In medieval England, women in labor wrapped birth girdles around their abdomens to protect themselves and their unborn children. These parchment or paper rolls replicated the "girdle relics" of the Virgin Mary and other saints loaned to queens and noblewomen, extending childbirth protection to women of all classes. This book examines the texts and images of nine English birth girdles produced between the reigns of Richard II and Henry VIII. Cultural artifacts of lay devotion within the birthing chamber, the birth girdles offered the solace and promise of faith to the parturient woman and her attendants amid religious dissent, political upheaval, recurring epidemics, and the onset of print
Einstellung der bundesdeutschen Bevölkerung und von Volkszählungskritikern zur Volkszählung am 31. Mai 1987.
Zusammenfassung der drei Datensätze, die unter den ZA-Studien-Nrn. 1588 bis 1590 archiviert und beschrieben sind.
Themen: 1. Aus der ersten Welle von 1987: Politisches Interesse; Zufriedenheit mit der Demokratie in der Bundesrepublik; Gefühl politischer Wirksamkeit und der Repräsentiertheit durch Politiker und Parteien; Interessen-oder Gemeinwohlorientierung der Regierungspolitik; Einstellung zur Volkszählung; Beteiligungsabsicht der Haushaltsmitglieder und des Befragten; Beteiligungsbereitschaft nach Hinweis auf eine Bußgeldandrohung; Selbstausfüllen des Erhebungsbogens oder Ausfüllen durch andere Person im Haushalt; Gespräche über die Volkszählung im sozialen Umfeld und Zeitpunkt des letzten Gesprächs; Einstellung zur Volkszählung im Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis sowie deren Teilnahmebereitschaft; Wichtigkeit der politischen Einstellungen im sozialen Umfeld und Sichtbarkeit der eigenen Anschauungen; Kenntnisse über die Inhalte der Volkszählung befragung (Skala); vermutete Schwierigkeit des Ausfüllens des Erhebungsbogens; Präferenz für Ausfüllen im Beisein des Zählers oder allein; Bedenken gegen Volkszähler in der Wohnung; Schwierigkeiten bei der Erledigung von Behördenangelegenheiten; Kontakthäufigkeit und Kontaktfähigkeit; Vertrauen in Institutionen und Organisationen; Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum und vermutete Position der Bevölkerungsmehrheit auf einem Links-Rechts Kontinuum; Postmaterialismus; Sympathie-Skalometer für die politischen Parteien; Nutzungshäufigkeit von Fernseh-Nachrichtensendungen sowie des Lokalteils und politischen Teils einer Tageszeitung; Zeitpunkt der zuletzt wahrgenommenen Medienberichte über die Volkszählung und inhaltliche Tendenz dieser Beiträge; vermutete Einstellung der Bevölkerung zur Volkszählung; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner und dessen Einstellung zur Volkszählung; vermutete Teilnahme des Partners an der Volkszählung; Antwort- bzw. Boykottverhalten bei der Volkszählungserhebung; Einstellung zu staatlichen Statistiken; Einstellung zu einer Bestrafung von Volkszählungsboykotteuren und präferierte staatliche Verhaltensweisen gegenüber Verweigerern eigene Befürchtungen hinsichtlich einer Zweckentfremdung der persönlichen Volkszählungsdaten; Vertrauen in die Einhaltung des Datenschutzes; Sympathie gegenüber sozialen Bewegungen sowie eigen Mitgliedschaft; Parteipräferenz; empfundene Ängste und ihre Ursachen; Einstellung zur Technik; Einstellung zu Computern und zu wissenschaftlichen Innovationen; Einstellung zum staatlichen Umgang mit Daten; Einschätzung von Volkszählungsverweigerern als Systemgegner; Einstellung zur Speicherung personenbezogener Daten; Wichtigkeit des Datenschutzes und Vertrauen in die Einhaltung der Datenschutzbestimmung; Beurteilung der Qualität des Datenschutzes; frühere Teilnahme an einer Befragung und Befragungsart; Einstellung zu ausgewählten Ordnungswidrigkeiten und Straftaten sowie sonstigen illegalen Handlungen (Skala); Religiosität; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Selbsteinschätzung der sozialen Schicht; Telefonbesitz; Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme an einer Wiederbefragung.
Personen mit starkem oder sehr starkem politischen Interesse wurden zusätzlich befragt: Demographische Angaben über den engen Freundeskreis (egozentriertes Netzwerk); Übereinstimmung mit dem Befragten bezüglich der Parteipräferenz und der Einstellung zur Volkszählung; Teilnahmebereitschaft der Freunde an der Volkszählung; Bekanntheit der Freunde untereinander; eigene Beteiligungsbereitschaft an ausgewählten politischen Protestformen (Skala); eigene Befürchtungen hinsichtlich einer Zweckentfremdung der persönlichen Daten durch ausgewählte Institutionen und Ämter.
Demographie: Geburtsmonat; Geburtsjahr; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Alter der Kinder (klassiert); Konfession; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; Beruf; Berufliche Position; Berufstätigkeit; monatliches Netto-Einkommen des Befragten und des Haushalts insgesamt; Anzahl Personen, die zum Haushaltseinkommen beitragen; Haushaltsgröße; Stellung des Befragten im Haushalt; Charakteristika des Haushaltsvorstands; Anzahl wahlberechtigter Personen im Haushalt; Personen im Haushalt, die nicht die deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit besitzen; Selbsteinschätzung der Schichtzugehörigkeit; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft des Befragten und anderer Haushaltsmitglieder; Telefonbesitz.
Interviewerrating: Anwesenheit Dritter beim Interview und Person, die die Anwesenheit erwünschte; Eingriffe Dritter in das Interview und Person, die die Intervention herbeiführte; Einstellung der beim Interview zusätzlich anwesenden Person zur Volkszählung; Anwesenheit weiterer Personen in anderen Räumen; Kooperationsbereitschaft und Zuverlässigkeit des Befragten.
2. Aus der zweiten Welle von 1987: Politisches Interesse; Einstellung zur Volkszählung; Gespräche über die Volkszählung im sozialen Umfeld und erörterte Themen; Einstellung zur Volkszählung im Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis; perzipierte Einstellung der Bevölkerung zur Volkszählung; Zeitpunkt der eigenen Meinungsbildung zur Volkszählung; Veränderungen in der Einstellung zur Volkszählung; persönliches Kennen des Zählers; Art der Fragebogenzustellung; Gesprächskontakt mit dem Zähler an der Haustür oder in der Wohnung; Äußerungen des Volkszählers über seine Einstellung zur Volkszählung und inhaltliche Tendenz dieser Bemerkungen; Fragen des Zählers nach den Bewohnern einer Nachbarwohnung; Zählereintrag oder eigenes Ausfüllen des Fragebogens; Hilfe oder Erläuterungen des Zählers beim Ausfüllen; erbetene oder durch den Zähler angebotene Hilfestellung; Aufenthaltsdauer des Zählers im Haushalt; individuelles Ausfüllen des Fragebogens oder Angaben zum gesamten Haushalt durch eine einzige Person; Dauer des Ausfüllens; Antwort- bzw. Boykottverhalten bei der Erhebung; Art der Fragebogenrückgabe; Kenntnis der Volkszählungsfragen vor Beginn der Erhebung; Beurteilung der Übersichtlichkeit des Erhebungsbogens; Volkszählungsfragen, die Schwierigkeiten verursachten bzw. ungern beantwortet wurden; zusätzlich erwartete Fragen; Einstellung zum Fragenprogramm der Volkszählung und eigene Einstellungsveränderungen nach Kenntnisnahme des Fragebogeninhalts; Teilnahme an Boykottinitiativen und Veranstaltungen gegen die Volkszählung; Intensität der eigenen Boykottneigung; Informiertheit über die Abwehr von Bußgeldern; Erhalt einer schriftlichen Aufforderung zum Ausfüllen des Fragebogens; abgestimmtes Verhalten des gesamten Haushalts bezüglich der Volkszählung; Boykottneigung im Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis; Themen der wahrgenommenen Medienberichte über die Volkszählung und inhaltliche Tendenz dieser Beiträge; Einstellung zum Einsatz von Volkszählern; Einschätzung und Wichtigkeit der Vertrauenswürdigkeit des Volkszählers; Beeinflussung der eigenen Einstellung zur Volkszählung durch bekannt gewordene Gewaltanwendungen gegen Zähler; Einstellung zu einem vermeintlichen Zusammenhang von Boykottaufrufen und der Inkaufnahme solcher Gewaltaktionen; Erwartungen bezüglich einer Bestrafung von Boykotteuren und Kenntnis geahndeter Verweigerungsfälle; Einstellung zu einer Bestrafung von Volkszählungsboykotteuren sowie Boykottaufrufen; Einstellung zur Auskunftspflicht bei der Volkszählung; Einstellung zum Volkszählungsboykott als Protest gegen den Staat; Volkszählungsteilnahme als demokratische Pflicht; Volkszählung als staatliche Machtdemonstration; Kritik an der Art der Durchführung der Volkszählung; Einstellung zu staatlichen Statistiken; eigene Befürchtungen hinsichtlich einer Zweckentfremdung der persönlichen Volkszählungsdaten; Vertrauen in die Einhaltung des Datenschutzes; Einstellung zu ausgewählten illegalen Handlungen und zum Volkszählungsboykott; Parteipräferenz.
Interviewerrating: Anwesenheit Dritter beim Interview und Person, die die Anwesenheit erwünschte; Eingriffe Dritter in das Interview und Person, die die Intervention herbeiführte; Einstellung der beim Interview zusätzlich anwesenden Person zur Volkszählung; Anwesenheit weiterer Personen in anderen Räumen; Kooperationsbereitschaft und Zuverlässigkeit des Befragten.
3. Aus der dritten Welle von 1987/1988: Politisches Interesse; Zufriedenheit mit der Demokratie in der Bundesrepublik; Interessen- oder Gemeinwohlorientierung der Regierung; empfundener Schutz der Freiheitsrechte durch das politische System und die gegenwärtige Bundesregierung; Zufriedenheit mit der Arbeit der Bundesregierung; Einstellung zur Volkszählung; Erhalt einer schriftlichen Aufforderung zum Ausfüllen des Fragebogens; Teilnahmeabsicht an der Volkszählung vor Beginn der Zählung; eigene Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme an der Volkszählung, auch bei freiwilliger Teilnahme; vermutete Höhe der Nichtbeteiligung an der Volkszählung; Einstellung zur Volkszählung im Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis; Gespräche über die Volkszählung im sozialen Umfeld nach Abschluß der Erhebung und Zeitpunkt des letzten Gesprächs; Kenntnisse über die Inhalte der Volkszählungsbefragung; zusätzlich erwartete Fragen; Fragen, die ungern beantwortet wurden; Antwort- bzw. Boykottverhalten bei der Erhebung; Einstellung zu staatlichen Statistiken; Einstellung zu einer Bestrafung von Volkszählungsboykotteuren und Kenntnis von Verweigerungsfällen; vermutete Teilnahmebereitschaft der Bevölkerung sowie der Antwortehrlichkeit bei Freiwilligkeit der Teilnahme an der Volkszählung; freiwillige Weitergabe ausgewählter persönlicher Daten; Präferenz für Volkszählung oder Weitergabe von bereits vorliegenden Daten durch die Ämter; vermuteter Nutzen oder Schaden der Diskussion über die Volkszählung in den Medien und Gründe für diese Einschätzung; Einstellung zu früheren Boykottaufrufen und zum Befragungszeitpunkt; Beurteilung des Erfolgs der Boykottbewegung; Einstellung zu ausgewählten Argumenten für und gegen die Volkszählung; Nutzen einer Volkszählung; Einstellung zur Auskunftspflicht; Volkszählungsboykott als Protest gegen den Staat; Volkszählungsteilnahme als demokratische Pflicht; Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; vermutete Position der Bevölkerungsmehrheit auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; Demokratieverständnis und Vergleich dieses Anspruchs mit der Wirklichkeit in der Bundesrepublik; Parteipräferenz; persönlich oder von Personen des sozialen Umfelds empfundene Verletzung der Grundrechte durch Behördenmaßnahmen; Einstellung zur Technik; empfundene Unsicherheiten bei Behördenkontakten und Einstellung gegenüber Ämtern; Befürchtungen hinsicht lich einer Zweckentfremdung der persönlichen Volkszählungsdaten; Vertrauen in die Einhaltung des Datenschutzes; Einstellung zur Speicherung personenbezogener Daten; Wichtigkeit des Datenschutzes vermutete Einhaltung der Datenschutzbestimmungen; Kenntnis von Fällen des Datenmißbrauchs und Informationsquelle über solche Verstöße; vermutete Teilnahmebereitschaft an einer zukünftigen Volkszählung; Einstellung zu Meinungsumfragen (Skala); Teilnahmebereitschaft an einer Mikrozensus-Erhebung; Weitergabebereitschaft von Informationen aus der Privatsphäre an Freunde, Nachbarn, statistische Ämter und in wissenschaftlichen Umfragen; Einstellung zu ausgewählten staatlichen Statistiken; Antwortbereitschaft, um Statistiken zu ermöglichen; Angst vor Datenmißbrauch; Befürchtungen hinsichtlich einer Zweckentfremdung der persönlichen Daten durch ausgewählte Institutionen und Ämter (Skala); Einstellung zu ausgewählten illegalen Handlungen (Skala); Religiosität (Skalometer); Einstellung zu Glaubensfragen und zum Sinn des Lebens (Skala); Glaube an übersinnliche, unerklärliche Ereignisse sowie an Horoskope und Telepathie.
Demographie: Geburtsmonat; Geburtsjahr; Geschlecht; Konfession; Schulbildung; Berufstätigkeit; Hochschule in Wohnortnähe; Studenten in der Wohngegend; Telefonbesitz.
Interviewerrating: Anwesenheit Dritter beim Interview und Person, die die Anwesenheit erwünschte; Eingriffe Dritter in das Interview und Person, die die Intervention herbeiführte; Einstellung der beim Interview zusätzlich anwesenden Person zur Volkszählung; Anwesenheit weiterer Personen in anderen Räumen; Kooperationsbereitschaft und Zuverlässigkeit des Befragten.
Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS, France ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives/CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Germany ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation, Hungary ; National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy, India ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; Mexican Funding Agency (BUAP) ; Mexican Funding Agency (CINVESTAV) ; Mexican Funding Agency (CONACYT) ; Mexican Funding Agency (LNS) ; Mexican Funding Agency (SEP) ; Mexican Funding Agency (UASLP-FAI) ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion and Programa Consolider-Ingenio, Spain ; Swiss Funding Agency (ETH Board) ; Swiss Funding Agency (ETH Zurich) ; Swiss Funding Agency (PSI) ; Swiss Funding Agency (SNF) ; Swiss Funding Agency (UniZH) ; Swiss Funding Agency (Canton Zurich) ; Swiss Funding Agency (SER) ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK ; US Department of Energy ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie program ; European Research Council ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; Regional Development Fund ; Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland) ; OPUS programme of the National Science Center (Poland) ; Thalis programe - EU-ESF ; Aristeia programe - EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: 11.5T23-6 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; A search is presented for supersymmetry in all-hadronic events with missing transverse momentum and tagged top quarks. The data sample was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Search regions are defined using the properties of reconstructed jets, the multiplicity of bottom and top quark candidates, and an imbalance in transverse momentum. With no statistically significant excess of events observed beyond the expected contributions from the standard model, we set exclusion limits at 95% confidence level on the masses of new particles in the context of simplified models of direct and gluino-mediated top squark production. For direct top squark production with decays to a top quark and a neutralino, top squark masses up to 740 GeV and neutralino masses up to 240 GeV are excluded. Gluino masses up to 1550 GeV and neutralino masses up to 900 GeV are excluded for a gluino-mediated production case, where each of the pair-produced gluinos decays to a top-antitop quark pair and a neutralino.
A search is presented for supersymmetry in all-hadronic events with missing transverse momentum and tagged top quarks. The data sample was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 fb − 1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Search regions are defined using the properties of reconstructed jets, the multiplicity of bottom and top quark candidates, and an imbalance in transverse momentum. With no statistically significant excess of events observed beyond the expected contributions from the standard model, we set exclusion limits at 95% confidence level on the masses of new particles in the context of simplified models of direct and gluino-mediated top squark production. For direct top squark production with decays to a top quark and a neutralino, top squark masses up to 740 GeV and neutralino masses up to 240 GeV are excluded. Gluino masses up to 1550 GeV and neutralino masses up to 900 GeV are excluded for a gluino-mediated production case, where each of the pair-produced gluinos decays to a top-antitop quark pair and a neutralino. ; The Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy and the Austrian Science Fund; the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; the Brazilian Funding Agencies (CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP); the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science; CERN; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS); the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, and the Croatian Science Foundation; the Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus; the Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council via IUT23-4 and 11. 5T23-6 and European Regional Development Fund, Estonia; the Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, and Helsinki Institute of Physics; the Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS, and Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives/CEA, France; the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; the General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece; the National Scientific Research Foundation, and National Innovation Office, Hungary; the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India: the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran; the Science Foundation, Ireland; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea; the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; the Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia); the Mexican Funding Agencies (BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI); the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand; the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre, Poland; the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal; JINR, Dubna; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research: the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; the Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion and Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Spain; the Swiss Funding Agencies (ETH Board, ETH Zurich, PSI, SNF, UniZH, Canton Zurich, and SER); the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei; the Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand, Special Task Force for Activating Research and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine; the Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; the US Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland); the OPUS programme of the National Science Center (Poland); the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); and the Welch Foundation, Contract No. C-1845.
In: The economic history review, Volume 42, Issue 2, p. 267-304
ISSN: 1468-0289
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Schwartz, Policing the poor in eighteenth‐century France (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. PpUniversity of WarwickSergio Aiolfi, Calicos und gedrucktes Zeug: die Entwicklung der englischen Textiherede‐lung und der Tuchhandel der East India Company, 1650‐1750 (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1987. PpBielefeld UniversityJ. A. Marino, Pastoral economics in the kingdom of Naples (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. PpUniversity of EssexMyron P. Gutmann, Toward the modern economy: early industry in Europe, 1500‐1800 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988. PpUniversity of DurhamV. P. Danilov, Rural Russia under the new regime, translated and introduced by Orlando Figes (London: Hutchinson; Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988. PpSchool of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of LondonLewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the politics of productivity in the USSR, 1935‐1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. PpUniversity of WarwickRonald Hoffman, John J. McCusker, Russell R. Menard, and Peter J. Albert, eds., The economy of early America: the revolutionary period, 1763‐1790 (Charlottesville, Virginia: United States Capital Historical Society; published by the University Press of Virginia, 1988. 30)Deakin University, GeelongSteven Ruggles, Prolonged connections: the rise of the extended family in nineteenth‐century England and America (Madison, Wisconsin and London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. PpUniversity of GlasgowVincent P. Carosso, The Morgans: private international bankers, 1854‐1913 (London and Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987. PpEdinburghHoward M. Gitelman, Legacy of the Ludlow massacre: a chapter in American industrial relations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. PpUniversity of BirminghamPaul A. Tiffany, The decline of American steel: how management, labor and government went wrong (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. PpBirkbeck College, University of LondonDietmar Rothermund, An economic history of India from pre‐colonial times to 1986 (Croom Helm, 1988. PpUniversity of BirminghamRyoushin Minami, The economic development of Japan: a quantitative study (Macmillan, 1986. PpLondon School of Economics & Political ScienceRichard Hodges, Primitive and peasant markets (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988. PpUniversity of Wales, SwanseaHubert H. Lamb, Weather, climate and human affairs: a book of essays and other papers (Routledge, 1988. PpJohn Kington, The weather of the 1780s over Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. PpLa Trobe University, MelbourneSolomos Solomou, Phases of economic growth, /S50‐/973: Kondratieff waves and Kuznets swings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. PpUniversity of WarwickE. J. Hobsbawm, The age of empire, 1875‐1914 (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987. PD. xii + AOA. 54 elates, n tables. 6 maps. 16.95)University of BristolE. L. Jones, Growth recurring: economic change in world history (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. Pp
"In Transgender in Imperial China, Matthew Sommer offers a close reading of a series of remarkable, well-documented court cases from the 18th and 19th century Qing dynasty legal archives that deal with sex and gender difference. The book explores practices in their specific historical context and avoids imposing trans-historical identities on people in the past, understanding, in the vein of Susan Stryker's work, that "transgender people" are those who "move away from" the gender assigned at birth and "cross over" the gender boundaries imposed by their society, without assuming any specific motivation or destination for that movement. Sommer details the experience of individuals assigned male at birth who were living as women (and were punished very harshly for the crime of "masquerading in women's attire"), but also includes under the sign "transgender" a range of personae not usually considered in this context, such as cross-dressing "boy actresses" of the opera and those who "left the family" by becoming Buddhist or Daoist clergy or eunuchs in imperial service and renouncing normative gender roles based on marriage and procreation. These cases explore a range of themes in Chinese law, society, and culture, and illuminate how many forms of gender transgression were sanctioned by law in Qing society. In considering all of these scenarios together, Sommer's book unpacks the full story of how sex and gender were understood in the Qing era"--
I loved La Man of La Mancha musicalso loved this statue in Madrid andthe Dulcinea stores on the road Turns out Spain is hot in mid/late June. Who would have thought it? Today's 109F in Seville may not be a new high for me--I forget if it ever got to 110 in ye olde Lubbock. But like Lubbock, it was not a very wet heat, so not nearly as unpleasant as a summer in NY in between college and grad school. Helps that the hotels and car have been nicely air conditioned unlike the apartment I stayed and unlike half of the subway cars. Anyhow, I am in Spain with Mrs. Spew on a long delayed anniversary trip/EISS conference. At the end of the road, I go to the European Initiative on Security Studies annual meeting. I have been to the ones in Lisbon and Paris, so, yeah, networking can be pretty terrific. And the aim is to build bridges between the CDSN and European defence/security folks. And to eat really, really well. So, before the conference, we started in Madrid, went to Toledo, Cordoba, and now Sevilla. We go to Ronda, Malaga, Granada, and Valencia before the conference in Barcelona. Surprisingly, this is our first Euro trip together. Parenthood and pethood and other stuff kept my wife from joining me on most work trips, although she did join me in Japan for part of my last sabbatical. I had a taste of Spain thanks to a week in between two Euro conferences in 2019, including the EISS in Paris. My wife's college Euro trips skipped Spain, so this is all new to her. So, what have we learned thus far? I will break it up into the cities we have seen thus far.Madrid:Maybe four museums in one day is a bit much? Prado had a lot of older art, Reina Sofia had some great Picassos and especially Dalis. The Naval Museum was interesting--not much mention of 1588, but I did learn that the Spanish Navy opted for the 100 duck-sized horses--small torpedo boats when dreadnoughts were becoming the fashion, and this helps to explain why they lost in 1898. The archeology museum was interesting, but man, were we tired.Some great food neighborhoods--just tapas place after tapas place after tapas place. I also went on a sangria run as I drank that stuff for every non-breakfast meal for a few days. We couldn't figure out how to get a metro card--the machines to load them were easy to figure out, but getting a card was not. So, we cabbed a lot. Toledo Do not drive in Toledo's old city. The roads are super narrow, so going in was a bit scary and leaving was positively nerve-wracking. We had to get a lot of help from the manager at the hotel to direct our compact but not tiny rental car into the garage. The next morning, every alarm on the car was blaring as we eked past a tight spot without scraping the mirrors. Yowza.I am pretty sure Inigo Montoya's father is from Toledo as knives and swords were the most popular tourist items. We went to a shop that made the real things, yet I still bought a touristy dagger, as the real thing would cost 1000 Euros. I will be unprepared for the zombies as a result. The Predator here was just one example of old artisan work--sharp steel stuff--meeting pop culture as Assassin's Creed dude was also in a window plus ohters.For a small old study, it had a lot of cobblestones and a lot of hills--I wore out Mrs. Spew as I tried to see the town from all the angles. Our hotel had a lovely terrace at the top, where I got to chat with a nice couple from Guatemala/Mexico. The husband offered me some wine, and it would have been rude to refuse. It was a very nice conversation, and I am glad I wandered up there.Right now, Toledo may be my favorite Spanish city, edging out my memories of Barclona.CordobaI was reminded that rival religions would put their new religious spot directly on top of the previous one to make theirs supreme.. for the moment. I learned that in Israel, and it applies here as well. Mezquita is a former Mosque where a cathedral was built over it. I wondered how the Muslim tourists felt about this. It was a beautiful and very different cathedral--more square, for one thing, and just amazing tiles and arches and design.Spain has its own French toast--torrejas! Yum. Not quite Hoshinos level, but outstanding.Lots and lots of olive groves and maybe orange tree groves in between the cities. Once I got out of Toledo, the driving got much less stressful. SevilleI forgot that Flamenco dancers are so very serious. I saw a show four years in Barcelona. This show here was much smaller and improvised apparently (Mrs. Spew didn't think it was as improvised as they said it was.)A dry heat is not as bad as a wet one--109 today was not great, but not awful. We did ok, and, yes, we did siesta. the Royal Alcazar had more and more gardens so much so that we got turned around. Good thing we had peacocks, peahens, and peakids to entertain us. Oh and tile, heaps and heaps of tile. Mrs Spew was expecting displays of armor, but we got heaps of tile instead. Had perhaps the best meal thus far. All of the food has been excellent, but the meal tonight competes well with the lunch we had at the place around the corner from our Toledo hotel. Just a special dinner of very small, very tasty dishes. Oh and silly names. So far, we have found great food, friendly people, beautiful art, and a lot of heat. Oh and some very true words:
ÖSTERREICHS KRIEGE SEIT 1495 Österreichs Kriege seit 1495 ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Einleitung. ([3]) Chronologisches Verzeichniss der Schlachten, Belagerungen etc. (5) I. 1495 - 1519. (5) 1495-1496. Hilfszug in Italien gegen die Franzosen. 1495. Fornovo am Taro, 1496. Livorno, (5) Abkürzungen: (5) 1499. Krieg mit den Eidgenossen. (5) 1503-1504. Theilnahme an dem bayerischen Erbfolgekrieg. 1504. Regensburg, 1508-1516. Feldzüge in Italien, im nördlichen Frankreich etc. (6) II. 1520 - 1600. (6) 1521-5126. In Italien, Frankreich etc. (6) In Ungarn gegen die Türken. 1527. In Italien und Ungarn. 1528. In Ungarn und Italien. 1529. In Ungarn und Italien. 1530. In Ungarn und Italien. (7) 1532. In Ungarn, Österreich etc. (7) 1535. Feldzug gegen Tunis. 1536. In Ungarn, Italien, Frankreich etc. 1537. In Ungarn. 1541. Feldzug gegen Algier. 1542. In Ungarn und Piemont. 1543. In Ungarn, Piemont, Deutschland, Frankreich etc. 1544. In Piemont, Frankreich, Ungarn etc. (8) 1546. In Deutschland. 1551. In Ungarn und Italien. 1552. In Ungaru [Ungarn], Italien, Deutschland etc. 1553. In Italien, Deutschland. 1554. In Ungarn, Italien, Deutschland. 1555. In Italien, Frankreich. (9) 1556. In Ungarn, Croatien etc. (9) 1587. In Ungarn und Polen. 1588. In Schlesien und Ungarn. (10) 1591. In Ungarn, Croatien etc. (10) In Frankreich. (11) 1597. In Ungarn. (11) 1600. In den Niederlanden. (12) III. 1601 - 1870. (12) 1601. In Ungarn und Siebenbürgen etc. 1602. Bistritz, (12) 1604. Gran, 1605. Feldzug der Siebenbürger und Türken in Ungarn, Mähren etc. 1615. Fehde mit der Republik Venedig (1613 - 1616). 1616. Gradisca, 1617. Feldzug gegen Venedig. (13) Dreissigjähriger Krieg. (13) 1618. In Böhmen und Niederösterreich. 1619. In Böhmen, Mähren, Niederösterreich, Ungarn etc. (13) 1620. In Österreich, Böhmen, Ungarn etc. (13) 1621. In Ungarn, Mähren und der Rhein-Pfalz. 1622. In der Rhein-Pfalz, Elsass etc. 1623. In Deutschland und Ungarn. 1625. In Nord-Deutschland gegen Dänemark. Bauern-Aufstand in Österreich. (14) In Nord-Deutschland gegen Dänemark. 1628. In Nord-Deutschland. 1629. In Deutschland. Hilfszug für Polen gegen Schweden. In Ungarn. In Italien wegen der mantuanischen Erbfolge. 1630. In Italien. In Nord-Deutschland gegen Schweden. (15) In Nord-Deutschland gegen Dänemark. 1628. In Nord-Deutschland. 1629. In Deutschland. Hilfszug für Polen gegen Schweden. In Ungarn. In Italien wegen der mantuanischen Erbfolge. 1630. In Italien. In Nord-Deutschland gegen Schweden. (15) 1631. In Deutschland. (15) 1632. In Deutschland, Niederlande, etc. (16) 1633. In Deutschland. (17) 1635. In Deutschland, Elsass und der Lombardie. (18) 1636. In den Niederlanden, in der Picardie, Champagne, am Rhein etc. (18) 1637. In Pommern, Sachsen, Westphalen, am Rhein und in der Franche-Comté. 1638. In Pommern, Westphalen, den Rheinlanden, Niederlanden etc. 1639. In Sachsen, Böhmen, Niederlanden etc. 1640. In Böhmen, Schlesien und Norddeutschland. (19) 1641. In Deutschland und den Niederlanden. 1642. Am Nieder-Rhein, in Schlesien, Mähren, Sachsen, Nieder-Elbe, Ober-Rhein etc. 1643. In Sachsen, Böhmen, Mähren, Schlesien, in der Lausitz und am Ober-Rhein. (20) 1644. In Schlesien, Mähren, Ober-Rhein, Ungarn etc. 1645. In Böhmen, Mähren, Österreich, Ober- und Nieder-Sachsen, Schlesien, Ober-Rhein, Niederlanden etc. etc. 1646. In Norddeutschland, am Rhein und in Bayern, Schlesien, Österreich, Mähren, Böhmen etc. etc. (21) 1647. In Franken, Böhmen, Schlesien, Mähren, Ober- und Niedersachsen, Westphalen, Schwaben, Niederlanden etc. (21) 1648. In Noeddeutschland, Schwaben, Bayern, Oberpfalz, Böhmen, Niederlanden etc. etc. (22) 1657 - 1660. Im polnischen Auxiliar-Kriege. (22) 1658. In Polen und Holstein. (22) 1660 - 1664. In Siebenbürgen und Ungarn gegen die Türken. 1660. Grosswardein, 1662. Schässburg, 1663. In Ungarn. 1664. Szigetvár, (23) 1672. In Ungarn gegen die Insurgenten. 1673. In Norddeutschland gegen Frankreich. 1674. In Deutschland. (24) 1675. In Norddeutschland, Niederlanden, am Rhein und an der Mosel. (24) 1677. In Ungarn gegen die Insurgenten. In Norddeutschland. In Ungarn gegen die Insurgenten. 1682 - 1688. In Ungarn gegen die Insurgenten und Türken. 1683. In Ungarn und Österreich. 1684. In Ungarn. 1685. Neuhäusel, 1686. Ofen, (25) 1687. Hársany 1688. In Ungarn, Bosnien und Serbien. 1669. Gegen Frankreich am Rhein. In Ungarn und Serbien gegen die Türken. In den Niederlanden. In Ungarn. (26) 1692. Grosswardein, In der Dauphiné (Österreicher und Piemontesen). 1693. In Deutschland. In Ungarn. In Italien (Österreicher und Piemontesen). 1694. In Ungarn. In Deutschland und in den Niederlanden. In Ungarn. Streifzug nach Bosnien. In Spanien und am Rhein. (27) Im spanischen Successionskrieg. (28) 1701. In Italien. (28) 1702. In Italien. (28) Am Ober-Rhein. (29) 1703. In Italien. (29) Am Ober-Rhein, an der Donau und in Tirol. In Siebenbürgen und Ungarn. (30) 1704. In Italien. Am Rhein, an der Donau, in Tirol und Ober-Österreich. (31) In Ungarn. 1705. In Italien. In Deutschland. (32) 1705. In Ungarn und Siebenbürgen. 1706. In Italien. Am Ober-Rhein. In Ungarn. (33) 1707. In Italien, in der Provence etc. (33) In Deutschland. In Ungarn. 1708. In den Niederlanden, Spanien etc. In Ungarn. 1709. Feldzug in Spanien und Niederlanden. In Deutschland. In Savoyen. (34) 1710. In Spanien, Niederlanden, in den Alpen etc. In Deutschland. In Ungarn und Siebenbürgen. 1711. In Spanien, Niederlanden etc. (35) In Deutschland. In Savoyen. 1712. In den Niederlanden, Spanien, Italien etc. 1713. In Deutschland. (36) 1716. Türkenkrieg. 1718 - 1720. In Sicilien. (36) 1731 - 1732. Hilfszug der Österreicher in Corsica. 1733. In Ober-Italien. (37) 1734. In Ober-Italien, Neapel und Sicilien. (37) 1735. In Ober-Italien, Neapel und Sicilien. Am Rhein. (38) 1737. In Bosnien, Serbien und Ungarn. (38) 1740 - 1748. Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg. (39) 1740. In Schlesien. (39) 1741. In Schlesien, Österreich und Böhmen. (39) 1742. In Österreich, Bayern, Mähren und Böhmen. (40) In Italien. (41) 1742. In Bayern und der Oberpfalz, am Main und Rhein und in Böhmen. In Italien. (42) 1744. In Deutschland, Frankreich, Böhmen, Schlesien und Elsass. (42) In den Niederlanden. In Italien. (43) 1745. In Bayern, Schlesien, Böhmen, Lausitz und Sachsen, am Nieder-Rhein und in der Ober-Pfalz. (43) In den Niederlanden. In Italien. (45) 1746. In Italien und in der Provence. (45) In den Niederlanden. (46) 1747. In Italien und in der Provence. In den Niederlanden. 1748. In Corsica. (47) 1756 - 1763. Siebenjähriger Krieg. (48) 1759. In Schlesien und Sachsen. (51) 1760. In Schlesien und Sachsen. (53) 1762. In Schlesien und Sachsen. (55) [Tabelle]: Verluste. (55) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Vom Feinde fielen in Gefangenschaft: (2)An Siegeszeichen: (56) 1778 - 1779. Bayerischer Erbfolgekrieg. (56) 1788 - 1790. Türkenkrieg. (58) 1788. In Croatien und Slavonien, in Bosnien und Serbien, Galizien, Bessarabien und Albanien etc. (58) 1789. In der Moldau, Walachei, Croatien, Banat etc. (60) 1790. In Coratien, Slavonien, Serbien, Bosnien und in der Walachei etc. (62) 1789 - 1790. Unruhen in den Niederlanden. (62) Kriege gegen Frankreich. (63) 1792. Feldzug in den Niederlanden, in Deutschland, in der Champagne etc. (63) 1793. In den Niederlanden. (65) In Deutschland. (67) In den Alpen, in Piemont, Savoyen und Nizza. (68) 1794. In den Niederlanden. (69) In Deutschland. (72) In den Alpen. (73) Vertheidigung der Festung Luxemburg. (73) 1795. Vertheidigung von Luxemburg. (74) Am Rhein und (Winterfeldzug) in Holland. (74) In Italien. (77) 1796. In Deutschland. (77) Gefechte in den Apeninen. (82) In Italien und Süd-Tirol. (82) 1797. In Italien, Inner-Österreich und Tirol. (86) In Deutschland. (87) 1799. In Italien, der Schweiz und Tirol. (88) In Deutschland. (92) 1800. In Italien, der Schweiz etc. (94) Vom Wiederausbruch der Feindseligkeiten bis zum Rückmarsch der Österreicher hinter die Etsch. (96) In Deutschland. (97) 1801. In Italien. (99) In Deutschland. (99) In Italien, Tirol, Inner-Österreich etc. (101) 1809. In Italien, Tirol, Dalmatien, Croatien etc. (101) In Polen und Galizien. (105) 1809. In Deutschland, Ungarn etc. (105) 1812. In Polen. (109) 1813. In Deutschland und Frankreich. (110) In Italien, Inn-Österreich, Tirol, Istrien, Dalmatien. (114) 1814. Krieg gegen Frankreich. (117) In Italien, Dalmatien etc. (122) 1815. Gegen Neapel. (123) Gegen Frankreich. (124) 1821. Zug nach Neapel. (125) 1821. Unruhen in Piemont. 1831. Occupation von Modena, Parma und den Legationen. 1835 und 1836. Repressalien-Gefechte gegen die Bosnier. 1838. Repressalien-Gefechte gegen die Montenegriner. 1840. In Syrien. 1845. Repressalien-Gefecht gegen die Bosnier. (126) 1846. Unruhen in Galizien. (127) 1848. In Italien. (127) In Ungarn und den angrenzenden Theilen. (132) 1849. In Italien. (135) In Ungarn. (137) 1859. In Italien, Dalmatien, Tirol etc. (148) 1864. In Schleswig und Jütland. (151) 1866. In Böhmen und Deutschland. (152) [Tabelle]: Summa der Verluste der österreichischen und preussischen (letztere mit Rücklade-Gewehren bewaffnet) Armee in den sämmtlichen Gefechten: (156) In Italien, Dalmatien und Tirol etc. (156) 1869 - 1870. Bekämpfung des Aufstandes in Süd-Dalmatien. (158) Orts-Register. ([161]) A. ([161]) B. (162) C. (164) D. (166) E. (167) F. (168) G. (169) H. (170) I. (171) J. (172) K. (172) L. (173) M. (175) N. (177) O. (178) P. (179) Q. (181) R. (181) S. (182) T. (186) U. (187) V. (187) W. (188) X., Y. (189) Z. (189) Schlussbetrachtungen und statistische Übersicht der Kämpfe Österreichs. ([191]) Inhalts-Verzeichniss. ( - ) [Karte]: Die territoriale Ausdehnung und die Intensität der Kämpfe Österreichs in den Kriegen seit dem Jahre 1495. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )
How David Hume and Adam Smith forged a new way of thinking about the modern state. What is the modern state? Conspicuously under theorized in recent political theory, this question persistently animated the best minds of the Enlightenment. Recovering David Hume and Adam Smith's long-underappreciated contributions to the history of political thought, The Opinion of Mankind considers how, following Thomas Hobbes's epochal intervention in the mid-seventeenth century, subsequent thinkers grappled with explaining how the state came into being, what it fundamentally might be, and how it could claim rightful authority over those subject to its power. Hobbes has cast a long shadow over Western political thought, particularly regarding the theory of the state. This book shows how Hume and Smith, the two leading lights of the Scottish Enlightenment, forged an alternative way of thinking about the organization of modern politics. They did this in part by going back to the foundations: rejecting Hobbes's vision of human nature and his arguments about our capacity to form stable societies over time. In turn, this was harnessed to a deep reconceptualization of how to think philosophically about politics in a secular world. The result was an emphasis on the "opinion of mankind," the necessary psychological basis of all political organization. Demonstrating how Hume and Smith broke away from Hobbesian state theory, The Opinion of Mankind also suggests ways in which these thinkers might shape how we think about politics today, and in turn how we might construct better political theory
Background: The spectrum of disorders of the brain is large, covering hundreds of disorders that are listed in either the mental or neurological disorder chapters of the established international diagnostic classification systems. These disorders have a high prevalence as well as short- and long-term impairments and disabilities. Therefore they are an emotional, financial and social burden to the patients, their families and their social network. In a 2005 landmark study, we estimated for the first time the annual cost of 12 major groups of disorders of the brain in Europe and gave a conservative estimate of €386 billion for the year 2004. This estimate was limited in scope and conservative due to the lack of sufficiently comprehensive epidemiological and/or economic data on several important diagnostic groups. We are now in a position to substantially improve and revise the 2004 estimates. In the present report we cover 19 major groups of disorders, 7 more than previously, of an increased range of age groups and more cost items. We therefore present much improved cost estimates. Our revised estimates also now include the new EU member states, and hence a population of 514 million people. Aims: To estimate the number of persons with defined disorders of the brain in Europe in 2010, the total cost per person related to each disease in terms of direct and indirect costs, and an estimate of the total cost per disorder and country. Methods: The best available estimates of the prevalence and cost per person for 19 groups of disorders of the brain (covering well over 100 specific disorders) were identified via a systematic review of the published literature. Together with the twelve disorders included in 2004, the following range of mental and neurologic groups of disorders is covered: addictive disorders, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, brain tumor, childhood and adolescent disorders (developmental disorders), dementia, eating disorders, epilepsy, mental retardation, migraine, multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular disorders, Parkinson's disease, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, sleep disorders, somatoform disorders, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Epidemiologic panels were charged to complete the literature review for each disorder in order to estimate the 12-month prevalence, and health economic panels were charged to estimate best cost-estimates. A cost model was developed to combine the epidemiologic and economic data and estimate the total cost of each disorder in each of 30 European countries (EU27 + Iceland, Norway and Switzerland). The cost model was populated with national statistics from Eurostat to adjust all costs to 2010 values, converting all local currencies to Euro, imputing costs for countries where no data were available, and aggregating country estimates to purchasing power parity adjusted estimates for the total cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Results: The total cost of disorders of the brain was estimated at €798 billion in 2010. Direct costs constitute the majority of costs (37% direct healthcare costs and 23% direct non-medical costs) whereas the remaining 40% were indirect costs associated with patients' production losses. On average, the estimated cost per person with a disorder of the brain in Europe ranged between €285 for headache and €30,000 for neuromuscular disorders. The European per capita cost of disorders of the brain was €1550 on average but varied by country. The cost (in billion €PPP 2010) of the disorders of the brain included in this study was as follows: addiction: €65.7; anxiety disorders: €74.4; brain tumor: €5.2; child/adolescent disorders: €21.3; dementia: €105.2; eating disorders: €0.8; epilepsy: €13.8; headache: €43.5; mental retardation: €43.3; mood disorders: €113.4; multiple sclerosis: €14.6; neuromuscular disorders: €7.7; Parkinson's disease: €13.9; personality disorders: €27.3; psychotic disorders: €93.9; sleep disorders: €35.4; somatoform disorder: €21.2; stroke: €64.1; traumatic brain injury: €33.0. It should be noted that the revised estimate of those disorders included in the previous 2004 report constituted €477 billion, by and large confirming our previous study results after considering the inflation and population increase since 2004. Further, our results were consistent with administrative data on the health care expenditure in Europe, and comparable to previous studies on the cost of specific disorders in Europe. Our estimates were lower than comparable estimates from the US. Discussion: This study was based on the best currently available data in Europe and our model enabled extrapolation to countries where no data could be found. Still, the scarcity of data is an important source of uncertainty in our estimates and may imply over- or underestimations in some disorders and countries. Even though this review included many disorders, diagnoses, age groups and cost items that were omitted in 2004, there are still remaining disorders that could not be included due to limitations in the available data. We therefore consider our estimate of the total cost of the disorders of the brain in Europe to be conservative. In terms of the health economic burden outlined in this report, disorders of the brain likely constitute the number one economic challenge for European health care, now and in the future. Data presented in this report should be considered by all stakeholder groups, including policy makers, industry and patient advocacy groups, to reconsider the current science, research and public health agenda and define a coordinated plan of action of various levels to address the associated challenges. Recommendations: Political action is required in light of the present high cost of disorders of the brain. Funding of brain research must be increased; care for patients with brain disorders as well as teaching at medical schools and other health related educations must be quantitatively and qualitatively improved, including psychological treatments. The current move of the pharmaceutical industry away from brain related indications must be halted and reversed. Continued research into the cost of the many disorders not included in the present study is warranted. It is essential that not only the EU but also the national governments forcefully support these initiatives.
In: The economic history review, Volume 25, Issue 4, p. 697-772
ISSN: 1468-0289
Book Reviews in this Article:J. M. Winter and D. M. Joslin (Eds.).Dom David Knowles, C. N. L. Brooke, and Vera London (Eds.)Dorothy M. Owen. Church and Society in Medieval Lincolnshire. History of Lincolnshire.J. Z. Titow. Winchester Yields: A Study in Medieval Agricultural Productivity.Joyce Youings. The Dissolution of the Monasteries.A. L. Rowse. The Elizabethan Renaissance. The Life of the Society.B. Dietz (Ed.).J. de L. Mann.Arthur J. Willis and Margaret J. Hoad (Eds.).Joan Thirsk and J. P. Cooper (Eds.)L. M. Cullen. An Economic History of Ireland since 1660.Joan Wake and Deborah Champion Webster (Eds.).Mary Thale (Ed.).T. D. Campbell. Adam Smith's Science of Morals.R. D. Collison Black. Readings in the Development of Economic Analysis 1776–1848.Philip A. Stevens.H.J. M. Johnston. The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart., Partly written by himself, edited and completed by William Pole.Howard Temperley. British Antislavery, 1833–1870.W. J. Reader. The Weir Group. A Centenary History.Asa Briggs and John Saville (Eds.)B. W. E. Alford. Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth 1918–39.R. and E. Frow and Michael Katanka.Graham Humphrys. Industrial Britain: South Wales.Maurice F. Bond. Guide to the Records of Parliament.B. R. Mitchell and H. G. Jones.Robert Craig (Ed.). Maritime History.J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz. Antioch. City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire.Sir Joseph Hutchinson. Farming and Food Supply: The Interdependence of Countryside and Town.Marguerite Kuczynski and Ronald L. Meek (Eds.). Quesnay's Tableau Économique.Guy P. Palmade. French Capitalism in the Nineteenth Century (1961)Glyndwr Williams (Ed.). Peter Skew Ogden's Snake Country Journals 1827–28 and 1828–29.C. W. Newbury. British Policy towards West Africa. Select Documents 1875–1914. With Statistical Aptendices, 1800–1914.G. B. Kay. The Political Economy of Colonialism in Ghana. A collection of documents and statistics 1900–1960.A. K. Bagchi. Private Investment in India 1900–1939.John B. Rae. The Road and the Car in American Life.Thorstein Veblen. The Theory of the Leisure Class.Alan S. Milward. The Fascist Economy in Norway.Hassanein Rabie. London Oriental Series.N. W. Posthumus. De uitvoer van Amsterdam, 1543–1545.P. H. M. G. Offermans. Arbeid en Levensstandaard omstreeks de Reductie in Nijmegen, 1550–1600. With French Summary.C. Ch. Goslinga. The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 1580–1680.J. G. Van Dillen. Van Rijkdom en Regenten. Handboek tot de Economisch en Sociale Geschiedenis van Nederland tijdens de Republiek.P. H. Winkelman (Ed.). Bronnen voor de geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Oostzeehandel in de XVIIe eeuw.A. C. Carter. The Dutch Republic in Europe in the Seven Years War.R. Darquenne. La conscription dans le département de Jemappes (1798–1813). Bilan démographique et médio‐social.M. A. Arnould, G. Despy, D. Gheret, P. H. Moureaux, and others. Recherches sur l'histoire des finances publiques en Belgique, Tome II.D. Degreve. D'une analyse historique de la Révolution industrielle à un diagnostic du sousdéveloppement.E. Schiff. Industrialization without National Patents. The Netherlands, 1869–1912, Switzerland, 1850–1907. Ada Historiae Neerlandica, Vol. V. Geschiedenis van ver en nabij. Bundel versfreide geschriften van Dr Th. J. G. Locher.A. M. Bonenfant‐Feytmans. L'èvolution des hǒpitauxà Bruxelles.A. C. J. De Vrankrijker. Geschiedenis van de Belastingen.M. K. E. Gottschalk. Stormvloeden en rivieroverstrorningen in Nederland. I: de periode voor 1400.C. Dekker. Zuid‐Beveland. De historisch geografie en de instellingen van een Zeeuws eiland in de Middeleeuwen.Cnr. Pierard (Ed.). La plus anciens comptes de la ville de Mons, 1279–1356: Tome I.J. Mertens. De Laat‐Middleleeuwse landbouweconomie in enkele gemeenten van het Brugse platteland.Alphonse Gillard. L'industrie du fer dans les localitès du comte de Namur et de L'Entre‐Sambre‐et‐Meuse de 1345 à 1600.David M. Nicholas. Town and Countryside. Social, Economic and Political Tensions in Fourteenth Century Flanders.W. P. Blockmans e.a. Studién betreffende de sociale strukturen te Brugge, Kortrijk en Gent in de 14e enW. P. Blockmans (Ed.). Handelingen van de Leden en van de Staten van Vlaanderen (1467–1477)J. Grauwels. Dagboek van gebeurtenissen opgetekend door Christiaan Munters, 1529–1545.M. Baelde (Ed.). De domeingoederen van de vorst in de Nederlanden omstreeks het midden van de zestiende eeuw (1551–1559)H. Hasquin. Une mutation: le "Pegs de Charleroi" aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles. Aux origines de la Révolution industrielle en Belgique.Georges Hansotte. La clouterie liégeoise et la question ouvrière au XVIIIe siècle.J. R. Bruijn. De admiraliteit van Amsterdam in ruatige jaren 1713–1751. Regenten en financien, schepen en zeevarenden.W. Ph. Coolhaas. Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs‐Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindisch Compagnie,J. L. F. Engelhard. Het Generaal‐Plakkaat van 31 juli 1725 op de Convooien en Licenten en het Lastgeld op de schepen. Een studie over de heffing der in‐ en uitvoerrechten van de Republiek der Vereenigde Nederlanden, hoofdzakelijk tijdens de achttiende eeuw.Ph. Moureaux. Les préoccupations statistiques du gouvernement des Pays‐Bas Autrichiens.Annette André‐Felix. Les débuts de l'industrie chimique dans les Pays‐Bas autrichiem.P. Dekker. De laatste bloeiperiode van de Nederlandse Arctische walvis‐ en robbevangst 1761–1775.Irene Hasenberg Butter. Academic Economics in Holland, 1800–1870.R. Rentenaar (Ed.). Van Swindens Vergelijkingstafels van Lengtematen en Landmaten.K. Caulier Mathy. La modernisation des charbonnages liégeois pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Techniques d'exploitation.I. J. Brugmans. Stapvoets voorwaarts. Sociale geschiedenis van Nederland in de negentiende eeuw.J. M. Dirkzwager. Dr B. J. Tideman, 1834–1883. Grondlegger van de moderne scheepsbouw in Nederland.C. Van Der Berg. H. B. J. Van Rijn, burgemeester van Venlo, pionier de milieuhygiëne.H. Wouters. Documenten betreffende de geschiedenis der arbeidersbeweging ten tijde van de Ie Internationale (1866–1880). Vol. I. Honderd jaar Brand. De historie van een Limburgse brouwerij 1871–1971.H. Claude. Histoire, réalité et destin d'un monopole. La Banque de Paris et des Pays‐Bas et son groupe (1872–1968)J. F. R. Philips. Vijftig jaar Hornerhide. Historisch beschouwingen over medische zorg in Limburg. Zeventig jaren statistiek in tijdreeksen 1899–1969.J. ‐M. Faverge, A. Houyoux, M. Olivier and A. Querton, J. Laporta, A. Poncin and P. Salengros. L'organisation viuante. Comportements d'ajustements et d'èvolution au sein des organisations.I;. Baudhuin. Histoire éonomique de la Belgique, 1957–1968.
"Intolerance of Catholics and Catholicism is one of the best-known features of seventeenth-century England" ; but at the same time it is also "in some ways […] one of the least explored. In particular ; little is known of the essential feature of this intolerance – the nature ; extent and causes of the Protestant fear of Catholics." It was this quote which struck me the most while I was conducting research for my thesis. Robin Clifton made this statement in his study on "The popular fear of Catholics during the English Revolution" in the early 70's and addressed a well-known phenomenon of early modern studies. We all know about the religious and political struggles of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras. We know about the event which initiated the whole English Reformation ; that is the divorce of Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon and his second marriage to Anne Boleyn. And we know that "a vocabulary of anti-Catholicism or anti-Popery was developed and deployed for a wide variety of national and international circumstances" ; but the reason why this ; in essence ; marital issue launched the prosecution of hundreds of English Catholics and converted a Catholic nation into a Protestant nation with fierce anti-Catholic sentiments has remained an under-investigated and intriguing phenomenon. The aim of my thesis was to find a satisfying answer to these questions. The basis for this answer consists of political and historical facts ; legal texts and a selection of dramatic texts of the early modern period. I chose dramatic texts for the simple reason that theatre was the only open medium and form of entertainment which was accessible for all social classes. Moreover ; going to the theatre did not "demand literacy in an age when most of the population was illiterate" ; and when books were reserved for the literate few ; that is to say that even the uneducated 'groundlings' – as they were called – formed a welcome part of the audience. By choosing such a broad spectrum I hoped to have built an ideal foundation of historical and literary inquiry ; which would offer sufficient information and leave as little questions as possible. The structure of my thesis therefore aims at providing all necessary facts and information at first and in a second step bringing all the information down to a common denominator and find an – in this case – philosophical explanation. Therefore ; the first part of my thesis offers a broad and extensive overview of the historical background of the early modern period by bringing together "a number of religiously coded events" like the excommunication of Elizabeth I ; the execution of Mary Stuart ; the victory over the Spanish Armada and the Gunpowder Plot. These events are put into context with the governmental measurements – in the form of decrees and statutes – that were passed as a direct response and attempted to restrict and finally banish Catholic life from England. I limited the time span to nearly one hundred years ; starting in 1534 and ending in 1625. The second part offers a discussion of ten selected dramatic texts and subsequent literary analysis. To fulfill the requirements needed for such a literary analysis the dramas selected were chosen for different reasons. Firstly ; it was essential that one or more Catholic characters be amongst the characters. Secondly ; these Catholic characters had to be complex and in some way provoking the audience and/ or the other characters. Furthermore ; they needed to be influential and in some position of power ; so that the possible abuse of their office would be of major consequence. Considering the time these plays needed to cover ; I kept close to the historical time span ; so that the first play was produced in 1588 and the last in 1641. Thus ; the final selection included plays from the Elizabethan ; Jacobean and Caroline era ; which fulfilled the aforementioned criteria. All plays contain one or more Catholic characters ; who are in relatively powerful positions and either abuse their power or manipulate those around them to achieve higher political and personal aims. In the case of the Elizabethan plays ; it is the Bishop of Winchester ; later Cardinal Beaufort of Shakespeare's Henry VI ; Parts 1+2 ; Cardinal Pandulph of Shakespeare's The Life and Death of King John and the Catholic league around Catherine de Medici and the Duke of Guise in Marlowe's The Massacre at Paris. Doctor Faustus ; was chosen because of the open derision of Catholicism displayed on stage ; and opens the chapter on Elizabethan drama. In the first Jacobean play ; Thomas Dekker's allegory The Whore of Babylon ; the plot centers on a Catholic league led by the Empress of Babylon – an allegorical figure ; representing the pope and the Vatican. John Webster's plays The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi both show a cardinal who considerably – and negatively – influences the strand of the plot ; either by abusing his position or by manipulating other characters. The last Jacobean play ; Thomas Middleton's A Game at Chess ; is another allegory ; staging a game of chess in which the Black House is representative of a Catholic league ; and the White House stands for the English Protestants. The last play discussed in this thesis is James Shirley's The Cardinal. After having provided this basis ; which I found necessary to offer before the theoretical analysis ; the third part of my thesis then merges history ; law and drama and highlights the common features these three levels have in common. For example ; techniques for isolating Catholics off the stage and Catholic characters on the stage ; Protestant fears of being seduced by cunning missionary priests and the theatrical representation of these fears on stage ; or ; for example ; the completely exaggerated image the English Protestants had of the pope ; which also found its way to the stage. Finally I searched for an explanation for all these elements which would illustrate that the processes on the stage were just a mirror of the processes off the stage. And which furthermore would support my thesis that early modern drama was just as influential in promoting the prosecution and banishment of Catholics in England as the legal and political measurements ; or that politics and literature worked in a mutual and reciprocal cooperation ; respectively. I attribute this explanation to the philosophical writings of the Lithuanian phenomenologist Emanuel Levinas. Levinas has worked out the idea of 'the other' based on his experiences during the Holocaust – he was held prisoner in a special camp at Hanover ; while his Jewish relatives were being murdered in Lithuania by German National Socialists. Due to situational similarities ; that is ; life as a member of an alienated ; demonized and persecuted minority ; I thought his approach was the most suitable to apply to English Catholics 400 years before.
In "An Age of Risk", Emily Nacol shows that risk, now treated as a permanent feature of our lives, did not always govern understandings of the future. Focusing on the epistemological, political, and economic writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, and Adam Smith, Nacol explains that in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Britain, political and economic thinkers reimagined the future as a terrain of risk, characterized by probabilistic calculation, prediction, and control. In these early modern sources, Nacol contends, we see three crucial developments in thought on risk and politics. While early modern thinkers differentiated uncertainty about the future from probabilistic calculations of risk, they remained attentive to the ways uncertainty and risk remained in a conceptual tangle, a problem that constrained good decision making. They developed sophisticated theories of trust and credit as crucial background conditions for prudent risk-taking, and offered complex depictions of the relationships and behaviors that would make risk-taking more palatable