Suchergebnisse

WOS:000451598800003 ; A measurement of jet substructure observables is presented using t (t) over bar events in the lepton + jets channel from proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). Multiple jet substructure observables are measured for jets identified as bottom, light-quark, and gluon jets, as well as for inclusive jets (no flavor information). The results are unfolded to the particle level and compared to next-to-leading-order predictions from POWHEG interfaced with the parton shower generators PYTHIA 8 and HERWIG 7, as well as from SHERPA 2 and DIRE 2. Avalue of the strong coupling at the Z boson mass, alpha(S)(m(Z)) = 0.115(-0.013)(+0.015), is extracted from the substructure data at leading-order plus leading-log accuracy. ; BMWFW (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (USA)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie program (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F. R. S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Ministry of Science and Higher EducationMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis program; Aristeia program; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/I505580/1, ST/L005603/1, ST/N001273/1, ST/J005479/1, ST/J004871/1, ST/I003622/1, ST/K003542/1 GRID PP, ST/M004775/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/F007434/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F. R. S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science-EOS"-be.h Project No. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research Grants No. 123842, No. 123959, No. 124845, No. 124850, and No. 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), Contracts No. Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, No. Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, No. 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and No. 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, No. Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, Grant No. MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, Contract No. C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

WOS:000451086500001 ; A search for exotic Higgs boson decays to light pseudoscalars in the final state of two muons and two tau leptons is performed using proton-proton collision data recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2016, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). Masses of the pseudoscalar boson between 15.0 and 62.5 GeV are probed, and no significant excess of data is observed above the prediction of the standard model. Upper limits are set on the branching fraction of the Higgs boson to two light pseudoscalar bosons in different types of two-Higgs-doublet models extended with a complex scalar singlet. ; BMWFW (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (U.S.A.)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (U.S.A.)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie program (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" -be.h projectFonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS [30820817]; FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" -be.h projectFWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary); Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary); New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland) [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861]; Sonata-bis [2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis program - EU-ESF; Aristeia program - EU-ESF; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund (Thailand); Chulalongkorn University (Thailand)Chulalongkorn University; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/I003622/1, ST/M004775/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/N001273/1, ST/J005479/1, ST/F007434/1, ST/J004871/1, ST/I505580/1, ST/K003542/1 GRID PP, ST/L005603/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" -be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).

WOS:000459291000003 ; PubMed:30881206 ; The mass of the top quark is measured using a sample of t (t) over bar events collected by the CMS detector using proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV at the CERN LHC. Events are selected with one isolated muon or electron and at least four jets from data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). For each event the mass is reconstructed from a kinematic fit of the decay products to a t (t) over bar hypothesis. Using the ideogram method, the top quark mass is determined simultaneously with an overall jet energy scale factor (JSF), constrained by the mass of the W boson in q (q) over bar' decays. The measurement is calibrated on samples simulated at next-to-leading order matched to a leadingorder parton shower. The top quark mass is found to be 172.25 +/- 0.08 (stat+JSF)+/- 0.62 (syst) GeV. The dependence of this result on the kinematic properties of the event is studied and compared to predictions of different models of t (t) over bar production, and no indications of a bias in the measurements are observed. ; BMWFW (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (USA)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programEuropean Union (EU); European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC); European UnionEuropean Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRSFonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium) under "Excellence of Science - EOS"FWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesHungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP; NKFIA Research Grants (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis program - EU-ESF; Aristeia program - EU-ESF; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund; Chulalongkorn UniversityChulalongkorn University; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/J005479/1, ST/I003622/1, ST/N001273/1, ST/L005603/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/F007434/1, ST/I505580/1, ST/K003542/1 GRID PP, ST/M004775/1, ST/J004871/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" - be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA Research Grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, Grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); theWelch Foundation, contract C-1845; and theWeston Havens Foundation (USA).

WOS:000449295300001 ; A search for physics beyond the standard model is performed using a sample of high-mass diphoton events produced in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV. The data sample was collected in 2016 with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The search is performed for both resonant and nonresonant new physics signatures. At 95% confidence level, lower limits on the mass of the first Kaluza-Klein excitation of the graviton in the Randall-Sundrum warped extradimensional model are determined to be in the range of 2.3 to 4.6 TeV, for values of the associated coupling parameter between 0.01 and 0.2. Lower limits on the production of scalar resonances and modelindependent cross section upper limits are also provided. For the large extra-dimensional model of Arkani-amed, Dimopoulos, and Dvali, lower limits are set on the string mass scale M-S ranging from 5.6 to 9.7 TeV, depending on the model parameters. The first exclusion limits are set in the two-dimensional parameter space of a continuum clockwork model. ; BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (USA)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie program (EuropeanUnion); European Research Council (EuropeanUnion)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant (EuropeanUnion) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Lendulet ("Momentum") Program; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis program; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); Aristeia program; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/K003542/1 GRID PP, ST/F007434/1, ST/I003622/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/J004871/1, ST/L005603/1, ST/J005479/1, ST/N001273/1, ST/M004775/1, ST/I505580/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (EuropeanUnion); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science-EOS"-be.h project No. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract No. C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

WOS:000449259100001 ; A measurement of the groomed jet mass in PbPb and pp collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC is presented. Jet grooming is a recursive procedure which sequentially removes soft constituents of a jet until a pair of hard subjets is found. The resulting groomed jets can be used to study modifications to the parton shower evolution in the presence of the hot and dense medium created in heavy ion collisions. Predictions of groomed jet properties from the pythia and herwig++ event generators agree with the measurements in pp collisions. When comparing the results from the most central PbPb collisions to pp data, a hint of an increase of jets with large jet mass is observed, which could originate from additional medium-induced radiation at a large angle from the jet axis. However, no modification of the groomed mass of the core of the jet is observed for all PbPb centrality classes. The PbPb results are also compared to predictions from the jewel and q-pythia event generators, which predict a large modification of the groomed mass not observed in the data. ; BMWFW (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COL-CIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; CSF (Croatia); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); NRF (Republic of Korea); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); RosAtom (Russia); RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); DOE (U.S.A.)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (U.S.A.)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programmeEuropean Union (EU); European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC); European UnionEuropean Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A.P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOSFWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland) [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis programme - EU-ESF; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; HIP (Finland); MSIP (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV (Mexico); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); MON (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; PCTI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme (Hungary); Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary); New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientffica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/J005479/1, ST/N001273/1, ST/J004871/1, ST/I003622/1, ST/I505580/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/F007434/1, ST/L005603/1, ST/K003542/1 GRID PP, ST/M004775/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COL-CIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" - be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientffica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).

WOS:000443527200005 ; A search is presented for pair production of heavy vector-like T and B quarks in proton-proton collisions at A root s = 13 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016. Pair production of T quarks would result in a wide range of final states, since vector-like T quarks of charge 2e/3 are predicted to decay to bW, tZ, and tH. Likewise, vector-like B quarks are predicted to decay to tW, bZ, and bH. Three channels are considered, corresponding to final states with a single lepton, two leptons with the same sign of the electric charge, or at least three leptons. The results exclude T quarks with masses below 1140-1300 GeV and B quarks with masses below 910-1240 GeV for various branching fraction combinations, extending the reach of previous CMS searches by 200-600 GeV. ; BMWFW (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (U.S.A.)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (U.S.A.)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programme (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS [30820817]; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary); Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary); New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA research grant (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science (Poland); European Union, Regional Development Fund (Poland); Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland); National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF; Thalis programme - EU-ESF; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.); Horizon 2020 Grant [675440]; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/J004871/1, ST/J005479/1, ST/F007434/1, ST/L005603/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/K003542/1 GRID PP, ST/I003622/1, ST/I505580/1, ST/M004775/1, ST/N001273/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" - be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).

This thesis focuses on the role of forests and forest management in providing global environmental and climate services. The study analyzes multiple dimensions of forest-sector policy development, with a special focus on interactions between policies, livelihoods and land-use processes at sub-national levels in Vietnam. The Lam Dong and Bac Kan provinces are considered to be representative of the variations in forest-cover dynamics in the country, namely those of a frontier (deforestation) zone, and a forest mosaic (reforestation) zone. The study applied interdisciplinary conceptual frameworks, including institutional theory, political ecology and livelihoods theory, to investigate the research objectives. It also used Forest Transition (FT) theory as a narrative framework to understand the trajectories of forest-cover dynamics and policy processes. An interdisciplinary methodological approach was applied to respond to the research objectives of the study. The results may have important implications for emerging forest and environmental policy frameworks such as payments for environmental services (PES) and Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). The findings reveal that 'second-generation' policy approaches, such as PES and REDD+, are unlikely to represent a paradigm shift in the history of forest management in Vietnam. As a result of institutional reproductions and 'path dependency', there is a rather high risk of prolonging existing approaches. Larger and more fundamental policy reforms, such as independence, the collectivization processes after the Second World War, and the market liberalization and decentralization reforms from the late 1980s onwards, were identified as fundamental explanatory factors for land-use dynamics in the contemporary history of the country. Furthermore, one-dimensional and reductionist land-use change explanation models, inherent to many of the emerging policy schemes such as PES, REDD+ and forest enhancement, risk overlooking the complexities of land use, livelihoods and underlying dimensions of the drivers of change. Complex institutional factors and the interests of more – or less – powerful actors, in the process of creating institutional bricolages, contribute to modifying and transforming policy programs and schemes into local adaptations. The thesis presents four individual but interrelated papers that address different aspects and scales of policy development processes and impacts. Paper 1: Analyzing the transformation of forest PES in Vietnam: Implications for REDD+ The paper analyzes the transformation of market-resembling environmental policy processes, exemplified by the implementation of forest PES in Vietnam. The paper applies a critical institutional path dependency framework to analyze the processes of institutional reproduction in PES encounters with actors and institutions at multiple levels, from the national to the local. PES policies did not enter an institutional vacuum, but instead were transformed through a process of reproducing existing institutional structures. This reflects not only established norms and values about 'best-ways' of organizing forest management, but also existing structures of power, tenure and the control by some groups over forest resources. In this sense, from a path dependency perspective, new and 'innovative' market-based approaches, such as PES, do not at all represent 'critical junctures'. The findings of this study may have important implications for the prospects of implementing similar initiatives, such as REDD+, both in Vietnam and beyond. Thus future PES and REDD+ schemes should take into account the limitations and challenges of institutional reproduction, interplay and path dependency, to a higher degree in their planning and implementation. Paper 2: Sub-national forest transitions in Vietnam This paper compares forest transitions (FT), policy reforms and forest cover change in the Bac Kan and Lam Dong provinces of Vietnam. The country has seemingly been able to shortcut the perceived FT stages by quickly moving to the reforestation phase, which makes it an interesting case country. Provincial level forest cover and socio-economic trends are, however, not necessarily comparable and compatible within a FT analytical framework. Bac Kan is one of the poorest provinces, but has experienced forest regrowth and expansion of forest cover during the past couple of decades. In contrast, Lam Dong province has both higher GDP and population levels, but has had higher levels of deforestation, particularly linked to the expansion of perennial crops. This is quite contrary to what could be expected from a conventional FT hypothesis. The FT turnaround and land use dynamics were found to be linked to the overall and all-encompassing policy shift related to de-colonization, state-control and collectivization, and the new shift of "market-led socialism", decentralization and land tenure reforms. The findings demonstrate that policies can trump typical FT patterns linked to general development trends. This provides a sense of relief in the way that the FT-trajectory is not unavoidable. Policies can make a difference. Yet, these policies have not primarily been guided by forest conservation concerns, but have rather been a side-effect of economic development and political objectives. Paper 3: Livelihoods and land uses in environmental policy approaches: The case of PES and REDD+ in the Lam Dong Province of Vietnam This paper explores assumptions about the drivers of forest cover change in a PES and REDD+ context in the Lam Dong Province in Vietnam. In policy discourses, deforestation is often linked to 'poor' and 'ethnic minority' households and their unsustainable practices such as the expansion of coffee production (and other agricultural activities) into forest areas. The paper applies a livelihood framework to discuss the links between livelihoods and land use amongst small-scale farmers in two communities. The findings of the livelihood survey demonstrate no clear linkages between poverty levels and unsustainable practices. In fact, the poorest group of households was found to deforest the least. The ways in which current PES and REDD+ approaches are designed do not provide appropriate solutions to address the underlying dimensions of issues at stake. The paper criticizes one-dimensional perspectives of the drivers behind deforestation and forest degradation often found in public policies and discourses. We suggest more comprehensive analyses of underlying factors encompassing the entire coffee production and land use system in this region. Addressing issues of land tenure and the scarcity of productive lands, and generating viable off-farm income alternatives seem to be crucial. Sustainable approaches for reducing deforestation and degradation could be possible through engaging with multiple stakeholders, including the business-oriented households in control of the coffee trade and of land transactions. Paper 4: Cultivating forests: Exploring the productive values of forest land in a reforestation zone of northern Vietnam The paper challenges the predominant forest-agriculture dichotomy perception in policy-making and research in Vietnam. Such dichotomies are not endemic to Vietnam, but permeate the whole climate and forest debate globally. This standpoint encompasses a perception that forests are of higher value kept standing and that agricultural practices, forest conservation and the sustainable use of forests are mutually exclusive activities. This study is based on a survey carried out in the province of Bac Kan in northern Vietnam, and applies a livelihoods framework (LF) to investigate the multiple values of forest lands in household economies. The case demonstrates the complexities of adaptations to forest-sector policies, namely that households in different institutional and agro-ecological locations create and use landscapes differently along a forest-agriculture continuum. The findings on the multipurpose uses of forests may have important implications for climate-related forest policies, such as REDD+ and reduced emissions from all land uses (REALU). Policy makers need to engage with people and local communities, their social institutions and agricultural practices, and consider context-specific approaches for integrating the objectives of conserving trees, increasing carbon stocks, and enhancing the total productivity and total outcomes and values of landscapes. The study recommends inter-sectoral and multi-stakeholder policy approaches to integrate and mainstream multiple objectives, including forestry, agriculture, energy, and environmental services such as food production, carbon capture and storage, water provision, and biodiversity conservation. The study concludes that predominant REDD+ discourses, such as those of ecological modernization and green governmentality, encompass presumptions and risks of one-dimensional and reductionist explanation models of the drivers of land-use change processes. In other words, there is an inherent logic – and need – to identify actors of change who must to be compensated for refraining from cutting down trees, and supported in planting new ones. In reality, however, developing and implementing forest conservation and enhancement policies are highly complex processes, influenced by multiple sets of institutional and agro-ecological factors. Policy implementation and land-use change linked to livelihood processes are multifaceted and dynamic imperatives, influenced by multiple institutional structures and actors, with different interests and agendas. The need to act for more sustainable management of tropical forests seems to be indisputable; however in order to make REDD+ policies more efficient, effective and equitable, the institutional complexity and interests of multiple stakeholders need to be taken into account. ; NMBU; Nansen Fund/UNIFOR - University of Oslo

The purpose of this thesis is to explore trade union agency and its limits in an African country that is highly dependent on oil. The overall research question is: What are the opportunities and constraints to trade union agency in Nigeria? This case study of the Nigerian trade unions focuses on the 2012 fuel subsidy protests that constituted among the biggest popular mobilisations in Nigerian history. Many of the Nigerian trade unions' achievements over the last decades relate to their leading role in the recurring and successful resistance against fuel subsidy removals. This is widely recognised, but insufficiently understood, and the unions are both over- and under-estimated in terms of their capacities. The thesis addresses a research gap on African trade unions. It is motivated by an apparent paradox. On one hand, are theoretical dismissals of the relevance of trade unions, in assuming that there is a limited civic agency and space for trade unions in African states and in petro-economies. On the other, are reports of widespread labour rights abuses from many African governments and employers, undoubtedly due to the significance of the unions. Additionally, whereas emerging studies of civic agency in Africa tend to focus on relatively disempowered groups and informal labour, the focus on the strategically positioned trade unions into the analysis opens for a renewed conversation about state–society relations, the constitution of power and discussions about the capacities of social actors to engage with structures. Theoretically, the thesis engages with the concepts of agency and power. Power is understood as inherent properties or capacities of an actor, while agency concerns the subjective, reflexive and purposeful realisation of these capacities. Agency is further considered as relational, contextual and historical. In understanding the unions' contexts and relations, the thesis emphasises a holistic understanding of labour's multiple roles and relations in what I have called the 'labour triangle': state, market and society. Methodologically I have used an extended case method, which is reflexive in nature, combines fieldwork and interviews with theoretical explorations, and implies moving between scales and levels. As agency is rooted in history, the introductory chapter emphasises the specific historical formation of state, market and society in Nigeria. The Nigerian state is characterised by prebendal elite politics, a federalised and divided governance system with divisions according to regions and ethnicities, as well as parallel social logics of the civic and the 'primordial' publics. The unions are rooted in a modern, civic public. Although the state has attempted to control the unions, they operate largely autonomously. The Nigerian economy is dominated by oil and a large informal sector, and there are deep class divisions horizontally, between the haves and the have-nots; the elites and the popular masses. Additionally, there are social divisions vertically in terms of ethnicity, religion and region. Although these divisions have at times disturbed union efficiency and the relevance of class identity for mobilisation, the unions largely cut through these separations. Within the unions, ideological divisions between radical and reformist are more prominent. While the oil resources have fuelled the distanced relationship between state and citizen, a growing sense of injustice caused by the lack of redistribution and of popular benefits from the oil resources has been a source for trade unions' mobilising power. This, together with the workers' strategic position in the oil economy, allows the unions a particularly strong structural power. The thesis consists of three articles. The first article – Nigerian unions between the street and Aso Rock: The role of the Nigerian trade unions in the 2012 fuel subsidy protests – critically examines the trade unions' contested positions and actions during the 2012 protests. Whereas unionists described the outcome as a victory and demonstration of popular sovereignty, fellow protesters expressed anger towards the unions for unfulfilled democratic opportunities and accused the unions of succumbing to bribery. The article shows in practice how the unions' capacities to mobilise, strike and negotiate were instrumental in the reinstatement of the subsidy, and also how the unions' agency is both enabled and constrained by their embeddedness in the state, society and the market. The second article – Casualisation and conflict in the Niger Delta: Nigerian oil workers' unions between companies and communities – explores the particular opportunities and constraints to organised oil workers' actions. Although the 2012 fuel subsidy protests mobilised an unprecedented number of people on the streets, the government did not call for negotiations until the oil unions threatened to shut down oil production. However, production was never shut down, and the oil unions were criticised for 'empty threats' and for abandoning their historical democratic and social role. Based on the premise that the conditions for labour actions are found at the local and industrial workplace levels, the paper explores how processes of informalisation of labour (casualisation) and conflict interlink and affect the local labour regime and the oil unions' powers in the Niger Delta. It shows how the labour fragmentations and erosions of labour power from casualisation are exacerbated when unfolding into this context of conflict and social fragmentation. Despite the oil unions' strategic position in the oil industry and their relatively high union density, these processes have challenged both their capacity and will to mobilise, strike and bargain. The third article – Popular protest against fuel subsidy removal: Nigerian trade unions as mediator of a social contract – explores the popular idea that cheap fuel is an economic right for Nigerian citizens, and is part of a social contract. In contrast to perspectives that underscore the lack of civic opportunities in the relations between the state and its citizens in Nigeria, the article proposes that the protesters asserted and claimed deeper citizenship. They did so by rallying behind the fuel subsidy as a social right, and also by utilising civil rights to bargain and political rights to participate. Here, the trade unions played a critical and mediating role, based in their specific industrial citizenship, with collective forms of representation, organising and bargaining. This social contract is fragile however, and the unions' roles as mediators of this social contract are both critical and contested. In addition to expanding our understanding of an African trade union in an oil-dependent economy, this thesis opens for a renewed conversation about state–society relations, power and agency. Whereas agency studies from Africa have focused on relatively powerless actors and the tactical agency of getting by, studying the agency of the relatively powerful unions reveals their ability to influence the surrounding structures. Trade unions have strategic powers in relation to state, market and society in their ability to mobilise socially, hurt the economy through strike action and negotiate with elites in state and market. This allows them to play a far greater role than their relative size suggests. Although Nigeria is among the most difficult countries for unions to operate in, the Nigerian trade unions have contributed to ensuring social benefits to Nigerians through cheap fuel, and they have been a counterforce to the expansion of informal and patronage relations at the workplace. They have additionally contributed to strengthening civic relations and state institutions through a mediating role between state and citizen. The study clearly shows the need to engage with trade unions in the study of power and politics in Africa. ; Et tilsynelatende paradoks har motivert denne avhandlingen: På den ene siden avvises fagbevegelsens relevans i afrikanske land og i oljeøkonomier. Teorier hevder at sosialt aktørskap og aktivt medborgerskap har begrensede muligheter i slike kontekster. Det antas også at fagbevegelser har liten betydning på grunn av at lønnsarbeidere er få i økonomier som er lite industrialiserte og har store uformelle sektorer. På den andre siden vitner innsatsen fra stater og næringsliv for å begrense fagorganisering og fagbevegelsens handlingsrom – indikert ved utbredte brudd på faglige rettigheter i afrikanske land – om at fagbevegelsens i praksis anses som (potensielt) viktige og mektige. Mange afrikanske fagbevegelser opplever også press fra andre sivilsamfunnsorganisasjoner om å engasjere seg i en rekke sosiale, økonomiske og politiske spørsmål, utfra forventninger om at de er spesielt effektive endringsagenter. Betydningen av afrikansk fagbevegelse er både over- og undervurdert, og fagbevegelsers konkrete roller i Afrika er utilstrekkelig forstått. Denne avhandlingen bidrar til å fylle et tomrom i forskningen. Formålet med avhandlingen er å undersøke fagbevegelsens vilje og evne til påvirkning i et oljeavhengig afrikansk land gjennom en case-studie fra Nigeria. Det overordnede forskningsspørsmålet er: Hvilke muligheter og begrensninger har nigeriansk fagbevegelse for aktørskap? Fokuset på fagbevegelsen, med sin strategiske politiske, økonomiske og sosiale posisjon, åpner også for en fornyet analyse om sosialt aktørskap, og om forhold mellom stat og samfunn i Afrika.

Neural circuits in the cerebral cortex consist of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons. These two main classes of cortical neurons follow largely different genetic programs, yet they assemble into highly specialized circuits during development following a very precise choreography. Previous studies have shown that signals produced by pyramidal cells influence the migration of cortical interneurons, but the molecular nature of these factors has remained elusive. Here, we identified Neuregulin 3 (Nrg3) as a chemoattractive factor expressed by developing pyramidal cells that guides the allocation of cortical interneurons in the developing cortical plate. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches reveal that Nrg3 modulates the migration of interneurons into the cortical plate in a process that is dependent on the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4. Perturbation of Nrg3 signaling in conditional mutants leads to abnormal lamination of cortical interneurons. Nrg3 is therefore a critical mediator in the assembly of cortical inhibitory circuits. ; uterus, and 1 m g/ m L pCAG - Gfp or Nrg3 (kindly provided by C. Lai, Indiana Uni- versity, Bloomington, and subcloned into pCAGGS) plasmids were injected into the lateral ventricle of the telencephalon through the uterine wall. Square electric pulses of 45 V and 50 ms were passed through the uterus five times, spaced 950 ms, using a square pulse electroporator. The uterine horns were placed back in the abdominal cavity, which was then suture closed, and the female was allowed to recover. Explant Cultures For COS cell confrontation assays, COS7 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding Rfp alone, Rfp and Cxcl12 , Rfp and Nrg3 , Rfp and CRD-Nrg1 ,or Rfp and Ig-Nrg1 , and cell aggregates were prepared by diluting transfected cells with Matrigel in a 1:1 proportion. After jellification, COS cell aggregates were cut with a scalpel in small rectangular prisms of approximately 400 3 400 3 800 m m and confronted to MGE explants obtained from GFP-expressing trans- genic mice in 3D Matrigel pads. The cDNA used for expression of Cxcl12 was obtained from Invitrogen (clone number: 3483088; accession number: BC006640). Nrg3 was kindly provided by Cary Lai (Indiana University, Bloo- mington). The sequences used for expression of type I NRG1 ( Ig-Nrg1 ) and type III NRG1 ( CRD-Nrg1 ) correspond to the accession numbers AY648976 and AY648975, respectively. For Cxcl12 chemokine-blocking experiments, SU6656 (Sigma; 330161-87-0) was added to the medium at a final concentra- tion of 15 m M. Previous worked has shown that Src functions downstream of Cxcr4 activation ( Cabioglu et al., 2005 ). In Vitro Focal Electroporation Coronal slice cultures were obtained as described previously ( Anderson et al., 1997 ). A pCAGG-based dsRed plasmid was pressure injected focally into the MGE of coronal slice cultures by a Pneumatic PicoPump through a glass micropipette. Slices were then electroporated within a setup of two hor- izontally oriented platinum electrodes powered by a Electro-Square-Porator, as described before ( Flames et al., 2004 ). Time-Lapse Videomicroscopy Slices were transferred to the stage of an upright Leica DMLFSA or inverted Leica DMIRE2 microscope coupled to a confocal spectral scanning head (Leica; TCS SL) and viewed through 10–60 3 water immersion or 20 3 oil objec- tives. Slices were continuously superfused with warmed (32 C) artificial cere- brospinal fluid at a rate of 1 mL/min or maintained in supplemented Neurobasal medium. To block Cxcl12 function, SU6656 (Sigma; 330161-87-0) was added to the medium at a final concentration of 15 m M. Stripe Assay Purified CXCL12 protein was obtained from PeproTech (250-20A) and used at 1 ng/ m L. GST and EGF-Nrg3-GST were purified using standard protocols and used at 10 m g/mL. Alternating lanes, 50 m m wide, were laid down on a poly- lysine-coated plastic dish. Alexa 555-labeled anti-rabbit IgGs were added to the GST, EGF-Nrg3-GST, and CXCL12 protein solution for lane identification. The lanes were further coated with laminin. MGE explants were dissected out of GFP + brain slices, plated on top of the protein stripes, and incubated in methylcellulose-containing Neurobasal medium for 48 hr. FACS We dissected the sensorimotor cortex of E17.5 embryos and P4 pups following in utero electroporation at E14.5. Cortical tissue was dissociated as described previously ( Catapano et al., 2001 ). GFP + cells were purified using fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACSARIA III; BD Biosciences), and the re- sulting pellet was kept at 80 C. TaqMan Gene Expression Assays We isolated GFP + pyramidal cells by FACS at E17.5 and P4 after in utero elec- troporation at E14.5. mRNA was then extracted using the RNeasy Micro Kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA quality was as- sessed using a bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) and then retro-transcribed into single-stranded cDNA. The RNA was sent to Unidad Geno ́ mica (Funda- cio ́ n Parque Cientı ́fico de Madrid) for quality control and retro-transcription. Relative gene expression levels from three independent samples were analyzed using custom designed TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) plates (Micro Fluidic Cards; Applied Biosystems). Each plate contained duplicates for all the genes shown in Table S1 . Data were collected and analyzed using the threshold cycle (Ct) relative quantification method. The housekeeping gene 18 RNA was included in the array for assessing RNA quality and sample normalization. Western Blot Cortical lysates were prepared from P30 control and Nestin-Cre;Nrg3 F/F and Nex-Cre;Nrg3 F/F mutants as described before ( Fazzari et al., 2010; Vullhorst et al., 2009 ) and blotted using mouse anti- b -Actin (1:4,000; Sigma) and rabbit anti-Nrg3 (1:500; Abcam). Signals were detected with a luminescent image analyzer (LAS-1000PLUS; Fujifilm) and quantified with Quantity One 1D Anal- ysis Software (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Image Analysis and Quantification Images were acquired using fluorescence microscopes (DM5000B, CTR5000, and DMIRB from Leica, or Apotome.2 from Zeiss) coupled to digital cameras (DC500 or DFC350FX, Leica; OrcaR2, Hamamatsu), or in an inverted Leica TCS SP8 confocal microscope. All images were analyzed with ImageJ (Fiji). For the quantification of migration in MGE explants, the distance migrated by the30furthestcellswasmeasured.Forthequantificationofshort-rangechemo- attraction, the colocalizing area between MGE and COS cells was measured. For the analysis of the interneuron angle of migration, we draw a grid of virtual radial lines (lines perpendicular to the ventricular zone and the pial surface) and oriented each cell in relation to the most adjacent ''radial line.'' Cells that deviated less than 25 from radial lines were considered as radially oriented; those that deviate more than 25 were designated as tangentially oriented. We systematically exclude from this analysis those cells located in the more lateral or medial regions of the cortex, so that the curvature of the slice in those regions would not interfere with our analysis ( Martini et al., 2009 ). For the quan- tification of cell migration in MGE explants, we measured the distance migrated by the30furthest cellsand normalized theaverage migrateddistance tothedis- tancebetweenMGEandCOSexplants.Forthequantificationofthecolocalizing area between migrating interneurons and COS cells in the short-distance confrontation assays, we quantified the colocalizing area using ImageJ (Fiji). Stripes were quantified by counting thenumber of neuronscontained in a virtual grid containing five black and five red lines. The same area was used for all explants. Sections from control and mutant mice were imaged during the same imaging session. Data acquisition was performed using the same laser power, photomultiplier gain, pinhole, and detection filter settings (1,024 3 1,024 resolution; 12 bits). Quantifications were done using ImageJ (Fiji). Layers were drawn following nuclear staining. For in situ hybridization, the area quanti- fied was divided in ten equal bins, and the percentage of cells in each bin was calculated. The bins were then matched to the appropriate layers. Statistical Analyses Statistical analysis was carried out in SPSS (SPSS, Inc.). The p values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data are presented as mean and SEM throughout the manuscript ( Table S3 We thank I. Andrew, S. Bae, M.A. Casillas, M. Ferna ́ndez, and T. Gil for excel-lent technical assistance and laboratory support; A. Caler for excellent support with FACS experiments; G. Expo ́sito for support with imaging; L. Lim for help with quantitative methods; V. Borrell, R. Hevner, C. Lai, V. Pachnis, C. Redies,B. Rico, J.L.R. Rubenstein, and M. Tessier-Lavigne for plasmids and anti-bodies; and A. Barco, M.A. Nieto, and K. Nave for mouse strains. We are grateful to members of the Flames, O.M., and Rico laboratories for stimulating dis- cussions and ideas. This work was supported by grants from European Research Council (ERC-2011-AdG 293683) and the Spanish Government (CSD2007-00023 and SAF2011-28845) to O.M. O.M. is a Wellcome Trust Investigator. ; Sí

The progress of the communicative competences as well as the speaking abilities of people all around the world in terms of the correct and fluent use of English have gained a considerable amount of importance since the formulation and formation of the CEFR within the European Union countri es. The CEFR as well as the criteria it has brought to the process of language teaching and learning have been accepted as one of the corner stones in this field by Turkish linguists and authorities as well. With the development of the CEFR, the Council of Europe promoted to embosom all the cultural values of the European countries through a very close relation and cooperation of the members in terms of their social and cultural capacites. While doing so, the main anchor for the union has been the mutual un derstanding and tolerance for the otherness of the cultures by means of multicultural and multilingual togetherness. This study has aimed to develop some CEFR - based speaking practices for the B1 level Turkish EFL university students so that they could enh ance their communicative competence and consequently their tolerance for other cultures. Prior to the design of these practices, a Needs Analysis questionnaire was prepared with the help of the B1 level ̳can do' descriptors. Thus, the practices have been d eveloped considering the results of the questionnaire that helped the researcher specify which of the subjects to choose for the training process. In the implementation phase the practices were applied on 44 students, the 25 of whom were the Experimental G roup and the 19 were the Control Group. The process lasted for five weeks and both before and after this treatment process the ix Pre and Posttests were applied on these students. The results of these tests indicated that the treatment process including the C EFR - based practices has been useful to develop the speaking skills and the communicative competence of the students. In addition, it has been understood that the kind of activities centering communicative competence help students focus on the point and have fun while participating the class actively and voluntarily. The assessment of the qualitative data that the researc her has provided by way of the interviews indicates that students are motivated much more for active participation to the lesson when they feel happy and confident in the class ; TABLE OF CONTENTS YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI . . iii ETİK BEYANNAMESİ . . . iv ACKNOWLODGEM ENTS . . . v ÖZ . . . . . vi ABSTRACT . viii TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . x LIST of TABLES . . . . xiv LIST of FIGURES . . . . xv LIST of ABBREVIATIONS . . . xvi 1. INT RODUCTION . . . . 1 1.1. Introduction . . . . 1 1.2. Background to the Study . . . 3 1.3. Statement of the Problem . . . 4 1.4. Purpose of the Study . . . 4 1.5. Research Questions . . . 5 1.6. Scope of the Study . . . 5 1.7. Assumptions and Limitations . . . 6 1.8. Definitions of Specific Terms . . . 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW . . . 8 2.1. Introduction . . . . 8 2.2. Needs Analysis . . . 8 2.2.1. Needs Analysis in ELT . . . 8 2.2.1.1. Development of ELT Materials through NA . . 9 2.2.1.2. Development of ELT Materials for Speaking Classes . 10 2.3. The CEFR . . . . 10 2.3.1. The Purpose of the CEFR . . . 11 2.3.2. The Common Reference Levels of the CEFR . . 12 2.3.3. B1 Level Descriptors of the CEFR . . 14 2.3.4. The CEFR and Competences . . 15 2.4. Communication & Communicative Competence . . 16 2.4.1. Models of Communication . . . 17 2.4.1.1. Transmission Model of Communication . . 17 2.4.1.2. Interaction Model of Communication . . 18 2.4.1.3. Transaction Model of Communication . . 19 2.4.2. Types of Needs that Communication Meets . . 20 2.4.3. Communicative Competence . . 21 2.4.4. Developing Communicative Competence . . 24 2.4.4.1. Verbal Communication . . . 24 2.4.4.2. Nonverbal Communication . . 25 2.4.5. Models of Communicative Competence and Performance . 25 2.4.5.1. Dell Hymes' Model . . . 25 2.4.5.2. M. A. K. Halliday's ̳Meaning Potential' . . 26 xi 2.4.5.3. Munby's Theoretical Framework . . 26 2.4.5.4. Widdowson's Theory of Communicative Competence . 27 2.4.5.5. Canale and Swain Model . . 28 2.4.5.6. Canale's Adaptation of Canale and Swain Model . 28 2.4.5.7. Van Ek's Model of Communicative Ability . . 28 2.4.5.8. Bachman's Communicative Language Ability . 29 2.4.5.9. Celce - Murcia Model of Communicative Competence . 29 2.4.6. Classroom Activities in Communicative Language Teaching . 31 2.4.6.1. Design of the Classroom Activities . . 32 2.4.6.2. Forms of the Classroom Activities . . 32 2.4.6.3. CLT as a Paradigm Shift . . 33 2.4.7.1. Content - Based Instruction . . 34 2.4.7.2. Task - Based Instruction . . . 35 2.4.7.3. Product - Based Approaches . . 35 2.4.7.4. Text - Based Instruction . . . 36 2.4.7.5. Competency - Based Instruction . . 36 2.4.8. Problems with the Use of CLT in EFL Contexts . . 36 2.4.9. Solutions for the Problems . . . 38 2.5. Speaking Skill . . . 39 2.5.1. The Lexical Aspect of Speaking . . 39 2.5.2. The Linguistic Aspect of Speaking . . 40 2.5.3. The Social Aspects of Speaking . . 41 2.5.4. Why is Speaking Difficult? . . . 42 2.5.5. The Importance of Speaking Skill . . 43 2.5.6. Communicative Tasks and Teaching Speaking . . 43 2.5.6.1. Theoretical Rationale for Tasks . . 44 2.5.6.2. Advantages of Tasks in Speaking Instruction . 45 2.5.7. The Purpose of Speaking . . . 46 2.5.8. Teaching Speaking . . . 47 2.5.9. General Outline of a Speaking Lesson . . 48 2.5.10. Speaking Activities . . . 49 2.6. Conclusion . . . . 51 3. METHOD . . . . 52 3.1. Introduction . . . . 52 3.2. Resea rch Design . . . 52 3.3. The Participants . . . 53 3.4. Research Questions . . . 54 3.5. Data Collection Instruments . . . 54 3.5.1. Needs Analysis Questionnaire . . 54 3.5.2. Order of the Subjects in the Treatment Process . . 55 3.5.3. Pretest / Posttest Questions and Marking Charts . . 55 3.5.4. The Treatment Process Instruments . . 56 3.5.4.1. Voluntary Participation Forms . . 56 3.5.4.2. Lesson Plans . . . 56 3.5.5. Interviews . . . 57 3.6. Data Analysis . . . 57 3.6.1. Ana lyses of the Quantitative Data . . 58 3.6.2. Analyses of the Qualitative Data . . 58 4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION . . . 59 xii 4.1. Introduction . . . . 59 4.2. Findi ngs of the Study . . . 59 4.2.1. The Needs Analysis Questionnaire . . 59 4.2.2. Pretest / Posttest Scores . . . 74 4.2.2.1. The First Research Question . . 74 4.2.2.2. The Second Research Question . . 77 4.2.3. Qualitative Data Assessment . . 81 4.2.3.1. The Findings about The Third Rese arch Question . 82 4.2.3.2. The Findings about The Fourth Research Question . 86 5. SUGGESTED SPEAKING PRACTICES . . 88 5.1. Introduction . . . . 88 5.2. General Aims . . . 88 5.3. The Order of the Subjects to be Studied . . 88 5.4. Practice One . . . 89 A. INTRODU CTION . . . 89 B. PROCEDURE . . . 90 C. PRODUCTION . . . 96 D. NOTES for T EACHERS . . . 99 5.5. Practice Two . . . 103 A. INTRODUCTION . . . 103 B. PROCEDURE . . . 103 C. PRODUCTION . . . 114 D. NOTES for TEACHERS . . . 118 PRODUCTION . . . 122 5.6. Practice Three . . . 124 A. INTRODUCTION . . . 124 B. PRODUCTION . . . 131 C. NOTES for TEACHERS . . . 133 PRODUCTION: Collaborative Study . . . 134 5.7. Practice Four . . . 135 A. INTRODUCTION . . . 135 B. PRODUCTIO N . . . 147 C. NOTES for TEACHERS . . . 150 PRODUCTION . . . 151 5.8. Practice Fi ve . . . 152 A. INTRODUCTION . . . 152 B. PROCEDURE . . . 152 C. PRODUCTION . . . 163 D. NOTES for TEACHERS . . . 165 PRODUCTION . . . 166 6.1. Introduction . . . 167 6.2. Conclusion . . . 167 6.3. Suggest ions . . . 170 REFERENCES . . . . 172 APPENDICES . . . . 178 APPENDIX 1: ETHICS COMMITTEE APPROVAL . . 179 APPENDIX 2: NEEDS ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE . . 180 APPENDIX 3: GÖNÜLLÜ KATILIM FORMU . . 182 xiii APPENDIX 4: PRE - TEST / POST - TEST QUESTIONS . . 183 APPENDIX 5: ORAL PROFICIENCY CRITERIA . . 1 84 APPENDIX 6: LESSON PLAN . . . 187 APPENDIX 7: TEACHER EVALUATION FORM . . 188 APPENDIX 7: ORIGINALITY REPORT . . 190 CURRICULUM VITAE . . . 191 ; Tüm dünyadaki insanların, İngilizceyi doğru ve akıcı kullanmaları yönüyle iletişimsel becerilerinin yanı sıra konuşma kabiliyetlerinin de gelişmesi, Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde AOÖÇ'nin (Avrupa Ortak Ölçüt Çerçevesi) formü le edilip şekil verilmesiyle hatırı sayılır derecede önem kazanmıştır. AOÖÇ ve onun dil öğretim ve öğrenimine getirdiği kriterler, Türk dilbilimci ve otoriteleri tarafından bu alanın temel taşları olarak kabul edilmişlerdir. Avrupa Konseyi, AOÖÇ'nin gelişm esiyle birlikte Avrupa ülkelerinin çok yakın ilişkileri ve üye ülkelerin de sosyal ve kültürel yönden işbirliğine gitmeleri sonucu tüm kültürel değerlerine kucak açma noktasına geldi. Bunu yaparken birliğin temel dayanak noktası, çok kültürlü ve çok dilli bir birliktelik vasıtasıyla kültürel farklılıklara karşı gelişen karşılıklı anlayış ve hoşgörü olmuştur. Bu çalışma, B1 düzeyindeki üniversite öğrencilerinin iletişimsel yeterliklerini ve buna bağlı olarak da diğer kültürlere karşı hoşgörülerini artırabilm elerine dönük bazı AOÖÇ temelli uygulamalar geliştirmeyi amaç edinmiştir. Bu uygulamaların tasarımından önce B1 düzeyi ̳yapabilirlik' tanımlayıcları vasıtasıyla bir İhtiyaç Analizi anketi hazırlanmıştır. Böylece, eğitim sürecinde hangi konuların seçileceği ni belirleyen araştırmacı, anketin sonuçlarının da yardımıyla uygulamaları geliştirmiştir. İyileştirme sürecinde 44 öğrenci bulunuyordu ve bunların 25'ine, deney grubunda oldukları için söz konusu çalışmalar uygulanmıştır. Öbür 19 öğrenci ise kontrol grubu nda olup kendilerine bu aktiviteler uygulanmamıştır. Uygulama süreci 5 hafta sürmüş olup çalışmaların öncesi ve sonrasında tüm öğrencilere öntest ve sontest yapılmıştır. Bu testlerin sonuçları, AOÖÇ temelli uygulamaları içeren iyileştirme sürecinin öğrenci lere ait konuşma yeteneklerini ve iletişimsel yeterliklerini geliştirdiğini göstermişlerdir. vii Ayrıca, iletişimsel yeterliğe odaklı bu türden etkinliklerin, derse odaklanma ve gönüllü olarak derse katılımları konusunda öğrenciye katkı sağladığı anlaşılmıştır . Araştırmacının, mülakatlar vasıtasıyla elde ettiği nitel verilerin değerlendirmesi de göstermiştir ki, öğrenciler sınıf ortamında mutlu ve kendinden emin hissettiklerinde derse etkin katılımla ilgili daha fazla motive olabiliyorlar

In einem mehrstufigen Forschungsansatz analysiert diese forstpolitikwissenschaftliche Arbeit die individuellen, betrieblichen und gesellschaftlich-politischen Bewertungs-, Abwägungs- und Entscheidungsprozesse im Verlauf der Verbreitung bleifreier Munition speziell in öffentlichen Forstbetrieben und im Jagdwesen in Deutschland. Die diskursanalytische Betrachtung von drei Kolloquien des Bundesinsitituts für Risikobewertung (BfR) in Berlin in den Jahren 2011, 2013 und 2014 beschreibt die Entwicklung des kontroversen öffentlichen Diskurses in Deutschland. Eine inhaltsanalytische Betrachtung der parlamentarischen Befassung mit der Thematik in Deutschland zeigt, dass es im Verlauf von 10 Jahren – trotz Streitigkeiten um die Gesetzgebungskompetenz zwischen Bund und Ländern – ab 2013 zu ersten politischen Entscheidungen auf Landesebene auch zur Nutzung bleifreier Büchsenmunition kam. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit wird im Untersuchungsfeld "Mitarbeiter/innen öffentlicher Forstbetriebe in Deutschland" ergründet, ob die Verwendung bleifreier Munition den Mustern der Diffusions- und Adoptionstheorie nach ROGERS folgt. Im Ergebnis aus 1.279 beantworteten Online-Fragebogen zeigt sich eine Nutzungsquote bleifreier Munition durch die befragten Forstangehörigen von 58%. Ein Anteil von 20% hat bleifreie Munition ausprobiert, wobei 22% noch gar keine eigenen Erfahrungen gemacht haben. Bereits fast 2/3 der Befragten unterliegen inzwischen einer Pflicht zur Nutzung bleifreier Munition. Obwohl die Thematik im Bewusstsein der Befragten eine Rolle spielt, wird bleifreie Munition von ihnen nicht als bedeutende Umweltinnovation wahrgenommen oder entspricht nicht den für sie geltenden Kriterien. Durch eine Varianzanalyse können zuvor charakterisierte "Adopter-Typen" voneinander unterschieden werden. Im Gegensatz zum Modell nach ROGERS zeigen sich in der beobachteten Verteilung eine größere Gruppe der Innovatoren (15,9%) und eine kleine Gruppe der frühen Adoptoren (5,3%). Das Mittelfeld ist geringer besetzt und bildet mit früher und später Mehrheit nur einen Anteil von 46,2%, gegenüber einem Anteil von mehr als 2/3 im Modell. Der Anteil der Nachzügler ist fast doppelt so groß wie in der Verteilung nach ROGERS, was eine Beharrlichkeit gegenüber Veränderungen in der Forstbranche und im Jagdwesen im laufenden Adoptions- bzw. Diffusions-Zeitraum von bisher 15 Jahren bestätigt. Acht leitfadengestützten Experten-Interviews mit Leitern von Landesforstbetrieben bzw. Anstalten öffentlichen Rechts sowie den Bundesvorsitzenden eines forstlichen und eines jadlichen Verbandes ergänzen die quantitative Online-Befragung. Die Bewertung bleifreier Munition als Umweltinnovation und deren Bedeutung für die Jagd im Forstbetrieb unterscheidet sich im Wesentlichen durch den eingeschätzten Nutzen bzw. die Wirkung für den Forstbetrieb und die Wahrnehmung einer aktiven oder passiven Vorreiterrolle auch hinsichtlich der Nutzung (bzw. deren Anordnung) bleifreier Munition. Wesentlicher Treiber für eine Handlung ist die individuelle bzw. institutionelle Betroffenheit.:I Abkürzungsverzeichnis i II Abbildungsverzeichnis iii III Tabellenverzeichnis v 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 1 1.2 Zielsetzung und Motivation 5 1.3 Theoretischer Rahmen 7 1.4 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit 9 2 Stand des Wissens 11 2.1 Blei als Gefahr- und Schadstoff in der Umwelt 11 2.1.1 Bleibelastung in Wildfleisch 14 2.1.2 Verbraucherschutz 16 2.1.3 Bleivergiftungen bei Seeadlern 19 2.1 Blei als Bestandteil von Jagdmunition 21 2.2 Bleifreie Jagdmunition 22 2.2.1 Bleifreie Schrotkugeln 22 2.2.2 Bleifreie Büchsengeschosse 23 2.3 Tötungswirkung von Geschossen 25 2.4 Kritik und Widerstände gegen bleifreie Munition 29 2.5 Ausgewählte Forschungsprojekte 37 2.5.1 Verbundprojekt Bleifrei-Monitoring 38 2.5.2 Praxis-Versuche und weitere Untersuchungen 42 2.6 Innovationen in Forstwirtschaft und Jagd 45 2.6.1 Innovationsbereitschaft und -fähigkeit öffentlicher Forstverwaltungen 47 2.6.2 Innovationen in der Forstwirtschaft zum Schutz der Umwelt 49 2.6.3 Beispiele für Innovationen im Jagdbereich 51 3 Theoretischer Hintergrund und Fragestellung 55 3.1 Angewandte Theorien 55 3.1.1 Innovationstheorie 55 3.1.2 Theorie der Umweltinnovationen 63 3.1.3 Diffusions- und Adoptionstheorie 67 3.1.4 Handlungstheorie 73 3.2 Wissenschaftliche Fragestellung und Hypothesen 75 4 Untersuchungsgegenstand und Methoden 77 4.1 Untersuchungseinheit 77 4.2 Erhebungseinheiten 80 4.3 Methoden 88 5 Konzeption und Durchführung der Untersuchung 95 5.1 Diskursanalytische Betrachtung 95 5.2 Online-Befragung 97 5.2.1 Befragungskonzept und Aufbau der Befragung 97 5.2.2 Stichprobenauswahl und Feldzugang 100 5.2.3 Technische Umsetzung, Pretest und Durchführung der Befragung 102 5.3 Leitfadengestützte qualitative Experten-Interviews 107 5.3.1 Konzeption des Interview-Leitfadens 108 5.3.2 Auswahl der Interview-Partner 110 5.3.3 Durchführung der Interviews 113 6 Ergebnisse 115 6.1 Die Verwendung bleifreier Munition 115 6.1.1 Gesetzliche und betriebliche Regelungen in Deutschland 116 6.1.2 Naturschutzorientierte Forstbetriebe 122 6.1.3 Zertifizierte Forstbetriebe 124 6.1.4 Privater Jagdbetrieb 127 6.1.5 Internationale Regelungen für den Jagd- und Forstbetrieb 130 6.2 Positionen, Widerstände und Initiativen 136 6.2.1 Die Fachforen des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung (BfR) als ausgewählte öffentliche Diskussionen – Eine diskursanalytische Betrachtung 136 6.2.2 Das Thema Bleifreie Munition in deutschen Parlamenten – eine inhaltsanalytische Übersicht 148 6.3 Zur Diffusion und Adoption bleifreier Munition 159 6.3.1 Ergebnisse der schriftlichen Befragung 159 6.3.2 Ergebnisse der Experten-Interviews 195 7 Diskussion 211 7.1 Überprüfung der Hypothesen 211 7.2 Verbindung der Ergebnisse mit dem theoretischen Rahmen 213 7.3 Grenzen der Untersuchung und Methodenkritik 231 7.4 Empfehlungen für Wissenschaft und Praxis 234 8 Zusammenfassung 247 9 Summary 255 10 Literaturverzeichnis 259 11 Anhang 279 11.1 Anschreiben per Post und per E-Mail 279 11.2 Online-Fragebogen 280 12 Erklärung 287 ; This scientific forestry policy document analyses, in a multilevel approach, the individual, business and social-political evaluation, consideration and decision processes in the development of the distribution of lead-free ammunition, in particular in public forestry organisations and in the hunting sector in Germany. The discourse-analytical contemplation resulting from three seminars of the Bundesinsititut für Risikobewertung (BfR - The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment) in Berlin in 2011, 2013 and 2014 describes the development of the controversial discussion in Germany. A content-analytical contemplation of parliamentary involvement with this theme in Germany shows that in the course of 10 years - in spite of conflicts about legislative powers between federal and provincial (Länder) governments - the first political decisions on provincial level regarding use of lead-free rifle ammunition were taken from 2013 onwards. Spring 2016, over 15 years after the broad debate started, the national government submitted a first draft law to the preliminary parliamentary voting process. In the empirical part of the work, in the research field "Employees of public forestry organisations in Germany" it is ascertained whether the use of lead-free ammunition follows the patterns of Rogers' diffusion and adoption theory. The outcome of 1,279 completed online questionnaires shows that 58% of the people involved in forestry used lead-free ammunition. A proportion of 20% had tried lead-free ammunition, whereby 22% did not have any experience with it at all. Almost 2/3 of the people questioned are meanwhile obliged to use lead-free ammunition. Although the issue does play a role in the awareness of the people questioned, they do not see lead-free ammunitions as an important innovation for the environment, or it does not correspond to the criteria they apply. Previously specified "Adopter types" can be distinguished from another by analysis of variance. Contrary to Rogers' model, the breakdown observed shows a larger group of innovators (15.9%) and a small group of early adopters (5.3%). The midfield is less populated and - together with early and late majorities - only counts for 46.2% as opposed to over 2/3 in the model. The proportion of laggards is almost twice as high as in Rogers' breakdown, which confirms a resistance against change in the forest enterprises and the hunting sector in the current adoption or diffusion time frame of 15 years so far. Eight guideline-based expert interviews with leading figures from provincial forestry companies or public institutions as well as the federal chairmen of a forest and a hunting organisation complete the quantitative online survey. The assessment of lead-free ammunition as innovation for the environment and what it would mean for the hunt in the forest enteprises essentially differs for the use (or obligation to use) lead-free ammunition, due to the estimated use or the way it works for the forestry sector and the perception of an active or passive pioneering role. Being personally or institutionally concerned is the major driving force for action.:I Abkürzungsverzeichnis i II Abbildungsverzeichnis iii III Tabellenverzeichnis v 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 1 1.2 Zielsetzung und Motivation 5 1.3 Theoretischer Rahmen 7 1.4 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit 9 2 Stand des Wissens 11 2.1 Blei als Gefahr- und Schadstoff in der Umwelt 11 2.1.1 Bleibelastung in Wildfleisch 14 2.1.2 Verbraucherschutz 16 2.1.3 Bleivergiftungen bei Seeadlern 19 2.1 Blei als Bestandteil von Jagdmunition 21 2.2 Bleifreie Jagdmunition 22 2.2.1 Bleifreie Schrotkugeln 22 2.2.2 Bleifreie Büchsengeschosse 23 2.3 Tötungswirkung von Geschossen 25 2.4 Kritik und Widerstände gegen bleifreie Munition 29 2.5 Ausgewählte Forschungsprojekte 37 2.5.1 Verbundprojekt Bleifrei-Monitoring 38 2.5.2 Praxis-Versuche und weitere Untersuchungen 42 2.6 Innovationen in Forstwirtschaft und Jagd 45 2.6.1 Innovationsbereitschaft und -fähigkeit öffentlicher Forstverwaltungen 47 2.6.2 Innovationen in der Forstwirtschaft zum Schutz der Umwelt 49 2.6.3 Beispiele für Innovationen im Jagdbereich 51 3 Theoretischer Hintergrund und Fragestellung 55 3.1 Angewandte Theorien 55 3.1.1 Innovationstheorie 55 3.1.2 Theorie der Umweltinnovationen 63 3.1.3 Diffusions- und Adoptionstheorie 67 3.1.4 Handlungstheorie 73 3.2 Wissenschaftliche Fragestellung und Hypothesen 75 4 Untersuchungsgegenstand und Methoden 77 4.1 Untersuchungseinheit 77 4.2 Erhebungseinheiten 80 4.3 Methoden 88 5 Konzeption und Durchführung der Untersuchung 95 5.1 Diskursanalytische Betrachtung 95 5.2 Online-Befragung 97 5.2.1 Befragungskonzept und Aufbau der Befragung 97 5.2.2 Stichprobenauswahl und Feldzugang 100 5.2.3 Technische Umsetzung, Pretest und Durchführung der Befragung 102 5.3 Leitfadengestützte qualitative Experten-Interviews 107 5.3.1 Konzeption des Interview-Leitfadens 108 5.3.2 Auswahl der Interview-Partner 110 5.3.3 Durchführung der Interviews 113 6 Ergebnisse 115 6.1 Die Verwendung bleifreier Munition 115 6.1.1 Gesetzliche und betriebliche Regelungen in Deutschland 116 6.1.2 Naturschutzorientierte Forstbetriebe 122 6.1.3 Zertifizierte Forstbetriebe 124 6.1.4 Privater Jagdbetrieb 127 6.1.5 Internationale Regelungen für den Jagd- und Forstbetrieb 130 6.2 Positionen, Widerstände und Initiativen 136 6.2.1 Die Fachforen des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung (BfR) als ausgewählte öffentliche Diskussionen – Eine diskursanalytische Betrachtung 136 6.2.2 Das Thema Bleifreie Munition in deutschen Parlamenten – eine inhaltsanalytische Übersicht 148 6.3 Zur Diffusion und Adoption bleifreier Munition 159 6.3.1 Ergebnisse der schriftlichen Befragung 159 6.3.2 Ergebnisse der Experten-Interviews 195 7 Diskussion 211 7.1 Überprüfung der Hypothesen 211 7.2 Verbindung der Ergebnisse mit dem theoretischen Rahmen 213 7.3 Grenzen der Untersuchung und Methodenkritik 231 7.4 Empfehlungen für Wissenschaft und Praxis 234 8 Zusammenfassung 247 9 Summary 255 10 Literaturverzeichnis 259 11 Anhang 279 11.1 Anschreiben per Post und per E-Mail 279 11.2 Online-Fragebogen 280 12 Erklärung 287

In this report we aim to analyse the economic and environmental impacts of Pillar I direct payments, and to demonstrate alternative instruments that are better suited to achieve CAP objectives. The instruments—a targeted payment to land at risk of abandonment and a tax on mineral fertilisers—were selected on the basis of the Polluter Pays and Provider Gets Principles. We do this using two state‐of‐the‐art agricultural economic simulation models. The first model, CAPRI, is used to quantify the large‐scale or aggregate impacts for individual countries, the EU and the world. The other model, AgriPoliS, is used to quantify the fine‐scale or farm and field level impacts in a selection of contrasting agricultural regions, to consider the potential influence of the large spatial variability in agricultural and environmental conditions across the EU. The results show that direct payments are keeping more farms in the sector and more land in agricultural use than would otherwise be the case, and thus avoiding land abandonment, principally in marginal regions. Particularly the area of grassland is substantially higher, because it is generally less productive than arable land and hence more dependent on direct payments for keeping it in agricultural use. The magnitudes of the impacts of direct payments on land use therefore vary strongly across regions due to spatial variability in productivity: marginal regions with large areas of less productive land are heavily influenced by direct payments, while regions with large areas of relatively productive land are hardly affected, because this land would be farmed in any case. By keeping more farmers in the sector longer, direct payments are slowing structural change, which can hamper agricultural development. However the potential benefits of faster structural change vary considerably among our study regions. In relatively productive regions direct payments are hindering development, because too many farmers are staying in the sector and preventing the consolidation of land in larger farms, which would improve their competitiveness and increase farm profits. On the contrary, the mass departure of farms that is currently avoided, will not lead to the same general benefits in marginal regions. Instead of freed land being absorbed by remaining farms, large areas of relatively unproductive land are abandoned without payments. This land is unprofitable to maintain in agricultural land use, even if integrated into larger farms, because current market prices are too low to motivate farming it. Consequently direct payments pose a serious goal conflict: the avoidance of land abandonment on the one hand, which can have negative impacts on public goods, and restricting agricultural development on the other hand. Once again this goal conflict is rooted in the spatial variability of agricultural conditions in the EU. Maintaining extensively managed farmland, particularly semi‐natural pastures, is central for conservation of biodiversity and preservation of the cultural landscape. Therefore direct payments are contributing to the provisioning of these public goods, but principally in marginal areas. Further, abandonment of land can reduce its agricultural productivity due to erosion or afforestation. Thus, direct payments are contributing to food security by preserving the productive potential of land for the future, but only marginal land since relatively productive land is farmed in any case. Production of agricultural commodities is affected to a lesser degree by direct payments than land use per se. Nevertheless, food exports from the EU are higher and imports lower as a consequence of direct payments. However, the additional supply generated by direct payments also lowers output prices, which reduces the profitability of commodity production; thereby partially offsetting the additional revenues from direct payments. The higher agricultural output brought about by direct payments causes higher levels of environmentally damaging greenhouse‐gas emissions, nutrient surpluses and pesticide use. The higher greenhouse‐gas emissions for the EU are, to some extent, moderated by lower emissions in the rest of the world. Nevertheless, the net effect of direct payments is higher global emissions of greenhouse gases. The environmental impacts of higher nutrient surpluses and pesticide inputs are less conclusive, since these depend also on spatial factors, i.e., where the emissions occur. Although EU‐scale and regional emissions are higher due to direct payments, agricultural production is less intensive generally, on account of the lower output prices. Analysing the net effects of these two opposing forces requires additional biophysical modelling at relevant spatial scales, such as watersheds or landscapes, which is beyond the scope of this study. Pillar I direct payments generate a significant transfer of income to farmers and land owners who are not necessarily farmers; 40 billion euro annually. Of this transfer a substantial proportion goes to farmers in relatively productive regions and, further, to a minority of farmers that need them least. In relatively productive regions payments are not needed for continued agricultural production and preservation of farmland, but instead rather fuel higher land and rental prices, which hampers structural change. On the contrary, the need for support is greatest in marginal regions, because some form of payment to marginal land is needed to avoid its abandonment and the loss of associated public goods. Finally, the direct payments even come at the cost of lower market returns for farmers due to slower structural change (smaller and less competitive farms) and lower output prices (due to greater EU output). On the other hand the lower output prices lead to somewhat lower food prices, but at the greater cost of financing the direct payments. Our main conclusion is that Pillar I direct payments are generating serious goal conflicts due to spatial variability in conditions across the EU. On the one hand these payments are contributing to the provisioning of public goods by preserving marginal agricultural land. On the other hand they are hampering agricultural development, primarily in relatively productive regions. Payments to relatively productive land that would be farmed any way not only inflate land values (capitalisation) but also slow structural change, which are both likely to hinder agricultural development and hence the competitiveness of the EU on the global market. The direct payments also increase environmental pressure; by subsidising land use generally and the associated production, they are incapable of controlling environmentally damaging emissions, which is also in conflict with broad CAP objectives. The goal conflict arises because direct payments are universal, a payment principal that does not consider spatial variability in the EU and the associated trade‐offs in regard to development and environmental effectiveness. Our analysis considered two alternative policy instruments that have the potential to curb the identified goal conflicts associated with direct payments, by applying the Polluter Pays and Provider (of public goods) Gets Principles at appropriate spatial scales. Replacing direct payments with a payment targeted on marginal land (and associated public goods) prevents land abandonment at a lower cost, by avoiding payments to relatively productive land that is farmed in any case. This also allows surviving farms in regions with relatively productive land to compensate for lost direct payments through expansion and associated scale economies, as well as higher output prices. This instrument therefore finances the provisioning of public goods without adverse effects on development and the efficiency of agricultural production. The EU‐wide tax on mineral fertiliser demonstrates that this instrument has the potential to reduce nutrient surpluses. Since direct payments cause higher levels of polluting emissions, policy instruments targeting emissions at relevant spatial scales are needed to achieve cost‐effective abatement. Overall we find that Pillar I direct payments are not addressing the diversity of challenges facing European agriculture. In fact our quantitative analysis indicates that the potential for the current system to meet these challenges is seriously impaired by goal conflicts and spatial variability across the EU. A better policy requires that instruments are targeted on desired outcomes and designed according to sound principles, specifically the Polluter Pays and Provider Gets Principles. These principles would ensure that farmers are provided with appropriate incentives to i) generate public goods that otherwise would be underprovided; ii) mitigate environmentally damaging emissions at the lowest possible cost to society; and iii) continually strive to improve environmental performance. Such instruments are also fairer and promote a more competitive or viable agricultural sector by not obstructing structural change and hence agricultural development.

Das Buch Futūḥ aš-Šām, das üblicherweise in der Wissenschaft dem bekannten Historiker des 8. und Anfang des 9. Jh. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-Wāqidī (g. 207/823) zugeschrieben wird, gilt seit zwei Jahrhunderten als ein gefälschtes Buch, das in einer späteren Zeit (Zeit der Kreuzzüge) verfasst und al-Wāqidī zugeschrieben wurde. Es wurde in dieser Dissertation anhand der Ergebnisse der Untersuchung der Struktur, des Inhalts und der Isnāde des Futūḥ aš-Šām die These aufstellt, dass dieses Werk im Kern das ursprüngliche Futūḥ aš-Šām al-Wāqidīs ist, das nach dessen Lebenszeit eine Veränderung seiner Form und seines Inhalts erlebt hat. Im Folgenden werden die Ergebnisse sowie die Thesen der Arbeit vorgestellt: Es wurde durch die Analyse der Struktur des Futūḥ aš-Šām gezeigt, dass das Narrativ dieses Werkes ein homogenes Narrativ ist, das eine lückenfreie Struktur aufzeigt. Deswegen scheint die vorgenommene Veränderung eine systematische Redaktion des ursprünglichen Futūḥ aš-Šām gewesen zu sein. Diese Redaktionsarbeit besteht scheinbar aus den zwei folgenden Änderungen: Erstens: Die Berichte des ursprünglichen Futūḥ aš-Šām al-Wāqidīs wurden zusammengelegt und seine Isnāde wurden verkürzt bzw. gelöscht, um eine im größeren Maße ununterbrochene fließende Berichtserstattung in Form einer Erzählung herzustellen; Zweitens: religiöse Details und Elemente wurden zum Narrativ des ursprünglichen Futūḥ aš-Šām hinzugefügt, anscheinend um die Rolle der Religion zu verstärken, ein idealisiertes Bild des Islams und der Muslime aus der Zeit der Eroberungen zu vermitteln und den Islam gegenüber dem Christentum zu verherrlichen. Zu der Frage nach der Verfassungszeit wurde festgestellt, dass diese Redaktion vermutlich zwischen dem 12. und 13. Jh. vorgenommen wurde, denn zum einen sind direkte Zitate aus dem ursprünglichen Futūḥ aš-Šām in Ibn ʿAsākirs Taʾrīḫ madīnat Dimašq nachzuweisen, die formale und zum Teil inhaltliche Unterschiede zum al-Wāqidī zugeschriebenen Futūḥ aš-Šām aufzeigen. Das bedeutet, dass zur Lebenszeit Ibn ʿAsākirs (499/1106–571/1175) das ursprüngliche Futūḥ aš-Šām vorhanden war und immer noch seine ursprüngliche Form und Inhalt hatte. Zum anderen ist die älteste bekannte Handschrift des Futūḥ aš-Šām (Saray Ahmet III 2886), d. h. die älteste bekannte Version dieses Werkes, im Jahr 678/1279 verfasst worden. So wurde für den Zeitraum zwischen dem 12 und 13. Jh. als Entstehungszeit des Futūḥ aš-Šām argumentiert. Ein weiteres Indiz für diese These war, dass die angeblichen direkten Zitate aus dem ursprünglichen Futūḥ aš-Šām aus dem 14 Jh. eine sehr deutliche Ähnlichkeit mit dem Inhalt des Futūḥ aš-Šām aufzeigen, während die Zitate Ibn ʿAsākirs aus dem 12. Jh. nur gewisse inhaltliche Ähnlichkeit mit dem Inhalt dieses Werkes nachweisen. Zur Frage nach der Authentizität des Futūḥ aš-Šām wurde festgestellt, dass aufgrund der Hinzufügung von Inhalten im Redaktionsprozess nicht alle Inhalte dieses Werks al-Wāqidī zugeschrieben werden können. Die vorgeschlagene Zeit zur Verfassung des Futūḥ aš-Šām (zwischen dem 12. und 13. Jh.) fällt in die Zeit der Kreuzzüge im Nahen Osten. Es ist in der Forschung zum Futūḥ aš-Šām bereits gezeigt worden, dass einige in diesem Werk auftauchende Begriffe aus der Zeit der Kreuzzüge stammen können (wie z. B. afranǧ und al-muḥammadīyūn). Aus diesem Grund ist es vorstellbar, dass dieses Werk beim Redaktionsprozess Inhalte aus dieser Zeit übernommen habe. Es sieht so aus, dass vor allem die Betonung der religiösen Elemente, die auf die Verherrlichung des Islam gegenüber dem Christentum abzielen, zum Teil aus dieser Zeit stammt. Deswegen könnte man die These aufstellen, dass diese Redaktion hauptsächlich aus religiösen Gründen vorgenommen worden ist. Darüber hinaus, da im Futūḥ aš-Šām eine Neigung zur Herstellung einer fließenden und lückenlosen Erzählung beobachtet werden kann, sieht es so aus, dass man diese Redaktion ursprünglich als eine Erzählung für ein breiteres Publikum angefertigt hat. Wir wissen, dass bereits im 10 und 11. Jh. futūḥ-Werke (angeblich in den arabischsprachigen Regionen der islamischen Welt) einem breiteren Publikum vorgelesen wurden. Aus diesem Grund ist es durchaus vorstellbar, dass diese Redaktion vorgenommen wurde, um einem breiteren muslimischen Publikum während der Kreuzzüge die Superiorität ihrer Religion einzuprägen. Bezüglich der Frage, wo das Futūḥ aš-Šām redigiert worden sein könnte, gibt der Text keinen Hinweis darauf. Man könnte argumentieren, dass der Redaktionsprozess in einer Region stattgefunden haben müsse, die von den Kreuzzügen betroffen war, weil dieses Werk Hinweise auf diese beinhaltet. Dies könnte entweder Ägypten oder Syrien sein. Zwischen dem 12. und 13. Jh. haben die Ayyubiden (reg. 1174-1260) in Ägypten und Syrien regiert, die u. a. von religiösen Gedanken als ein Element zur Vereinigung der muslimischen Welt gegen die Kreuzfahrer profitiert haben. Man könnte also vermuten, dass die Redaktion des ursprünglichen Futūḥ aš-Šām al-Wāqidīs in diesem Kontext in Auftrag gegeben worden sei, so dass die Leserschaft nicht nur eine politische sondern auch eine religiöse Wahrnehmung von den Kreuzzügen erhält. Darüber hinaus wissen wir, dass gegen Ende des 12. Jh. und in der frühen Ayyubidenzeit eine Wiederbelebung der Geschichtsschreibug beobachtet werden kann, die dann unter den Mamluken weiter fortgesetzt wird. Man könnte die Aussage treffen, dass auch dieser Kontext zur Herstellung von zahlreichen Geschichtswerken zur Rehabilitierung des Futūḥ aš-Šām al-Wāqidīs in Form einer Redaktion dieses Werkes, was uns heute unter dem Namen al-Wāqidī zugeschriebenen Futūḥ aš-Šām vorliegt, beigetragen habe. ; The book Futūḥ al-Shām which is commonly ascribed in the scholarship to the distinguished historian of the 8th and early 9th centuries Muḥammad b. 'Umar al-Wāqidī (d. 207/823), has been considered for more than two centuries as a forged work, which was compiled in a later period (time of the Crusades) and was attributed to al-Wāqidī. Based on the results of an analysis of the structure, the content and the isnāds of the Futūḥ al-Shām, the thesis was suggested in this dissertation, that this work is essentially the original Futūḥ al-Shām of al-Wāqidī, whose form and content, however, was modified after al-Wāqidīs lifetime. In the following the results of the research as well as the theses of the dissertation are presented: By the analysis of the structure of the Futūḥ al-Shām, it was shown that the narrative of this work is a homogeneous narrative, which demonstrates a complete and gap-free structure. Therefore, the undertaken alteration in the original Futūḥ al-Shām seems to have been a systematic editorial work on this work. This redaction consists apparently of the following two types of modifications: firstly, the reports contained in the original Futūḥ al-Šām have been merged and the isnāds have been shortened or deleted, apparently in order to produce a larger uninterrupted fluent narrative than the original narrative of the work; secondly, religious details and elements have been added to the narrative of the original Futūḥ al-Shām, seemingly to enhance the role of religion, to convey an idealized image of Islam and Muslims from the time of the conquests, and to glorify Islam over Christianity. On the question of the time of the editorship, it was proposed that it was probably made between the 12th and 13th centuries, since on the one hand, direct quotations from the original Futūḥ al-Shām in Ibn'Asākirs Ta'rīkh madīnat Dimashq are in terms of form and to some extent content at difference with relevant places in the present Futūḥ al-Shām attributed to al-Wāqidī. This means that during the lifetime of Ibn 'Asākir (499/1106 - 571/1175) the original Futūḥ al-Shām existed and had still its original form and content. On the other hand, the oldest known manuscript of the present Futūḥ al-Shām (Saray Ahmet III 2886), i. e. the oldest known version of this work, has been written in 678/1279. Hence, it was argued for the period between the 12th and 13th centuries as the date of the development of the present Futūḥ al-Shām. An additional indication which speaks for this thesis was that the alleged direct quotes from the original Futūḥ al-Shām in 14th centry display a clear resemblance to the content of the present Futūḥ al-Shām, while the 12th-century quotes by Ibn'Asākirs show only a certain similarity. Regarding the question of the authenticity of this work, it was suggested that due to the addition of contents in the editorial process, not all of the contents of this work can be attributed to al-Wāqidī. The proposed period for the development of the present Futūḥ al-Shām (between the 12th and 13th centuries) falls into the time of the Crusades in the Middle East. It has already been shown in the scholarship on the present Futūḥ al-Shām that some of the terms appearing in this work can originate from the time of the Crusades (such as "afranj" and "al-muḥammadīyūn"). For this reason it is conceivable that contents from this period was adopted in this work in the editorial process. It seems that, above all, the emphasis on religious elements, which are aimed at the glorification of Islam against Christianity, comes partly from this period. Hence, one could suggest the thesis that this editorial work has had mainly a religious agenda. In addition, since the present Futūḥ al-Shām has a tendency to produce a fluid and complete narrative, it seems that this redaction was made, also to serve as a narrative for a wider Muslim audience. We know that in the 10th and 11th centuries, futuḥ works (supposedly in the Arabic-speaking regions of the Islamic world) were read to a wider audience. Therefore, it is conceivable that this editorial work was done to memorialize the superiority of Islam over Christianity to a wider Muslim audience during the Crusades. Regarding the question, where the present Futūḥ al-Shām was developed, this work provides no clue. It could be argued that the editorial process must have taken place in a region affected by the crusades, since the work contains indications to it. Given its content, it could be either Egypt or Syria. Between the 12th and 13th century, the Ayyubids (reigned 1174-1260) ruled Egypt and Syria and have benefited from religious thoughts as a strong element to unite the Muslim world against the crusaders. It could therefore be assumed that the editor(s) of the original Futūḥ al-Shām were commissioned in this context to undertake the redaction, so that the readership receives not only a political but also a religious perception of the crusades. Moreover, we know that in the late 12th and early Ayyubid periods, a revival of the historical writing can be observed, which then continues under the Mamluks. It could be suggested that this context of the production of numerous historical works also contributed to the rehabilitation of the original Futūḥ al-Shām of al-Wāqidī in the form of a redaction of this work.

While one can cite a wide range of local and international development co-operation promoting social change in the social position of women in Nepal, one also sees changes arising from local communities themselves. Local and international concepts of change do not always coincide; indeed they sometimes clash. The need for change and development in women's social position is a given in development discourses, yet the definitions of change and development are complex, incorporating as they do colonial and imperial power structures intertwined with local hierarchies and inequalities. Alongside these considerations, one finds traditional elements that support women's wellbeing and social change in communities, yet are not always recognised in development discourses and practices. In this ethnographic inquiry in the field of social work, I analyse the change process(es) in the women's social position in Nepalese rural communities. I view social change as a complex transition towards multiple goals with varying rhythms. My analysis lies at the intersections of the international and local, and conceptual and practical knowledge bases. The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on international social work, with particular emphasis on decolonising and feminist approaches. My main research question is: How can one promote ethically sustainable social change processes with the women in globally and locally marginalised communities? I also ask how is the women's social position in Nepalese rural communities shaped at the intersection of traditions and transition; how do the global and local driving forces reshape the women's social position; and how are the women's perspectives and environments that promote the transition in their social position related to the international paradigms of development and social change. My analytical focus is on the activism and perspectives of the women participating in the research in their particular environment and their links with communal and societal structures and international politics. My primary research material consists of the data collected in six months of ethnographic fieldwork (from 2012 to 2013) and in return visits to Nepal totaling an additional month (in 2014, 2015 & 2016) working with two women's communities in rural Nepal. The research encounters took place in the communities' daily contexts and the registered organisations that local women had established. The data include group, pair and individual discussions with the women, as well as my participatory observation. The study takes account of the women's perspectives from multiple social positions, from both the centres and the margins of the communities. My earlier experiences with communities elsewhere in Nepal, gained in seven different periods of living and working in the country (during 2005–2011), provided in-depth background knowledge of the context. Throughout the study I reflect on questions of ethical knowledge production and epistemological hierarchies and privileges. The research also discusses how equality and social justice are promoted within social work research, on the level of both ideology and practice. The findings illustrate that the women assumed diverse roles and positions in their communities and daily settings. These positions were actualised in the women's social relationships and communal roles—as wives, daughters-in-law, mothers, 'sisters', community activists and leaders—as well as in their duties and responsibilities—maintaining the household, nurturing, ensuring survival, and representing culture and religion. The analysis indicates that the women were subject to multiple social restrictions but that they also played an essential role in their communities, one which expanded to bringing about transformations. The women's aims in and tools for producing social change were diverse and linked to their daily realities and traditions as well as to their close relation to the land and spirituality. Their goals culminated on a concrete level in improving their means of livelihood and fighting poverty, and on an abstract level in their being seen and heard. The research highlights the value of the traditions that supported the women's wellbeing and of the cultural and religious practices and ideologies that they sought to maintain. It also underscores the importance of taking these elements into account in development discourses and practices. I reflect on the women's perspectives in the light of feminist and decolonising theorisation. This theoretical analysis led me to identify five goals of the transition in the women's social position: decolonisation of subjectivities, renegotiation of social hierarchies, decolonisation of epistemologies, feminisation of the economy, and redistribution of space. Achieving these aims requires critical reflection on global and local power imbalances and recognition of the hierarchies between the different actors within the transition process. The research indicates that the focal transition in the women's social position was pervaded by power imbalances that created ruptures and transgressions in social, gendered, spatial and epistemological dimensions. The study argues that changes towards greater social justice can be achieved by bridging the gaps between the epistemologies from the Global South and North, centers and margins, practice and theory as well as spirituality and rationality. The research prompts the conclusion that ethically sustainable change in women's social position in the global and local margins is promoted by solidarity that includes dialogue, alliance and exchange, on both the conceptual level and in practice. The inquiry provides insights on the value of striving for holistic inclusion and of respect for diversities as a basis for locally relevant and contextually specific social work practice. ; Naisten sosiaalisen aseman muutos on yksi keskeisimmistä tavoitteista kansallisessa ja kansainvälisessä kehitysyhteistyössä, joka vaikuttaa laajasti Nepalissa. Samaan aikaan paikallisyhteisöt edistävät sosiaalista muutosta ruohonjuuritasolla. Eri tasoilla ajetun muutoksen suunnat, keinot ja tavoitteet ovat moninaiset, ja ne ovatkin usein ristiriitaisia keskenään. Ne sisältävät myös kolonialistisia ja imperialistisia valtarakenteita, jotka kietoutuvat paikallisiin hierarkioihin ja epätasa-arvoon, mikä monimutkaistaa muutoksen dynamiikkaa. Monimutkaisuutta lisää se, että kulttuuristen ja uskonnollisten perinteiden merkitys naisten ja yhteisöjen hyvinvoinnissa sekä muutoksen taustavoimana usein sivuutetaan kehitysyhteistyön keskusteluissa ja käytännöissä. Tässä sosiaalityön etnografisessa tutkimuksessa analysoin naisten sosiaalisen aseman muutosprosesseja sekä niiden tavoitteita nepalilaisissa maalaisyhteisöissä. Tutkimus tarkastelee sosiaalista muutosta kompleksisena siirtymänä, jolla on moninaisia suuntia. Samalla se valottaa keinoja muutoksen eettiseen ajamiseen. Osallistun tällä tutkimuksella kansainvälisen sosiaalityön keskusteluihin painottaen erityisesti dekoloniaalista ja feminististä lähestymistapaa. Analyysini paikantuu paikallisen ja kansainvälisen tason sekä teoreettisen ja käytännöllisen tiedon risteyskohtiin. Tutkimukseni tehtävänä on tuottaa tietoa siitä, miten eettisesti kestävää sosiaalista muutosta voidaan edistää paikallisesti ja globaalisti marginalisoitujen naisten rinnalla. Etsin vastausta tähän kolmella yksityiskohtaisemmalla kysymyksellä: 1) Millaiseksi naisten sosiaalinen asema muodostuu perinteiden ja muutosten risteyskohdassa; 2) Miten globaalit ja paikalliset muutosvoimat risteävät naisten sosiaalisen aseman muutoksessa; 3) Miten naisten omat näkemykset ja ympäristöt, jotka ajavat sosiaalista muutosta, suhteutuvat kansainvälisiin keskusteluihin kehityksestä ja sosiaalisesta muutoksesta. Tutkimukseni analyyttinen fokus on naisten kokemuksissa sekä niiden yhteydessä yhteiskunnallisiin rakenteisiin ja kansainväliseen politiikkaan. Olen tuottanut ensisijaisen tutkimusaineistoni kuuden kuukauden etnografisessa kenttätyössä (2012–2013) sekä uudelleen vierailuilla yhteensä kuukauden ajan (vuosina 2014, 2015 ja 2016) kahdessa naisten yhteisössä Nepalin maaseudulla. Tutkimuskohtaamiset paikantuivat yhteisöjen arkikonteksteihin sekä paikallisten naisten rekisteröimiin ja johtamiin organisaatioihin, joiden tavoitteena oli edistää kylien kehitystä ja parantaa naisten asemaa. Empiirinen aineisto on tuotettu naisten ryhmä-, pari- ja yksilöhaastatteluilla sekä osallistuvalla havainnoinnilla. Tutkimukseen osallistuneet naiset asemoituivat sekä yhteisöjen keskiöihin että marginaaleihin. Tutkimusta edeltävät kokemukseni Nepalissa vuosilta 2005–2011 seitsemän eri jakson ajan toimivat kenttätyöni kontekstuaalisena ja kulttuurisena taustana. Eettisen tiedontuottamisen sekä epistemologisten hierarkioiden ja etuoikeuksien kysymykset ovat olleet keskeisiä pohdintojani läpi tutkimusprosessin. Niihin liittyy olennaisesti kysymys, miten tasaarvo ja sosiaalinen oikeudenmukaisuus kietoutuvat osaksi sosiaalityön tutkimusta käytännöllisellä ja ideologisella tasolla. Tutkimus osoittaa, että naiset saivat moninaisia rooleja ja asemia heidän yhteisöissään ja arjessaan. Nuo roolit ja asemat toteutuivat naisten sosiaalisissa suhteissa – vaimoina, miniöinä, äiteinä, 'siskoina', yhteisöaktivisteina ja johtajina – sekä tehtävinä ja vastuina – kodinhoitajina, hoivaajina, elättäjinä ja kulttuurin ja uskonnon edustajina. Naisten tarinat kuvastivat monitasoisia marginaaleja ja erityisesti köyhyyden kanssa kamppailu oli niiden keskeinen elementti. Naisten yhteisöllinen asema näyttäytyi samaan aikaan keskeisenä ja rajoitettuna, mikä näkyi myös muutoksen edistämisessä. Naisten keinot sosiaalisen muutoksen ajamisessa olivat moninaiset ja ne linkittyivät muun muassa arkeen, perinteisiin, maahan ja hengellisyyteen. Heidän tavoitteensa kiteytyivät elinkeinon parantamiseen, köyhyyden vähentämiseen sekä pyrkimyksiin tulla kuulluiksi ja nähdyiksi. Tutkimustulokset painottavat, että perinteisiin ja paikallisyhteisöhin kiedotut muutosvoimat – kuten hengellisyys ja tunteet –, jotka ajoivat naisia ajamaan muutosta, ovat eettisesti kestävän sosiaalisen muutoksen ydintä. Analysoin naisten näkemyksiä sosiaalisesta muutoksesta dekoloniaalisen feministisen teorian valossa. Identifioin viisi muutoksen suuntaa, jotka tunnistavat ja reflektoivat kriittisesti paikallisia ja kansainvälisiä valtarakenteita: naisten subjektiviteetin dekolonisaatio, yhteisöllisten hierarkioiden uudelleenneuvottelu, talouden feminisaatio, epistemologioiden dekolonisaatio, sekä sosiaalisen tilan uudelleenjakaminen. Naisten aseman muutos, joka kietoutui paikallisiin ja globaaleihin valtarakenteisiin, synnytti railoja sekä rajojen ylityksiä sosiaalisella, sukupuolisella, tilallisella ja epistemologisella ulottuvuuksilla. Tutkimus esittää, että muutos kohti sosiaalista oikeudenmukaisuutta tavoitetaan rakentamalla siltoja erilaisten kuilujen, kuten globaalin Etelän ja Pohjoisen, sosiaalisten ja taloudellisten keskusten ja marginaalien, käytännön ja teorian, sekä henkisyyden, ruumiillisuuden ja rationaalisuuden välille. Tutkimustulosten pohjalta väitän, että eettisesti kestävää sosiaalista muutosta voidaan edistää dekoloniaalisesti ja feministisesti orientoituneella solidaarisuudella, joka sisältää dialogin, liittoutumisen (alliance) ja vaihdon (exchange) paikallisten toimijoiden kanssa. Tutkimukseni tuottaa syväluotaavia näkökulmia holistisen inkluusion ja moninaisuuden kunnioittamiselle, mitkä ovat kulttuurisesti relevantin ja paikallisesti erityisen sosiaalityön perustaa.

Aim: India has emerged as one of the most favoured destinations in the global Information Technology (IT) outsourcing market. On the other hand, the IT industry has been playing an instrumental role in transforming India's image from a low income-backward nation to a knowledge-based economy. Furthermore, the role of IT industry has been pivotal in putting India on a higher growth path. In addition, India's IT industry has been showing robust performance in revenue earning, particularly in export revenue. However, the performance of this industry is likely affected by some recent global phenomena, such as 2008's subprime crisis originated in the US, uncertainties in changes in H1-B visa rules, Britain's exit from the EU, automation etc. There are other factors, like exchange rate volatility, emerging competition from other low-cost outsourcing destination countries, are also posing threat to India's IT-outsourcing business. Against this backdrop, it is crucial to analyse the sustainability of performance of Indian IT industry. Thus, the present study aims at assessing the performance of Indian IT industry and evaluating the determinants of performance thereafter.Design / Research methods: To realize the objectives of the study, firm level data has been collected from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) Prowess database. For empirical analysis, we have applied a two-stage method. In the first-stage, we have used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) to evaluate the Total Factor Productivity Growth (TFPG) of Indian IT industry during the period from 2004-05 to 2014-15. For this purpose, a balanced panel consists of 70 IT firms has been considered. Further, the TFPG has been decomposed into three components, viz. Catch-up, frontier-shift, and scale efficiency change (SEC). Consequently, in the second-stage, three random-effects panel regression models are considered to investigate the determinants of TFPG, catch-up, and frontier-shift separately. Conclusions / findings: During the study period, the average TFP and frontier-shift has been improved. On the other hand, catch up effect is found to have declined. The variables, such as export intensity, salaries and wages intensity have positive and statistically significant impact on the catch-up and frontier-shift. Export intensity has positive impact on TFPG. Age of the firms has positive impact on catch-up and TFPG. Salaries and wages intensity has positive impact on TFPG. On an average, the firms which spent on research and Development (R&D) have experienced improvement in TFPG and frontier-shift. The public limited firms performed better than their private counterparts in terms of catch-up, frontier-shift, and TFPG. The non-group firms have performed better than the group firms in case of catch-up. On the other hand, on an average, the firms exhibiting decreasing Returns to Scale (DRS) are found to have registered deterioration in catch-up and TFPG with respect to the benchmark firms which are exhibiting Constant Returns to Scale (CRS). The firms exhibiting Increasing Returns to Scale (IRS) have shown improvement in catch-up and TFPG over the benchmark CRS firms. The impact of the US subprime crisis has been negative on catch-up, frontier-shift, and TFPG. The firms, which have spent on royalty, have experienced improvement in catch-up and TFPG. Originality / value of the article: So far in our knowledge, not so many studies of this kind have been done in the arena of empirical research pertains to the IT industry, especially in a developing country like India. Moreover, we have not found any study that covers the span of the dataset considered in the present study. In addition to this, the present study has employed a random-effects panel model to accommodate a number of time-invariant dummy variables which would not be possible in case of a fixed-effects panel model incorporated by some previous studies of this genre.Implications of the research: The identification of the determinants of TFPG and its components would help the stakeholders and policy makers of the IT industry to formulate appropriate policies which could mitigate the risks faced by the industry on one hand, and stimulate the forces that would enhance the growth of this industry on the other. For instance, to mitigate future risks, Indian IT industry should reduce its dependence on the US and UK markets. Besides, it should explore new markets in the EU, and other emerging economies where opportunities are plenty. To maintain India's robust global position in the long run, Government of India should play the key role in providing world class infrastructure and telecommunication facilities to its IT industry. In addition to this, Government needs to rationalise and simplify the existing Indian labour law to facilitate the business of IT industry. Various stakeholders along with the Government should put necessary efforts to develop the domestic IT market as there exists ample of opportunities in future. ; Cel: Niniejsze badanie ma na celu ocenę wzrostu całkowitej produktywności czynników produkcji (ang. Total Factor Productivity Growth (TFPG)) i jego determinant w indyjskim przemysle technologii informacyjnych (ang. Information Technology (IT)). Metodyka badań: Aby zrealizować cel badań, zgromadzono dane na poziomie firm z bazy danych PROWESS z Centrum Monitoringu Indyjskiej Gospodarki (ang. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)). W analizie empirycznej wykorzystano metodę dwuetapową. W pierwszym etapie zastosowano Indeks Produktywności Malmquista (ang. Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI)) oparty na Metodzie Obwiedni Danych (ang.: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)), aby ocenić TFPG w indyjskim przemyśle IT w okresie od 2004-05 do 2014-15. W tym celu uwzględniono zrównoważony panel 70 firm z branży IT. Następnie dokonano rozkładu TFPG na trzy komponenty, mianowicie catch-up , frontier-shift oraz zmiana efektywności skali (ang. scale efficiency change (SEC)). W drugim etapie rozważono trzy modele regresji dotyczące efektów losowych paneli, aby zbadać oddzielnie determinanty TFPG, catch-up i frontier-shift. Wnioski: W okresie badawczym, poprawił się średnio TFPG i frontier-shift. Z drugiej strony zmalał efekt catch-up. Zmienne, takie jak intensywność eksportu czy intensywność wynagrodzeń miały pozytywny i statystycznie znaczący wpływ na catch-up i frontier-shift. Intensywność eksportu oraz wynagrodzenia pozytywnie oddziaływały na TFPG. Wiek przedsiębiorstw pozytywnie wpływał na catch-up i TFPG. Średnio, firmy, które dokonały wydatków na badania i rozwój (ang. Research and Development (R&D)), doświadczyły poprawy TFPG i frontier-shift. Publiczne przedsiębiorstwa z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością radziły sobie lepiej niż ich prywatni odpowiednicy pod względem catch-up, frontier-shift i TFPG. Niezgrupowane firmy miały lepsze osiągnięcia z punktu widzenia catch-up aniżeli firmy zgrupowane. Z drugiej strony, przeciętnie, firmy osiągające malejące efekty skali (ang. decreasing Returns to Scale (DRS)) odnotowały pogorszenie w catch-up i TFPG w porównaniu do wyznacznika, jakim są firmy o stałych efektach skali (ang. Constant Returns to Scale (CRS)). Przedsiębiorstwa osiągające rosnące efekty skali (ang.: Increasing Returns to Scale (IRS)) uzyskały poprawę w zakresie catch-up i TFPG w większym stopniu niż będące wyznacznikiem firmy CRS. Kryzys na amerykańskim rynku kredytów hipotecznych negatywnie odbił się na catch-up, frontier-shift i TFPG. Przedsiębiorstwa, które poniosły wydatki na należności, doświadczyły poprawy catch-up i TFPG. Wartość artykułu: Autorzy dotychczas nie spotkali tak licznych badań empirycznych tego typu odnoszących się do przemysłu IT, zwłaszcza w krajach rozwijających się, jak Indie. Co więcej, autorzy nie doszukali się żadnych badań obejmujących tak dużą rozpiętość danych, jaką uwzględniono w niniejszym artykule. W dodatku w niniejszym badaniu zastosowano model efektów losowych, aby dostosować pewne niezmienne w czasie zmienne, co nie byłoby możliwe w przypadku modelu stałych efektów, który wykorzystywano w niektórych wcześniejszych badaniach tego rodzaju. Implikacje: Identyfikacja determinant TFPG i jego komponentów mogłaby pomóc interesariuszom i decydentom w sformułowaniu odpowiedniej polityki, co pozwoliłoby z jednej strony zmniejszyć ryzyko, którego doświadcza indyjski przemysł IT, a z drugiej pobudzić siły, które mogłyby przyczynić się do rozwoju tego przemysłu. Na przykład, aby ograniczyć przyszłe ryzyko, indyjski przemysł IT powinien zmniejszyć swoją zależność od rynku Stanów Zjednoczonych i Wielkiej Brytanii. Innymi słowy, powinien poszukiwać nowych rynków zarówno krajowych, jak też zagranicznych, np. w Unii Europejskiej, Australii i w gospodarkach wschodzących, gdzie rynki IT wydają się być obiecujące. Aby utrzymać indyjską solidną pozycję globalną w długim okresie, rząd indyjski powinien odgrywać kluczową rolę w zapewnianiu światowej klasy infrastruktury i urządzeń telekomunikacyjnych w przemyśle IT. Co więcej, rząd indyjski musi zracjonalizować i uprościć istniejące indyjskie prawo pracy, aby ułatwić aktywność ekonomiczną w przemyśle IT. Przeróżni interesariusze wraz z rządem powinni włożyć niezbędny wysiłek w rozwój krajowego rynku IT, które jest pełen możliwości.