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Abstract. After Village Law was published in 2014, formation of BUMDes enforcement in each village became one of the strategic solutions for welfare of the village community. The issue of poverty and underdevelopment of villages is a priority that needs to be addressed by the government. However, not all problems can be solved in one village, but they need village collaboration to make institutions so that their role is more massive, effective, and efficient in encouraging the growth of the village economy. BUMDES Danar Garut is a form of cooperation between villages so that the resolution of a problem can be done at the village government level. since 2014, BUMDes has been established many business activities. This paper aims to assess the level of contribution of the Danar BUMDes to the economic activities of rural communities. This research was conducted by means of semi-structured in-depth interviews with key stakeholders from both the village government, the director of the Joint BUMDes and the community as beneficiaries of the BUMDes by selecting purposive sampling. The results of the analysis show that BUMDes Danar has made a positive contribution to the village government, socio-economic village communities and the ability and expertise of the people in Leles District both the direct impact of reducing unemployment, increasing the welfare of the village apparatus and indirectly for the Villages or the scope of Leles District.Keywords: Joint-BUMDes, Social-economy, Village SocietyAbstrak. Setelah terbitnya Undang-Undang Desa tahun 2014,dorongan terbentuknya BUMDes di setiap desa menjadi salah satu solusi strategis dalam menyejahterakan masyarakat desa. Isu kemiskinan dan ketertinggalan desa menjadi prioritas yang perlu ditangani oleh pemerintah. Namun tidak semua masalah dapat diselesaikan dalam satu desa, melainkan perlu adanya kolaborasi antar lembaga desa sehingga perannya lebih masif , efektif dan efisien dalam mendorong bertumbuhnya ekonomi desa. BUMDES Danar Garut merupakan perwujudan kerjasama antar desa agar penyelesaiaan suatu masalah bisa dilakukan pada tingkat pemerintahan desa. sejak 2014 BUMDes ini berdiri sudah banyak kegiatan usaha yang dilakukan. Paper ini bertujuan menilai tingkat kontribusi BUMDes Danar terhadap kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat desa. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara wawancara mendalam semi terstruktur kepada para stakeholder kunci baik dari kalangan pemerintah desa, direktur BUMDes Bersama maupun dari masyarakat sebagai penerima manfaat dari adanya BUMDes dengan pemilihan purposive sampling. Dari hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa BUMDes Danar telah memberikan kontribusi positif bagi pemerintah desa, sosial-ekonomi masyarakat desa dan kemampuan serta keahlian masyarakat yang ada di Kecamatan Leles baik dampak secara langsung yaitu berkurangnya pengangguran, meningkatkan kesejahteraan aparatur desa maupun secara tidak langsung bagi Desa-Desa ataupun lingkup Kecamatan Leles.Kata Kunci: BUMDes Bersama, Sosial-ekonomi, Masyarakat Desa

Die gegenwärtige Lage in der Abfallwirtschaft in Deutschland ist durch die Durchsetzung der geltenden Anforderungen an die Abfallbeseitigung (Vorbehandlung von Abfall, Deponieabdichtung) und daraus folgend einen zeitweiligen Kapazitätsengpass für die Beseitigung von vorzubehandelnden Abfällen aus Haushalten und die Mitverbrennung von Gewerbeabfällen gekennzeichnet. Versäumnisse auf privater und kommunaler Ebene in der Umsetzung der TA Siedlungsabfall und ein Wandel in der Abfallpolitik (Privatisierung von Gewerbeabfall zur Verwertung, Verpackungsverordnung) hatten bis dahin eine Unterauslastung der kommunalen Entsorgungsanlagen zur Folge. Um den Wandel in der Abfallentsorgung von einem anfänglich befürchteten "Müllnotstand" über den darauf folgenden "Kampf um den Abfall" zwischen öffentlich-rechtlichen und privaten Entsorgern hin zu einem neuerlichen "Entsorgungsengpass" erklären zu können, wird im Anschluss an die umwelt-ökonomische Charakterisierung der Abfallwirtschaft (2.) deren rechtlicher Ordnungsrahmen und dessen Vollzug in Auszügen behandelt und problematisiert. Gegenstand von Kap. 4 ist die Bepreisung der Leistungen der Abfallbeseitigung in Form der Gebührenkalkulation der Kommunen und deren ökonomische und ökologische Ausgestaltung. Als Alternative zur gegenwärtig gespaltenen Regulierung werden in Kap. 5 Varianten der Effizienzsteigerung und der Privatisierung der Abfallwirtschaft kontrovers diskutiert. Eine Privatisierung der Aufgabenverantwortung im Unterschied zur Aufgabenerfüllung erweist sich in der Abfallwirtschaft als unzulässig. Schlussfolgerungen zur Lage und zur Reform der Abfallwirtschaft bilden den Abschluss (6.). ; At present, the utilization of waste products in Germany is characterized by the enforcement of rigorous environmental standards (pre-treatment of waste, sealing of dumps) and following from that a temporary capacity problem regarding the disposal of pre-treated household refuse and the incineration of calorie intensive trade refuse. The privatization of commercial waste for utilization under the Waste Management Law of 1996 resulted in a low level of capacity utilization of municipal waste treatment facilities. Besides, the requirements concerning the (thermal or mechanical-biological) pre-treatment of waste are not met on time, as a consequence of omissions at local level and privately. In order to explain the fundamental change from the former "battle over waste" among privately owned and municipal enterprises to the present bottleneck in refuse disposal, first of all the waste industry is briefly characterized in the context of environmental protection (2.). After that its legal framework is dealt with in an abridged version and partly commented on (3.). In this the basic problem is the distinction between energetic waste utilization and thermal waste disposal that is in dispute in case of waste incineration. The actual legal practice of the European Court of Justice has resulted in a utilization instead of the former disposal friendly interpretation of the concept of waste. It contributed – among other reasons – to a surplus capacity of municipal incinerating plants. The object of chapter 4 is the calculation of fees of the different services of waste disposal and their possible ecological design. As an alternative solution of regulating the utilization of waste products in form of the current juxtaposition of public and private refuse disposal and waste utilization, its possible further privatization is dealt with controversially. A few variants from this are distinguished in more detail like competition in and for the market, besides the increase of efficiency in the present legal and organizational framework. Privatization of governmental duties in case of the utilization of waste products is limited to the performance of but does not include the responsibility for its tasks.

Access to water defines the arid American West and water management is an explicit effort to balance competing water uses. Differing water uses highlights the complexities in water management, and water conflicts will only increase as the climate continues to change. In Montana, the potential for decreasing mountain snowpack and thus less reliable irrigation capacity and river flows during the late summer months could have devastating economic, environmental, and cultural consequences. The need for water rights holders to have certainty about the quantities of water that will be legally available from year-to-year is clear. However, to have certainty, tribal and non-tribal, state-based water rights need to be integrated to ensure administration and enforcement are accurate and equitable. Tribal water rights are rooted in indigenous sovereignty as well as treaties between Indian Tribes and the U.S. federal government. The case of Winters v. United States (1908) formally recognized tribal water rights, where the Supreme Court ruled that when the federal government set aside land for the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, it impliedly reserved sufficient water from the Milk River to fulfill the purpose of the reservation. Tribal water rights, which are federal reserved rights, sit in tension with basic the basic principles of western water law. The legal doctrine of prior appropriation defines state-based water rights, where first in time is first in right, and the date of initial water use determines the superior right. In 1979 Montana began a general stream adjudication to quantify all water rights, which ignited conflict and management impasses from both Tribes and existing non-tribal, state-based water rights holders due to the clash of appropriated rights, federal reserved rights, and values for water use. The state established the Reserved Water Rights Compact Commission to negotiate Tribal water rights and avoid the looming threat of litigation. However, despite the success of the commission, current research and judicial opinions suggest that difficult and persistent questions remain regarding how to quantify tribal water rights and how to integrate tribal compact rights and non-tribal, state-based water rights. To assess where the current water governance system breaks down and leaves questions related to the integration of tribal compact rights and state-based water rights, this presentation will summarize the findings from a series of key informant interviews conducted with tribal lawyers, state administrators, legislators, lobbyists, hydrologists, landowners, and irrigators from across Montana. In addition, this presentation will describe recommendations for policymakers about the best ways to address water conflicts going forward. The results of this work are relevant to water users, the State of Montana's Water Policy Interim Committee, as well as to Tribal Nations facing similar situations in Montana and beyond.

The paper is devoted to elucidating the content and role of institutional stimuli in providing the economic sustainability and development. There is systematized the understanding of the economic content of the stimulating and coordinating function of institutions. The analysis of the essence and forms of manifestations of the dilemma "sustainability vs development" is realized. The complex of institutional sustainability and development stimuli as a complicated integrity of formal and informal alternatives, mechanisms of the economic development is separated. There is also elucidated the content of anticorruption effects of using institutional stimuli. Main institutional preconditions of the theoretical model of stimulating the economic development in the context of combining quality institutions, mechanisms and effective stimuli are revealed, its base principles are substantiated.The method of institutional analysis that is a base of systematization of the understanding of the economic content of the stimulating and coordinating function of institutions is central in the study. The method of system approach is used at analyzing the essence and forms of manifestations of the dilemma "sustainability vs development". Based on method of structuring and synthesis, there is separated the complex of institutional stimuli of sustainability and development as a complicated integrity of formal and informal alternatives. The structural logic analysis gave a possibility to separate mechanisms and instruments of the economic development. Methods of comparison and generalization are used at elucidating the content of anticorruption effects of using institutional stimuli.There is established an importance of differentiation of legal institutions of state regulation that provide observation of property rights and responsibility and institutions that structure a market behavior of partners under conditions of the effective competition at making choice between the market and dirigiste mechanisms of sustainability and development.It is elucidated, that the effectiveness of institutional stimuli is connected with strengthening property rights and decreasing a corruption level. The influence mechanism of institutional stimuli of overcoming the conflict between private and social in the macrofinancial sphere is explained. It is established, that anticorruption effects of institutional stimulation need providing the rule of law, effective enforcement, support of democratic values, formation of the market competitive environment. At the same time there is revealed the ineffectiveness of anticorruption stimuli without raising the general culture of the population, formation of the anticorruption worldview.It is established the necessity of the civic society, more independent from the state, higher degree of personal responsibility of individuals for providing institutional stimuli that support stability, development and have the motivation effect in countries with forming markets. Institutional arrangements as to transferring economies of countries with forming markets to the way of development are determined.

The legislation of Ukraine stipulates that the legal acts regulating the business activity of legal entities are applied to the entrepreneurial activity of natural persons. However, in practice, enforcement results in the emergence of controversial conclusions, since in some way the merger of the legal status of an individual with a legal status of a legal entity which, for their legal nature is different. This applies to the acquisition, state registration and disposal of property rights intelekual property. A citizen who wishes to exercise his right to entrepreneurial activity, after passing the corresponding registration and other procedures, under no circumstances loses and does not change his status of an individual who he has acquired from the moment of his birth, but only acquires a new sign - "entrepreneur". The legal status of the "individual entrepreneur" does not affect or limit the civil authority of the person, but in economic relations, physical persons - entrepreneurs take part as entrepreneurs, and not as individuals. An individual acquires intellectual property rights always as solely an individual as such. If a person wants to use these rights in the process of economic activity, the legal mechanisms of such use should be applied based on the purpose of such use. It is the purpose of the use that will influence the legal status of such an object of intellectual property as the object of legal relationship and will determine the content of such legal relationships and the law applied to them The legal status of an individual - an entrepreneur, in its scope is wider than the legal status of physical the person, because it includes not only the last, but also additional rights and obligations of the person in the field of business relations. Accordingly, if the use of the object of intellectual property is carried out within the framework of these additional powers, such use will require appropriate regulatory support, namely, the conclusion of a contract between an individual and an individual entrepreneur on the transfer of rights to the object of intellectual property. ; Исследованы особенности правового механизма приобретения, распоряжения и использования в хозяй­ственной деятельности физическими лицами - предпринимателями объектов интеллектуальной собственности, особенности, соотношение правового статуса таких лиц и статуса физических лиц - авторов данных объектов и влияние их правового статуса на правоотношения относительно прав интелекттуальной собственности. Проана­лизирована судебная практика и рассмотренны особенности отдельных видов договоров о передаче прав на товарные знаки и изобретения. ; Досліджено особливості правового механізму набуття, розпоряджання і використання в господарській діяль­ності фізичними особами - підприємцями об'єктів інтелектуальної власності, особливості співвідношення право­вого статусу таких осіб та статусу фізичних осіб - авторів таких об'єктів і вплив їхнього правового статусу на пра­вовідносини щодо прав інтелекттуальної власності. Проаналізована судова практика та розглянуті особливості окремих видів договорів щодо передання прав на торговельні марки та винаходи.

This dissertation consists of three chapters related to international trade and industrial policies. The first chapter establishes that international trade and the market size affect institutional quality positively. Institutions, such as contract enforcements and rule of law, are arguably one of the most important determinants of economic development. I adopt an incomplete-contract approach to model institutions. Due to contract incompleteness, a firm can hold up its suppliers and distort production. When the effective market size facing firms is larger, due to trade liberalization, or increases in population or numbers of trading partners, benevolent governments have incentive to improve institutional quality to facilitate production to meet the larger demand. Interestingly, in my multiple-country framework, the competition in institutional quality also matters in a Nash-equilibrium sense. Institutional quality increases in trade-liberalized countries whereas those in the non-liberalized ones may decrease. This chapter also empirically shows the positive impact of real effective market size on institutional quality, supporting the model. The second chapter finds that foreign direct investment (FDI) affects China's industrial agglomeration negatively by utilizing the differential effects of FDI deregulation in 2002 in China on different industries. This result is somewhat counter-intuitive, as the conventional wisdom tends to think that FDI attracts domestic firms to cluster around them for various agglomeration benefits, technological spillovers in particular. To reconcile our empirical findings and the conventional wisdom, we develop a theory of FDI and agglomeration based on two counter-veiling force. Technology diffusion from FDI attracts domestic firms to be around them, but fiercer competition drives firms away. Our theory indicates that which force dominates depends on the scale of the economy. When the scale of the economy is sufficiently large, FDI discourages agglomeration. We find various evidence on this competition mechanism. The third chapter studies the Chinese industrial subsidy policy from 1998 to 2007. Our industry equilibrium model establishes that the optimal policy should be positively correlated with various input distortions confronting firms. Based on this prediction, we evaluate the effectiveness of subsidy policy in China and document four stylized facts: (1) The efficiency of subsidy policy in China has grown by around 50% over the ten years, with a notable increase at the ascendance of Hu Jingtao into presidency; (2) Subsidy policy tends to have differential efficiency effect on the sector level, with more downstream sectors experiencing higher efficiency; (3) Provinces in the 'Western Development Program' received more subsidies compared to their eastern counterparts; (4) Labour and materials distortions have been properly corrected in the western regions, and materials distortion can explain most of the variation of subsidies in China. Finally we quantify the effect of the policy on welfare.

La reciente modificación de la regulación del Tribunal Constitucional
(TC) hecha por la Ley Orgánica 15/2015 pretende implementar en esta
jurisdicción mecanismos para asegurar la efectividad de sus sentencias. No
obstante, los motivos expuestos en su defensa, el perentorio procedimiento utilizado
para vehicularla, junto al hecho de que los nuevos instrumentos previstos
se dirigen, singularmente, a controlar las medidas adoptadas por las Comunidades
Autónomas, remiten a la voluntad deliberada de afrontar con las nuevas
herramientas jurídico-constitucionales el proceso secesionista abierto en Catalunya.
Se trata de una modificación legislativa ad casum que, por este camino,
no sólo refuerza la vertiente judicialista del Tribunal, ajena al orden constitucional
español, sino que incorpora instrumentos de orden procesal que facultan al
TC, y subsidiariamente al gobierno del Estado, para alcanzar efectos análogos a
los de las sanciones del orden penal o de los derivados de la ejecución forzosa
del artículo 155 CE.
Duela gutxi, 15/2015 Lege Organikoaren bidez Konstituzio Auzitegiaren
araudia aldatu da, jurisdikzio horretan epaien eraginkortasuna ziurtatuko
duten mekanismoak inplementatzeko. Hala ere, aldaketa hori defendatzeko
azaldutako arrazoiak, aldaketa bideratzeko hain larritasun handiz erabilitako prozedura,
eta horrez gain, aurreikusitako tresna berrien helburua bereziki Autonomia
Erkidegoek hartutako neurriak kontrolatzea izatea, epaitegi eta konstituzio
tresna berri batzuen bidez Katalunian irekitako prozesu sezesionistari aurre
egiteko borondatea gogora ekartzen diguten osagaiak dira. Ad casum egindako
legegintza-aldaketa da. Bada, aldaketa horren bidetik, Auzitegiaren alderdi judizialista
indartzen da, Espainiako ordena konstituzionalarekin zerikusirik ez duen
alderdia; baina horrez gain, prozedura arloko tresna batzuk txertatzen ditu, Konstituzio
Auzitegiari eta, subsidiarioki, Estatuko gobernuari gaitasunak ematen dizkiotenak
ordena penaleko zehapenen edo Espainiako Konstituzioaren 155. artikuluaren
nahitaezko betearazpenaren antzeko ondorioak lortzeko.
The recent amendment to the regulation of the Constitutional
Court (TC) made by the Organic Law 15/2015 addressed in this jurisdiction
implement mechanisms to ensure the effectiveness of their sentences. However,
the reasons given in its defense, the procedure peremptory used to convey it and
the fact that the new instruments provided uniquely addressed control measures
adopted by the Autonomous Communities refer to deliberate with new face legal
and constitutional tools secessionist process open to Catalonia. It is a legislative
amendment ad casum that this path not only strengthens slope judicialist Court, strange Spanish constitutional order, it incorporates procedural tools that enable the TC and the Government of subsidiary State to achieve effects similar to those
of criminal sanctions, or arising from the enforcement of article 155 of the Spanish
Constitution.

На современном этапе развития России проблемы профилактики правонарушений приобретают все большую актуальность. МВД России разработало базовую модель системы профилактики правонарушений для субъектов Российской Федерации. Основным координационным органом, образованным для обеспечения согласованных действий органов исполнительной власти является Правительственная комиссия по профилактике правонарушений. В настоящее время выстроена сложная государственная система профилактики правонарушений, которая представляет собой конгломерат взаимосвязанных систем профилактики, функционирующих в отдельных сферах общественных отношений. Авторами на основе системно-структурного метода сформулировано определение «государственной системы обеспечения безопасности дорожного движения». В статье отмечается, что в целях обеспечения безопасности дорожного движения осуществляется деятельность по ряду направлений как на федеральном, так и на местном уровне. Постоянно идет поиск эффективных механизмов правового, организационного и материального обеспечения безопасности дорожного движения. В сложившихся условиях возрастает роль не только Государственной инспекции безопасности дорожного движения МВД РФ, которая в соответствии со своей компетенцией выполняет контрольные, надзорные и отдельные разрешительные функции в области обеспечения безопасности дорожного движения. Одним из последних нововведений в вопросах контроля следует отнести внедрение аппаратно-программного комплекса «Безопасный город» и деятельность групп общественных советов по контролю за организацией и безопасностью в дорожном движении. Системная организованная работа всех субъектов профилактики правонарушений оказывает положительное влияние на состояние правопорядка в стране, приводит к снижению опасного поведения участников дорожного движения. ; At the present stage of Russia's development, crime prevention issues are becoming increasingly important. Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs has developed the basic model of crime prevention system for the Russian Federation. The main coordinating body, established to ensure concerted action enforcement authorities, is the Government commission on prevention of offenses. Currently there is built a complex state system of crime prevention, which is a conglomerate of interrelated prevention systems operating in some areas of public relations. The authors set forth the definition of «state of the system of road safety,» based on the system-structural method. The article notes that in order to ensure road safety certain activities should be carried out in several ways, both at the federal and local levels. There is a continuing search for effective mechanisms of legal, organizational, and material support of road safety. Under these circumstances, not only the role of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate of the Interior Ministry increases, which is in accordance with its competence performs the control, supervision, and individual licensing functions in the field of road safety. One of the latest innovations in monitoring should include the introduction of hardware-software complex «Safe City» and the activities of groups of community councils to monitor the organization and safety in traffic. Organized system work of all the subjects of offense prevention has a positive effect on the state of law and order in the country, leading to a decrease in the dangerous road user behavior.

В статье проанализированы основные тенденциионные подходы к пониманию «семейной жизни», право на уважение которой гарантировано ст. 8 Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод. Исследована прецедентная практика Европейского суда по правам человека, позволяющая оптимальное толкование термина «семейная жизнь» в современных условиях. Освещены ключевые аспекты, максимально раскрывающие комплексное понимание определения «семейная жизнь». Рассмотрены решения Европейского суда по правам человека, формирующие такое понимание. ; Since the extension of jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights to Ukraine, when European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms came into force (11 September 1997; ratified on July 17 of the same year), there are examples of estimation of norms of Ukrainian legislation in General, and Art. 8, which is the subject of our consideration, from the point of compliance with the provisions of the Convention. Unfortunately, the annual practice of the Strasbourg Court demonstrates the discrepancy of the legislation of Ukraine with the provisions on protection of rights guaranteed by the Convention itself and the Protocols thereto. Ukraine is consistently among the top five on amount of applications on the protection of violated rights to the European Court of Human Rights, taking into the accountand the fact that object to the appeal against Ukraine could be violations committed since 11 September 1997. On the contrary, there is consistently low percentage of enforcement of the European Court Judgments on Ukraine, particularly in damages. Our work is in grater extent devoted to understanding of the concept of «family life» within the meaning of Art. 8 of the Convention and its relationship with the concept of «private life». Current understanding of the concept of «family life» by the Convention passed a certain evolutionary way. Not accidentally Art. 8 of the Convention aplies the term «family» using a multifaceted construction «family life», and of coursr, considering understanding of «family» in face legal orders. Understanding of the concept of «family life» constantly goes through expansion due to the influence of different social processes, from migration to advanced medical technologyies, that illustrates the application of the principle of effective and dynamic interpretation of law the Strasbourg court. This principle stipulates the evolutionary interpretation of Convention norms, transforming Convention into a living instrument that responds to the changing of present situation and allows to constantly expand guarantees provided by this document. In the examples considered in the paper, we note that the interpretation of the term «family life» primarily carried out by the Court from giving preference to protecting the interests of children, even if not their rights are violated in fact.

В современной действительности межбюджетные отношения нельзя признать совершенными, т. к. в федеральном законодательстве не уделяется должного внимания вопросам приостановления (сокращения) межбюджетных трансфертов. Полномочиями по регулированию и применению этих мер наделены финансовые органы. Статьи 130 и 136 БК РФ устанавливают условия получения межбюджетных трансфертов субъектами федерации и муниципальными образованиями, при несоблюдении которых соответственно Минфин России, финансовые органы субъектов федерации в установленном ими порядке вправе принять решение о приостановлении (сокращении) предоставления межбюджетных трансфертов. Такие классические аспекты вопроса, как квалификация мер принуждения, процедура привлечения к ответственности, способы защиты прав публичных субъектов, не получили законодательного решения, круг проблем достаточно широк, поэтому в данной статье рассмотрены проблемы квалификации мер принуждения. Этот аспект является наиболее значимым, учитывая социальную значимость данного рода бюджетных отношений. Резюмируя изложенный в статье материал, подчеркнем, что попытки трактовать меры принуждения в межбюджетных отношениях как меры защиты, пресекательные и правовосстановительные меры в отрыве от мер ответственности несостоятельны, ибо следствием такой трактовки является исключение отношений по приостановлению и сокращению межбюджетных трансфертов публично-правовым образованиям из сферы законодательного регулирования и немотивированная передача полномочий по их установлению финансовым органам. ; In today's reality inter-budgetary relations cannot be considered perfect, in particular, in the Federal legislation is not given due attention to issues of suspension (reduction) of inter-budgetary transfers. The authority for the regulation and use of these interventions are endowed with financial bodies. Article 130 and 136 of the RF budget code stipulate the conditions of receipt of inter-budgetary transfers to subjects of Federation and municipal formations, disregard respectively to the Ministry of Finance, financial bodies of subjects of Federation in the procedure established by them may suspend (reduction) of granting of inter-budgetary transfers. The classical aspects of the question, as the qualification of enforcement measures, the procedure for bringing actions, ways of protection of rights for public entities have not received a legislative solution, the range of problems is rather broad and capacious, so this article considers the problems of qualification of measures of compulsion, as it seems to us, this aspect is the most significant, given the social importance of this kind of budget relations. Summarizing contained in the article material, we emphasize that attempts to treat the coercive measures in inter-budgetary relations as protection measures, preventive measures in isolation from measures of responsibility are untenable, for the consequence of this interpretation is the exclusion of the relations concerning the suspension and reduction of inter-budgetary transfers to public law entities from the scope of the legislative regulation and unmotivated transfer of authority in their establishment of the financial authorities.

International audience ; The combination of the two words "public" and "order" in the vocabulary of "science of police", referred to public places in town, was affected by important changes at the end of 18th century. These changes came from the proper evolution of the word "police" and the progress of a modern conception of the "public" which was an assertion of the existence of an extensive and egalitarian public space. This assertion was made against the background of a juridictional culture which organized the relations between subjects, communities and political power. The promotion of a new concept of political power, and of the law and its enforcement ―that would give to the notion of public order its dimension as enabling the executive power― would grow in strength with the notion of anarchy: "feudal anarchy" rapidly simbolized all the faults attributed to the juridictional order. Nevertheless, the political struggles and social mobilisations in the wake of the French Revolution would add a new meaning to this word: the hazard of chaos, understood not in its normative but rather in its social dimension, which was used to insult Jacobins and any advocates of the plebs. This meaning would be stabilized during the first part of XIX century. ; La asociación de las dos palabras "orden" y "público", pertenecientes al vocabulario de la "ciencia de la policía" y referida directamente a los lugares de pública concurrencia de las ciudades, conoció a finales del siglo XVIII una importante evolución. Esta dependió a su vez de la del vocablo policía y del empuje de una concepción moderna de lo público que afirmaba la existencia de un espacio de carácter extensivo e igualitario. Esta afirmación se hacía contra el contexto de la cultura jurisdiccional que organizaba las relaciones entre los sujetos, las comunidades y el poder político. La promoción de una concepción nueva del poder político, de las leyes y de cómo deben aplicarse, que daría al orden público sucarácter de claúsula de habilitación de la fuerza del ejecutivo, encontró también en la noción de anarquía un punto de apoyo interesante: la "anarquía feudal" pasó a simbolizar todos los defectos imputados al orden jurisdiccional. Sin embargo, las luchas políticas y movilizaciones sociales que marcaron la Revolución francesa impulsaron otro significado para este término, el de un peligro de caos ya no en el terreno normativo sino en el social, a modo de insulto dirigido a los "jacobinos" y a todos los defensores de la plebe, sentido éste que se iba a consolidar en Españadurante el medio siglo siguiente.

Исследуются гражданско-правовые средства защиты прав и интересов потребителей, выявляется их значение в механизме защиты гражданских прав, определяется соотношение категорий «гражданско-правовые средства», «формы» и «способы защиты» гражданских прав. Обращается внимание на необходимость разграничения категорий «гражданско-правовые средства защиты субъективных гражданских прав» и «правовые средства защиты субъективных гражданских прав». Рассмотрение положений действующего российского законодательства о защите прав потребителей и правоприменительной практики представлено с учетом разъяснений, содержащихся в постановлении Пленума Верховного Суда Российской Федерации от 28 июня 2012 г. №17 «О рассмотрении судами гражданских дел по спорам о защите прав потребителей». ; Civil-legal means of protection of rights and interests of consumers are being investigated, their role and significance in the mechanism of protection of civil rights are being detected, correlation between categories civil-legal means, form and means of protection of civil rights is being defined. An attention is paid to the necessity of distinction the categories civil-legal means of subjective civil rights and legal means of protection of subjective civil rights. A special attention is paid to consideration of civil-legal means used in the sphere of protection of rights and protected by law of consumers' interests including a special position of a citizen-consumer as a weak side in legal relation of economic conditions, level of education and purchasing power. Fixing legal guarantees of exercising consumers' rights and lawful interests is due to necessity to achieve a legal equality in legal relations with participation of citizens-consumers and is predetermined by a target direction of legislation to protection of consumers' rights, combining both private legal means and public legal means of protection. Such an integrated approach to protection of consumers' rights as a weak side of civil legal relations provides a necessary level of efficiency of exercising its subjective civil rights. Consideration of provisions of current Russian legislation to protect consumers' rights and enforcement practice is presented including latest clarifications contained in resolution of the plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation from 28 June 2012 №17 On consideration of civil cases on disputes on the protection of consumers' right by courts. The legislation on protection of consumers' rights is a dynamically developing legal field which is due to enlargement of the sphere of its application. An attention on changes and clarification of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation's position on a number of principal issues comparing to clarification contained in the resolution of the plenum from 29 September 1994 №7 On practice of consideration the cases on protection of consumers' rights by courts (currently recognized void) is paid.

Die Region Asiens ist weltweit die einzige, welcher es an einem regionalen Mechanismus zum Schutz der Menschenrechte mangelt. Der asiatisch-pazifische Raum bietet kein effektives System, welches eine Überprüfung der Konformität nationaler Gesetzgebung mit internationalen Menschenrechtsstandards erlaubt.Lediglich die Südostasiatische Staatengemeinschaft (ASEAN) hat als Subregion mit der Errichtung einer Charta und eines Menschenrechtskörpers, der ASEAN Intergouvernementalen Kommission, eine Vorreiterrolle eingenommen und feilt an einer Menschenrechtscharta und einem System zur Durchsetzung dieser. Auch das Forum der pazifischen Inseln (PIF) und die Südasiatischen Gemeinschaft für regionale Kooperation (SAARC) arbeiten an subregionalen Mechanismen und befürworten die Entwicklung eines regionalen Systems für den Menschenrechtsschutz.Trotz der jahrelangen Bemühungen einzelner, demokratischer Staaten ist es noch nicht gelungen, ein effektives System zu entwickeln. Viele autoritäre Staaten und deren Führer vereiteln unter dem Vorhalt der Prinzipien der Nichteinmischung und der Staatensouveränität eine Etablierung eines regionalen Mechanismus.Trotzdem bedürfe es aus internationaler Sichtweise eines Mechanismus zur Überwachung nationaler Gesetzgebung und Durchsetzung von internationalen Menschenrechtsstandards.Jedoch kann festgestellt werden, dass manche Subregionen Asiens durch die Existenz von Mechanismen und Netzwerken auf dieser Ebene immer wieder Fortschritte im Menschenrechtsbereich erzielen. Nationale Menschenrechtsinstitutionen und NGOs, Zivilgesellschaften und Menschenrechtsaktivisten bereiten den Weg für die Errichtung eines gesamtasiatischen Menschenrechtsschutzmechanismus vor und haben einen positiven Effekt auf nationale Entwicklungen. Die Etablierung eines Systems könnte daher in Asien anders, als es vergleichsweise in Europa der Fall ist, über die Stärkung nationaler und subregionaler Institutionen hin zur Einrichtung eines regionalen Mechanismus führen. ; Asia is the only region in the whole world which does not provide an adequate human rights mechanism. That is why National Human Rights Institutions and sub-regional networks are working hard to develop such a mechanism.The Southeast Asian Association for Asian Nations (ASEAN) has already developed a Charta and a Human Rights Body, the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission (AICHR), which is also working on the development of an ASEAN Human Rights Charter. The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are as well supporting through sub-regional efforts the establishment of a regional system.Still no effective mechanism which provides a system to protect and promote human rights in the Asian region exits. The whole region lacks a mechanism which monitors the implementation of international human rights standards and the conformity of national law with human rights. Besides there is no mechanism or independent institution, like an Asian Human Rights Court, which could offer a sanctioning or monitoring mechanism. The principles of sovereignty and non-intervention keep states from ratifying special protocols and contracts, which could provide systems for the enforcement of the human rights promotion and protection in the region.Even though the fact that there does not exist a regional mechanism to protect human rights, national institution, NGOs and civil societies may be able to control situations of human rights violations. In Asia the development of a system at the regional level could work the other way round. The establishment of strong, effective and efficiently working National Human Rights Institutions and NGOs, as well as sub-regional Associations could have a spill-over effect and could encourage national leaders to accept a regional mechanism. This growing national empowerment of Human Rights Institutions could lead in the long term to a regional human rights mechanism for whole Asia. ; vorgelegt von Kerstin Rojer ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2012 ; (VLID)222296

Принято считать, что принципы уголовного судопроизводства действуют во всех или в большинстве его стадий. По этому критерию даже предлагается разграничивать принципы и менее значимые положения, которые не могут к ним относиться. Однако последовательный анализ уголовно-процессуальных отношений, складывающихся в различных стадиях уголовного судопроизводства, заставляет автора усомниться в правильности предложенного в науке критерия, поскольку большинство обозначенных законодателем принципов уголовного судопроизводства просто не способны влиять на все этапы производства по уголовным делам. ; It is considered that the principles of criminal procedure apply in nearly all of its stages. According to this criterion, it is proposed to distinguish between principles and less important provisions that can not relate to them. However, sequential analysis of criminal procedure relations developing on various stages of criminal proceedings, forces the author to question the correctness of the criterion proposed in science, because most of the principles of criminal justice designated by a legislator simply are not able to influence all stages of criminal proceedings. In Chapter 2 of the Code can be identified only a few provisions of the universal nature, which are used in all stages of the process. These may include: rule of law, the right to appeal procedural actions and decisions, as well as provisions to ensure implementation of human and civil rights in criminal proceedings. But the basic principles of criminal justice is not addressed all stages of criminal proceedings and is able to influence, in the first place, the trial stage of the proceedings, in part to the stage of preliminary investigation. Thus, the stage of laying an action of criminal case do not apply the principles of presumption of innocence and the competitiveness of the parties, because there are no suspect (accused) is not formed by hand, not worded accusation. In the preliminary inquiry stage, where there is no neutral arbiter the court, the competitiveness of the parties principle is implemented only partially, due to certain privileges granted by the defense. The action of the presumption of innocence begins after the figures suspect (accused) and is associated with the beginning of criminal prosecution. The full principles of criminal procedure implemented in the trial stage, when deciding the innocence or guilt of the defendant to the crime. After the verdict into force of the principles will be greatly limited. Stage of enforcement, for example, does not involve further criminal investigation or review of judicial decisions. And in the stages of appeal, appeal or review proceedings, where the verification of the legality, validity and fairness of court decisions before and after their entry into force, the principles of the process can not be implemented in full.

In March 2007, one of the most widely read Spanish newspapers published the following heading: 'Family reunification opens the door to 245,000 new immigrants in only three years. Government says a second stage in the migratory process is starting'. The Secretary of State of Immigration stated that this increase in the number of foreigners who had been granted a residence permit on the basis of family reunification must be seen as a good sign because '[…] family reunification is a factor that promotes settlement' and '[…] favours integration into the host society and reduces the immigrants' risk of social isolation'. In the same vein, some researchers on immigration said that this trend will continue in the near future since 'family reunification is practiced by people who have consolidated their migration project after achieving economic stability and social integration' (El País, 15th March 2007). These statements indirectly suggest that labour immigration to Spain is progressively declining as many migrants, who initially came as temporary workers, extend their stay and start to bring their families over for the purpose of settlement. Accordingly, family reunification is described as a secondary flow that is initiated once first-movers have lived in the immigration country long enough to make the necessary arrangements to send for their relatives. As a result of this view, family-linked immigration is often equated to legal family reunification and 'de facto' family reunification is completely neglected, which in turn reinforces the view of family-linked migration as a secondary flow. In countries where undocumented immigration has become a chronic and structural feature, as in the case of Spain, this view might be particularly misleading in describing and understanding the household dimension of international migration and integration. To shed some light on these issues, I have utilised both official aggregate statistics and survey data to examine the size and pace of the family reunification process in Spain, as well as to analyse whether different family migration patterns are associated with differences in the behaviour of foreign immigrants in the host labour market. The obtained results strongly challenge the image provided by the Spanish government with regard to family reunification. On the one hand, my analyses indicate that family reunification –at least, the reunification of spouses- has been substantial and quite rapid in recent years. Moreover, the data suggest that spousal reunification on the fringes of the law has actually been much more common in Spain than legal reunification, which could be related to the rigidity of the legal regime, the inefficiency of the immigration administration and the soft enforcement of internal controls. In addition, variations in the manner in which family migration is organised appear to affect the performance of immigrants. ; Peer reviewed