Suchergebnisse

This global study, which has been coordinated by the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO/GAW) programme, aims to understand the behaviour of key air pollutant species during the COVID-19 pandemic period of exceptionally low emissions across the globe. We investigated the effects of the differences in both emissions and regional and local meteorology in 2020 compared with the period 2015–2019. By adopting a globally consistent approach, this comprehensive observational analysis focuses on changes in air quality in and around cities across the globe for the following air pollutants PM2.5, PM10, PMC (coarse fraction of PM), NO2, SO2, NOx, CO, O3 and the total gaseous oxidant (OX = NO2 + O3) during the pre-lockdown, partial lockdown, full lockdown and two relaxation periods spanning from January to September 2020. The analysis is based on in situ ground-based air quality observations at over 540 traffic, background and rural stations, from 63 cities and covering 25 countries over seven geographical regions of the world. Anomalies in the air pollutant concentrations (increases or decreases during 2020 periods compared to equivalent 2015–2019 periods) were calculated and the possible effects of meteorological conditions were analysed by computing anomalies from ERA5 reanalyses and local observations for these periods. We observed a positive correlation between the reductions in NO2 and NOx concentrations and peoples' mobility for most cities. A correlation between PMC and mobility changes was also seen for some Asian and South American cities. A clear signal was not observed for other pollutants, suggesting that sources besides vehicular emissions also substantially contributed to the change in air quality. As a global and regional overview of the changes in ambient concentrations of key air quality species, we observed decreases of up to about 70% in mean NO2 and between 30% and 40% in mean PM2.5 concentrations over 2020 full lockdown compared to the same period in 2015–2019. However, PM2.5 exhibited complex signals, even within the same region, with increases in some Spanish cities, attributed mainly to the long-range transport of African dust and/or biomass burning (corroborated with the analysis of NO2/CO ratio). Some Chinese cities showed similar increases in PM2.5 during the lockdown periods, but in this case, it was likely due to secondary PM formation. Changes in O3 concentrations were highly heterogeneous, with no overall change or small increases (as in the case of Europe), and positive anomalies of 25% and 30% in East Asia and South America, respectively, with Colombia showing the largest positive anomaly of ~70%. The SO2 anomalies were negative for 2020 compared to 2015–2019 (between ~25 to 60%) for all regions. For CO, negative anomalies were observed for all regions with the largest decrease for South America of up to ~40%. The NO2/CO ratio indicated that specific sites (such as those in Spanish cities) were affected by biomass burning plumes, which outweighed the NO2 decrease due to the general reduction in mobility (ratio of ~60%). Analysis of the total oxidant (OX = NO2 + O3) showed that primary NO2 emissions at urban locations were greater than the O3 production, whereas at background sites, OX was mostly driven by the regional contributions rather than local NO2 and O3 concentrations. The present study clearly highlights the importance of meteorology and episodic contributions (e.g., from dust, domestic, agricultural biomass burning and crop fertilizing) when analysing air quality in and around cities even during large emissions reductions. There is still the need to better understand how the chemical responses of secondary pollutants to emission change under complex meteorological conditions, along with climate change and socio-economic drivers may affect future air quality. The implications for regional and global policies are also significant, as our study clearly indicates that PM2.5 concentrations would not likely meet the World Health Organization guidelines in many parts of the world, despite the drastic reductions in mobility. Consequently, revisions of air quality regulation (e.g., the Gothenburg Protocol) with more ambitious targets that are specific to the different regions of the world may well be required. ; World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch programme is gratefully acknowledged for initiating and coordinating this study and for supporting this publication. We acknowledge the following projects for supporting the analysis contained in this article: Air Pollution and Human Health for an Indian Megacity project PROMOTE funded by UK NERC and the Indian MOES, Grant reference number NE/P016391/1; Regarding project funding from the European Commission, the sole responsibility of this publication lies with the authors. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. This project has received funding from the European Commission's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 874990 (EMERGE project). European Regional Development Fund (project MOBTT42) under the Mobilitas Pluss programme; Estonian Research Council (project PRG714); Estonian Research Infrastructures Roadmap project Estonian Environmental Observatory (KKOBS, project 2014-2020.4.01.20-0281). European network for observing our changing planet project (ERA-PLANET, grant agreement no. 689443) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Estonian Ministry of Sciences projects (grant nos. P180021, P180274), and the Estonian Research Infrastructures Roadmap project Estonian Environmental Observatory (3.2.0304.11-0395). Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East—Climate and Atmosphere Research (EMME-CARE) project, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement no. 856612) and the Government of Cyprus. INAR acknowledges support by the Russian government (grant number 14.W03.31.0002), the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (agreement 14.W0331.0006), and the Russian Ministry of Education and Science (14.W03.31.0008). We are grateful to to the following agencies for providing access to data used in our analysis: A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics Russian Academy of Sciences; Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente della Campania (ARPAC); Air Quality and Climate Change, Parks and Environment (MetroVancouver, Government of British Columbia); Air Quality Monitoring & Reporting, Nova Scotia Environment (Government of Nova Scotia); Air Quality Monitoring Network (SIMAT) and Emission Inventory, Mexico City Environment Secretariat (SEDEMA); Airparif (owner & provider of the Paris air pollution data); ARPA Lazio, Italy; ARPA Lombardia, Italy; Association Agréée de Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air en Île-de-France AIRPARIF / Atmo-France; Bavarian Environment Agency, Germany; Berlin Senatsverwaltung für Umwelt, Verkehr und Klimaschutz, Germany; California Air Resources Board; Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India; CETESB: Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. China National Environmental Monitoring Centre; Chandigarh Pollution Control Committee (CPCC), India. DCMR Rijnmond Environmental Service, the Netherlands. Department of Labour Inspection, Cyprus; Department of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Protection of Moscow. Environment and Climate Change Canada; Environmental Monitoring and Science Division Alberta Environment and Parks (Government of Alberta); Environmental Protection Authority Victoria (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia); Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC); Estonian University of Life Sciences, SMEAR Estonia; European Regional Development Fund (project MOBTT42) under the Mobilitas Pluss programme; Finnish Meteorological Institute; Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority; Haryana Pollution Control Board (HSPCB), IndiaLondon Air Quality Network (LAQN) and the Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) supported by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government; Madrid Municipality; Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS); Meteorological Service of Canada; Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (Gouvernement du Québec); Ministry of Environment and Energy, Greece; Ministry of the Environment (Chile) and National Weather Service (DMC); Moscow State Budgetary Environmental Institution MOSECOMONITORING. Municipal Department of the Environment SMAC, Brazil; Municipality of Madrid public open data service; National institute of environmental research, Korea; National Meteorology and Hydrology Service (SENAMHI), Peru; New York State Department of Environmental Conservation; NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment; Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Canada; Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), the Netherlands. Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB), India. Réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air (RSQA) (Montréal); Rosgydromet. Mosecomonitoring, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russia; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 20–05–00254) SAFAR-IITM-MoES, India; São Paulo State Environmental Protection Agency, CETESB; Secretaria de Ambiente, DMQ, Ecuador; Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente, Bogotá, Colombia. Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente Rio de Janeiro; Mexico City Atmospheric Monitoring System (SIMAT); Mexico City Secretariat of Environment, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente (SEDEMA); SLB-analys, Sweden; SMEAR Estonia station and Estonian University of Life Sciences (EULS); SMEAR stations data and Finnish Center of Excellence; South African Weather Service and Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries through SAAQIS; Spanish Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge (MITECO); University of Helsinki, Finland; University of Tartu, Tahkuse air monitoring station; Weather Station of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Science of the University of São Paulo; West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB). ; Peer reviewed

Les nombreux impacts négatifs liés à la démocratisation de l'automobile dans le dernier siècle ont mené à repenser les systèmes de transport et les pratiques de planification des transports. Les systèmes de transport devraient être planifiés pour protéger la viabilité écologique à long terme, pour fournir une accessibilité de base et pour assurer un accès équitable intergénérationnel et intragénérationnel au transport : c'est le transport durable. Plusieurs actions et stratégies ont été proposées dans les dernières décennies pour mettre en œuvre le transport durable. Le réaménagement des rues en faveur du transport actif et en commun est une de ces stratégies. Toutefois, il existe actuellement un décalage entre les plans, qui adoptent une vision de transport durable, et la pratique, qui réalise encore des projets de transport non-durables. Les différentes échelles de gouvernements requièrent de nouveaux outils d'aide à la décision pour changer les processus décisionnels. L'aide multicritère à la décision (AMCD) est une approche de mise en œuvre par divers processus possibles et proposant diverses méthodes d'analyse qui est de plus en plus discutée dans la littérature en transport afin d'intégrer une perspective holistique dans les processus décisionnels et l'évaluation de projet. Dans cette optique, cette thèse étudie plus particulièrement l'utilisation de l'AMCD pour améliorer les processus décisionnels liés au réaménagement de rues. Tout d'abord, une revue de littérature a été réalisée afin de mieux comprendre les méthodes d'évaluation actuellement utilisées dans les processus décisionnels en transport. Les deux principales méthodes d'évaluation dans le domaine (analyse coût-bénéfice et AMCD) ont été analysées selon leurs forces et leurs faiblesses perçues, les différentes manières de les combiner et leurs capacités à intégrer les principes de développement durable dans les processus décisionnels. Afin de considérer les différentes conceptualisations de l'aide à la décision, les résultats ont été analysés en considérant quatre approches d'aide à la décision basées sur le concept d'agir communicationnel d'Habermas (objectiviste, conformiste, ajustable et réflexive). Ensuite, une méthode pour développer un outil cartographique d'AMCD qui priorise le réaménagement de rues en rues conviviales a été proposée et a été appliquée en collaboration avec la Ville de Québec, Canada. Les rues conviviales sont l'objet d'un mouvement populaire en Amérique du Nord pour l'aménagement de " rues pour tous ". L'outil a été développé lors d'ateliers multidisciplinaires (transport, urbanisme, environnement, infrastructure, etc.) réunissant des professionnels de Québec selon la méthode d'AMCD MACBETH. Le développement de l'outil a été réalisé en cinq phases : (1) la structuration du problème, (2) la construction d'échelles d'attractivité, (3) l'élicitation de taux de substitution, (4) la validation du modèle et (5) la production de cartes de priorité. Forte du succès de la démarche, la Ville de Québec intègre cet outil dans sa stratégie de rues conviviales depuis 2017. Pour faire suite à l'outil développé avec la Ville de Québec, un cadre d'évaluation post-projet dans un contexte d'AMCD a été développé et appliqué à propos du développement et de l'utilisation de l'outil. Le cadre d'évaluation se base sur cinq questions : pourquoi évaluer?, quoi évaluer?, sur quoi est basée l'évaluation?, comment évaluer? et qui est impliqué dans l'évaluation?. L'évaluation a pris la forme d'une série d'entretiens individuels réalisés avec les professionnels impliqués dans le développement et l'utilisation de l'outil cartographique d'AMCD. Les entretiens portaient sur le développement, l'utilisation et la pérennité de l'outil et ont été analysés selon la méthode d'analyse thématique. Enfin, afin d'évaluer le potentiel d'application de la démarche dans d'autres contextes, les pratiques et les perceptions de professionnels quant à la réfection et au réaménagement de rues provenant de 11 municipalités québécoises ont été documentées lors d'ateliers multidisciplinaires de groupe (infrastructure, transport, urbanisme, environnement et géomatique). Les objectifs de ces ateliers étaient (1) de brosser un portrait des pratiques actuelles et (2) d'identifier les enjeux et les défis à développer un outil cartographique d'AMCD dans des contextes municipaux différents. Les ateliers ont été analysés en schématisant les processus décisionnels actuels et en utilisant la méthode de cartographie causale. Une série de lignes directrices a été proposée pour permettre le développement d'outils cartographiques d'AMCD au sein de municipalités. Ainsi, ces lignes directrices visent à faciliter le développement d'un nouveau type d'outils d'aide à la décision pour les municipalités, mais également à permettre d'améliorer les processus décisionnels actuels des municipalités afin de mieux arrimer les visions et les objectifs adoptés dans les politiques et les plans avec les projets réalisés et les pratiques professionnelles. ; The numerous negative impacts linked to the democratization of cars in the last century led to rethink transportation systems and transportation planning practices. Transportation systems should be planned to safeguard long-term ecological vitality, provide basic accessibility and ensure equal access to transport services. This is sustainable transportation. Many actions and strategies were proposed in the last decades to implement sustainable transportation. Redesigning streets in favor of active and public transportation is one of these strategies. However, there is currently a gap between the plans, that adopt a sustainable transportation vision, and practices, that still realize unsustainable transportation projects. The different government levels require new decision aid tools to change their decision processes. Multicriteria decision aiding (MCDA) is one method that is more and more discussed in the transportation literature to integrate a holistic perspective to decision processes. In this regard, this thesis studies more specifically the use of MCDA to improve decision processes linked to street redesigns. First of all, a descriptive literature review was conducted to better understand the evaluation methods that are currently used in transportation decision processes. The two main evaluation methods in the field (cost-benefit analysis and MCDA) were examined according to their perceived strengths and weaknesses, to the different ways to combine them and to their abilities to integrate sustainable development principles in the decision processes. To take into account the different conceptualizations of decision-aiding, the results were analyzed according to four decision-aiding approaches based on the concept of communicative action from Habermas (objectivist, conformist, adjustive and reflexive). Subsequently, a method to develop a multicriteria spatial decision support system (MC-SDSS) to prioritize the streets to redesign as Complete Streets was proposed and applied in collaboration with the City of Quebec in Canada. Complete streets is a popular movement in North America for sustainable transportation to design " streets for everyone ". The MC-SDSS was developed during multidisciplinary group workshops (transportation, urban planning, environment, infrastructure, urban design and public participation) gathering Quebec City professionals using the MCDA method MACBETH. The development of the MC-SDSS was split in five phases: (1) structuring the problem, (2) constructing attractiveness scales, (3) deriving scaling constants, (4) validating the model and (5) producing priority maps. The process has been successful. Indeed, Quebec City has been using this MC-SDSS in the elaboration of its Complete Streets strategy since 2017. Following the MC-SDSS developed in Quebec City, a post-project evaluation framework, specific to MCDA, was generated and applied to the MC-SDSS. The evaluation framework is based on five questions: why evaluate?, what to evaluate?, on what is the evaluation based?, how to evaluate? and who is involved in the evaluation?. The evaluation was applied under the form of a series of individual interviews carried with the professionals involved in the development and use of the MC-SDSS. The interviews were about the development, use and future of the MC-SDSS and were analyzed according to the thematic analysis method. Based on the challenges and difficulties identified in the thematic analysis, various recommendations are suggested to improve practices. Finally, to assess the potential to export the development of MC-SDSS to other contexts, the practices and perceptions of professionals from 11 municipalities in the Province of Quebec were documented during multidisciplinary group workshops (infrastructure, transport, urban planning, environment and geomatics). The objectives of these workshops were (1) to create a portrait of current practices for street rehabilitation and redesign to integrate urban planning, transportation and environment and (2) to identify the issues and challenges of developing MC-SDSS in various municipal contexts. The workshops were analyzed by schematizing the current decision processes and by using the causal mapping method. A series of guidelines is proposed to allow the development of MC-SDSS with the municipalities. Those guidelines aim at easing the development of a new type of decision support system for municipalities, but also at allowing the improvement of current municipal decision processes by better integrating the sustainable vision adopted in the politics and plans and the projects realized by the professionals.

Energy is at the heart of the climate crisis—but also at the heart of any efforts for climate change mitigation. Energy consumption is namely responsible for approximately three quarters of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, central to any serious plans to stave off a climate catastrophe is a major transformation of the world's energy system, which would move society away from fossil fuels and towards a net-zero energy future. Considering that fossil fuels are also a major source of air pollutant emissions, the energy transition has important implications for air quality as well, and thus also for human and environmental health. Both Europe and Germany have set the goal of becoming GHG neutral by 2050, and moreover have demonstrated their deep commitment to a comprehensive energy transition. Two of the most significant developments in energy policy over the past decade have been the interest in expansion of shale gas and hydrogen, which accordingly have garnered great interest and debate among public, private and political actors. In this context, sound scientific information can play an important role by informing stakeholder dialogue and future research investments, and by supporting evidence-based decision-making. This thesis examines anticipated environmental impacts from possible, relevant changes in the European energy system, in order to impart valuable insight and fill critical gaps in knowledge. Specifically, it investigates possible future shale gas development in Germany and the United Kingdom (UK), as well as a hypothetical, complete transition to hydrogen mobility in Germany. Moreover, it assesses the impacts on GHG and air pollutant emissions, and on tropospheric ozone (O3) air quality. The analysis is facilitated by constructing emission scenarios and performing air quality modeling via the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). The work of this thesis is presented in three research papers. The first paper finds that methane (CH4) leakage rates from upstream shale gas development in Germany and the UK would range between 0.35% and 1.36% in a realistic, business-as-usual case, while they would be significantly lower - between 0.08% and 0.15% - in an optimistic, strict regulation and high compliance case, thus demonstrating the value and potential of measures to substantially reduce emissions. Yet, while the optimistic case is technically feasible, it is unlikely that the practices and technologies assumed would be applied and accomplished on a systematic, regular basis, owing to economics and limited monitoring resources. The realistic CH4 leakage rates estimated in this study are comparable to values reported by studies carried out in the US and elsewhere. In contrast, the optimistic rates are similar to official CH4 leakage data from upstream gas production in Germany and in the UK. Considering that there is a lack of systematic, transparent and independent reports supporting the official values, this study further highlights the need for more research efforts in this direction. Compared with national energy sector emissions, this study suggests that shale gas emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be significant, though relatively insignificant for other air pollutants. Similar to CH4, measures could be effective for reducing VOCs emissions. The second paper shows that VOC and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from a future shale gas industry in Germany and the UK have potentially harmful consequences for European O3 air quality on both the local and regional scale. The results indicate a peak increase in maximum daily 8-hour average O3 (MDA8) ranging from 3.7 µg m-3 to 28.3 µg m-3. Findings suggest that shale gas activities could result in additional exceedances of MDA8 at a substantial percentage of regulatory measurement stations both locally and in neighboring and distant countries, with up to circa one third of stations in the UK and one fifth of stations in Germany experiencing additional exceedances. Moreover, the results reveal that the shale gas impact on the cumulative health-related metric SOMO35 (annual Sum of Ozone Means Over 35 ppb) could be substantial, with a maximum increase of circa 28%. Overall, the findings suggest that shale gas VOC emissions could play a critical role in O3 enhancement, while NOx emissions would contribute to a lesser extent. Thus, the results indicate that stringent regulation of VOC emissions would be important in the event of future European shale gas development to minimize deleterious health outcomes. The third paper demonstrates that a hypothetical, complete transition of the German vehicle fleet to hydrogen fuel cell technology could contribute substantially to Germany's climate and air quality goals. The results indicate that if the hydrogen were to be produced via renewable-powered water electrolysis (green hydrogen), German carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions would decrease by 179 MtCO2eq annually, though if electrolysis were powered by the current electricity mix, emissions would instead increase by 95 MtCO2eq annually. The findings generally reveal a notable anticipated decrease in German energy emissions of regulated air pollutants. The results suggest that vehicular hydrogen demand is 1000 PJ annually, which would require between 446 TWh and 525 TWh for electrolysis, hydrogen transport and storage. When only the heavy duty vehicle segment (HDVs) is shifted to green hydrogen, the results of this thesis show that vehicular hydrogen demand drops to 371 PJ, while a deep emissions cut is still realized (-57 MtCO2eq), suggesting that HDVs are a low-hanging fruit for contributing to decarbonization of the German road transport sector with hydrogen energy. ; Energie ist der Kern der Klimakrise—aber auch der Kern jeglicher Bemühungen zur Eindämmung des Klimawandels. Der Energieverbrauch ist heute für ungefähr drei Viertel der weltweiten Treibhausgasemissionen verantwortlich. Grundlegend für einen ernsthaft gemeinten Plan eine Klimakatastrophe abzuwenden ist daher eine umfassende Umgestaltung des weltweiten Energiesystems von fossilen Brennstoffen weg in Richtung zukünftige Netto-Null-Emissionen. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass fossile Brennstoffe auch eine Hauptquelle für Luftschadstoffemissionen sind, hat die Energiewende wichtige Auswirkungen auf die Luftqualität und damit auch auf die Gesundheit von Mensch und Umwelt. Sowohl Europa als auch Deutschland haben sich zum Ziel gesetzt, bis 2050 treibhausgasneutral zu werden und zeigen darüber hinaus ihr tiefes Engagement für eine umfassende Energiewende. Zwei der wichtigsten Entwicklungen in der Energiepolitik im letzten Jahrzehnt waren das Interesse an der Ausweitung von Schiefergas und Wasserstoff, das entsprechend großes Interesse und große Diskussionen in der Öffentlichkeit, im Privaten und in der Politik erzeugt hat. In diesem Zusammenhang können fundierte wissenschaftliche Informationen eine wichtige Rolle spielen, indem sie Interessenvertreter und zukünftige Forschungsinvestitionen informieren und evidenzbasierte Entscheidungen unterstützen. Diese Doktorarbeit untersucht die Umweltauswirkungen möglicher, relevanter Veränderungen im europäischen Energiesystem, um wertvolle Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln und kritische Wissenslücken zu schließen. Insbesondere werden mögliche zukünftige Schiefergasentwicklungen in Deutschland und im Vereinigten Königreich (UK) sowie ein hypothetischer, vollständiger Übergang zur Wasserstoffmobilität in Deutschland untersucht. Darüber hinaus werden die Auswirkungen auf die Treibhausgas- und Luftschadstoffemissionen sowie auf die Luftqualität von troposphärischem Ozon (O3) bewertet. Die Analyse wird durch die Erstellung von Emissionsszenarien und die Durchführung von Luftqualitätsmodellen über die Chemie-Version des "Weather Research and Forecasting Model" (WRF-Chem) erleichtert. Die Forschung dieser Doktorarbeit wird in drei wissenschaftlichen Artikeln vorgestellt. Der erste Artikel beschreibt, dass die Methan (CH4)-Leckraten aus einer vorgelagerten Schiefergasproduktion in Deutschland und Großbritannien in einem gewöhnlichen Fall zwischen 0.35% und 1.36% liegen würden, während sie in einem optimistischen, streng regulierten Fall signifikant zwischen 0.08% und 0.15% niedriger wären, und zeigt damit die Bedeutung und das Potenzial von Maßnahmen zur wesentlichen Reduzierung der Emissionen auf. Obwohl der optimistische Fall technisch machbar ist, ist es aufgrund der Wirtschaftlichkeit und der begrenzten Überwachungsressourcen unwahrscheinlich, dass die angenommenen Praktiken und Technologien systematisch und regelmäßig angewendet und durchgeführt werden. Die in dieser Studie geschätzten realistischen CH4-Leckraten sind vergleichbar mit Werten, die in Studien in den USA und anderswo angegeben wurden. Im Gegensatz dazu ähneln die optimistischen Raten den offziellen CH4- Leckraten aus der vorgelagerten Gasproduktion in Deutschland und Großbritannien. In Anbetracht des Mangels an systematischen, transparenten und unabhängigen Berichten, die die offziellen Werte stützen, unterstreicht diese Studie die Notwendigkeit weiterer Forschungsanstrengungen in diese Richtung. Im Vergleich zu den Emissionen des nationalen Energiesektors deutet diese Studie darauf hin, dass die Schiefergasemissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VOC) erheblich sein könnten, andere Luftschadstoffe jedoch relativ unbedeutend bleiben. Ähnlich wie bei CH4 könnten Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung der VOC-Emissionen wirksam sein. Der zweite Artikel beschreibt, dass VOC- und Stickoxidemissionen (NOx) einer zukünftigen Schiefergasindustrie in Deutschland und Großbritannien potenziell schädliche Folgen für die europäische O3-Luftqualität sowohl auf lokaler als auch auf regionaler Ebene haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Spitzenanstieg des maximalen täglichen 8-Stunden-Durchschnitts von O3 (MDA8) im Bereich von 3.7 µg m-3 bis 28.3 µg m-3. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Schiefergasaktivitäten zu zusätzlichen Grenzwertüberschreitungen des MDA8 bei einem erheblichen Prozentsatz der regulatorischen Messstationen sowohl vor Ort als auch in Nachbar- und entfernten Ländern führen können, wobei bei bis zu etwa einem Drittel der Stationen in Großbritannien und einem Fünftel der Stationen in Deutschland zusätzliche Überschreitungen auftreten. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Auswirkungen von Schiefergas auf die kumulative gesundheitsbezogene Metrik SOMO35 (jährliche Summe des Ozonmittel über 35 ppb) mit einem maximalen Anstieg von ca. 28% erheblich sein könnten. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die VOC-Emissionen von Schiefergas eine entscheidende Rolle bei der O3-Erhöhung spielen könnten, während die NOx-Emissionen in geringerem Maße dazu beitragen würden. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen daher, dass eine strenge Regulierung der VOC-Emissionen im Falle einer künftigen europäischen Schiefergasentwicklung wichtig ist, um schädliche gesundheitliche Folgen zu minimieren. Der dritte Artikel beschreibt, dass ein hypothetischer, vollständiger Übergang der deutschen Fahrzeugflotte zur Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellentechnologie wesentlich zu Deutschlands Klima- und Luftqualitätszielen beitragen kann. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass bei einer Erzeugung des Wasserstoffs durch erneuerbare Wasserelektrolyse (grüner Wasserstoff) die Emissionen des deutschen Kohlendioxidäquivalents (CO2eq) jährlich um 179 MtCO2eq sinken würden. Wenn die Elektrolyse jedoch mit dem aktuellen Strommix betrieben würde, würden sich die Emissionen stattdessen um jährlich 95 MtCO2eq erhöhen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen im Allgemeinen einen bemerkenswerten Rückgang der Luftschadstoffemissionen in Deutschland. Weiterhin legen sie nahe, dass der Wasserstoffbedarf von Fahrzeugen 1000 PJ pro Jahr beträgt, was zwischen 446 TWh und 525 TWh für Elektrolyse, Wasserstofftransport und -speicherung erfordern würde. Wenn nur das Segment der Schwerlastfahrzeuge (HDVs) auf grünen Wasserstoff umgestellt wird, zeigen unsere Ergebnisse, dass der Wasserstoffbedarf der Fahrzeuge auf 371 PJ sinkt, während immer noch eine tiefgreifende Emissionsreduzierung erzielt wird (-57 MtCO2eq). Dies zeigt, dass die Umstellung der HDVs auf grünen Wasserstoff einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Dekarbonisierung des deutschen Straßenverkehrs leisten kann.

V magistrskem delu obravnavamo različne politike internacionalizacije visokega šolstva v Sloveniji in na Nizozemskem. Glavni temelj naloge predstavlja analiza in primerjava strateških dokumentov internacionalizacije visokega šolstva obeh izbranih držav. V teoretičnem delu izpostavimo internacionalizacijo v zgodovinski perspektivi. Na kratko opišemo družbenoekonomski kontekst razvoja nizozemskih univerz ter obravnavamo nastanek in razvoj slovenskih in nizozemskih univerz. Osredotočimo se na njihovo poslanstvo ter z njim povezanim položajem jezika v raziskovalni in pedagoški dejavnosti. Opredelimo tudi termin internacionalizacije in navedemo različne definicije. Nato predstavimo oblike internacionalizacije: internacionalizacijo doma, internacionalizacijo kurikuluma ter internacionalizacijo v tujini. V okviru razvoja bolonjskega procesa predstavimo nastanek evropske gospodarske skupnosti, začetke samega procesa ter kritiko njegove neoliberalne zasnove. Raziščemo tudi zelo relevantno temo – transfer izobraževalnih politik. Zaključimo s predstavitvijo jezikovne problematike, to je vedno večja vloga angleščine v pedagoškem in raziskovalnem visokošolskem prostoru ter položaj nacionalnih jezikov. V okviru empiričnega dela najprej ugotavljamo podobnosti in razlike med nacionalnimi politikami internacionalizacije visokega šolstva v Sloveniji in na Nizozemskem ter med politikami na institucionalni ravni – opravimo torej primerjavo Univerze v Ljubljani in Univerze v Amsterdamu. Analiza nacionalnih strateških dokumentov dokazuje, da tako slovensko kot nizozemsko visoko šolstvo sledi podobnim ciljem internacionalizacije. Kot prvo bistveno razliko pa lahko izpostavimo težnjo Nizozemske po povezovanju visokošolskih institucij z gospodarstvom in posledično prevlado gospodarskih motivov za internacionalizacijo. Nasprotno pa internacionalizacijo slovenskega visokega šolstva usmerjajo predvsem politični motivi, saj želi država utrditi prepoznavno podobo nacionalnega visokega šolstva. S tem pa je povezana tudi druga pomembna razlika. V nizozemskih strateških dokumentih je poudarjena namera po konkurenčnosti in prepoznavnosti države na globalni ravni, medtem ko je v slovenskih strateških dokumentih v ospredju potreba po vzpostavitvi regionalne identitete. Nizozemska se torej usmerja v bolj globalno internacionalizacijo, Slovenija pa v regionalno. Državi sta si podobni v tem, da vidita internacionalizacijo kot poglavitni dejavnik pri razvoju svojega visokega šolstva, ki rezultira v izboljšanje njegove kakovosti. Analiza politike internacionalizacije dveh osrednjih univerz v obeh država pokaže, da je zaradi statusa mednarodne in dvojezične univerze Univerze v Amsterdamu internacionalizacija njena ključna značilnost, medtem ko je ljubljanska univerza pri svoji internacionalizaciji dokaj omejena. Zaradi svoje izrazite mednarodne usmerjenosti Univerza v Amsterdamu izvaja pouk v t. i. mednarodni predavalnici. Nizozemska in njene univerze so že – gledano z zgodovinske perspektive – veliko bolj mednarodno odprte. Slednje pa je prispevalo k temu, da Nizozemska spada med najbogatejše države na svetu. Prednost bogatih držav pa niso le zadostna finančna sredstva za implementacijo optimalne internacionalizacije, ampak tudi »privilegij« postavljanja trendov na področju internacionalizacije. Preučujemo tudi medsebojno skladnost strateških dokumentov v posamezni državi ter način odražaja ciljev bolonjskega procesa v ciljih strateških dokumentov. Ugotovimo, da je v nizozemskih strateških dokumentih v primerjavi s slovenskimi prisotno bistveno večje ujemanje v ključnih oziroma prioritetnih ciljih, kar je mogoče pripisati aktivni vključenosti nizozemskih univerz pri oblikovaju politik. Bolonjski cilji so izraženi v obeh državnih in obeh institucionalnih strategijah internacionalizacije. Izpostavili bi cilj pospeševanja mobilnosti, ki se pojavi v vseh štirih strategijah. Na koncu raziskujemo, kako državi urejata oziroma rešujeta vprašanje jezika visokega šolstva. Ugotovili smo, da v obeh državah zakona, ki urejata področje visokega šolstva, izpostavljata skrb za materinščino. Ta naloga spada v okvir visokošolskih zavodov. Univerza v Amsterdamu ima – za razliko od Univerze v Ljubljani – oblikovano svojo jezikovno strategijo, v kateri je pojasnjeno, na kakšen način se izbere oziroma določi jezik poučevanja, s čimer je odločitev o jeziku poučevanja olajšana. Kot je pokazala primerjava različnih dokumentov s področja visokega šolstva in strategij, je današnja internacionalizacija v različnih državah pod vplivom tako sodobnih procesov, konkretneje bolonjskega procesa, kot tudi različnih zgodovinskih dejavnikov oziroma okoliščin. Enake politike internacionalizacije se torej v različnih okoljih implementirajo različno. S tem tudi potrjujemo ugotovitev de Wita in F. Hunter (2015, str. 2), da ni modela internacionalizacije, ki bi ustrezal vsem. ; Internationalisation of Higher Education in Slovenia and the Netherlands After the Implementation of the Bologna Process In this thesis, we discuss the different internationalisation policies of higher education in Slovenia and the Netherlands. Analysing and comparing the strategic documents about the internationalisation of higher education in the chosen countries is the basis of the following thesis. In the theoretical part, we put internationalisation in a historical perspective. We concisely describe the socioeconomic context of the development of Dutch universities and analyse the origins and development of Slovene and Dutch universities. Furthermore, we focus on the mission of universities and their related position of language in research and teaching. We also define internationalisation and present its different definitions. Additionally, we introduce the forms of internationalisation: internationalisation at home, internationalisation of the curriculum, and internationalisation abroad. In the context of the development of the Bologna Process, we present the emergence of the European Economic Community, the beginnings of the process itself, and a critique of its neo-liberal concept. Moreover, we also explore the transfer of educational policies. We conclude by presenting the language issues, i.e., the growing role of English in teaching and research in higher education, and the position of national languages. In the empirical part, we first identify similarities and differences between national policies on the internationalisation of higher education in Slovenia and the Netherlands. Then we examine the policies at the institutional level by comparing the University of Ljubljana and the University of Amsterdam. Analysis of national strategy documents shows that both Slovenian and Dutch higher education pursue similar internationalisation objectives. However, the first significant difference is the Dutch tendency to connect higher education institutions with the economy. Consequently, economic motives for internationalisation prevail. In contrast, the internationalisation of Slovenian higher education is driven primarily by political motives, as the country wants to consolidate a recognisable national higher education. Nonetheless, there is another important difference. The Dutch strategy documents emphasise the intention to make the country competitive and visible on a global level, while the Slovenian strategy documents focus on the need to establish a regional identity. The Netherlands is therefore moving towards a more global internationalisation, whereas Slovenia moves towards a regional one. At the same time, they both perceive internationalisation as the crucial factor in developing higher education. Particularly, in the context of increasing its quality. The two countries are similar in the way they see internationalisation – as the major factor in the development of their higher education and as means to enhance its quality. An analysis of the internationalisation policies of the two central universities in both countries shows that, due to its status as an international and bilingual university, internationalisation is a leading feature of the University of Amsterdam. On the contrary, the University of Ljubljana is somewhat limited in its internationalisation. Due to its strong international orientation, the University of Amsterdam holds its classes in a so-called "international classroom." Historically viewed, The Netherlands and its universities have been much more internationally opened. This has contributed to the Netherlands being one of the wealthiest countries in the world. The advantage of rich countries is not only having sufficient financial resources to implement optimal internationalisation, but also the "privilege" of setting trends in the area of internationalisation. We also look at the coherence between the strategic documents in each country and how the objectives of the Bologna Process are reflected in the objectives of the strategic documents. We have found out that there is a significantly higher congruence in the key objectives in the Dutch strategic document compared to the Slovenian ones. The reason for that could be the active involvement of Dutch universities in policymaking. The Bologna objectives are reflected in both national and both institutional internationalisation strategies. We aim to highlight the objective of promoting mobility, which appears in all four strategies. Lastly, we explore the way of how countries are addressing the issue of the language of higher education. We have discovered that the laws governing higher education emphasise care for the mother tongue in both countries. The University of Amsterdam has constructed a language strategy that explains how the instruction language is chosen and determined. By doing so, the decision for the instruction language is less complicated. At the moment, the University of Ljubljana still does not have the same approach. By comparing different higher education documents and strategies, we have shown that contemporary changes (specifically the Bologna Process) and various historical factors have influenced internationalisation today. The same internationalisation policies are therefore implemented differently in various contexts. This also confirms the observation made by de Wit and F. Hunter (2015, p. 2) that there is "no one model that fits all".

ABSTRACTThe indexes of crimes against the good functioning of the public administration in Ecuador are alarming. Although every year, there is an increase in efforts to fight corruption, concussion and acts that threaten sovereignty and democracy. These efforts have not provided significant changes despite living a state of emergency worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which threatens people's health with a high mortality rate, since there are people who only aim at personal enrichment, leaving aside the general interest. These illegal acts generate transaction costs from anti-democratic actions and actions that go against the Ecuadorian positive law since they limit the investment of these resources in the growth of relevant sectors for the evolutionary development of the country, such as the area of health, education, the incentive to sport, the emergence of new technologies. Besides, it is essential to consider the investment to eliminate the crimes that attempt against protected legal assets so that these would be reduced every year, that cost would be destined to the positive evolution of the country. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the importance of eliminating crimes against the proper functioning of public administration to eliminate the State transaction costs generated and thus strengthen democracy and legal security in the country. KEYWORDS: illegal cooperations, transaction costs, democracy, crimes, undemocratic acts, legal certainty. RESUMENLos índices de delitos contra la buena marcha de la administración pública en el Ecuador son alarmantes. Si bien cada año aumentan los esfuerzos por la lucha contra la corrupción, la concusión y actos que atentan contra la soberanía y democracia de un país, pero no han proporcionado grandes cambios a pesar de vivir un estado de emergencia a nivel mundial debido a la pandemia por COVID-19, que atenta contra la salud de las personas con un alto índice de mortalidad, ya que existen personas que solo tienen como objetivo el enriquecimiento personal, dejando de lado el interés general. Estos actos ilícitos generan costos de transacción a partir de las acciones antidemocráticas y acciones que van contra el derecho positivo ecuatoriano, puesto que limitan la inversión de esos recursos en el crecimiento de sectores relevantes para el desarrollo evolutivo del país como: el área de salud, la educación, el incentivo al deporte, el surgimiento de nuevas tecnologías; además, es importante considerar la inversión para eliminar los delitos que atentan contra bienes jurídicos protegidos, con el fin de que estos se redujeran cada año, ese costo sería destinado a la evolución positiva del país. Por lo cual, el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la importancia de la eliminación de los delitos contra la correcta marcha de la administración pública, para eliminar los costos de transacción estatales que se generan, y así fortalecer la democracia y la seguridad jurídica del país. CÓDIGO JEL: K, K10, K42 ; ABSTRACTThe indexes of crimes against the good functioning of the public administration in Ecuador are alarming. Although every year, there is an increase in efforts to fight corruption, concussion and acts that threaten sovereignty and democracy. These efforts have not provided significant changes despite living a state of emergency worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which threatens people's health with a high mortality rate, since there are people who only aim at personal enrichment, leaving aside the general interest. These illegal acts generate transaction costs from anti-democratic actions and actions that go against the Ecuadorian positive law since they limit the investment of these resources in the growth of relevant sectors for the evolutionary development of the country, such as the area of health, education, the incentive to sport, the emergence of new technologies. Besides, it is essential to consider the investment to eliminate the crimes that attempt against protected legal assets so that these would be reduced every year, that cost would be destined to the positive evolution of the country. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the importance of eliminating crimes against the proper functioning of public administration to eliminate the State transaction costs generated and thus strengthen democracy and legal security in the country. KEYWORDS: illegal cooperations, transaction costs, democracy, crimes, undemocratic acts, legal certainty. JEL CODE: K, K10, K42 ; Les indices de délits contre le bon fonctionnement de l'administration publique en Equateur sont alarmants. Bien que chaque année, il y ait une augmentation des efforts pour lutter contre la corruption, les commotions cérébrales et les actes qui menacent la souveraineté et la démocratie. Ces efforts n'ont pas apporté de changements significatifs malgré le fait de vivre un état d'urgence dans le monde entier en raison de la pandémie de COVID-19, qui menace la santé des personnes avec un taux de mortalité élevé, car il y a des personnes qui ne visent que l'enrichissement personnel, laissant de côté l'intérêt général. Ces actes illégaux génèrent des coûts de transaction à partir d'actions antidémocratiques et d'actions qui vont à l'encontre du droit positif équatorien car ils limitent l'investissement de ces ressources dans la croissance de secteurs pertinents pour le développement évolutif du pays, tels que le domaine de la santé, l'éducation , l'incitation au sport, l'émergence de nouvelles technologies. En outre, il est essentiel de considérer l'investissement pour éliminer les délits qui portent atteinte aux biens juridiques protégés afin que ceux-ci soient réduits chaque année, ce coût serait destiné à l'évolution positive du pays. Par conséquent, cet article vise à analyser l'importance d'éliminer les infractions contre le bon fonctionnement de l'administration publique pour éliminer les coûts de transaction de l'État générés et ainsi renforcer la démocratie et la sécurité juridique dans le pays. MOTS-CLÉS: coopérations illégales, coûts de transaction, démocratie, délits, actes antidémocratiques, sécurité juridique. CODE JEL: K, K10, K42 ; Gli indici dei reati contro il buon funzionamento della pubblica amministrazione in Ecuador sono allarmanti. Sebbene ogni anno aumentino gli sforzi per combattere la corruzione, le commozioni cerebrali e gli atti che minacciano la sovranità e la democrazia. Questi sforzi non hanno prodotto cambiamenti significativi nonostante si viva uno stato di emergenza mondiale a causa della pandemia di COVID-19, che minaccia la salute delle persone con un alto tasso di mortalità, poiché ci sono persone che mirano solo all'arricchimento personale, tralasciando l'interesse generale. Questi atti illegali generano costi di transazione da azioni antidemocratiche e azioni che vanno contro la legge positiva ecuadoriana poiché limitano l'investimento di queste risorse nella crescita di settori rilevanti per lo sviluppo evolutivo del paese, come l'area della salute, dell'istruzione , l'incentivo allo sport, l'emergere di nuove tecnologie. Inoltre, è essenziale considerare l'investimento per eliminare i reati che attentano ai beni legali protetti in modo che questi si riducano ogni anno, quel costo sarebbe destinato all'evoluzione positiva del Paese. Pertanto, questo articolo si propone di analizzare l'importanza di eliminare i reati contro il corretto funzionamento della pubblica amministrazione per eliminare i costi di transazione dello Stato generati e rafforzare così la democrazia e la sicurezza giuridica nel Paese. PAROLE CHIAVE: collaborazioni illegali, costi di transazione, democrazia, crimini, atti antidemocratici, certezza del diritto. CODICE GEL: K, K10, K42 ; Os índices de crimes contra o bom funcionamento da administração pública no Equador são alarmantes. Embora a cada ano, aumentem os esforços de combate à corrupção, concussão e atos que ameaçam a soberania e a democracia. Esses esforços não proporcionaram mudanças significativas, apesar de vivermos um estado de emergência mundial devido à pandemia COVID-19, que ameaça a saúde das pessoas com uma elevada taxa de mortalidade, visto que há pessoas que visam apenas o enriquecimento pessoal, deixando de lado o interesse geral. Esses atos ilegais geram custos de transação a partir de ações antidemocráticas e contrárias ao direito positivo equatoriano, pois limitam o investimento desses recursos no crescimento de setores relevantes para o desenvolvimento evolutivo do país, como a área da saúde, educação. , o incentivo ao esporte, o surgimento de novas tecnologias. Além disso, é imprescindível considerar o investimento para eliminar os crimes que atentam contra o patrimônio legal protegido para que estes sejam reduzidos a cada ano, esse custo seja destinado à evolução positiva do país. Portanto, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a importância da eliminação dos crimes contra o bom funcionamento da administração pública para eliminar os custos de transação gerados pelo Estado e, assim, fortalecer a democracia e a segurança jurídica no país. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: cooperações ilegais, custos de transação, democracia, crimes, atos não democráticos, segurança jurídica. CÓDIGO JEL: K, K10, K42

In the broadest sense, cosmopolitanism can be described as a belief and action in accordance with the view that all human beings belong to a unique world political community. However, such a simplified definition overlooks the multidimensionality of the concept. The term cosmopolitanism has been present in public discourse since ancient times and has carried different connotations throughout history, which contributes to its ambiguity. The preconditions for the development of cosmopolitanism in its present sense arose in the mid-20th century, after the world wars and the onset of new globalisation processes. Within the social sciences, a significant interest in a more specific definition and conceptualisation of cosmopolitanism emerged in the second half of the 20th century. However, numerous theoretical discussions since then have not yet offered such a definition of the concept. An additional problem lies in the fact that those theoretical discussions, which defined multiple aspects and types of cosmopolitanism, are not accompanied by a corresponding number of empirical research. By considering previous theoretical and empirical research on the topic, this paper aims to offer a clearer conceptualisation and operationalisation of cosmopolitanism, with the focus on constructing a valid instrument for its measurement. While it is difficult to offer a clear and unambiguous theoretical definition of cosmopolitanism, most researchers have moved in the direction of a clearer definition of certain aspects of the concept. There were a few attempts of such conceptualisation that have been met with wider acclamation, some of which were more complex and some simpler. Vertovec and Cohen (2002) established the most sophisticated conceptualisation by defining cosmopolitanism as a sociocultural condition, a philosophy or worldview, a political project, an attitude or disposition, and a practice or competence. With the aim of capturing multiple aspects of the concept, Boucher, Aubert and de Latour (2019) defined four types of cosmopolitanism: moral, institutional, civil and cultural. Furthermore, Delanty (2009) offered a different approach by distinguishing moral, political and cultural cosmopolitanism. The various definitions agree, however, on including the political and the cultural aspects of cosmopolitanism. Therefore, this paper is based on the robust typology offered by Hannerz (2006), which distinguishes between the cultural and political faces of cosmopolitanism. The author sees the political face of the concept as the one that tries to solve macro problems of human, economic, legal, environmental and other processes that transcend nation-state borders. Hannerz (2006) defines the cultural face as an identity characteristic of individuals who enjoy new cultures, people, tastes, sounds and the like. The cultural dimension of cosmopolitanism, which arises from the awareness and practices of individuals, is the focus of this research. It is important to mention that numerous researchers define certain types (banal, patriotic, thin, ordinary) of cosmopolitanism. However, it is questionable to what extent the determination of such types contributes to a clearer understanding of the concept, especially when they are defined solely on the basis of theoretical considerations. Before establishing the framework for the empirical research, it was important to clarify the source of contemporary cosmopolitanism. Most researchers link cosmopolitanism to globalisation processes. Beck and Sznaider (2010) explain globalisation as processes that take place "out there" in the world and define cosmopolitanism as "globalization from within", a process that is closely related to globalisation but takes place within society. Such a connection becomes questionable when the terms glocalisation, which includes micro as well as macro processes, and segmented globalisation, which refers to the different dynamics by which globalisation occurs in places around the world, are introduced into the discourse. These concepts also suggest that all individuals involved in globalisation trends will express cosmopolitan views, which is not the case. On the other hand, Roudometof (2005) emphasises the link between cosmopolitanism and transnationalism, a view that is elaborated in this paper. The author defines the concept of transnationalism as a social condition that arises in the stage of internal globalisation and is not influenced by the emotions and attitudes of individuals but its most important feature is that it can stimulate individuals to develop an open attitude, that is, cosmopolitanism, or a defensive attitude towards differences. The lack of a clear theoretical definition of cosmopolitanism has influenced the disproportion between the theoretical considerations and empirical research of the concept. One part of the researchers used secondary data to examine attitudes about cosmopolitanism in a certain population. These studies have led to important insights, but they have not contributed to the creation of a valid and reliable instrument for measuring cosmopolitanism. Another problem with such research is that it is conducted using data that are focused on examining other concepts. One such example is the study by Olofsson and Öhman (2007), where the authors interpreted views contrary to nationalism as cosmopolitan views. The other part of empirical research on the subject of cosmopolitanism is focused on constructing an instrument for its measurement. While most such studies were conducted to explore a particular aspect of the concept, Saran and Kalliny (2012) offered an instrument to measure general cosmopolitan attitudes, values, and practices within a particular population. The authors first conducted interviews, the results of which were used to construct questions for the survey. After collecting survey data, the authors defined a valid and reliable, one-dimensional 14-item scale of cosmopolitanism by conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The findings of other authors pointed to the connection between cosmopolitanism and other concepts like transnational experiences, political orientation, and sociodemographic characteristics. The empirical part of this research aimed to define a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the presence of cosmopolitanism in a given population. For this purpose, the scale offered by Saran and Kalliny (2012) was used in a slightly modified form to further test its construct validity, reliability and applicability. The instrument was tested on the student population of the University of Zadar via an online survey in October 2020. In addition to the cosmopolitanism scale, the questionnaire contained questions about the number of countries the respondents had visited, the number of foreign languages they spoke, their political orientation, their support for general human rights and certain sociodemographic characteristics, with the purpose of testing the convergent validity of the instrument. In order to determine the metrics of the cosmopolitanism scale, bivariate (correlation analysis) and multivariate statistical procedures (exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis) were conducted in the statistical programming language R. First, exploratory factor analysis was performed on the cosmopolitanism scale with parallel analysis as a factor retention method, which extracted one 13-item factor with a high level of reliability (α=0.93). To examine the construct validity of the scale, confirmatory factor analysis was further performed, resulting in an acceptable goodness-of-fit. In order to define a scale that shows even better psychometric properties, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on a reduced 6-item scale that Saran and Kalliny (2012) found to show stronger construct validity. Following their results, the 6-item scale showed even better goodness-of-fit (χ²=25, df=9, SRMR=0.05, RMSEA=0.09, CFI=0.95, TLI=0.91), and its factor scores were used in further analyses. Correlation analysis was used to measure the relationship between the cosmopolitanism scale and transnational experiences and political views. It was found that respondents who express stronger cosmopolitan views speak more foreign languages, have visited a greater number of foreign countries, express stronger support for leftwing political options, and a stronger need to protect universal human rights, of which the latter correlation proved to be the highest. Lastly, multiple regression was conducted, where the cosmopolitanism scale factor scores served as the dependent variable and sociodemographic variables as predictors. The regression model confirmed the previous finding that women express stronger cosmopolitan attitudes than men. The results of the statistical analysis indicate a high level of reliability and validity of the reduced 6-item cosmopolitanism scale. On that basis, it can be stated that the scale serves as a valid instrument for measuring cosmopolitan attitudes within a population. The scope of the study is limited because it was conducted on a relatively homogeneous sample of the University of Zadar student population. In future research, the 6-item scale should be tested on a more heterogeneous sample which could indicate the applicability of the instrument to a wider population. Besides, in future research, it would be advisable to pay more attention to examining indicators and constructs related to cosmopolitanism, based on which clearer types of cosmopolitan could potentially be defined.

Background: Two to three percent of pregnancies will receive a diagnosis of a congenital anomaly, of which a proportion are fatal. While the prevalence of congenital anomalies is low it is the leading cause of fetal death and child mortality. More women are receiving a diagnosis of a fetal anomaly during their pregnancy as a result of advancements in technology. While there is no universally agreed definition, the term fatal fetal anomaly (FFA) is widely used to describe a condition likely to lead to death of the fetus in utero or within 28 days of birth. Delivering a diagnosis of a FFA is usually unexpected and is an unwanted and traumatic event for parents. Little is known about what conditions are most responsible for perinatal mortality. Following a FFA diagnosis, parents face multiple challenges, primarily whether to continue and avail of PPC or terminate the affected pregnancy. Regardless of the choice, the outcome is ultimately the same, ending in a fetal, neonatal or infant death. The need for the decision to be an informed one is paramount. Information is an essential factor to develop patient's knowledge and empowers them in their decision-making. Media offers an insight into health-related information widely available to the public. FFA has generated international media attention as termination of pregnancy (TOP) for FFA was legislated for, for the first time in Ireland. However, it is identified that what the people voted for has not materialised in the legislation relating to practical terms of delivering abortion care. Following pregnancy loss or perinatal death, parents require various levels of support during their bereavement. There is an over reliance on voluntary organisations to provide peer support to families to meet their needs that often surpass that of standard maternity hospital provision. Education is essential in healthcare in order to keep up-to-date with best practice. This is of particular importance as TOP for FFA, without gestational limits, was provided for within legislation for the first time in Ireland from 2019. This change in legislation warrants an exploration into Volunteers experiences of supporting families, and Fetal Medicine Specialists' (FMS) experiences of caring for parents following a FFA diagnosis. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore various aspects of pregnancies diagnosed with FFA, during this change in service provision. Methodology: To address the thesis's aims, both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Employing a mixed methods approach to study a phenomenon allows for flexibility to explore different aspects in each of the studies. A secondary analysis was undertaken on anonymised data obtained from the National Perinatal Epidemiology Centre, pertaining to perinatal deaths from January 2011 to December 2016 in Ireland. A national cross-sectional telephone survey was undertaken to assess the public knowledge on FFA. For these quantitative studies, descriptive and inferential statistics were utilised to analyse data. A critical discourse analysis was undertaken to examine the relations between discourse and social and cultural phenomena. Habermasian's framework facilitated an objective analysis of text in the Irish media, to facilitate interpretation and understanding of socially produced meanings. A modified Delphi study, involving two rounds and inclusive of free text, was undertaken to identify educational needs of Volunteers. Lastly, for two of the qualitative studies an interpretive descriptive approach facilitated the researcher to delve into Volunteers' and FMS experiences of supporting and caring for parents who receive a diagnosis of a FFA at a time where TOP for FFA is being provided for, for the first time. This inductive approach represents a co-constructed truth, it moves beyond the level of description of the phenomenon and articulates a meaning of and explanation for these experiences, generating implications for practice and application of these. Both of these studies adopted a data analysis methodology based on the principles of thematic analysis. Results: A lack of accurate knowledge relating to FFA, its classification, diagnosis and supports available to parents experiencing a pregnancy affected by a FFA among the general public was illustrated within this thesis. Additionally, the data identified misrepresentations in the information relating to FFA delivered to the general public. Outlined by these findings, opportunistic politicians were found to utilise the media to highlight their party's ideological perspective regarding FFA, to derive political advantage to gain popularity and power. This thesis identified that the uncertainty of what conditions were deemed fatal in accordance with the legislation was related to the ambiguity and restrictiveness of the Irish TOP legislation as long-term survivors are known to many of the conditions considered a FFA. The lack of a universal agreement of what constitutes as a FFA and a list of conditions that are associated with this term, adds additional challenges to diagnosing a congenital anomaly as fatal. On examination of perinatal deaths with a congenital anomaly as a main cause of death, reported between 2011 and 2016, only 42% could be deemed a FFA in accordance with the criteria implemented by the Irish legislation. Many of the conditions in isolation may not be a FFA however, when combined they have the potential to be fatal. The suitability of the Irish legislation for TOP for FFA generated further difficulties for FMS due to its rapid introduction into clinical practice. FMS reported the lack of organisational support, time to prepare and additional resources as challenges for the introduction of a new service. These challenges were exacerbated by FMS fear of criminalisation attached to the TOP legislation if a TOP was carried out for a condition not deemed to be fatal and the subsequent media scrutiny. The data from these studies also revealed the importance of education and keeping up to date in order to deliver the best evidence based peer support and healthcare. The need for information specific to TOP for FFA provision in the Republic of Ireland was highlighted. Both Volunteers and FMS emphasised the importance of collaborative working (Volunteers requiring the support of healthcare professionals and FMS requiring the support of their colleagues) to meet the needs of parents following a FFA diagnosis while also acknowledging the importance of teamwork in supporting them in their peer support or clinical role. Organisational and collegial support is essential to sustain the delivery of peer-to-peer support for Volunteers and to reduce the feeling of isolation and judgement for FMS providing TOP for FFA. Thus, assisting both Volunteers and FMS in their own self-care while working in an emotive environment involving pregnancy loss and perinatal death. Conclusion: These data suggest there is a need for better knowledge of FFA, particularly regarding the complexity relating to the presentation of infants with a fetal anomaly that leads to them being fatal. These studies acknowledge the need for a universal term and definition that represents fetuses/infants with conditions that cause perinatal death to ensure a standard of care for women and their partners following a FFA diagnosis. It promotes the need for a universal database designed to collect essential epidemiologic information on congenital anomalies within the Republic of Ireland to support the labelling of a condition as a FFA. Additionally, the importance of education and the need to provide support and care to parents following FFA that reflects best practice and responds to their needs. FMS providing TOP for FFA services require organisational and collegial support to effectively deliver this new service. Furthermore, this thesis promotes the need to support both Volunteers and healthcare professionals involved in the delivery of care for parents following a FFA diagnosis through a collaborative approach, one that values and respects all members. The findings of these data outline several recommendations for the Irish TOP legislation, healthcare policy and clinical practice. It argues the need to reform the TOP legislation by removing the retained criminalisation, amending Section 11 and remove the restrictive 28 days. Furthermore, it is recommended that the Act refers to clinical practice guidelines informed by FMS and those healthcare professionals working within the abortion services. Finally, it identifies areas that warrant further research, such as the exploration of parents' experiences of care and support received following a FFA diagnosis, to inform future intervention and improve care delivered to parents following a FFA diagnosis.

"We live in mythical times but without knowing that we do." (Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, S. 59.) "Clearly the rise of search engines has fostered the proliferation and predominance of keywords and terms. At the same time it has changed the very nature of keywords, since now any word and pattern can become 'key'. Even further, it has transformed the very process of learning, since search presumes that a) with the right phrase, any question can be answered and b) that the answers lie within the database. The truth, in other words, is 'in there'." (Vorwort zur Reihe, S. vii-viii.) Die Wahrheit ist irgendwo da draußen drinnen. (Ein Mulder-Bot) Welche Vorstellung von Freundschaft/Nachbarschaft macht die Netzwerkforschung operabel? Was haben algorithmische Mustererkennung und Sternbilder gemeinsam? Leben wir bereits in der Singularität? Gibt es einen produktiven Moment der Paranoia? Diese rhetorischen Fragen sollen die Stoßrichtung des schmalen, aber dichten Bandes Pattern Discrimination umreißen. Die vier eng verzahnten Beiträge von Clemens Apprich, Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Florian Cramer und Hito Steyerl kreisen dabei vorrangig um "biases" in der algorithmisierten Verarbeitung riesiger Datenmengen und somit um das Spannungsverhältnis des Begriffs 'diskriminieren' als Terminus technicus in der Informatik – im Sinne von auseinanderhalten, unterscheiden – und in seiner politischen Bedeutung als Ungleichbehandlung oder Ausschluss bestimmter Personengruppen nach soziologischen Kategorien (vorrangig 'Race', Gender, Klasse, Sexualität). Das Verhältnis lässt sich zu keinem Zeitpunkt der einzelnen Prozessschritte der Datenanalyse nach einer Seite hin auflösen. Somit geht es ganz grundlegend um die Verstrickungen von Ideologie und Technik. Diese Problemstellung an sich ist für eine Medienwissenschaft, so sie weder sozial- noch technikdeterministisch sondern sozio-technisch argumentiert, nicht neu. "What is new, though, is the fragmentation of largely stable knowledge sources into an atomized world of updates, comments, opinions, rumors, and gossip. In order to be able to filter information from this constant stream of data, we rely on algorithms, helping us bring order into our new media life" (S. 103). Die Datafizierung bzw. Mathematisierung der Welt; die Quantifizierung und Entdeckung neuer Korrelationen macht uns also abhängig von rechenbasierter Informationsverarbeitung. Die Autor*innen unterscheiden zwischen Daten, Information und Wissen/Erkenntnis. Daten sind sowohl Rohmaterial (obgleich immer schon präfiguriert) und Hintergrundrauschen, aus welchem Informationen mittels quantitativer Methoden auf Basis von Mustererkennung ('Pattern Recognition') erst gewonnen bzw. extrapoliert werden müssen. Daten begegnen uns ebenfalls als unvorstellbare Totalität der Beziehungen bei Steyerl und Chun und als das Lacan'sche Reale bei Apprich. Alle vier Beiträge durchziehen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen Fragen der Subjektivierung. Den Anfang macht Hito Steyerl. In "A sea of data: Pattern Recognition and Corporate Animism (Forked Version)" widmet sie sich der Bedeutung der Mustererkennung für die Datenanalyse staatlicher und privatwirtschaftlicher Kontrollinstanzen und Institutionen. Dabei entfaltet sie ihre Problematisierung entlang zweier politischer Fabeln. Louis Althussers Polizist, dessen simple sprachliche Geste "Hey, du!" das basale Modell sozialer Kontrolle darstellt, wäre an den digitalen Verkehrskreuzungen, die von ca. 414 Billionen Bits pro Sekunde passiert werden, schlicht verloren: "On top of that he has to figure out whether they [Anm.: Bits] are sent by a spam bot, a trader, a porn website, a solar flare, Daesh, your mum, or what" (S. 1). Aber dieser Polizist aus einer vergangenen Zeit operiert längst nicht mehr allein, noch soll durch seinen Zuruf ein einzelnes Subjekt identifiziert und subjektiviert werden. Die sich veränderte Problemlage für Geheimdienste wie die NSA illustriert folgender Hilferuf: "Developers, please help! We're drowning (not waving) in a sea of data – with data, data everywhere, but not a drop of information" (S. 2). Hier kommt die Musterkennung zum Einsatz, im Kern geht es also darum, Signal (information) von Rauschen (excessive data) zu unterscheiden indem große Datenmengen analysiert werden um zuvor unbekannte, interessante Muster zu extrahieren (vgl. S. 2). Dass die Unterscheidung von Signal und Rauschen nicht bloß eine quantitative Verarbeitung, sondern immer auch eine qualitative Bewertung erfordert und somit hoch politisch ist, macht Steyerl mit Bezugnahme auf Jacques Rancière deutlich. Im antiken Griechenland wurde quasi ein politischer spam filter eingesetzt, der die Äußerungen männlicher, reicher Bürger als Rede (Information) definierte und jene von Frauen, Kindern und Sklaven als wirres Gebrabbel (Rauschen) (vgl. S. 3). Diese kategorische Filter- bzw. Reinigungsarbeit produziert Anomalien. Dirty data, fehlerhafte oder auch unbrauchbare Eingabedaten, bilden bei Steyerl daher auch das Eingeschlossene-Ausgeschlossene ab – das, was mit einer bestimmten Weltsicht nicht vereinbar ist, z. B. "rich brown teenagers" (vgl. S. 5). Analog zur Antike, die sich an Sternbildern orientierte, navigieren wir das Datenmeer ebenfalls mit Hilfe von ideellen Modellen und Mustern und orientieren uns an Ähnlichkeiten und Wahrscheinlichkeiten. Steyerl plädiert nun nicht dafür, von jeglichen Kontrollmechanismen abzusehen, schlägt aber vor das gewaltige Datenmeer schlicht als "mess of human relations" zu akzeptieren (S.19). Florian Cramer widmet sich dem blinden Fleck der Datenanalyse als Determinismus eines Set-Ups, das nur scheinbar rein quantitativ-analytisch vorgeht. Sein Eingeschlossenes-Ausgeschlossenes ist die Hermeneutik, die Verdunkelung der Rolle qualitativ-subjektiver Interpretation für die Datenanalyse. "Crapularity Hermeneutics: Interpretation as the Blind Spot of Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, and Other Algorithmic Producers of the Postapocalyptic Present" stellt eine pointiert-polemische wie tiefgehende Analyse der Abgründe der digitalen Gegenwart dar. Cramer findet strukturelle Analogien für Big Data im Orakel von Delphi, standen doch die Priester ebenfalls vor der Frage, wie sie aus dem Strom aus (trancebasiertem) Kauderwelsch Sinn machen sollten (vgl. S. 23). Das Set-Up für Wahrsagerei im digitalen Zeitalter kennt keine Sprechakte bzw. Narrative mehr, die kritischer Exegese und semantischer Interpretation bedürfen, sondern Datensets, die mittels algorithmisierter "Analytics", also quantitativ-syntaktischen Operationen, enträtselt werden müssen (vgl. S. 24). Strukturell gesehen haben wir es jedoch immer noch mit Hermeneutik zu tun. Denn die Grenzen des Wissens bzw. der Interpretation legt der Algorithmus fest und somit liegt das epistemologische Kernproblem eigentlich eine Ebene tiefer, nämlich grundlegend in "using mathematics to process meaning" (vgl. S. 37). Folgerichtig sollten wir angesichts der Hoffnungen und Befürchtungen, die Künstliche Intelligenz (K. I.) weckt, die Perspektive ändern und nicht von einer eschatologisch-technischen 'Singularity' sondern der 'Crapularity' (Justin Pickard) sprechen, um der Fehleranfälligkeit und den Grenzen von K. I. Ausdruck zu verleihen (vgl. S. 40). Die Singularität versteht Cramer – wie auch Steyerl – dagegen als 'singularity of the market' und liest das Sillicon Valley als Chiffre für die Kulturindustrie des 21. Jahrhunderts, "with analytics of user-generated-content rather than content production as its (multibillion dollar) business model" (S. 35). Cramer spricht sich gegen eine offene Gesellschaft aus, die auf Gleichgewicht und Optimierung setzt und sich dabei vor dem Hintergrund gewaltiger Ausschlüsse errichtet. Behauptete Alternativlosigkeit, nichts Neues aber jede Menge Updates – die Gefahren für die Demokratie bringt er folgendermaßen auf den Punkt: "populist fascism against Big Data fascism" (S. 52). Wendy Hui Kyong Chun analysiert in "Queering Homophily" die Axiome der Netzwerkforschung und argumentiert, dass wir uns mit Identitätspolitik beschäftigen müssen, da Algorithmen reduktiv identitätslogisch operieren und Segregation ahistorisieren und verstetigen. Gleich und gleich gesellt sich gern – bei Chun nimmt der Kalenderspruch bedrohliche Züge an, liegt doch Homophilie, also die Liebe zum Ähnlichen, im Herzen des Bauplans von Netzwerken. Historisch bedingte Ungleichheiten, institutionelle Zwänge, Rassismus – Konflikte werden verdeckt und Diskriminierung naturalisiert, indem Hass in individuelle "Vorlieben" übersetzt und somit blackboxing mit der Vergangenheit betrieben wird (S. 75). Filterblasen und Echokammern sind das notwendige Resultat, wenn Prosumernetzwerke als homophile Nachbarschaften errichtet und Konsens, Komfort und Balance prämiert werden (ebd.). Dabei kartieren und verflachen Netzwerke realweltliche Phänomene, in dem sie zwei qualitative Ebenen von Verbundenheit, zwei zuvor diskontinuierliche Skalen verknüpfen: Strukturen auf Makro- und Verhalten auf Mikroebene (vgl. 70f). Dadurch entsteht eine 'grammar of action' (Phil Agre), jede individuelle Handlung, jedes individuelle Verhalten ist immer Teil eines größeren Musters oder Symptoms (vgl. S. 69). Wir werden somit konstant mit anderen verglichen und intersektional erfasst mit dem Ziel, prognostische Aussagen zu treffen. Dabei diskriminieren Algorithmen eben nicht nach essentialistischen Kategorien wie 'race/gender/class', da sie nicht auf Basis von Eigenschaften sondern von Handlungen und Verhaltensmustern operieren: "These algorithms, in other words, do not need to track racial or other differences, because these factors are already embedded in 'less crude' categories designed to predict industriousness, reliability, homicidal tendencies, et cetera" (S. 74/S. 65). Die Pointe ist entsprechend fies: Einerseits zwingen uns unsere digitalen Verhältnisse die Auseinandersetzung mit Identitätspolitik quasi auf, andererseits verrutschen uns die Angriffsflächen für Herrschaftskritik. Chun plädiert dafür, sich die Netzwerkanalyse zu eigen zu machen, um neue Hypothesen und Axiome zu kreieren und fragt beispielsweise, wie sich die Infrastruktur der Netzwerke ändern würde, wenn nicht Konsens, sondern Konflikt und größtmögliche Differenz konstitutiv wären. Clemens Apprich skizziert die Zielsetzungen und Argumente des Bandes im Vorwort und fasst diese mit "Data Paranoia: How to Make Sense of Pattern Discrimination" erneut zusammen. Paranoia war bereits bei Steyerl Thema, oder vielmehr eines deren Symptome: Apophenia, die Fähigkeit, Muster wahrzunehmen, auch wenn keine vorhanden sind, etwa Gesichter in Wolken. So lege etwa Googles Deep Dream Generator das Imaginäre unserer digitalen Erfassungssysteme und die Funktionsweise der Musterkennung neuronaler Netzwerke offen, die aus den Tiefen des Datenmeers nur jene Chimären heraufziehen können, die sie zuvor trainiert wurden zu erkennen (vgl. S. 9). Bei Apprich stellt Paranoia zum einen ein objektivierbares Phänomen jeglicher Medienbeobachtung dar. Je komplexer die Vermittlung, desto grundlegender der Verdacht, schließlich können wir immer nur die symbolische Oberfläche wahrnehmen und der submediale Raum bleibt strukturell verborgen (vgl. S. 104). Zum anderen ist Paranoia aber auch ein spezifisches Phänomen unseres aktuellen Medienwechsels – "from mass media to social media logic" (S. 116.) . Schließlich hat die Entstehung unterschiedlicher Teil-Öffentlichkeiten durch Social-Media Plattformen zum Verlust der Möglichkeit der Bezugnahme auf eine gemeinsame symbolische Ordnung geführt. Auch Chun fragte zuvor, über welchen Wahrheitsbegriff wir angesichts der flachen Ontologie unserer Netzwerke, die keine Kausalzusammenhänge aufdecken, sondern bloß Korrelationen hervorbringen und quantifizieren, heute verfügen (vgl. S. 67). Aber hat die Postmoderne von der Wahrheit ohnehin nichts mehr wissen wollen? Apprich hält dem eigenen rhetorischen Einwand entgegen, dass wir eine gemeinsame Übereinkunft dessen, was wahr oder falsch ist benötigen, um überhaupt etwas wie objektive Realität – also eine Wirklichkeit, basierend auf intersubjektiv verhandelten Normen und Regeln – zu konstituieren (vgl. S. 108). Paranoia im Kontext dieses Medienwechsels stellt also einen Versuch einer Wiederaneignung der Welt dar, eine entfesselte Sinnproduktion "at a time where data simply outnumbers facts" (S. 106f). Mit Big Data hätten wir eine völlig neue Dimension von Wahrsagerei erreicht bzw. sind in ein neues Zeitalter der Interpretation eingetreten, denn "data by definition can be interpreted in this or that way" (S. 108). Wie an mehreren Stellen angemerkt, geht es den Autor*innen vorrangig darum, den ideologischen Horizont von Big Data aufzuzeigen und somit den Digital Humanities ihr dringlichstes Forschungsgebiet zuzuweisen. In den einzelnen Beiträgen wird so auch keine defätistische Haltung eingenommen, sondern immanente Kritik geübt. Nahezu friktionsfrei aufeinander aufbauend, werden Kernargumente öfters wiederholt; Steyerl und Cramer fokussieren primär auf Datenverarbeitung, Chun und Apprich verstärkt auf Netzwerkforschung, stets steht jedoch die Verknüpfung epistemologischer und demokratiepolitischer Fragen im Vordergrund. Die auffällige Bezugnahme auf die griechische Mythologie erinnert dabei nicht nur daran, dass ältere geisteswissenschaftliche Disziplinen hilfreiche Analysewerkzeuge für die Auseinandersetzung mit Big Data und unseren digitalen Kulturen bereithalten. Die Analogieschlüsse legen umgekehrt die Vermutung nahe, sich ebenfalls (wieder) in einem mythischen Zeitalter zu befinden, da "alghorithmic computation no longer intellegible to the human mind" sei (S.101). Pattern Discrimination kann als Versuch gelesen werden, kritische Theorie auf die Netzwerkforschung anzuwenden sowie im erweiterten Sinn eine Ideologiekritik des Plattformkapitalismus zu formulieren.

Das Cover des Sammelbandes Self-Tracking, Selfies, Tinder und Co. ziert die Darstellung eines ausgestreckten Arms – ein Smartphone in der Hand haltend, Bildschirm und Frontkamera auf das Selbst gerichtet. In diesem reflexiven Bild kommt der im Untertitel des Bandes explizierte Anspruch, "Konstellationen von Körper, Medien und Selbst" zu untersuchen, zum Ausdruck. Hierfür stecken die Herausgeber Martin Stern und Daniel Rode in der Einleitung ein weites begrifflich-theoretisches Feld ab, innerhalb dessen sich die Autor*innen des Bandes, der im Umfeld der Soziologie, Pädagogik und Sportwissenschaft entstanden ist, für ihre jeweilige Beschäftigung mit "Self-Tracking, Selfies, Tinder und Co." ebenso weiträumig verorten. Die in diesen Untersuchungen zentralen Begriffe Körper, Medien, Selbst und Konstellationen haben uns als Rezensent*innen indes dazu inspiriert, über sie und damit den Sammelband selbst in den Dialog zu treten. Aus dem Gespräch heraus versuchen wir, den Band auf seine disziplinäre Anschlussfähigkeit zu untersuchen und unser Verständnis der Beiträge dialogisch zu entfalten. Wie das Cover des Bandes richten wir in unserer Rezension also auch den Blick auf uns selbst, oder besser: unser Fach, die Medienwissenschaft. Laura Katharina Mücke spricht dabei aus Sicht der ersten beiden Segmente des Sammelbands, Robert Dörres Ausführungen nehmen auf die letzten beiden Abschnitte Bezug – eine Aufteilung, die sich nicht zuletzt aus den jeweiligen Forschungsinteressen ergeben hat, die im rezensierenden Blick selbstredend mitklingen. Das entstandene Gespräch befragt die einzelnen Beiträge des Sammelbands also aus einer dezidiert medienwissenschaftlichen Perspektive und versucht damit auch, akademische Disziplinen miteinander in den Dialog zu bringen. KÖRPER Laura: Der Band begreift den Körper gleichsam als Agenten und Symptom von Subjektwerdung in medialen Konstellationen. Eine kritische Befragung des Begriffs des Körpers steht dabei aber, (wie ich es sehe), allerdings nur selten im Vordergrund. Dieser wird lediglich etwa über den soziologischen Leibbegriff Robert Gugutzers, der selbst 2016 einen Band zum Self-Tracking mitherausgegeben hatte und der den Leib als Variable zwischenmenschlicher Interaktion beschreibt, sowie über leibphänomenologische Zugriffe etwa Helmuth Plessners, Pierre Bourdieus oder Maurice Merleau-Pontys grundiert. Robert: Anschaulich wird dabei aber schon, wie der Band den Körper zugleich als Werkzeug wie als Bühne von Subjektivierung versteht. Beispielsweise Thomas Dambergers Überlegungen zum "Self-Tracking als medienpädagogische Herausforderung" nehmen den Körper als Medium in den Blick, formulieren von dort aus allerdings vornehmlich Bedenken: "[es] besteht die Gefahr einer Identifikation des Selbst mit dem, was datenmäßig erfasst und zahlenmäßig abgebildet wird. Der Körper nimmt dann lediglich und zugleich ausschließlich die Rolle eines Mediums an, in dem das ist und wirkt, was der Mensch eigentlich zu sein scheint" (S. 217). Über diese kausale Logik hinaus gewinnt in den Beiträgen von Clarissa Schär, Benjamin Zander und Daniel Rode ein Konzept an Gewicht, das vom letzteren als "Körperlichkeit des Sozialen" (S. 154) beschrieben wird und die somatisch-grundierten Subjektivierungspraktiken innerhalb sozialer Lebenswelten verortet. Ob Tracking oder Bilderproduktion, die beschriebenen Medienpraktiken werden dabei immer auch als Verwirklichung somatischer Optimierungsimperative gelesen. Laura: Allerdings lässt der Band zwischen den aufgezeigten Optimierungsimperativen insbesondere eine genderpolitische Dimensionierung missen, die sich in formeller Hinsicht übrigens auch in der ungleichen Besetzung der Autor*innen und teilweise im Fehlen von genderneutraler Sprache verdeutlicht. Gerade im Hinblick auf das im Buch angesprochene Thema des sportlichen, sich selbst verhandelnden und identitätspolitisierenden Selbst (in den Beiträgen von Martin Stern zur Individualisierungs-Optik beim Skaten als "Passungsverhältnis" (S. 47), in Sascha Oswalds These, dass Körper und Geist beim Tinder-Wischen getrennt agieren (S. 72), und in Karolin Eva Kapplers, Eryk Nojis und Uwe Vormbuschs Fallstudien zu zwei männlichen Probanden, die die Apps zum Sport und zu Stressbewältigung nutzen) ist es verwunderlich, dass die wichtige Infragestellung von biologischem und sozialem Geschlecht keinerlei Berücksichtigung findet. Obwohl dabei etwa historische Perspektiven auf Selbstvermessungspraktiken wie etwa das Tagebuch zum Tragen kommen, wird die subversive Funktion der Körper lediglich in jenen Texten besprochen, in denen Körperlichkeit in ihrer sozialen Verfasstheit thematisiert wird: etwa in der Erwähnung einer vorwiegend weiblich besetzten Bildkultur von Selbstvermessungs-Apps wie Fitbit oder Misfit im Text von Franz Krämer und Denise Klinge und insbesondere in der soziohistorischen Befragung des Zusammenhangs von Selbstvermessungs-Technologien und Körper in Bezug auf Ernährung als Praxis der Selbstreflexion im Artikel von Gerrit Fröhlich und Daniel Kofahl. Robert: Im zweiten Teil leistet das besonders der Artikel von Clarissa Schär. Dieser verortet die Selbstdokumentation von Jugendlichen in sozialen Medien ostentativ zwischen der Erfüllung hegemonialer Körpernormen und ihrer subversiven Umgehung, wodurch nicht zuletzt die damit einhergehenden Aushandlungsprozesse fokussiert werden (S. 188ff). Medienpraktiken wie das Self-Tracking oder die fotografische Selbstdokumentation ziehen so allerdings Fragen nach sich, denen lediglich mit einer Aufwertung des Medienbegriffes nachzukommen wäre. MEDIEN Laura: Stimmt, der definitorische Zugriff auf Medien wird nämlich lediglich in der Einleitung der Herausgeber aufgegriffen, wo ein deterministisches Medienverständnis von medialen Repräsentationen als Manipulationen und ein funktionalistisches Medienverständnis vom Medium als Werkzeug und komplexeren Wirkverhältnissen unterschieden wird (vgl. S. 23). Dieses Spektrum wird jedoch nur von wenigen Artikeln ausgereizt bzw. überhaupt thematisiert. Robert: Ich kann diesen Eindruck nur bekräftigen, die Ästhetik, Geschichte, Theorie oder Kultur digitaler Medien scheint einfach nicht im Interessensbereich der Autor*innen zu liegen. Zumindest das von Dir zitierte funktionalistische Medienverständnis wird aber hin und wieder relevant, wenn auch erneut lediglich in Bezug auf den Körper. Vor allem die Beiträge von Thomas Damberger und Simon Schaupp verdeutlichen dahingehend, wie die quantified self (QS)-Bewegung den eigenen Körper mediatisiert und zum Ziel wie zum Werkzeug ihres Selbstverbesserungswillens macht. Laura: Aus meiner Lektüre kristallisiert sich eher der Eindruck eines vermehrt deterministischen Verständnisses heraus. Häufig werden Medien in diesem Sinne lediglich als Verrechnungsinstrumente begriffen, die den von Dir angesprochenen Selbstverbesserungswillen automatisch hervorrufen würden. Robert: Einem solchen deterministischen Medienverständnis unterliegen aus meiner Sicht auch die verschiedenen Bemerkungen zu körperlichen Repräsentationen. So geht es anders als proklamiert nur selten um Aspekte einer "medienvermittelten Körperlichkeit" (S. 184), sondern viel häufiger um medienvermittelte "Körperbilder" (S. 186). Dabei hätte die Frage danach, ob neue Medientechniken auch neuen Formen von Körperlichkeit und Körpererfahrung sekundieren können, durchaus instruktiv sein können. Laura: Diese einseitigen Auslegungen medialer Wirkzusammenhänge resultieren ganz wesentlich aus der fehlenden Beschäftigung mit kontemporärer Medientheorie. Während der Artikel von Gerrit Fröhlich und Daniel Kofahl zum diet-Tracking mittels des Terminus "mediale[r] Biografiegeneratoren" (S. 128) immerhin die Verwobenheit von Medium und Selbst weiter zu spezifizieren sucht, findet sich im Beitrag von Franz Krämer und Denise Klinge, die Bilder als "Hilfsmittel der Orientierung und Verständigung in sozialen Situationen" (S. 108) verstehen, beispielsweise keinerlei dezidierte Bezugnahme auf einen fachlich verankerten Medienbegriff. Dabei wären ihre Beschreibungen von Technologien des Selbst für mich insbesondere anschlussfähig an aktuelle medienwissenschaftliche Perspektiven, wie sie etwa im Sammelband Locative Media Medialität und Räumlichkeit – Multidisziplinäre Perspektiven zur Verortung der Medien (2013) abgebildet sind, der über mediale Räume und dividuelle Verortungen spricht, oder in Smartphone Ästhetik. Zur Philosophie und Gestaltung mobiler Medien (2018), weil diese Bände das Nutzungssubjekt – das Selbst – explizit aus dem Medialen heraus denken. SELBST Robert: À propos, die Beiträge des Bandes zeigen ein dezidiertes Interesse an einem "kalkulierten Wissen" über das Selbst, das sich im Befragen der technologisch bedingten "Arbeit am Selbst" (S. 19) manifestiert. Hierbei spielt die Dimension der Selbsterkenntnis eine zentrale Rolle, wobei es einen klaren Tenor zu geben scheint: Die kalkulierende Selbstevaluation führe den meisten Autor*innen zufolge gerade nicht zu einem elaborierten Selbstverständnis. Laura: Hast du ein Beispiel dafür? Robert: Thomas Damberger setzt beispielsweise bei der Ideengeschichte der Selbsterkenntnis an und differenziert zwei paradigmatische Grundhaltungen, die er aus Philosophien der griechischen und römischen Antike herleitet. Während im ersten Fall das Selbst in dialogischer Anschauung zur Selbsterkenntnis gelangt, bleibt die zweite Variante dem Autor zu Folge bei einer erkenntnisarmen Beschreibung stehen. Medientechnische Praktiken der Selbstvermessung seien nun der Mentalität der römischen Antike näher, in der eine Beschäftigung mit dem Selbst vor allem über deskriptive und aufzeichnende Verfahren erfolgte, die jedoch über das Selbst nichts zu entbergen vermögen (vgl. 210ff). Ob dieser Dualismus eine wohlbegründete Differenz veranschaulicht oder lediglich einen medienkulturkritischen Vorwand darstellt, bleibt für mich trotz Dammbergers intensiver philosophischer Auseinandersetzung fraglich. Laura: Eine weitere identitätspolitische Sicht weist das Buch in der durch Tracking-Apps etablierten Annahme des Selbst als unternehmerisches, sich selbst optimierendes auf. In diesem Sinne wird die Emanzipation des Selbst durch Prozesse der Reflexion betont: Etwa in der Relationalität, die sich als das Erproben von Passungsverhältnissen, der Versicherung in einer unsicheren Welt, Selbstbeherrschung und Identitätssuche (vgl. S. 129) veräußert, wird mit Michel Foucault das Selbst schlussendlich eher implizit zwischen Ermächtigung und Unterwerfung lokalisiert. Robert: Immer wieder fällt diese Bewertung jedoch zu Gunsten der Unterwerfung aus: So wird z. B. im Beitrag von Simon Schaupp Selbstevaluation im Zuge einer "materialistischen Dispositivanalyse" (S. 227) sogar als Teil eines übergeordneten kybernetischen Paradigmas gedeutet. Was dabei – außer am Rande bei Martin Rode – keine Erwähnung findet, ist die Tatsache, dass man die Praktiken der QS-Bewegung nicht nur als Verlust einer reflexiven Fähigkeit der Selbsterkenntnis oder als Einspannung in ein kybernetisches System deuten kann, sondern dadurch auch – wie in der Einleitung im Sinne Nelson Goodmans beschrieben – neue "Weisen der Welterzeugung" (S. 16) entstehen können und sich das Selbst in diesen neuen Welten neu erfahren kann. Laura: Ergänzen würde ich dahingehend aber schon, dass die Beziehung zwischen Medium, Körper und Selbst in dem Sammelband als eine dynamische und wechselseitige erscheint, die jedenfalls in vielen der Fallstudien der Artikel als solche zumindest erwähnt wird. Dafür scheint insbesondere der in der Einleitung aufgerufene Begriff der Konstellationen interessant. KONSTELLATIONEN Robert: An das Denken in Konstellationen statt Entitäten wird in der Einleitung zwar vielversprechend herangeführt, der Anspruch der Autor*innen, die verschiedenen Begriffe und Dimensionen in relationalen Zusammenhängen zu denken, gelingt in den Artikeln jedoch nur mit Einschränkungen. So reduziert sich der theoretisch durchaus elaborierte Ansatz in den einzelnen Beiträgen zumeist auf bilaterale Gefüge von z. B. Körper und Selbst oder Selbst und Medium. Von der holistischen Geste der Einleitung bleibt daher häufig nur ein Fingerzeig. Laura: Da würde ich Dir nur teilweise zustimmen. Denn neben den wenig tiefen Texten, die unnötigerweise allgemeingültige Diagnostiken zum digitalen Zeitalter proklamieren möchten – so wie Karolin Eva Kappler, Eryl Noji und Uwe Vormbusch etwa die zeitgenössische Überwachungsgesellschaft, einen Verlust stabiler Selbstbilder und eine grundlegende Unsicherheit über den Wert der Dinge beklagen (vgl. S. 84) – gibt es immerhin Texte, die den vorübergehenden Charakter solcher Konstellationen betonen und Konstellationen auch jenseits bilateraler Konstrukte denken. Etwa der Beitrag von Martin Stern weist individuelle Performanzen von Skating-Posen stets als ein wechselseitiges Verhältnis in potentialis aus, das sich erst im Zusammenspiel von sportlicher Praxis, instantaner Videoaufnahme des moves und Weitertragen des Video-Materials in der community etabliert, das letztlich die Sportart selbst erst formen würde. Robert: Mein Eindruck ist jedenfalls, dass sich diese fehlende Relationalität auch in der asymmetrischen Gewichtung von Theorie und Analyse manifestiert. Die Darstellungen verharren häufig im Abstrakten und immer wieder verliert der theoretische Höhenflug die phänomenale Basis, von der aus gestartet wurde, aus dem Blick. So muss sich beispielsweise die Tauglichkeit des vielversprechenden Analysemodells, das Daniel Rode in seinem Beitrag entwickelt (vgl. S. 163ff), nie an einem Beispiel bewähren. Die wohltuende Ausnahme bildet hierbei der Beitrag von Benjamin Zander, der seine methodischen Überlegungen zu Gruppendiskussionen immer wieder an Fallbeispiele aus seiner eigenen Forschung zu "sport- und körperbezogene[n] Orientierungen von Jugendlichen" (S. 249) zurückbindet und dadurch den Mehrwert seiner Anregungen schlüssig plausibilisieren kann. Letztlich ist seine Aufmerksamkeit dabei aber auch eher 'Verhältnissen' als Konstellationen gewidmet. Laura: Zumindest in puncto Fallstudien verspricht der klar sozialwissenschaftlich grundierte Band tatsächlich einen Zugewinn: Viele der Artikel greifen auf Datenmaterial aus qualitativen Studien (oder Zwischenständen daraus) zurück und bieten somit eine konkrete Anwendung: So befragen Kappler, Noji und Vormbusch Menschen auf die konkrete Auswirkungen, die Vermessungstechnologien auf sie nehmen und Oswald befragt Personen auf das Immersionspotenzial ihrer Tinder-Nutzung, wodurch den Nutzer*innen zumindest vorübergehend eine Stimme gegeben wird. Gleichsam scheint der Rückbezug der Studien auf kulturwissenschaftliche bzw. -theoretische Fragestellungen, wie Du schon sagst, letztlich nur marginal repräsentiert. SCHLUSS Zusammenfassend ist also festzuhalten, dass im medienwissenschaftlichen Blick auf den sport- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Band deutlich wird, dass hier nicht etwa, wie eingangs ausgewiesen, die facheigenen Gegenstände als "Beobachtungskategorie[n]" (S. 153) fungierten, um den tendenziell kulturkritischen Befürchtungen ein Gegenangebot machen zu können. Vielmehr hat der Band, der vom Spielerischen als mediale Praktik ausging und in seiner Einleitung eine thematische wie interdisziplinär anschlussfähige Basis eröffnet hat, einen ernsthaften Versuch der Bindung an die Diskurse seiner gewählten Gegenstände – die Medien – eher verpasst. Statt einer Heterogenität und Vielseitigkeit der Medialität, die sich im Titel über die Aufzählung "Self-Tracking, Selfies, Tinder und Co." vielversprechend andeutete, beschäftigen sich die allermeisten Beiträge des Bandes ausschließlich mit Self-Tracking, wodurch die kulturellen Gefüge zwischen verschiedenen Praktiken leider ebenfalls aus dem Fokus geraten. Statt diese Relationalitäten und Konstellationen ernst zu nehmen, wird in den meisten Beiträgen zusätzlich die unterkomplexe Annahme von determinierenden – manipulierenden – Medien weitergereicht, statt von reziproken, ephemeren Verhältnissen auszugehen, die das digitale Zeitalter zuhauf prägen. Dass Publikationen dieser Art jedoch über ihre Sichtbarkeit im geisteswissenschaftlichen Fachgefüge, das sich nicht zuletzt auch durch das Publizieren in denselben Verlagen (hier: transcript) ergibt, zu interdisziplinären Diskussionen anregen (und auch anregen sollen!), sollte die kontroverse, dialogische Form unserer Rezension nachdrücklich betonen. Allein im interdisziplinären Dialog und im gegenseitigen Verständlichmachen fachspezifischer Anliegen, so denken wir, lassen sich die Schwierigkeiten lösen, die entstehen, wenn sich andere Fachdisziplinen selbstverständlicherweise medienwissenschaftlicher Gegenstände bedienen. Literatur: Duttweiler, Stefanie/Gugutzer, Robert/Passoth, Jan-Hendrik/Strübing, Jörg: Leben nach Zahlen. Self-Tracking als Optimierunsprojekt? Bielefeld: transcript 2016. Buschauer, Regine/Willis, Katharine S.: Locative Media. Medialität und Räumlichkeit – Multidisziplinäre Perspektiven zur Verortung der Medien / Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Media and Locality. Bielefeld: transcript 2013. Ruf, Oliver: Smartphone-Ästhetik. Zur Philosophie und Gestaltung mobiler Medien. Bielefeld: transcript 2018.

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. 김종섭. ; 이 연구는 아프리카가 유럽 연합 및 중국과 경제 및 개발 파트너십에 참여할 수 있는 방법을 분석한다. 실제로, 세계 무역기구에 가입한 이후 중국은 모든 지역에서 경제적 파트너십 망을 확장해왔기 때문에 해당 중국 프로젝트에 있어 아프리카 대륙도 포함되었다. 그 결과, 급속한 경제 성장과 아프리카 대륙에 대한 야심 찬 '욕구'는 구 아프리카 경제 파트너인 유럽과 미국에서 계속해서 논쟁과 의문의 대상이 되어 왔다. 따라서, 이 연구는 무역 수준, 투자 수준 및 아프리카 원조 금액이라는 세 가지 경제적 변수에 대한 비교 분석을 통해, 이전 파트너인 유럽 연합 및 미국에 의해 행해진 아프리카 프로젝트에 비해 중국 주도 하의 아프리카 프로젝트가 어떻게 다른지 이해하려고 시도하며, 경제 성장과 발전을 목표로 하는 아프리카 지도자에게 위 두 가지 유형의 파트너쉽으로부터 얻을 수 있는 유익한 교훈을 제안한다. 결과적으로 보자면, 아프리카와 이전 파트너인 유럽 연합 간의 경제적 파트너십 수준이 무역 수준의 증가를 통해 여전히 이어지고 있고, 아프리카에 대한 유럽의 투자가 막대하며, 유럽 연합은 아프리카의 외국 원조에 있어 가장 중요한 원조 파트너라는 사실에도 불구하고, 중국은 아프리카로 향하고 있다. 아프리카가 중국 국가 안보 전략 중 하나인 일대일로 ( 一帶一路, OBOR) 프로젝트, 즉 실크로드 경제 벨트의 6개 중추 지역 중 하나에 포함되어 있다는 사실과 중국의 급속한 경제 성장과 경제 네트워크의 확장된 공간은 아프리카 발전에 있어 주요 성과가 될 것이다. 따라서 유럽 식민지부터 이어져 온 파트너십과 더불어 중국 파트너십의 혜택을 받기 위해서는 아프리카 지도자들이 중국과 새로운 파트너십을 재고해야 한다. 이것은 아프리카 시장의 가치 사슬을 확대하고 통합 경제 구역의 프로젝트를 강화함으로써 해결 될 수 있다. 가장 중점적으로 지켜보아야 할 프로젝트는 여전히 아프리카 대륙 자유 무역 협정일 것이다. 이를 통해 아프리카 시장의 여러 대륙 단절 문제를 해결함으로써 아프리카는 시장의 경쟁력을 강화시키고 청년 층과 지역 인구를 대상으로 하는 지역 투자 유치 프로젝트를 촉진시킬 수 있다. ; This study attempts analyze how Africa can engage in economic and development partnerships with the European Union and China. Indeed, since its admission into the World Trade Organization, China has extended its web of economic partnership in all areas and in all regions - the African continent has not been therefore forgotten in this Chinese project. As a result, its rapid economic growth and its ambitious appetite for the African continent have continued to be the subject of debate and questioning in the circles of former African economic partners, namely Europe and America. Thus, through a comparative analysis of three economic variables - the level of trade, the level of investment, as well as the amount of aid to Africa, this study attempts to figure out the Chinese ambitions in Africa compared to the projects of former partners of the continent united in the European Union, and proposes some recommendations to African leaders for Africa to benefit from these two types of partnerships for its growth and economic development. Our results showed that the level of economic partnership between Africa and its former partners from the EU is still strong with the increase in the level of trade, and that European investments in Africa are huge, and the fact the EU is one of the major donors of Foreign aid to Africa. But, yet China is coming to Africa. And knowing that Africa is one of the key regions in the OBOR Chinese project as one of the Chinese national security strategy – Africa is included in one of the six land corridors of the Silk Road Economic Belt – the rapid economic growth and the extended space of its economic network will also be a major opportunity to Africa for economic development. Therefore, in order to get benefit from this Chinese partnership alongside that from the European, African leaders should rethink a new kind of partnership with China. This would be addressed by expanding the values chains of the African market and reinforce the project of an integrated economic zone. The main project to focus on is still the African Continental Free-trade Agreement; this would enable Africa to help address the multiple continental disconnects of African markets in the aim to make them more competitive and to ensure the promotion of local investment incubator projects for young people and local populations. ; Cette étude tente d'analyser les partenariats économiques et de développement africains avec, d'une part l'Union Européenne, et de l'autre avec la Chine. En effet, depuis son entrée au sein de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce, la Chine a étendu son réseau de partenariat économique dans tous les domaines et dans toutes les régions. Le continent africain n'a pas été oublié dans ce projet chinois. De ce fait, sa croissance économique rapide ainsi que son appétit économique ambitieux pour le continent africain n'ont cessé de faire l'objet de débats et de remises en question de sa stratégie économique auprès des anciens partenaires africains, à savoir l'Europe et les États-Unis. De ce qui précède, à travers une analyse comparative de trois variables économiques - le niveau de commerce, le niveau d'investissement ainsi que les montants alloués pour l'aide publique au développement, cette étude tente de comprendre les ambitions chinoises en Afrique par rapport aux liens économiques unissant l'Afrique à ses anciens partenaires réunis au seins de l'Union Européenne. Elle propose également quelques recommandations aux dirigeants africains pour que l'Afrique tire profit de ces deux partenariats pour sa croissance et son développement économiques. Nos résultats ont montré que même si le niveau de partenariat économique entre l'Afrique et ses anciens partenaires de l'UE reste fort et que les échanges et les investissements européens en Afrique soient toujours énormes, et le fait que l'UE soit le plus important pourvoyeur d'aide publique au développement en Afrique, la Chine s'installe petit à petit en Afrique. Ainsi, en prenant en compte le fait que l'Afrique est l'un des points clés du projet chinois OBOR (le projet Une Seule Ceinture, et Une Seule Route) comme étant l'une des stratégies de sécurité nationale de la Chine - l'Afrique est incluse dans l'un des six corridors terrestres de la ceinture économique de la « Route de la Soie » - la croissance économique rapide et l'espace étendu de son réseau économique sera également une opportunité majeure pour le développement économique de l'Afrique. Par conséquent, afin de tirer profit de ce partenariat chinois concomitamment avec les anciens partenariats coloniaux européens, les dirigeants africains devraient repenser un nouveau type de coopération avec la Chine et l'Europe, une stratégie tripartite mettant en commun les opportunités économiques de chaque partie. Ainsi, ceci devrait passer par l'élargissement des chaînes de valeurs du marché africain et le renforcement du projet d'intégration du marché économique africain et de ses facteurs de production. Le principal projet sur lequel se concentrer est alors l'Accord de Libre-échange Continental Africain. Cet accord permettra à l'Afrique de contribuer à résoudre les multiples déconnexions continentales de ses marchés afin de les rendre plus compétitifs et de promouvoir des projets incubateurs d'investissements locaux destinés aux jeunes et aux populations locales. En tenant compte de toutes ces recommandations, les dirigeants Africains, premiers intervenants dans ce partenariat chinois sauront ainsi faire gagner l'Afrique en matière de transfert de technologie, de promotion de la classe moyenne et d'un secteur productif de la chaîne de valeur, de création d'emplois et d'autonomisation des jeunes, de promotion de marchés concurrentiels. Et, l'Afrique pourra ainsi renforcer son secteur productif et augmenter sa croissance économique pour son développement. ; CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background of the study 1 1.2. Significance and Objectives of the Study 2 1.3. Problematic and Hypotheses 4 1.4. Structure of the study 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1. EU's and China's Cooperation Strategies with Africa 9 2.2. Impacts of EU's and China's Cooperation on economic growth in Africa 11 2.3. Effects of EU's and China's Economic Strategies on African development 13 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 15 3.1. Definition of the Comparative methodology 15 3.2. Research Framing and Analytical structure of the study 17 3.3. Data Collection 18 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS 21 4.1. Trend of Trade between China and Africa versus Trend of Trade between EU and Africa 21 4.2. Trend of China's FDI in Africa versus Trend of EU's FDI in Africa 27 4.3. China Foreign aid to Africa vs EU's ODA to Africa 33 4.4. The EU-China relations: Competition or Cooperation 37 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 41 5.1. Conlusion 41 5.2. Recommendations and Policy Implications 43 REFERENCES 47 ABSTRACTS 53 Korean 53 French 55 ; Master

Playing curriculum development based on early childhood learning is a major issue in international early childhood education discussions. This study aims to look at the concepts and practices of play-based curriculum in early childhood education institutions. The study uses qualitative methods with the CIPP model program evaluation on play-based curriculum. Data collection techniqueswere carriedout using participatory observation, document studies and interviews. Participants are early childhood educators, early childhood and parents. The results found that the play-based curriculum has not yet become the main note in the preparation and development of concepts and learning practices in early childhood. Play-based curriculum quality standards have not provided a solid and clear concept foundation in placing play in the center of learning models. Other findings the institution has not been able to use the DAP (Developmentally Appropriate Practice) approach fully, and has not been able to carry out the philosophy and ways for developing a curriculum based on play. However, quite a lot of research found good practices implemented in learning centers in early childhood education institutions, such as develop children's independence programs through habituation to toilet training and fantasy play. Keywords: Play Based Curriculum, Center Learning Model, Curriculum Quality Standards, Early Childhood Education Reference Alford, B. L., Rollins, K. B., Padrón, Y. N., & Waxman, H. C. (2016). Using Systematic Classroom Observation to Explore Student Engagement as a Function of Teachers' Developmentally Appropriate Instructional Practices (DAIP) in Ethnically Diverse Pre- kindergarten Through Second-Grade Classrooms. 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(2010). Children's classroom engagement and school readiness gains in prekindergarten. Child Development, 81(5), 1534–1549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01490.x Cortázar, A. (2015). Long-term effects of public early childhood education on academic achievement in Chile. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 32, 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.01.003 Danniels, E., & Pyle, A. (2018). Defining Play-based Learning. In Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development (Play-Based, pp. 1–5). OISE University of Toronto. Ejuu, G., Apolot, J. M., & Serpell, R. (2019). Early childhood education quality indicators: Exploring the landscape of an African community perspective. Global Studies of Childhood. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043610619832898 Faas, S., Wu, S.-C., & Geiger, S. (2017). The Importance of Play in Early Childhood Education: A Critical Perspective on Current Policies and Practices in Germany and Hong Kong. Global Education Review, 4(2), 75–91. Fisher, K. 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[spa] La presente tesis doctoral, constituida como un compendio de tres publicaciones, aborda el fenómeno de la carrera dual adoptando enfoques teóricos y metodológico plurales, fundamentados en disciplinas tales como la sociología, la gestión y la psicología del deporte. El primer trabajo se centra en analizar la medida en la que el colectivo de deportistas de élite hace uso de diferentes servicios académicos de apoyo a la carrera dual, así como describir su relación con el nivel de éxito deportivo internacional y el nivel educativo alcanzado. En este estudio, enmarcado en el proyecto SPLISS 2.0 y fundamentado en el modelo de los nueve pilares de De Bosscher et al. (2006), 2160 deportistas de élite de 13 estados/naciones respondieron el cuestionario estandarizado Elite Sport Climate Survey. El examen de los datos y la identificación de relaciones entre las variables investigadas se realizó por medio de análisis descriptivos y de correlaciones, tanto a nivel global como a nivel nacional/estatal. Los resultados globales muestran una relación positiva débil entre el nivel educativo y el nivel de éxito deportivo, y una relación positiva mínima entre la disponibilidad de servicios académicos de apoyo a la carrera dual y el nivel de estudios. Sin embargo, el análisis por naciones/estados no muestra relaciones significativas en la mayoría de los casos. La investigación concluye que la promoción de las carreras duales es una responsabilidad moral de las naciones, y aconseja llevar a cabo más estudios similares en territorios que dispongan de contextos parecidos a nivel socioeconómico y cultural. La segunda investigación realizada se propone conocer las características organizativas de los programas universitarios de apoyo al colectivo de deportistas de élite en el sistema universitario de Cataluña. Partiendo de la teoría de sistemas abiertos de Katz & Kahn (1978), se analizaron diez programas universitarios de apoyo a la carrera dual por medio de dos técnicas complementarias. Por un lado, se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas a 13 coordinadores y coordinadoras. Por otro lado, se analizó el contenido existente en los sitios web de cada universidad. Los resultados exponen diferentes perfiles de estudiantes-deportistas de élite inscritos en los programas. Por otro lado, se describen carencias en ámbitos como la disponibilidad de recursos, la planificación o la legislación existente. Además, se aprecia una destacable influencia por parte de elementos como el profesorado o el sistema europeo de grados universitarios. El trabajo concluye que la voluntad política, un contexto económico favorable y la colaboración privada son elementos a tener en cuenta para el desarrollo de los programas. El tercer estudio busca investigar las principales demandas, barreras y recursos percibidos por estudiantes-deportistas de élite en las distintas fases de su transición de la educación secundaria al grado universitario en ciencias de la actividad física y el deporte. Asimismo, pretende identificar las trayectorias seguidas por este colectivo en función de la importancia subjetiva concedida al deporte y a la educación. Con base en el modelo de transiciones en la carrera deportiva de Stambulova (2003), el modelo holístico de la carrera deportiva de Wylleman, Reints & De Knop (2013), las fases de la transición a la universidad propuestas por Pérez-Rivasés et al. (2017) y las trayectorias descritas por Pallarés et al. (2011) y Miró et al. (2018), 11 estudiantes-deportistas que se encontraban en su segundo y tercer año del grado universitario participaron en entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis temático deductivo-inductivo de las transcripciones llevó a la formulación de tres temas: (a) cuestiones generales de la transición a la universidad, (b) cuestiones específicas de la transición al grado en ciencias de la actividad física y del deporte, y (c) trayectorias de la transición. Los resultados muestran que el estrecho vínculo entre el deporte y el contenido del grado universitario se percibe como el principal recurso en esta transición. Sin embargo, esta relación tan próxima entre ambas áreas también se percibe como una barrera importante, en tanto que las asignaturas prácticas implican un riesgo de lesión o de sobreentrenamiento que afecta tanto al desarrollo deportivo como al académico. Asimismo, se observa que la importancia otorgada al deporte y a los estudios es variable a lo largo de los distintos momentos de la transición, fenómeno que denominamos "trayectorias de transición fluidas". El estudio concluye proponiendo el diseño o mejora, por parte de instituciones educativas y/u organizaciones deportivas, de iniciativas orientadas a facilitar la carrera dual en el contexto de un título universitario altamente codiciado por el colectivo de deportistas de élite en España. Tras la exposición de las tres investigaciones que articulan la tesis doctoral, se identifican potenciales implicaciones prácticas de las mismas, y se proponen futuras líneas de investigación que puedan dar continuidad al trabajo desarrollado. ; [eng] The present doctoral dissertation, constituted as a compendium of three publications, addresses the phenomenon of the dual career by adopting plural theoretical and methodological approaches, based on disciplines such as sociology, management and psychology of sport. The first work focuses on analysing the extent to which elite athletes make use of different academic dual career support services, as well as on describing its relationship with the level of international sporting success and the level of education achieved. The study, framed in the SPLISS 2.0 project and based on the nine pillar model by De Bosscher et al. (2006), was conducted with 2160 elite athletes from 13 nations who answered the Elite Sport Climate Survey, a standardized questionnaire. The examination of the data and the identification of relationships between the variables was conducted through descriptive and correlation analyses, both overall and by nations. The overall results show a weak, positive relationship between the level of education and the level of sporting success, as well as a minimal, positive relationship between the availability of academic dual career support services and the level of education. In the analysis by nations, however, no significant relationships were found in most cases. It is concluded that the promotion of dual careers is a moral responsibility of nations, and is recommended to develop further research in nations with similar socio-economic and cultural contexts. The second research aims to identify the organizational characteristics of higher education programs which support elite athletes in the Catalan university system. On the basis of Katz & Kahn's open systems theory (1978), ten dual career support programmes were analysed using two complementary techniques. On the one hand, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 13 coordinators. On the other hand, the content of each university's website was analysed. The results show different profiles of elite student-athletes enrolled in the programs. On the other hand, deficiencies are described in areas such as resource availability, planning or existing legislation. In addition, there is a remarkable influence of elements such as the teaching staff or the European university degree system. The work concludes that political will, a favourable economic context and private collaboration are elements to be taken into account for the development of programmes. The third study aims to investigate the main demands, barriers, and resources perceived by elite student-athletes in various phases of dual career transition to a university degree in physical activity and sport sciences. It also aims to identify the transition pathways pursued depending on the subjective importance they attached to sport and education. On the basis of Stambulova's model of career transitions (2003), Wylleman, Reints & De Knop's holistic career model (2013), the phases of the transition to university proposed by Pérez-Rivasés et al. (2017) and the trajectories described by Pallarés et al. (2011) and Miró et al. (2018), 11 elite student-athletes who were in their second and third year of the university degree participated in semi-structured interviews. Deductive-inductive thematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed three main themes: (a) general university transition issues, (b) PASS-specific transition issues, and (c) transition pathways. Our results show that the close link between sport and the content of the degree was perceived by the elite student-athletes as their main resource. This link, however, was also perceived as a major barrier as the compulsory practical subjects entailed a risk of injury or overtraining that could affect both athletic and academic development. We noticed how the importance they attached to sport or studies varied at different moments of the transition period, a phenomenon we termed "fluid transition pathways". The study concludes by proposing that educational institutions and/or sports organizations design or improve initiatives which facilitate dual careers in the context of a university degree that is highly sought after by the group of elite athletes in Spain. After the presentation of the three studies that articulate this doctoral dissertation, potential practical implications are identified and future lines of research that could continue the work carried out are proposed.

Background: Prenatal exposure to air pollution has been associated with childhood respiratory disease and other adverse outcomes. Epigenetics is a suggested link between exposures and health outcomes. Objectives: We aimed to investigate associations between prenatal exposure to particulate matter (PM) with diameter <10 (PM10) or <2.5 mu m (PM2.5) and DNA methylation in newborns and children. Methods: We meta-analyzed associations between exposure to PM10 (n=1,949) and PM2.5 (n=1,551) at maternal home addresses during pregnancy and newborn DNA methylation assessed by Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip in nine European and American studies, with replication in 688 independent newborns and look-up analyses in 2,118 older children. We used two approaches, one focusing on single cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites and another on differentially methylated regions (DMRs). We also related PM exposures to blood mRNA expression. Results: Six CpGs were significantly associated [false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05] with prenatal PM10 and 14 with PM2.5 exposure. Two of the PM10-related CpGs mapped to FAM13A (cg00905156) and NOTCH4 (cg06849931) previously associated with lung function and asthma. Although these associations did not replicate in the smaller newborn sample, both CpGs were significant (p<0.05) in 7- to 9-y-olds. For cg06849931, however, the direction of the association was inconsistent. Concurrent PM10 exposure was associated with a significantly higher NOTCH4 expression at age 16 y. We also identified several DMRs associated with either prenatal PM10 and or PM2.5 exposure, of which two PM10-related DMRs, including H19 and MARCH11, replicated in newborns. Conclusions: Several differentially methylated CpGs and DMRs associated with prenatal PM exposure were identified in newborns, with annotation to genes previously implicated in lung-related outcomes. ; ALSPAC: The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (Grant ref. 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and P.Y. will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (http://www.bristoLac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). This research was specifically funded by a joint grant from the UK Economic & Social and Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Councils (Grant ref. ES/N000498/1). ALSPAC was funded by the BBSRC (BBI025751/1 and BB/I025263/1). Air pollution exposure assessment was funded by Public Health England as part of the MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, funded also by the UK Medical Research Council (Grant ref. MR/L01341X/1). This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of Public Health England or the Department of Health. BAMSE was supported by The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Freemason Child House Foundation in Stockholm, MeDALL (Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy) a collaborative project conducted within the European Union (grant agreement No. 261357), Centre for Allergy Research, Stockholm County Council (ALE), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) (RBc08-0027), the Strategic Research Programme (SFO) in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet, The Swedish Research Council Foams, and the Swedish Environment Protection Agency. E.M. is supported by a grant from the European Research Council under the European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 (H2020) research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 757919, TRIBAL). O.G. is supported by Forte (Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare) and The Swedish Society for Medical Research. CHS: This work was supported by NIEHS grants K01ES017801, R01ES022216, and P30ES007048. EARLI: This work was supported by NIH grants R01ES016443, R01ES023780, and R01ES017646 as well as by Autism Speaks (AS 5938). ENVIRONAGE: The ENVIRONAGE birth cohort is funded by the European Research Counsil (ERC-2012-StG.310898) and by funds of the Flemisch Scientific Research Council (FWO, N1516112/G.0.873.11N.10). The methylation assays were funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 project EXPOsOMICS (grant no. 308610). Z.H. is supported by the Exposomics EC FP7 grant (Grant agreement no. 308610). ZH and A.G. and the Epigenetics Group at IARC are supported by grants from the Institut National du Cancer (INCa, Plan Cancer-EVA-Inserm, France) and Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC, France). Generation R Study: The general design of the Generation R Study is made possible by financial support from the Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. The EWAS data was funded by a grant to VWJ from Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA; project no. 050-060-810), by funds from the Genetic Laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC. V.W.J. also received a grant from Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (VIDI 016.136.361) and a Consolidator Grant from the European Research Council (ERC-2014-CoG-648916). J.F.F. has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 633595 (DynaHEALTH). This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (733206, LIFECYCLE). HELIX: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-206) under grant agreement no 308333 - the HELIX project. R.G. received the grant of the Lithuanian Agency for Science Innovation and Technology (No. 45 31V-66). The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is supported by the Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research, NIH/NIEHS (contract no. N01-ES-75558), NIH/NINDS (grant no. 1 UO1 NS 047537-01 and grant no. 2 UO1 NS 047537-06A1). INMA: This study was funded by grants from Institut() de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, and EU Commission (261357; 211250; 268479). Piccolipiu: The study was approved and initially funded by the Italian National Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CCM grant 2010) and by the Italian Ministry of Health (art 12 and 12bis Dl.gs.vo 502/92). The methylation assays were funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 project EXPOsOMICS (grant no. 308610). Z.H. is supported by the Exposomics EC FP7 grant (Grant agreement no: 308610). Z.H. and A.G. and the Epigenetics Group at IARC are supported by grants from the Institut National du Cancer (INCa, Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM, France) and Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC, France). Rhea: The methylation assays were funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 project EXPOsOMICS (grant no. 308610). Z.H. is supported by the Exposomics EC FP7 grant (grant agreement no. 308610). ZH and A.G. and the Epigenetics Group at IARC are supported by grants from the Institut National du Cancer (INCa, Plan Cancer-EVA INSERM, France) and Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC, France). PRISM: R.J.W. received funding for the PRISM cohort under HL095606 and R01 HL1143396. A.C.J. is supported by R00 ES023450. Project Viva: This Project Viva study was supported by grants from the NIH (NIH R01 HL 111108, R01 NR013945, R01 HD 034568, K24 HD069408, K23 ES022242, P01ES009825, R01AI102960, P30 ES000002) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (R832416, RD834798). This publication's contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the U.S. Government, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the NIH, or the EPA. Further, the EPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication. MeDALL: The methylation study of MeDALL cohorts was funded by MEDALL, a collaborative project supported by the European Union under the Health Cooperation Work Programme of the 7th Framework Programme (grant agreement no. 261357). The Biobank-Based Integrative Omics Studies (BIOS) Consortium is funded by BBMRI-NL, a research 'infrastructure financed by the Dutch government (NWO 184.021.007). BAMSE: We would like to thank all the families for their participation in the BAMSE study. In addition, we would like to thank E. Haliner, S. Nilsson, and A. Lauber at the BAMSE secretary for invaluable support, as well as Mutation Analysis Facility (MAF) at Karolinska Institutet for genome-wide methylation analysis, and I. Delin for excellent technical assistance. The computations were performed on resources provided by SNIC through Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) under Project b201.4110.

La presente tesis de doctorado se propone realizar una búsqueda de caminos pedagógicos para la selección, el empleo y la explotación didáctica de textos literarios argentinos en la enseñanza del español lengua segunda y extranjera (ELSE). Asimismo, expone recorridos para el abordaje de este tipo de textos desde los niveles iniciales de enseñanza y aprendizaje de esta lengua. Para ello, la tesis plantea un itinerario por bibliografía teórica referida a la adquisición de lenguas, examina los tres enfoques pedagógicos más actualizados —comunicativo, por tareas y orientado a la acción—, estudia los vínculos entre la lengua, la cultura y la literatura, así como analiza la manera en que ha sido tomada la literatura en la enseñanza de lenguas a lo largo de la historia, y considera los aportes de la teoría literaria a la didáctica de la literatura. A su vez, esta investigación se propone dejar en evidencia la escasez de materiales didácticos destinados a la enseñanza de ELSE que den cuenta de las variedades lingüísticas y culturales argentinas, y que incluyan, de forma manifiesta, textos literarios de escritores de esta procedencia. Además, la tesis justifica que, dada la creciente importancia del español en el mundo, esta insuficiencia de materiales didácticos —que respondan a las características que describimos— representa un área de vacancia que debe atenderse. Por este motivo, la tesis plantea propuestas didácticas que parten de textos literarios argentinos, con el fin de explorar caminos de abordaje de estos textos, para promover el desarrollo de las diferentes competencias en los alumnos, así como el perfeccionamiento de las cuatro destrezas lingüísticas (comprensión lectora y auditiva y producción escrita y oral). Conjuntamente, se destaca la funcionalidad de la literatura en el aula de ELSE para desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa intercultural (CCI), que debe ser considerada en el marco de las sociedades multilingües y multiculturales contemporáneas. Por otra parte, este estudio se posiciona, frente a los materiales literarios, con una mirada práctica y se propone plantear una explotación holística de este tipo de textos, que cubre el trabajo con diferentes aspectos lingüísticos, literarios, discursivos y culturales inherentes a las obras; sin descuidar la fruición estética que estimula la literatura. Al mismo tiempo, la tesis se propone dar cuenta de los resultados de la puesta en práctica de una selección de tareas elaboradas en el marco de esta investigación. De esta manera, este estudio se presenta como un aporte original en la medida en que plantea no solo la integración de teorías de diferente procedencia disciplinaria —orientadas al aprendizaje de ELSE y al empleo de los textos literarios en este marco de enseñanza—, sino también porque demuestra la aplicación práctica de estas teorías a través del diseño de las tareas que se exponen en esta investigación. Finalmente, esta tesis se posiciona en apoyo de las políticas lingüísticas que sustentan las variedades del español que se hablan en Argentina como válidas y auténticas y como portadoras de culturas particulares de gran valor. ; This doctoral dissertation explores pedagogical paths for the selection, use and didactic exploitation of literary texts for the teaching of Spanish as a second and foreign language (SL2/SFL). In addition, this study exposes ways of working with these types of texts for language learning at the introductory and upper levels. In view of this purpose, the thesis puts forward a bibliography of theoretical works in reference to language acquisition, and it also examines the three most current pedagogical approaches —communicative, task-based language teaching and action-oriented approaches—. Furthermore, it studies the links between language, culture and literature, and it analyses the ways in which literature has been applied in the field of second language teaching throughout history, taking into account the contribution of literary theory towards the didactics of literature. This research has the aim of highlighting the scarcity of didactic materials intended for the teaching of SL2/SFL that include Argentinian linguistic and cultural varieties, involving texts written by authors of this origin. In consideration of the increasing importance of Spanish in the world, this study argues that the shortage of didactic materials —as per the characteristics outlined in this dissertation— represents an area of deficiency that merits attention. For this reason, the thesis posits didactic proposals that start from Argentinian literary texts, with the objective of exploring different ways of working with them to promote the development of student competences, as well as to improve the four linguistic abilities (reading and listening comprehension, and oral and written production). What is more, the functionality of literature in the SL2/SFL classroom is highlighted for the development of the intercultural communicative competence (ICC), which needs to be considered in the context of contemporary multilingual and multicultural societies. From a position that views literary materials from a practical and holistic point of view, this dissertation covers the linguistic, literary, discursive and cultural aspects inherent to the literary texts, without neglecting the aesthetic fruition stimulated by literature. Additionally, this study has the purpose of demonstrating the results of the practical implementation of a selection of didactic tasks elaborated in this research. In this way, the present dissertation constitutes an original contribution to SL2/SFL research inasmuch as it presents not only the integration of theories of different disciplinary origins —oriented to the language learning process as well as to the use of literary texts in the teaching framework—, but it also demonstrates the implementation of these theories towards the design of tasks, as they are developed in this research. To conclude, this thesis takes a position in favour of the linguistic politics that support the diversity of Spanish language used throughout Argentina as valid and authentic, and as highly valued carriers of distinct cultures. ; Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous proposons une réflexion sur les orientations pédagogiques à suivre pour la sélection, l'utilisation et l'exploitation didactiques des textes littéraires argentins dans l'enseignement de l'espagnol langue seconde et étrangère (EL2/ELE). Nous exposons dans ce travail de recherche également des pistes pour aborder ce type de textes dès les niveaux débutants d'enseignement et d'apprentissage de cette langue. À cet effet, nous proposons un itinéraire à travers une bibliographie théorique portant sur l'acquisition des langues ; nous examinons les trois approches pédagogiques les plus actualisées – l'approche communicative, par tâches et actionnelle – ; nous étudions les liens entre la langue, la culture et la littérature ; nous analysons également la manière dont la littérature a été perçue dans l'enseignement des langues au cours de l'histoire ; et nous considérons les contributions de la théorie littéraire à la didactique de la littérature. Parallèlement, ce travail de recherche met en évidence le manque de matériaux didactiques destinés à l'enseignement de EL2/ELE qui prennent en considération l'inclusion des variétés linguistiques et culturelles argentines, et qui incluent, de façon manifeste, les textes littéraires d'écrivains de cette diversité. De plus, étant donné l'importance de l'espagnol dans le monde, nous soutenons que cette insuffisance en matériaux didactiques – selon les caractéristiques que nous en donnons – représente un manque qui doit être comblé. Pour cette raison, la thèse offre des propositions didactiques qui partent de textes littéraires argentins, afin d'explorer différentes façons d'aborder ces textes, dans le but de promouvoir le développement des différentes compétences des étudiants, ainsi que le perfectionnement des quatre compétences langagières (la compréhension écrite et auditive et la production écrite et orale). Nous soulignons également la fonctionnalité, dans la classe de EL2/ELE, de la littérature pour le développement de la compétence communicative interculturelle (CCI) dans le cadre des sociétés multilingues et multiculturelles contemporaines. D'autre part, nous nous positionnons dans cette étude, au regard des matériaux littéraires, dans une perspective pratique et nous proposons une exploitation holistique de ce type de textes, qui comprend le travail sur différentes questions linguistiques, littéraires, discursives et culturelles inhérentes aux mêmes œuvres, sans négliger le plaisir esthétique que la littérature stimule. Ainsi, cette étude constitue un apport original dans la mesure où nous y proposons non seulement l'intégration des théories de différentes provenances disciplinaires – orientées sur l'apprentissage de EL2/ELE et l'emploi des textes littéraires dans ce cadre de l'enseignement –, mais également la démonstration de la mise en œuvre de ces théories à travers la présentation de la conception des tâches. Finalement, cette thèse s'inscrit en appui des politiques linguistiques qui soutiennent la validité, l'authenticité et la valeur intrinsèque des variétés de l'espagnol porteuses de cultures particulières qui se parlent en Argentine. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (FAHCE)

WOS:000465183000001 ; A search for nonresonant excesses in the invariant mass spectra of electron and muon pairs is presented. The analysis is based on data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment in 2016, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 36 fb(-1). No significant deviation from the standard model is observed. Limits are set at 95% confidence level on energy scales for two general classes of nonresonant models. For a class of fermion contact interaction models, lower limits ranging from 20 to 32 TeV are set on the characteristic compositeness scale . For the Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, and Dvali model of large extra dimensions, the first results in the dilepton final state at 13 TeV are reported, and values of the ultraviolet cutoff parameter (T) below 6.9 TeV are excluded. A combination with recent CMS diphoton results improves this exclusion to (T) below 7.7 TeV, providing the most sensitive limits to date in nonhadronic final states. ; BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (U.S.A.)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (U.S.A.)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programme (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A.P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science-EOS"-be.h projectFonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS [30820817]; FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science-EOS"-be.h projectFWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesHungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP; NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Mara de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis programme - EU-ESF; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science-EOS"-be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Mara de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).