of 'the other' based on his experiences during the Holocaust – he was held prisoner in a special camp at Hanover ; while his Jewish relatives were being murdered in Lithuania by German National Socialists. Due to situational similarities ; that is ; life as a member of an alienated ; demonized and persecuted minority ; I thought his approach was the most suitable to apply to English Catholics 400 years before.

In "An Age of Risk", Emily Nacol shows that risk, now treated as a permanent feature of our lives, did not always govern understandings of the future. Focusing on the epistemological, political, and economic writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, and Adam Smith, Nacol explains that in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Britain, political and economic thinkers reimagined the future as a terrain of risk, characterized by probabilistic calculation, prediction, and control. In these early modern sources, Nacol contends, we see three crucial developments in thought on risk and politics. While early modern thinkers differentiated uncertainty about the future from probabilistic calculations of risk, they remained attentive to the ways uncertainty and risk remained in a conceptual tangle, a problem that constrained good decision making. They developed sophisticated theories of trust and credit as crucial background conditions for prudent risk-taking, and offered complex depictions of the relationships and behaviors that would make risk-taking more palatable

This thesis project, developed under the tutorship shared by Málaga University and L'EPHE, focuses on the transformations which the architectural languages experience in Italy and Spain, particularly in Andalusia, during the second half of the sixteenth century. In comparison to Italy, the Spanish architects' assimilation of the Vitruvian principles occurred later in time and it was based on the treatises. During the thirties decade, Diego de Sagredo's treatise The Roman's Measures was published, which deals with the human body proportions and the architectural orders. The translation of Sebastiano Serlio's Quarto and Terzo Libro, by Francisco de Villalpando, happened in 1552, and subsequently two more translations of the Vitruvian treatise were written by Miguel de Urrea in 1568, though published in 1582, and Lázaro de Velasco, between 1554 and 1568. In Andalusia we may observe the process of assimilation of Antiquity principles in Andres de Vandelvira's works, as in the Sacred Chapel of the Saviour and in the Sacristy of Jaén's Cathedral, one of the most remarkable testimonies of the Spanish Renaissance. In the profane architecture domain, Pedro Machuca, in the Palace of King Charles the Fifth, circa 1527, had already incorporated the Vitruvian principles that he had acquired during his voyage to Rome between 1517 and 1520. The the long building process of this monument shows the manner in which the specificities of the architectural vocabulary changed in the following decades, evolving from a more honest Classicism to a more ornamental one. This project proposes a detailed analysis of the influence of artistic treatises on the evolution of architectural languages, concentrating on a classification of the most representative works in this period in Jaén and Geneva. This study will elucidate the manner in which imported models merge with local traditions. We devote especial attention to the technical craftsmanship that, in the case of Spain, is narrowly linked to the stonemasons' skill and the building system for the later medieval cathedrals. We proceed through a detailed study of the monuments, mainly works of Vandelvira and Alessi, based on architectural and archival research. The objective is distance our conclusions from generally assumed concepts, like Mannerism, in favour of an analysis determined by testimonies. Once we identity the models that emerge from the adapted treatises, we question ourselves about the way those models are assimilated at a formal and technical level. The study of the historical context in which this adaptation develops will reveal the significance of the models, often related to political legitimizations. This parallelism between Italy and Spain shows the importance that local traditions gain in the event of these progressive transformations. On the other hand, we will evince in our reflection the persistence of the classical principles established during this period, some of which would endure for centuries. This project ensures a better understanding of Classicism between 1540 and 1575 in Spain, supported by a parallelism with Italy. Thus we may clarify the role local traditions play and the way they produce a new synthesis with the models extracted from the artistic treatises. ; Ce projet de thèse, développée en co-tuelle entre l'université de Malaga et l'EPHE, est centré les mutations des langages architecturaux telles qu'elles se profilent en Italie et en Espagne, particulièrement en Andalousie, au milieu du XVIème siècle. Vis-à-vis de l'Italie, l'assimilation des principes vitruviens par les architectes espagnols est tardive et s'appuie sur des traités. Dès les années trente fut publié celui de Diego de Sagredo, Las medidas del romano, centré sur les proportions du corps humain et les ordres architecturaux. En 1552, eut lieu traduction du Quatrième et Troisième Livre de Sebastiano Serlio par Francisco de Villalpando, suivi par deux traductions du traité de Vitruve, rédigées d'une part par Miguel de Urrea en 1568, mais éditée seulement en 1582, et d'autre part celle de Lazaro de Velasco, entre 1554 et 1564. C'est en Andalousie que l'on peut observer un processus d'assimilation des règles provenant de l'Antiquité dans l'œuvre d'Andres de Vandelvira comme la Sacrée Chapelle du Sauveur et la sacristie de Cathédrale de Jaén, l'un des témoignages les plus remarquables de la Renaissance espagnole. Dans le domaine profane, Pedro Machuca avait instauré déjà vers 1527 au palais de Charles V à Grenade des ordres vitruviens avec lesquels il s'était familiarisé pendant un séjour à Rome en 1517-1520. Le long chantier de ce monument révèle la manière dont les spécificités du vocabulaire changent dans les décennies suivantes, en passant d'un classicisme sincère vers un classicisme ornemental. Ce travail propose d'analyser de manière détaillée l'influence de ces traités sur l'évolution des langages architecturaux, en se concentrant sur un choix de monuments des deux pays représentatifs des mutations qui se profilent durant cette période. Ces analyses éclairciront la manière dont se conjuguent les modèles importés et les traditions locales dans de nouvelles synthèses. Une attention particulière sera prêtée aux savoir-faire techniques qui, dans le cas de l'Espagne, restent étroitement liée aux corporations et aux chantiers des cathédrales tardo-médiévales. En-dehors d'une confrontation des modes d'assimilation dans les deux pays, nous allons également suivre la mise au point d'un processus codification des langages dans les deux pays qui se met progressivement en place, selon des rythmes différents, sans toutefois unifier le répertoire formel. Nous allons procéder par une étude détaillée de monuments, particulièrement de Vandelvira et d'Alessi, fondée sur une analyse archéologique et archivistique. L'objectif est de s'éloigner des concepts généralement admis comme celui du maniérisme en faveur d'une analyse ciblée des témoignages. Après avoir détecté les modèles provenant des traités qui ont été adoptés, nous allons nous interroger sur les modalités d'assimilation, sur le plan formel et technique. Une étude du contexte historique dans lequel se place cette adoption révélera la signification du prototype, souvent lié à des légitimations politiques. Ce parallélisme entre l'Italie et l'Espagne révélera l'importance que revêtent les traditions autochtones lors de ces mutations progressive. D'autre part, notre réflexion cherchera aussi à mettre en évidence la persistance de principes classiques instaurés pendant cette période, dont certains garderont une actualité pendant plusieurs siècles. Ce travail assurera une meilleure compréhension du classicisme des années 1550-1560 en Espagne, appuyée sur une mise en parallèle avec l'Italie. Il permettra de dégager clairement le rôle joué par les traditions locales et la manière dont ces dernières forment de nouvelles synthèses avec des modèles provenant des traités.

L'intento della ricerca è quello di analizzare le strategie di "resistenza al patriarcalismo" messe in atto dalle monache forzate, costrette a varcare la soglia del chiostro dal volere paterno senza possibilità di appello, esaminando gli episodi di infrazione alle regole della vita conventuale. Che lo fossero di un marito terreno o di uno sposo celeste, il destino delle donne nelle società preindustriali si compiva soprattutto all'interno dell'hortus conclusus del monastero o della famiglia, istituzioni tese ad assorbire per intero i ruoli biologici, culturali e sociali delle donne. Così, quella di sposa può essere considerata un'immagine specificamente di genere: anche nel caso delle religiose, infatti e contrariamente a quanto avveniva per le loro controparti maschili, la caratterizzazione principale era data dal matrimonio mistico con Cristo; lo status dei religiosi, invece, era caratterizzato dalla separazione dal mondo e dalla loro appartenenza, in quanto soldati, alla militia Christi. Per comprendere a fondo il fenomeno delle vocazioni forzate, è necessario analizzare le politiche matrimoniali in vigore a Venezia nel periodo 1550-1650, obiettivo che ci proponiamo di affrontare nel primo capitolo della nostra ricerca, in cui tenteremo anche di fare il punto su cosa significasse intraprendere la vita monastica, come fosse composta la popolazione conventuale veneziana e quali fossero le attività culturali promosse in monastero. Se in età barocca i conventi femminili mantennero, come effettivamente sembra, una forte presenza nel tessuto sociale e nella vita culturale di Venezia, ci chiederemo, ancora nel primo capitolo, quali argomentazioni contrapporre alla tesi secondo cui la clausura li avrebbe marginalizzati devitalizzandone la funzione pubblica. Come è delineabile dunque il ruolo dei monasteri femminili in epoca post-Tridentina? Per fare il punto su tale questione ci rivolgeremo alle fonti da noi raccolte presso l'Archivio Segreto Vaticano, che sembrano indicare abbastanza chiaramente la funzione imprescindibile dei conventi in tutte le città italiane della Controriforma1: essi diventavano punti di riferimento indispensabili per tutte le cosiddette "mal maritate", per le vittime di violenza domestica e per le donne considerate "a rischio" (ex prostitute, giovani vedove e altre figure femminili rimaste prive della protezione maschile), ecc. Il secondo capitolo della tesi è dedicato invece all'impatto della Controriforma sui monasteri femminili veneziani, con particolare riguardo al fenomeno della clausura, mentre il capitolo terzo è dedicato ad una compilazione critica degli studi sin qui editi su Arcangela Tarabotti, monaca forzata e pensatrice politica veneziana di grande rilievo che è riuscita ad inquadrare i nodi problematici della questione femminile della società del tempo, individuando la causa delle monacazioni forzate in un problema anzitutto politico. Nel quarto capitolo ci rivolgiamo invece ai documenti conservati presso l'Archivio di Stato (facenti parte del fondo riguardante i processi intentati fra il XVI e il XVII secolo dai provveditori sopra i monasteri) e quello della Curia patriarcale di Venezia per analizzare, in che tipo di situazioni critiche, riguardanti episodi di infrazione alla disciplina e di violazione della clausura, i monasteri veneziani si trovarono coinvolti. Il capitolo cinque, infine, affronta la questione della coercizione2: quali erano gli agenti principali delle vocazioni forzate delle giovani patrizie veneziane? In che modo le famiglie le costringevano a scegliere la vita religiosa? Attraverso quali strumenti legali le monache potevano far ricorso, al fine di rendere reversibile la loro condizione di spose di Cristo? Nel dibattito storiografico apertosi sulla funzione sociale del monastero e sulla questione della libertà di scelta delle monache, si sono imposte due visioni molto differenti: da una parte, taluni studiosi hanno teso a mettere in luce come lo spazio del convento, per la sua segregazione dal mondo, avesse permesso alle donne di agire in relativa autonomia (si pensi, ad esempio, all'istituzione del Capitolo, in cui le monache erano chiamate a votare, molto tempo prima che ciò fosse concesso al resto delle donne di tutto il mondo) e raggiungere posizioni apicali, come nel caso delle badesse; altri studiosi hanno invece sottolineato le ombre della vita monastica, soprattutto a causa delle forti limitazioni impostesi con l'avvento del Concilio di Trento. In tale dibattito ha senz'altro giocato un ruolo fondamentale uno dei testi più importanti del femminismo del XIX secolo: A Room of one's own di Virginia Woolf (1892-1941). Molte studiose hanno, infatti, rintracciato proprio nella cella monastica quella "stanza tutte per sé" di cui Woolf aveva parlato come elemento indispensabile per le donne al fine di ritagliarsi autonomia e indipendenza. Electa Arenal ha scritto: provided women of greatly divergent personalities with a semiautonomous culture in which they could find sustenance, exert influence, and develop talents they never could have expressed as fully in the outside world. In that sense, the convent was a catalyst for autonomy3. Nel nostro lavoro tenteremo così di accostarci con onestà intellettuale alle prove documentarie, fornendo indizi di come nelle vicende che narreremo non si rintraccino né storie univoche di oppressione né casi edificanti di emancipazione. Vedremo come la clausura non sia più considerata dalla storiografia un elemento totalmente impermeabile della vita monastica: oggi, più ragionevolmente, si tende ad adottare il concetto di flessibilità anche relativamente alle forti limitazioni nella vita monastica introdotte a Trento, che non hanno del tutto spezzato i legami esistenti fra l'esterno e l'interno dei conventi4; noteremo anche come silenzio e obbedienza fossero una chimera più che una realtà all'interno dei monasteri. Rifletteremo, poi, su come il principio del praesumitur seducta fornisse uno scudo protettivo importante all'onore femminile: nonostante la morale sessuale rispetto alle donne sottolineasse costantemente la loro pericolosità per gli uomini, di fatto, il considerare l'universo femminile più influenzabile e meno padrone del proprio libero arbitrio causava anche una deresponsabilizzazione delle donne rispetto ai reati sessuali; ci chiederemo dunque se sia lecito ritenere le monache protagoniste dei documenti che utilizzeremo nel nostro lavoro, portatrici di valori diversi da quelli delle proprie famiglie. Se da una parte le donne non erano «socializzate» all'individualismo, ma esattamente contro di esso5, nel senso che erano istruite ad accettare senza possibilità di appello il proprio destino deciso dalle famiglie di origine, vedremo come nelle strategie adottate da alcune monache forzate siano rintracciabili atteggiamenti che sottendono una autocoscienza estrinsecata in comportamenti decisamente eterodossi e del tutto "individualisti". Documenteremo, infine, come le tensioni psicologiche di singole monache forzate portassero tali donne a costruirsi un'identità che di fatto aggirava, tentando di eluderli, i valori della società patriarcale.

Nell'articolo sono riportate le informazioni di base che riguardano annotazioni e disegni di scrittori, di storici, di archeologi, di architetti e di altri viaggiatori che hanno visitato e soggiornato a Pola riportando la propria visione dell 'anfiteatro nelle proprie descrizioni, rappresentazioni figurative e disegni architettonici, o che negli ultimi sei secoli abbi ano fa tto ricerche o operato lavori di tutela e di restauro di questo importante monumento antico. ; Pocetkom 16. st. Pietro Martire di Anghiera prvi u svom djelu spominje pulski amfiteatar smatrajuéi da se radi o velikom kazalistu. Arhitekta Sebastiano Serlio u djelu "Trattatura di Architetura" iz 1551. prvi detaljnjije opisuje gradevinu koja "ima vanjsko krilo i cetiri tomja". Najiscrpnije je izmedu 1545. i 1550. g. pulske anticke spomenike proucavao mletacki renesansni arhitekt i teoreticar Andrea Palladio, cije je crtde medu kojima su i oni arnfiteatra objavio 1958. Giangiorgio Zorzi. U likovnim, kartografskim i pisanim djelima 16. i 17. st. (G.F. Camotio, G. Rosaccio, I. Jones, 1. Lipsio, J. Spon, G. Wheler, V. Coronelli) sacuvani su podaci o pulskom amfiteatru. Scipione Maffei u djelu "Degli Anfiteatri e singolarmente del Veronese" 1731. g. donosi crtd kamenog plasta amfiteatra u Puli, smatrajuéi da je unistena unutrasnjost bila sagradena od drveta. Sredinom 18. stoljeéa vedute gradevine izraduju slikar J. Stuart i arhitekt N. Revett. Medutim prvi koji je prisao istrazivanju ove rimske gradevine sa stanovista znanstvenih kriterija bio je Gian Rinaldo Carli, koji je vrsio arheoloska iskapanja J 750. g. i s V. Donatijem i F. Monacijem izradio tloris, obavio razna mjerenja i izvrsio numeraciju lukova kamenog plasta, te rezultate objavio u opseznom djelu "Relazioni delle scoperte fatte nell'Anfiteatro di Pola". U iduéih pedesetak godina likovno i teoretski razmatraju pulski amfiteatar graficar G. Piranessi, arhitekta R. Adam, slikar Ch.L. Clérisseau, arheolog J. Winckelmann, graficar L.F. Cassas, slikar P. Fabris i arhitekt Th. Allason. Istrazivacki radovi u pulskom amfiteatru provodio je najpoznatiji klasicisticki arhitekta Pietro Nobile po zelji i o trosku marsala Marmonta 1814. g., zatim od 1814. g. po nalogu cara Franje Josipa l. P. Nobile je vrsio arheoloska iskapanja (sistem gledalista, razina borilista, unutrasnji cirkularni hodnici, narnjena tomjeva i dr.) i Ciséenje gradevine, te parcijalnu restauraciju amfiteatra uocavajuéi izvorni izgled i funkciju. Kompletirao je osteéene lukove prvog reda plasta na suprotim stranama duze osi. U zakljucnom izvjeséu 1818. g. navodi da je prepustio izradu arhitektonskih snimaka F. Briiynu. Godine 1818, 1820 i 1831. u Puli je boravio arheolog Giovanni Carrara koji je iskopao podzemne prostorije amfiteatra. Koristeéi tada poznate podatke o amfiteatru, u razdoblju od 1820. do 1822. provodio je istrazivanje kanonik Pietro Stancovich, koji je u djelu "Dello Anfiteatro di Pola" teoretski i prakticki sublimirao znanje postavljajuéi tri teze o naCinu i vremenu gradnje amfiteatra. Dao je do tada najcjelovitiju interpretaciju amfiteatra temeljem vlastitog znanja i sagledavanja gradevine, ali bez znacajnije dokumentacije koja mu nije bila dostupna. U drugoj polovici i krajem 19. stoljeéa amfiteatrom se bave graficar A. Tischbein, putopisac C. Yriarte, arhitekta Chabrol i konzervator R. Weisshaupl. Istrazivanje unutar i u okolici amfiteatra provodi od 1912. g. konzervator Anton Gnirs. Od 1925. do 1934. g., kada je rekonstruiran dio sjedista za gledatelje i postavljena betonska ploca za oddavanje politickih manifestacija i kulturnih spektakala, o amfiteatru brinu arhitekti V. Donna i G. Brass, konzervatori arheolozi A. Degrassi, G. Brusin i B. Forlati Tamaro. M. Mirabella Roberti bavi se proucavanjem, istrazivanjem rekonstrukcijom amfiteatra 1933., 1936.-1939. i 1942. g. TumaCi u djelu "L'Arena di Pola" tri faze izgradnje amfiteatra (Augustovu, Klaudijevu i Titovu) politickim i gospopdarskim razlozima. Kroz pokusaj identifikacije razlicitih tehnika gradnje i stilske dekoracije trabeacija i kapitela daje i dataciju. Znacajno je spomenuti da je Mirabella s arhitektom A. Grimanijem 1939. g. vrsio nova mjerenja amfiteatra na osnovu kojih je E. Trolis koncipirao arheoloski reljef i studiju rekonstrukcije. Temeljem ovih podataka koncipirano je i povijesno-kulturno izdanje "Amfiteatar u Puli" S. Mlakara, koji je od 1947. g. vrsio samo manja restauratorsko-konzervatorske radove poradi oddavanja spomenika. Zabiljezena geodetska mjerenja amfiteatra koja su vrsili su A. Broch (1909.), V. Petkovié, M. Brukner i M. Lojen (1959.-1960.) govore o elipticnom obliku amfiteatra, a V. Krizmanich (1975.-1977.) izracunbom dolazi do policentricne kruznice. U razdoblju od 1960. do 1961. A. Faber i Z. Kozelj sa suradnicima prikupljaju arhitektonske snimke gradevine, a prvo fotogrametrijsko snimanje vrsio je K. Smit 1961. g. Trogodisnje kompletiranje fotogrametrijskih i geodetskih snimaka obavljaju M. Kadi i S. Koren (1977.-1979.). Godine 1983. Odbor za zastitu, oddavanje i koristenje amfiteatra Skupstine opéine Pula inicirao je prikupljanje podataka o pulskom amfiteatru, zapoceli su radovi na izradi detaljnjih arhitektonskih snimaka postojeéeg stanja i vrsene su pripreme za izradu studije izvornog izgleda gradevine. Iako je studija obuhvaéala cjelovitost amfiteatra, posebna je paznja bila usmjerena na njegov zapadni dio, te je u razdoblju od 1984. do 1986. g. arheolog V. Girardi Jurkié izvrsila sustavno iskapanje i istrazivanje. Tijekom iskapanja zapadnog sektora amfiteatra, sagledana je gradevinska struktura i nosivost kamenih blokova pilastara lukova, nacin temeljenja kamenog plasta amfiteatra i kompletiran je dio arhitektonske dokumentacije gradevine. Praéen je i istrazen iskop kanala ispod jugozapadnog tornja, koji slijedi jednim dijelom perimetar zapadnog vanjskog plasta. Kod drugog tornja iskopan je unutrasnji sistem kanala za oborinsku vodu. Posebna je paznja posveéena iskopu i istrazivanju nacina gradnje i funkcija poprecnih temeljnih zidova koji su vezivali vanjski plast s unutrasnjih dijelom gradevine, formirajuéi tzv. temeljne kazete supstrukcija gradevine. Ovim arheoloskim istrazivanjem je utvrdeno da je kamen ugraden u pulski amfiteatar po svojoj namjeni, kao arhitektonsko-gradevni element, dvojakog znacaja i podrijetla. Jedna vrsta kamena koristena je za gradnju vanjskog zidnog plasta (rimski kamenolom "Cavae Romanae" kod Vinkurana), koji se sa 72 monumentalna arkadna luka dize u visinu od cetiri kata. Druga vrsta kamena koristena je za gradnju i pregradnju njegove unutrasnjosti, sredisnjeg prostora, kamenih stepenica i redova sjedista podijeljenih na katove, te podzemnih prostorija i kanalnih prolaza (kamenolomi kod Raklja). Uporedo s arheoloskim i drugirn polivalentnirn istraZivanjirna zapadnog dijela pulskog amfiteatra izradivani su od 1984. do 1986. arhitektonski snirnci dijelova i detalja ( arhitekt Lj. Dugandzié), koji su bili podloga za izradu detaljne studije izvornog stanja, valorizaciju, tretman i idejno arhitektonsko rjesenje rekonstrukcije dijela gradevine u cilju utilitarnog koristenja arhitekata A. Krizmaniéa, J. i D. Marasoviéa. Ovaj je projekat takoder valorizirao prostorne vrijednosti spomenika i razmatrao moguénost suvremenijeg uklapanja amfiteatra u urbanu strukturu grada Pule uz istovremeno koristenje tako revalorizirane spomenicke gradevine u turisticke svrhe i kulturne spektakle.

"There is very little in the history of the theatre in Western Europe that has escaped academic attention, and the sixteenth century is no exception." Bereits der einleitende Satz dieses von ThomasF. Earle und Catarina Fouto herausgegebenen Sammelbandes skizziert den Anspruch der Publikation: nämlich vor allen Dingen Bekanntes neu zu vernetzen und zu beleuchten. Dies gelingt in recht hohem Maße, wirft aber vor dem Hintergrund des Bandtitels – The Reinvention of Theatre – auch wiederholt die Frage nach dem zugrunde gelegten Theaterbegriff auf: Ist das 16.Jahrhundert theaterhistorisch wirklich bereits umfassend erforscht? Die hier versammelten Aufsätze, die im Kern auf eine 2011 in Oxford abgehaltene Tagung zu lateinischer und volkssprachlicher Dramatik des 16.Jahrhunderts zurückgehen, begreifen sich als kritischen Einblick in die "rich and varied dramatic production" (S.7) der Frühneuzeit. Die angestrebte Interdisziplinarität und Vernetzung wird aber bereits hier von einem klaren Textprimat überschattet: Es geht eben um "dramatic production" als Theater, weniger um die – immerhin erwähnten – "elite and popular practices" und "sacred and secular traditions" jenseits eines dramenbasierten Theaterbegriffs, die im 16. Jahrhundert jedoch einen Großteil theatraler Praxen stellen und für ihr Verständnis elementar sind. Da die Herausgeberperspektive die einer philologisch orientierten Lusitanistik ist, ist diese Ausgangsposition jedoch nachvollziehbar. Nimmt man sie als solche zur Kenntnis, so erschließen sich in der Lektüre lohnende und bislang wenig präsente Zusammenhänge auch für theaterhistorisch Interessierte, deren Schwerpunkte abseits der Dramentradition liegen. Der Fokus liegt, den Forschungsgebieten der Herausgeber*innen geschuldet, vor allem in der Iberoromanistik und in der Klassischen Philologie (Neulatein), die hier gut aufbereitet zugänglich gemacht werden. Hervorzuheben sind wiederkehrende Bezüge zu marginalisierten und außerliterarischen Traditionen und die Bereitschaft, auch Theatergrößen des 16. Jahrhunderts wie Vicente oder auch Shakespeare weniger als Texte, denn als Kontexte zu begreifen – so etwa im vielfältigen und genau dokumentierten Nachspüren von Quellen und Einflüssen in der Dramenproduktion (Alves, Cardoso Bernardes) und ihrer Weitergabe (Whetnall, Anastácio). Hierbei zieht sich insbesondere die humanistische Terenz- und Plautusrezeption, vorrangig in Portugal und England, als roter Faden durch den Band. Von den eingenommenen Perspektiven besticht der Blick auf Dramen zwischen Reformation und Gegenreformation als Austragungsort religionsanthropologischer Debatten, im Calvinismus (Meere) wie auch zwischen Lutheranismus und Jesuiten (Watanabe-O'Kelly). Die Beiträge liefern einen vorzüglichen Einblick in einen in der deutschsprachigen Theaterwissenschaft wenig diskutierten Quellenkorpus. Wiederholt finden sich in den Appendizes der einzelnen Aufsätze Neuübersetzungen ganzer Szenen, viele schwer zugängliche Materialien sind bibliografisch hervorragend aufgearbeitet und profitieren von der sorgfältigen Herausgabe. Gruppiert ist der Band in drei Themengebiete, in einen quantitativ überwiegenden (acht Beiträge) zu Literary Tradition and the Theatre, gefolgt von einem schmalen Abschnitt (drei Beiträge) zu Theatre and Performance und einem ähnlich bescheidenen (vier Beiträge) zu Theatre and Society. Inwieweit hier klare Grenzziehungen überhaupt möglich sind, ist eine andere, in der Herausgabe schwer zu lösende Frage. Deutlich wird aber durchweg, dass Philologien, Theaterwissenschaft und anthropologische Kulturwissenschaft in Bezug auf frühneuzeitliche Theaterhistoriographie voneinander profitieren können und dialogische Forschung sinnvoll wäre; der vorliegende Band würde einen guten Knoten in einem solchen Netzwerk darstellen. Der einleitende Beitrag von Hélio Alves setzt gleich bei Shakespare und einem "good look in the neighborbood" (S. 12) an, indem er die häufig dem Shakespeareschen Hamlet zugeschriebene Innovation eines innerlichen Bewusstseins auf der Bühne – Alves spricht von "inwardness" – anhand der Lektüre zweier Vicente-Dramen von einer Autorschaftsdebatte abkoppelt und stattdessen auf mehrere frühere Instanzen und einen breiteren Kontext verweist: In der Geschichtsschreibung an individuellen Genius gebundene Konventionen ließen sich in größeren Zusammenhängen fassen, "when placed in their adequate historical position within a theatrical practice beginning much earlier" (S. 18). Es sind vor allem solche Zugänge, die den Band für theaterwissenschaftliche Forschung interessant machen. Mit der Frage von Druckfassung versus Spielfassung befasst sich José Augusto Cardoso Bernardes, der Vicentes Auto da Festa als dramaturgischen Steinbruch untersucht.Auch er beschäftigt sich mit der sich wandelnden Rolle von Autorschaft im 16. und auch 15.Jahrhundert: die erst zwanzig Jahre nach Vicentes Tod erfolgte Werkausgabe von 1562 bilde gerade auch Entscheidungen seiner Herausgeber*innen ab. Die Analyse des Verhältnisses der Figuren Fool und Truth macht deutlich, wie sehr hier eine Verschränkung mit stärker theateranthropologischen Positionen (Tricksterbegriff, grotesker Körper, Erste Natur) Ergebnisse schärfen könnte. Jane Whetnall behandelt vordergründig das Datierungsproblem – spätes 15. oder doch 16.Jahrhundert? – des anonymen Auto de la huida a Egipto und geht der Verfügbarkeit von Vorlagen nach, die sie in Klosterzirkeln des 12. bis 14. Jahrhunderts lokalisiert. Während eine Zuschreibung wie "theatrically mature" (S.42) als Wertung nicht unproblematisch ist, erschließt die Quellensuche ein transdisziplinär sinnvolles "kulturelles Umfeld des Entstehens" (S.44), auch über Ländergrenzen hinaus, und argumentiert so überzeugend für eine "international tradition" (S.73). In den Beiträgen des Herausgeberteams stechen für theaterhistorisch Arbeitende die eher beiläufig vorgebrachten Positionen zum Theaterverständnis produktiv heraus. Während Earle eingangs anmerkt, dass es zu Ferreiras Zeiten kein professionelles Theater gegeben habe, aber dann auf eine etablierte Infrastruktur von Dramenaufführungen bei Hof, in Privathäusern und in den Universitäten verweist, spricht Fouto trotz der von ihr postulierten Neuerfindung von Komödie und Drama im portugiesischen 16.Jahrhundert ganz selbstverständlich von älteren Traditionen: "Long before the work of Plautus, Terence, Seneca and Euripides sparked the interest of the Portuguese elites, there was a thriving dramatic tradition, specific to the Iberian peninsula, which was very popular across society: the Portugese auto" (S.89). Earles Hauptaugenmerk liegt, aus eher psychologisierender Perspektive, auf einem von ihm bei Ferreira in den Komödien Cioso und Castro ausgemachten Umschwung von 'plot driven' zu 'character driven', der Ferreira erlaube, sich von den strengen klassizistischen Vorlagen zu emanzipieren (S. 83). Auch hier überzeugt die Einordnung in eine mit den 1550er Jahren bereits etablierte Aufführungspraxis römischer Theaterliteratur in Portugal. Foutos Interesse gilt den "concepts of dramatic theory of Portuguese humanist playwrights" (S.89), die sie in eine ins Mittelalter zurückreichende Überlieferungstradition stellt. Zwischen Tradition und Innovation – wie antiken dramaturgischen Mustern, aber dann volkssprachlichen, gegenwartsorientierten Neuerungen – untersucht sie allen voran Teives Tragödie Ioannes Princeps, die sie auch genreübergreifend befragt und so den Bandtitel der "reinvention" programmatisch thematisiert. Einen theaterhistorisch durchaus anschlussfähigen Beitrag liefert Martin McLaughlin mit einer eigentlich rein philologischen Untersuchung zur Wiederentdeckung Terenz' im Italien der Renaissance. In der peniblen Analyse von Vokabular und Stilistik bei Alberti und Macchiavelli erarbeitet McLaughlin einen Quellenkorpus (wie z.B. den Donatus-Kommentar zu Terenz), der sich in den Komödien beider Autoren nachweisen lässt, eröffnet dabei aber – wenn auch nur implizit – als Nebenprodukt auch einen Blick auf die imitierende Schreibpraxis von frühneuzeitlichen Komödien und wirft die Frage nach dem Einfluss vom Wissen um Stilvorgaben auf. Ähnlich eng am Text beschäftigt sich Elizabeth Sandis mit John Gagers Ergänzungen zu Senecas Hippolytus, die sich aber auf eine konkrete Aufführung von 1592 beziehen. Sie verfolgt Gagers Umgang mit Mythosgeschichte und konkreten Fassungen anhand der Figur der Phaedra. Auch hier ist das Interesse der Autorin eigentlich ein philologisches, die Ebenen von Drama und Quellenüberlieferung lassen sich jedoch um Aufführungspraxis und Schauspieltheorie ergänzen – Randkommentare wie der Vergleich zwischen Universitätstheater und "theatro vulgari" (S. 150) lassen hier aufhorchen, ebenso wie die "mythological cycles" (S. 151), deren Verhältnis zu zeitgebundenen Narrativen zum theaterwissenschaftlichen Weiterdenken einlädt. Eine stärker translatologische Perspektive bietet Katherine Jeffs Verhandlung von Guillen de Castro als Vorläufer der comedia nueva, in der sie die aktuelle Vermittelbarkeit frühneuzeitlicher Komödienfiguren thematisiert und an den Begriff der Identität anknüpft (S.179), der hier über den Zugang der Sozialrolle leichter fassbar wäre. Der Abschnitt zu Theatre and Performance beginnt mit einer vorzüglich differenzierten Betrachtung des Verhältnisses von Berufsschauspieler*innen und Akademiekultur im Italien des 16. Jahrhundert – "the obscure and complex relationship between the new professional theatrical companies and the Italian literary academies" (S.189), die gerade auf Seiten der Akademienforschung Desiderate aufweise. Lisa Sampson, die umfangreiches Archivmaterial heranzieht, schließt hier eine erste Lücke in diesem für Theaterhistoriker*innen unbedingt lesenswerten Beitrag. Akademien und professionelle Wandertruppen als "micro-societies" (S.190) befänden sich trotz deutlicher formulierter Abgrenzung in einem komplexen Wechselverhältnis. Sampson streicht das innovative Potential der Akademien ebenso heraus wie die Verbindung zu früheren Festgesellschaften (deren anthropologische Dimension nicht zum Thema gemacht wird). Die vereinzelte Aufnahme von Schauspielprofis in Akademien und die diesbezüglichen Inszenierungsstrategien beider Seiten legt Sampson ebenso überzeugend offen wie die Destabilisierung des Akademie-Begriffs im 17.Jahrhundert, als professionelle Truppen zunehmend auch in die literarische Produktion drängten. Katherine Duncan-Jones setzt ihre Überlegungen zur Reichweite der Schauspielkünste William Kemps in den Kontext der Clown-Trias Tarlton, Kemp und Armin. Hierzu betrachtet sie Spielbezüge ebenso wie biographische Milieus und fasst Kemps Bedeutung durch Aufführungsberichte und Spieltexte ein. Auch hier ließe sich mit theaterwissenschaftlicher Forschung zu reisenden Truppen anknüpfen. Als dritter und letzter Autor im Abschnitt zu Performance befasst sich José Camões erneut mit Vicente – hier geschildert als vielseitiger Theaterpraktiker und nicht nur als Autor – und seinen Neuerungen, "towards modernity and the renaissance separation of performance and audience" (S.239), die wiederum in den Jahrzehnten nach Vicente kopiert worden seien. Der dritte Teil des Bandes – "Theater and Society" – beginnt mit einem weiteren Beitrag zu Terenz und Plautus als bildungspolitischen Instanzen im Tudor-England des 16. Jahrhunderts, die das Theaterschaffen beeinflussten. Peter Brown untersucht Vokabular und Plotmuster, macht aber bereits eingangs klar, dass "how thoroughly embedded Latin comedy was in the developing dramatic culture of the period" (S.255) nur ein Aspekt theatraler Praxen der Zeit ist. Das Panorama früher Spieldaten und Orte – wie der eventuell ersten Terenz-Aufführung in Cambridge 1510/1511 – bietet theatergeschichtlich interessante Einblicke, ebenso wie der Antikentransfer über Renaissance-Italien nach England, die Brown anhand der Humanistenkomödien wie Ariosts I Suppositi, aber auch Rojas' Celestina schildert. Das zentrale Beispiel der Shakespeareschen Comedy of Errors wäre gar nicht einmal notwendig, erlaubt aber Überlegungen zum Stigma der Übersetzungspraxis als ein Rühren an die Autorität des Lateinischen als Lingua Franca– hier lässt sich an einen bewusst limitierten Zugang zu Terenz als soziale Abgrenzungsstrategie die Frage anknüpfen, für wen und von wem hier Theater und Theaterpolitik bestimmt wurden. Vanda Anastácio beschäftigt sich im Anschluss erneut mit Überlieferungstraditionen, indem sie eine Camões-Handschrift einer Printedition gegenüberstellt und sich so einem größeren Quellenpanorama annähert, dessen Verknüpfung zu Spieltraditionen aber nicht weiter thematisiert wird. Die beiden abschließenden Beiträge befassen sich mit religionspolitisch motiviertem Theater der Reformation: Michael Meere, der nicht von Neuerfindung, sondern sinnfällig einfach von einem "shift in French theatre" (S.297) spricht, blickt vor allem auf die Inszenierung und Legitimation von Gewalt in calvinistischem Theater ("militant and trascendent violence", S.301), das Tagespolitik und Exegese kombiniere – ein Argument, dass auch Helen Watanabe-O'Kelly aufgreift und weiterspinnt. Vor allem das deutschsprachige Dramenschaffen sei im Jahrhundert nach der Reformation an religionspolitische Fragen gebunden, erst mit dem 17. Jahrhundert geschehe hier ein Freischwimmen hin zu stärker historischen und mythischen Stoffen (S.328). Watanabe-O'Kelly stellt Thomas Naogeorgs Pannamachius ins Zentrum, einen protestantischen Angriff auf den Papismus, und weist hierbei auf die frühe Verwendung von Theater als Propagandamittel durch Luther und seine Kollegen hin, entwirft mit vielfachen Verknüpfungen und stupender Quellenkenntnis jedoch ein weitaus größeres Panorama. The Reinvention of Theater in Sixteenth-Century Europe bietet somit trotz stark philologischer Ausrichtung auf einen dramenbasierten Theaterbegriff auch theaterwissenschaftlich lohnenswerte, transnationale Einblicke in Theaterschaffen und Tradierungslinien des 16.Jahrhunderts.

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We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the synergy and complementarity of the different colliders, which will contribute to a uniquely coherent and ambitious research programme, providing an unmatchable combination of precision and sensitivity to new physics. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [654305, 764879, 730871, 777563]; FP7 [312453] ; The editors wish to thank all the scientific, engineering and technical personnel, the students and early stage researchers and all members of personnel involved in the investigations, designs and prototyping for their invaluable contributions that made this work possible. We also want to express our thanks to the administration officers who prepared the ground and created a framework in which this work could be carried out efficiently. The FCC study management team thanks in particular John Poole for his enthusiastic dedication during the editing phase, contributing significantly to deliver a coherent, consistent and readable set of report volumes. Finally, we wish to thank the CERN management for their strong support and encouragement. The research, which led to this publication has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Grant numbers 654305 (EuroCirCol), 764879 (EASITrain), 730871 (ARIES), 777563 (RI-Paths) and from FP7 under grant number 312453 (EuCARD-2). The information herein only reflects the views of its authors. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information.