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This paper investigates time consistent policies and reforms of intergenerational transfers. If the weight the Government gives to the living elderly is low enough, successive Governments will implement policies with equitable results across generations, even if their social welfare function is not equitable with the unborn. The ratio of Government public debt to GDP will not change over time, and the consumption flows of successive generations will grow at the natural rate of the economy. However, if the Government gives a higher weight to the elderly, the ratio of public debt to GDP will increase over time. Then, future generations will have to pay higher and higher taxes and consume less and less. Demographic transition does not interfere with these results although it makes every consumer poorer. However, there is the possibility that the weight of the elderly in Government preferences has increased recently, and that some Western democracies are entering a process of increasing public indebtedness and immiserisation of future generations. ; Ce papier analyse les politiques et réformes dynamiquement cohérentes d'un système public de transferts intergénérationnels. Si l'Etat accorde un poids suffisamment modéré aux personnes âgées vivantes, les gouvernements successifs mettront en oeuvre des politiques donnant des résultats équitables pour les différentes générations, alors même que leurs fonctions de bien-être social ne sont pas équitables à l'égard des générations non encore nées. Le rapport de la dette publique au PIB ne changera pas au cours du temps et les consommations des générations successives croîtront au taux naturel de l'économie. Cependant, si le gouvernement donne un poids plus élevé aux personnes âgées, le rapport de la dette publique au PIB augmentera au cours du temps. Alors, les générations futures paieront des impôts de plus en plus élevés et consommeront de moins en moins. La transition démographique n'interfère pas avec ces résultats, bien qu'elle rende tous les consommateurs plus ...

This is the second volume of the Advances in Global Services and Retail Management Book Series. This volume has the following parts: Part 1: Hospitality and Tourism Part 2: Marketing, E-marketing, and Consumer Behavior Part 3: Management Part 4: Human Resources Management Part 5: Retail Management Part 6: Economics Part 7: Accounting and Finance Part 8: Sustainability and Environmental Issues Part 9: Information Technology ISBN: 978-1-955833-03-5 Hospitality and Tourism Significance of VR in the spa: A spatial analysis Irini Lai Fun Tang, Schultz Zhi Bin Xu, and Eric Chan Social media marketing in rural hospitality and tourism destination research Samuel Adeyinka-Ojo and Shamsul Kamariah Abdullah All aboard! Is space tourism still a fantasy or a reality: An investigation on Turkish market Emrah Tasarer, Vahit Oguz Kiper, Orhan Batman, and Oguz Turkay Strategic consciousness and business performance relationship of open innovation strategies in food and beverage businesses Muhsin Halis, Kazim Ozan Ozer, Hasan Cinnioglu, and Zafer Camlibel The effects of COVID-19 epidemic on guided tours and alternative tour samples from Turkey Bayram Akay The effect of COVID-19 phobia on holiday intention Halil Akmese and Ali Ilgaz The effect of the usage of virtual reality in tourism education on learning motivation Sarp Tahsin Kumlu and Emrah Ozkul The impact of effective implementation of customer relationship management to the success of hotels in Afikpo North local government of Ebonyi State, Nigeria Ogboagha Callister and Managwu Lilian The influence of study travel on quality-oriented education: The case of Handan, China Wang Jingya and Alaa Nimer Abukhalifeh The impact of U.S. Cuba policies on Cuban tourism industry: Focus on the Obama and Trump Administration Jukka M. Laitamaki, Antonio Diaz Medina, and Lisandra Torres Hechavarria Determination of students' characteristics and perspectives about social entrepreneurship: A case of Anadolu University Muhammed Kavak, Ipek Itir Can, and Emre Ozan Aksoz The place of Kazakhstan tourism sector in the countries of the region in terms of transportation infrastructure Maiya Myrzabekova, Muhsin Halis, and Zafer Camlibel What are tour guides most praised for? A sharing economy perspective Derya Demirdelen-Alrawadieh and Ibrahim Cifci An examination of representations for USA in tourism brochures for Chinese market Yasong Wang An exploratory study on cognitive internship perception of tourism students Ozge Buyuk and Gulsah Akkus Are you afraid to travel during COVID-19? Gulsum Tabak, Sibel Canik, and Ebru Guneren Destination management during the health emergency: A bibliometric analysis Valentina Della Corte, Giovanna Del Gaudio, Giuliana Nevola, Enrico Di Taranto, and Simone Luongo Determination of food neophobia levels of International Mersin Citrus Festival participants Sevda Sahilli Birdir, Nurhayat Iflazoglu, and Kemal Birdir Analysis of effectiveness of industrial exposure training undertaken by students of hospitality management in star hotels G. Saravana Kumar Conceptualization of ecotourism service experiences framework from the dimensions of motivation and quality of experiences: Four realms of experience approach Jennifer Kim Lian Chan Does Coronavirus (COVID-19) transform travel and tourism to automation (robots)? M. Omar Parvez, Ali Ozturen, and Cihan Cobanoglu Efficiency of internal control systems and the effect of organizational structure and culture on internal control systems in accommodation industry Kadriye Alev Akmese and Ali Ilgaz Ethical perceptions of housekeeping department employees: A study in Izmir Province Tuba Turkmendag and Bayram Sahin Factors that prevent participation of tourists in online co-creation activities Resat Arica, Feridun Duman, and Abdulkadir Corbaci Health sector after COVID-19: Salt thermal facilities example Azize Serap Tuncer and Sinan Bulut PRISMA statement and thematic analysis framework in hospitality and tourism research Samuel Adeyinka-Ojo Evaluation of Turkish nights as a tourism product: The case of Cappadocia Meral Buyukkuru, Eda Ozgul Katlav, and Firdevs Yonet Eren Customer perceptions against COVID-19 precautionary measures of the restaurants: The case of Istanbul-Turkey Elif Kaymaz and Sevki Ulema Analysis of e-complaints regarding hotel restaurants during COVID-19 process: The case of Antalya Sevim Usta and Serkan Sengul Marketing, E-marketing, and Consumer Behavior Materialistic social consumption amidst COVID-19 pandemic: Terror management theory in the Malaysia context Seong-Yuen Toh and Siew-Wai Yuan A conceptual framework for the mediating role of the flow experience between destination brand experience and destination loyalty Ipek Kazancoglu and Taskin Dirsehan Investigating drivers influencing choice behaviour of Islamic investment products Hanudin Amin Local food festivals within the scope of destination branding Hatice Akturk and Atilla Akbaba Marketing a destination on social media: Case of three municipalities of Izmir Huseyin Ozan Altin and Ige Pirnar Perceived usefulness, ease of use, online trust and online purchase intention: Mediating role of attitude towards online purchase Muhammed Yazeed, Mohammed Aliyu Dantsoho, and Adamu Ado Abubakar Social media framework for businesses Nawel Amrouche Social media marketing the African door of return experience in Badagry-Nigeria Huseyin Arasli, Maryam Abdullahi, and Tugrul Gunay The effect of corporate social responsibility on consumer-based brand equity: A research on automobile brands Ali Koroglu and Ibrahim Avci The effect of superstitions on consumer luck, horoscope and evil eye-oriented purchasing behavior: A study in Turkey Ibrahim Avci and Salih Yildiz The evaluation of S-D orientation on service innovation and performance of airline Inci Polat and Ozlem Atalik Brand new leisure constraint: COVID-19 Guliz Coskun The impact of consumers price level perception on emotions towards supermarkets Abdulcelil Cakici and Sena Tekeli The impact of TikTok's plastic surgery content on adolescents' self-perception and purchase intention Markus Rach Accelerated modernity: What are the social media stories undergraduate students engage with? Pericles Asher Rospigliosi and Sebastian Raza-Mejia Virtual influencer as celebrity endorsers Fanny Cheung and Wing-Fai Leung Does millennial shopping orientation using augmented reality enabled mobile applications really impact product purchase intention? Anil Kumar Exposure to e-cigarette marketing and product use among highly educated adults Onur Sahin Extending the theory of planned behavior to explain intention to use online food delivery services in the context of COVID -19 pandemic Ahmed Chemseddine Bouarar, Smail Mouloudj, and Kamel Mouloudj Factors affecting investors' buying decision in real estate market in Northern Cyprus Gurkan Arslan and Karen Howells From home to the store: Combined effect of music and traffic on consumers shopping behaviour Luigi Piper, Lucrezia Maria de Cosmo, Maria Irene Prete, and Gianluigi Guido Market expansion and business growth from the perspective of resources and capabilities: The case of a micro-enterprise Jose G. Vargas-Hernandez and Omar C. Vargas-Gonzalez How learning style interacts with voice-assisted technology (VAT) in consumer task evaluation Bonnie Canziani and Sara MacSween Effect of brand credibility and innovation on customer based brand equity and overall brand equity in Turkey: An investigation of GSM operators Suphan Nasir and Ozge Guvendik Value chain for a B school in India Vimal Chandra Verma and Devashish Das Gupta Management AI as a boost for startups companies: Evidence from Italy Irene Di Bernardo, Marco Tregua, Greco Fabio, and Ruggiero Andrea The role of quality management applications for corporate reputations Ibrahim Sapaloglu and Isik Cicek Toxicity in organizations: A sample study on the perceived toxicity in Turkish academicians Mustafa Hakan Atasoy and Muhsin Halis Which resources are matter to healthcare performance? A case study on Bahrain Mahmood Asad Ali and Mohamed Sayed Abou Elseoud Case study: HereWay Inc. European expansion: A facility location problem Mikhail M. Sher, Michael T. Paz, and Donald R. (Bob) Smith In search of the effective mission statement: Structural support of the firm's culture to augment financial performance Seong-Yuen Toh Innovation labs to support tourism organization in transforming crisis into opportunities: Insight from a case study Francesco Santarsiero, Daniela Carlucci, and Giovanni Schiuma Novelty and success of healthcare service innovation: A comparison between China and the Netherlands Yu Mu, Rujun Wang and Ying Huang Public private partnership in selected countries: A comparative analysis Bekir Parlak and Abdullahi Suleiman Hashi Strategic orientation of service enterprises towards customers Korhan Arun and Saniye Yildirim Ozmutlu The effects of organizational culture on information sharing attitude Mohammadi Lanbaran Nasrin and Cicek Isik The impact of industry 4.0 strategy on the work-life balance of employees Ali Sukru Cetinkaya The mediating effect of psychological empowerment on inclusive leadership and innovative work behaviour: A research in hotels Emete Toros, Ahmet Maslakci, and Lutfi Surucu Assessment of industry 4.0 on manufacturing enterprises: Demographic perspective Ali Sukru Cetinkaya and M. Kemal Unsacar Human Resources Management Affective commitment in new hires' onboarding? The role of organizational socialization in the fashion retail industry Pui Sze Chan, Ho Ching Ching, Pui Yi Ng, and Annie Ko Do burnout perception levels of nurses working in the health sector differ according to demographic characteristics? Irfan Akkoc and Korhan Arun Examining a moderating effect of employee turnover between recruitment and selection practice and organizational performance in Maldives civil service sector Fathmath Muna, Azam S. M. Ferdous, and Ahmad Albattat Personnel relationships in the workplace Ali Sukru Cetinkaya, Shafiq Habibi, and Umut Yavuz The evolution of human resources empowerment theory: A literature review (1970–2020) Theodoros Stavrinoudis and Moschos Psimoulis Teamwork, satisfaction and mediating effect of affective, continuance and normative commitments on employee's loyalty Thalita Aparecida Costa Nicolleti, Eduardo Roque Mangini, Leonardo Aureliano-Silva, Cristiane Sales Pires, and Carolina Aparecida de Freitas Dias Perceptions of teachers in educational institutions regarding the principles of teaching professional ethics Gulsah Aki, Nejat Ira, and Hasan Arslan Influence of psychological empowerment on employee competence in Nigerian universal basic education system: The mediating role of work engagement Isah Sani, Rashidah Binti Mohammad Ibrahim, and Fazida Karim Retail Management Artificial intelligence in retailing Ibrahim Kircova, Munise Hayrun Saglam, and Sirin Gizem Kose Customer value in retailing (2000-2020): A narrative review and future research directions Rajat Gera and Ashish Pruthi Effect of social media marketing on online retail performance of Konga Nigeria LTD Abubakar Ado Adamu, Muhammed Yazeed, Mohammed Aliyu Dantsoho, Jamilu Abdulkadir, and Aliyu Audu Gemu Employment of blue-collar workers in organized retail sector: The case of Turkey Inci Kayhan-Kuzgun Saving grace: Digitization to stay or address crisis? Smitha Vasudevan Inclusion of disabled consumers in online retail landscape: Web accessibility conformance of Turkish organized food retailers' web sites Asiye Ayben Celik A customer segmentation model proposal for retailers: RFM-V Pinar Ozkan and Ipek Deveci Kocakoc Economics Nigeria's economic management: Reflections through monthly interest rate movement from 1996 to 2020 and beyond Job Nmadu, Halima Sallawu, and Yebosoko Nmadu A qualitative study of perceptions of the residents of Sidon, Lebanon regarding the economic effect on Sidon with reference to repatriation of the Palestinian refugees Raja El Majzoub and Karen Howells Three keys of development: Knowledge, efficiency and innovative entrepreneurship Irfan Kalayci, Ali Soylu, and Baris Aytekin Tourism and women empowerment: Empirical findings from past experience and predictions for the post-COVID era Burcu Turkcan COVID-19 effect on FDI motivation and their impact on service sector: Case of Georgia Vakhtang Charaia and Mariam Lashkhi Economic cooperation between Central Caucasus, China, and EU, under COVID-19 challenges Vakhtang Charaia and Mariam Lashkhi Effect of real exchange rate and income on international tourist arrivals for Turkey Erhan Aslanoglu, Oral Erdogan, and Yasin Enes Aksu Innovative entrepreneurship in Turkey: Micro and macro perspectives Irfan Kalayci, Baris Aytekin, and Ali Soylu Optimal fiscal and price stability in Germany: Autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) cointegration relationship Ergin Akalpler and Dahiru Alhaji Birnintsabas Struggle with COVID-19 crisis within the scope of financial national security: The example of the Republic of Turkey Silacan Karakus The nexus between fiscal freedom and investment freedom: The case of E7 countries Mehmet Bolukbas To be or not to be a female entrepreneur in the Mexicali Valley Roberto Burgueno Romero and Jose David Ledezma Torrez Accounting and Finance Comparative measurement of working capital efficiency for Borsa Istanbul restaurants and hotels for the COVID-19 period and previous quarters Fatih Gunay and Gary Cokins Relationship between business confidence index and non-financial firms foreign exchange assets and liabilities: Evidence from ARDL bound approach Ilkut Elif Kandil-Goker The impact of RTGS on internal control - A comparative study between some Iraqi banks Salowan H. Al Taee and Noor A. Radhi The impact of working capital on cash management under IAS 7 framework: An examination of tourism listed companies in Indonesia and Turkey Tri Damayanti and Tuba Derya Baskan A nexus between mergers & acquisitions and financial performance of firms: A study of industrial sector of Pakistan Fiza Quareshi, Mukhtiar Ali, and Salar Hussain Decentralized approach to deep-learning based asset allocation Sarthak Sengupta, Priyanshu Priyam, and Anurika Vaish Sustainability and Environmental Issues Blockchain technology applied to the Consortium Etna DOC to avoid counterfeiting Matarazzo Agata, Edoardo Carmelo Spampinato, Sergio Arfo, Ugo Sinigaglia, Antonino Bajeli, and Salvino Benanti Eco-label certification, hotel performance and customer satisfaction: Analysis of a case study and future developments Michele Preziosi, Alessia Acampora, Roberto Merli, and Maria Claudia Lucchetti The integration of circular economy in the tourism industry: A framework for the implementation of circular hotels Martina Sgambati, Alessia Acampora, Olimpia Martucci, and Maria Claudia Lucchetti Using the theory of planned behavior to explore green food purchase intentions Katrina Anna Auza and Kamel Mouloudj Survey on purchasing methods of food products in Tarragona and Catania Matarazzo Agata, Vazzano Tommaso Alberto, and Squillaci Carmelo Information Technology Comparative analysis of tools for matching work-related skill profiles with CV data and other unstructured data Florian Beuttiker, Stefan Roth, Tobias Steinacher, and Thomas Hanne State-of-the-art next generation open innovation platforms Murielle De Roche, Monika Blaser, Patrick Hollinger, and Thomas Hanne The coverage of AIOT based functional service: Case study of Asian futuristic hotel Gege Wang, Irini Lai Fun Tang, Eric Chan, and Wai Hung Wilco Chan The effect of the blockchain technology on service companies and food retailers: An overview of the blockchain use cases and applications Gokhan Kirbac and Erkut Ergenc The regulation problem of cryptocurrencies Lamiha Ozturk and Ece Sulungur Understanding information technology acceptance by physicians: Testing technology acceptance model Anuruddha Indika Jagoda

This is the second volume of the Advances in Global Services and Retail Management Book Series. This volume has the following parts: Part 1: Hospitality and Tourism Part 2: Marketing, E-marketing, and Consumer Behavior Part 3: Management Part 4: Human Resources Management Part 5: Retail Management Part 6: Economics Part 7: Accounting and Finance Part 8: Sustainability and Environmental Issues Part 9: Information Technology ISBN: 978-1-955833-03-5 Hospitality and Tourism Significance of VR in the spa: A spatial analysis Irini Lai Fun Tang, Schultz Zhi Bin Xu, and Eric Chan Social media marketing in rural hospitality and tourism destination research Samuel Adeyinka-Ojo and Shamsul Kamariah Abdullah All aboard! Is space tourism still a fantasy or a reality: An investigation on Turkish market Emrah Tasarer, Vahit Oguz Kiper, Orhan Batman, and Oguz Turkay Strategic consciousness and business performance relationship of open innovation strategies in food and beverage businesses Muhsin Halis, Kazim Ozan Ozer, Hasan Cinnioglu, and Zafer Camlibel The effects of COVID-19 epidemic on guided tours and alternative tour samples from Turkey Bayram Akay The effect of COVID-19 phobia on holiday intention Halil Akmese and Ali Ilgaz The effect of the usage of virtual reality in tourism education on learning motivation Sarp Tahsin Kumlu and Emrah Ozkul The impact of effective implementation of customer relationship management to the success of hotels in Afikpo North local government of Ebonyi State, Nigeria Ogboagha Callister and Managwu Lilian The influence of study travel on quality-oriented education: The case of Handan, China Wang Jingya and Alaa Nimer Abukhalifeh The impact of U.S. Cuba policies on Cuban tourism industry: Focus on the Obama and Trump Administration Jukka M. Laitamaki, Antonio Diaz Medina, and Lisandra Torres Hechavarria Determination of students' characteristics and perspectives about social entrepreneurship: A case of Anadolu University Muhammed Kavak, Ipek Itir Can, and Emre Ozan Aksoz The place of Kazakhstan tourism sector in the countries of the region in terms of transportation infrastructure Maiya Myrzabekova, Muhsin Halis, and Zafer Camlibel What are tour guides most praised for? A sharing economy perspective Derya Demirdelen-Alrawadieh and Ibrahim Cifci An examination of representations for USA in tourism brochures for Chinese market Yasong Wang An exploratory study on cognitive internship perception of tourism students Ozge Buyuk and Gulsah Akkus Are you afraid to travel during COVID-19? Gulsum Tabak, Sibel Canik, and Ebru Guneren Destination management during the health emergency: A bibliometric analysis Valentina Della Corte, Giovanna Del Gaudio, Giuliana Nevola, Enrico Di Taranto, and Simone Luongo Determination of food neophobia levels of International Mersin Citrus Festival participants Sevda Sahilli Birdir, Nurhayat Iflazoglu, and Kemal Birdir Analysis of effectiveness of industrial exposure training undertaken by students of hospitality management in star hotels G. Saravana Kumar Conceptualization of ecotourism service experiences framework from the dimensions of motivation and quality of experiences: Four realms of experience approach Jennifer Kim Lian Chan Does Coronavirus (COVID-19) transform travel and tourism to automation (robots)? M. Omar Parvez, Ali Ozturen, and Cihan Cobanoglu Efficiency of internal control systems and the effect of organizational structure and culture on internal control systems in accommodation industry Kadriye Alev Akmese and Ali Ilgaz Ethical perceptions of housekeeping department employees: A study in Izmir Province Tuba Turkmendag and Bayram Sahin Factors that prevent participation of tourists in online co-creation activities Resat Arica, Feridun Duman, and Abdulkadir Corbaci Health sector after COVID-19: Salt thermal facilities example Azize Serap Tuncer and Sinan Bulut PRISMA statement and thematic analysis framework in hospitality and tourism research Samuel Adeyinka-Ojo Evaluation of Turkish nights as a tourism product: The case of Cappadocia Meral Buyukkuru, Eda Ozgul Katlav, and Firdevs Yonet Eren Customer perceptions against COVID-19 precautionary measures of the restaurants: The case of Istanbul-Turkey Elif Kaymaz and Sevki Ulema Analysis of e-complaints regarding hotel restaurants during COVID-19 process: The case of Antalya Sevim Usta and Serkan Sengul Marketing, E-marketing, and Consumer Behavior Materialistic social consumption amidst COVID-19 pandemic: Terror management theory in the Malaysia context Seong-Yuen Toh and Siew-Wai Yuan A conceptual framework for the mediating role of the flow experience between destination brand experience and destination loyalty Ipek Kazancoglu and Taskin Dirsehan Investigating drivers influencing choice behaviour of Islamic investment products Hanudin Amin Local food festivals within the scope of destination branding Hatice Akturk and Atilla Akbaba Marketing a destination on social media: Case of three municipalities of Izmir Huseyin Ozan Altin and Ige Pirnar Perceived usefulness, ease of use, online trust and online purchase intention: Mediating role of attitude towards online purchase Muhammed Yazeed, Mohammed Aliyu Dantsoho, and Adamu Ado Abubakar Social media framework for businesses Nawel Amrouche Social media marketing the African door of return experience in Badagry-Nigeria Huseyin Arasli, Maryam Abdullahi, and Tugrul Gunay The effect of corporate social responsibility on consumer-based brand equity: A research on automobile brands Ali Koroglu and Ibrahim Avci The effect of superstitions on consumer luck, horoscope and evil eye-oriented purchasing behavior: A study in Turkey Ibrahim Avci and Salih Yildiz The evaluation of S-D orientation on service innovation and performance of airline Inci Polat and Ozlem Atalik Brand new leisure constraint: COVID-19 Guliz Coskun The impact of consumers price level perception on emotions towards supermarkets Abdulcelil Cakici and Sena Tekeli The impact of TikTok's plastic surgery content on adolescents' self-perception and purchase intention Markus Rach Accelerated modernity: What are the social media stories undergraduate students engage with? Pericles Asher Rospigliosi and Sebastian Raza-Mejia Virtual influencer as celebrity endorsers Fanny Cheung and Wing-Fai Leung Does millennial shopping orientation using augmented reality enabled mobile applications really impact product purchase intention? Anil Kumar Exposure to e-cigarette marketing and product use among highly educated adults Onur Sahin Extending the theory of planned behavior to explain intention to use online food delivery services in the context of COVID -19 pandemic Ahmed Chemseddine Bouarar, Smail Mouloudj, and Kamel Mouloudj Factors affecting investors' buying decision in real estate market in Northern Cyprus Gurkan Arslan and Karen Howells From home to the store: Combined effect of music and traffic on consumers shopping behaviour Luigi Piper, Lucrezia Maria de Cosmo, Maria Irene Prete, and Gianluigi Guido Market expansion and business growth from the perspective of resources and capabilities: The case of a micro-enterprise Jose G. Vargas-Hernandez and Omar C. Vargas-Gonzalez How learning style interacts with voice-assisted technology (VAT) in consumer task evaluation Bonnie Canziani and Sara MacSween Effect of brand credibility and innovation on customer based brand equity and overall brand equity in Turkey: An investigation of GSM operators Suphan Nasir and Ozge Guvendik Value chain for a B school in India Vimal Chandra Verma and Devashish Das Gupta Management AI as a boost for startups companies: Evidence from Italy Irene Di Bernardo, Marco Tregua, Greco Fabio, and Ruggiero Andrea The role of quality management applications for corporate reputations Ibrahim Sapaloglu and Isik Cicek Toxicity in organizations: A sample study on the perceived toxicity in Turkish academicians Mustafa Hakan Atasoy and Muhsin Halis Which resources are matter to healthcare performance? A case study on Bahrain Mahmood Asad Ali and Mohamed Sayed Abou Elseoud Case study: HereWay Inc. European expansion: A facility location problem Mikhail M. Sher, Michael T. Paz, and Donald R. (Bob) Smith In search of the effective mission statement: Structural support of the firm's culture to augment financial performance Seong-Yuen Toh Innovation labs to support tourism organization in transforming crisis into opportunities: Insight from a case study Francesco Santarsiero, Daniela Carlucci, and Giovanni Schiuma Novelty and success of healthcare service innovation: A comparison between China and the Netherlands Yu Mu, Rujun Wang and Ying Huang Public private partnership in selected countries: A comparative analysis Bekir Parlak and Abdullahi Suleiman Hashi Strategic orientation of service enterprises towards customers Korhan Arun and Saniye Yildirim Ozmutlu The effects of organizational culture on information sharing attitude Mohammadi Lanbaran Nasrin and Cicek Isik The impact of industry 4.0 strategy on the work-life balance of employees Ali Sukru Cetinkaya The mediating effect of psychological empowerment on inclusive leadership and innovative work behaviour: A research in hotels Emete Toros, Ahmet Maslakci, and Lutfi Surucu Assessment of industry 4.0 on manufacturing enterprises: Demographic perspective Ali Sukru Cetinkaya and M. Kemal Unsacar Human Resources Management Affective commitment in new hires' onboarding? The role of organizational socialization in the fashion retail industry Pui Sze Chan, Ho Ching Ching, Pui Yi Ng, and Annie Ko Do burnout perception levels of nurses working in the health sector differ according to demographic characteristics? Irfan Akkoc and Korhan Arun Examining a moderating effect of employee turnover between recruitment and selection practice and organizational performance in Maldives civil service sector Fathmath Muna, Azam S. M. Ferdous, and Ahmad Albattat Personnel relationships in the workplace Ali Sukru Cetinkaya, Shafiq Habibi, and Umut Yavuz The evolution of human resources empowerment theory: A literature review (1970–2020) Theodoros Stavrinoudis and Moschos Psimoulis Teamwork, satisfaction and mediating effect of affective, continuance and normative commitments on employee's loyalty Thalita Aparecida Costa Nicolleti, Eduardo Roque Mangini, Leonardo Aureliano-Silva, Cristiane Sales Pires, and Carolina Aparecida de Freitas Dias Perceptions of teachers in educational institutions regarding the principles of teaching professional ethics Gulsah Aki, Nejat Ira, and Hasan Arslan Influence of psychological empowerment on employee competence in Nigerian universal basic education system: The mediating role of work engagement Isah Sani, Rashidah Binti Mohammad Ibrahim, and Fazida Karim Retail Management Artificial intelligence in retailing Ibrahim Kircova, Munise Hayrun Saglam, and Sirin Gizem Kose Customer value in retailing (2000-2020): A narrative review and future research directions Rajat Gera and Ashish Pruthi Effect of social media marketing on online retail performance of Konga Nigeria LTD Abubakar Ado Adamu, Muhammed Yazeed, Mohammed Aliyu Dantsoho, Jamilu Abdulkadir, and Aliyu Audu Gemu Employment of blue-collar workers in organized retail sector: The case of Turkey Inci Kayhan-Kuzgun Saving grace: Digitization to stay or address crisis? Smitha Vasudevan Inclusion of disabled consumers in online retail landscape: Web accessibility conformance of Turkish organized food retailers' web sites Asiye Ayben Celik A customer segmentation model proposal for retailers: RFM-V Pinar Ozkan and Ipek Deveci Kocakoc Economics Nigeria's economic management: Reflections through monthly interest rate movement from 1996 to 2020 and beyond Job Nmadu, Halima Sallawu, and Yebosoko Nmadu A qualitative study of perceptions of the residents of Sidon, Lebanon regarding the economic effect on Sidon with reference to repatriation of the Palestinian refugees Raja El Majzoub and Karen Howells Three keys of development: Knowledge, efficiency and innovative entrepreneurship Irfan Kalayci, Ali Soylu, and Baris Aytekin Tourism and women empowerment: Empirical findings from past experience and predictions for the post-COVID era Burcu Turkcan COVID-19 effect on FDI motivation and their impact on service sector: Case of Georgia Vakhtang Charaia and Mariam Lashkhi Economic cooperation between Central Caucasus, China, and EU, under COVID-19 challenges Vakhtang Charaia and Mariam Lashkhi Effect of real exchange rate and income on international tourist arrivals for Turkey Erhan Aslanoglu, Oral Erdogan, and Yasin Enes Aksu Innovative entrepreneurship in Turkey: Micro and macro perspectives Irfan Kalayci, Baris Aytekin, and Ali Soylu Optimal fiscal and price stability in Germany: Autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) cointegration relationship Ergin Akalpler and Dahiru Alhaji Birnintsabas Struggle with COVID-19 crisis within the scope of financial national security: The example of the Republic of Turkey Silacan Karakus The nexus between fiscal freedom and investment freedom: The case of E7 countries Mehmet Bolukbas To be or not to be a female entrepreneur in the Mexicali Valley Roberto Burgueno Romero and Jose David Ledezma Torrez Accounting and Finance Comparative measurement of working capital efficiency for Borsa Istanbul restaurants and hotels for the COVID-19 period and previous quarters Fatih Gunay and Gary Cokins Relationship between business confidence index and non-financial firms foreign exchange assets and liabilities: Evidence from ARDL bound approach Ilkut Elif Kandil-Goker The impact of RTGS on internal control - A comparative study between some Iraqi banks Salowan H. Al Taee and Noor A. Radhi The impact of working capital on cash management under IAS 7 framework: An examination of tourism listed companies in Indonesia and Turkey Tri Damayanti and Tuba Derya Baskan A nexus between mergers & acquisitions and financial performance of firms: A study of industrial sector of Pakistan Fiza Quareshi, Mukhtiar Ali, and Salar Hussain Decentralized approach to deep-learning based asset allocation Sarthak Sengupta, Priyanshu Priyam, and Anurika Vaish Sustainability and Environmental Issues Blockchain technology applied to the Consortium Etna DOC to avoid counterfeiting Matarazzo Agata, Edoardo Carmelo Spampinato, Sergio Arfo, Ugo Sinigaglia, Antonino Bajeli, and Salvino Benanti Eco-label certification, hotel performance and customer satisfaction: Analysis of a case study and future developments Michele Preziosi, Alessia Acampora, Roberto Merli, and Maria Claudia Lucchetti The integration of circular economy in the tourism industry: A framework for the implementation of circular hotels Martina Sgambati, Alessia Acampora, Olimpia Martucci, and Maria Claudia Lucchetti Using the theory of planned behavior to explore green food purchase intentions Katrina Anna Auza and Kamel Mouloudj Survey on purchasing methods of food products in Tarragona and Catania Matarazzo Agata, Vazzano Tommaso Alberto, and Squillaci Carmelo Information Technology Comparative analysis of tools for matching work-related skill profiles with CV data and other unstructured data Florian Beuttiker, Stefan Roth, Tobias Steinacher, and Thomas Hanne State-of-the-art next generation open innovation platforms Murielle De Roche, Monika Blaser, Patrick Hollinger, and Thomas Hanne The coverage of AIOT based functional service: Case study of Asian futuristic hotel Gege Wang, Irini Lai Fun Tang, Eric Chan, and Wai Hung Wilco Chan The effect of the blockchain technology on service companies and food retailers: An overview of the blockchain use cases and applications Gokhan Kirbac and Erkut Ergenc The regulation problem of cryptocurrencies Lamiha Ozturk and Ece Sulungur Understanding information technology acceptance by physicians: Testing technology acceptance model Anuruddha Indika Jagoda

The problem under study. The problem of efficiency of alternative to imprisonment (non-custodial) sanctions is investigated in the present study. The fundamental advantage of this kind of punishment is the possibility to control offenders' behavior in the community. This idea is based on the personal ability to change, which depends on an offender's will and efforts to change himself and to start solving the problems, which have caused the offending behavior (motivation to change). Therefore, imposed alternative sanctions should affect the changes in offenders' behavior. The individual conditions (obligation and/or restrictions) of the sanction, imposed by a court, should direct an offender's efforts to change. The problem of efficiency of alternative sanctions is discovered, while studying, how the conditions of imposition and execution of these sanctions could affect the criminogenic factors and, therefore, could reduce recidives of crime. Analyzing these aspects we can observe the problem of individualization of punishment, or finding the appropriate sanction, and the problem of coherent application of the sanction. A court, imposing non-custodial sanction, should not only state a term of its application, but also should decide, if the imposed obligations (their amount and character) are sufficient to supervise the offender in the community. The imposition of non-custodial sanctions to a great extend determs the process of execution of it. Particularly, if the conditions of imposed sanction do not determine the offender to change and to solve the problems, related with offending behavior, then the control of their execution cannot affect the recidive of offending. The practical efficiency of these sanctions is determed by selection of the appropriate sanction; by sufficiency and practical useness of requirements, applied to offender in the process of execution; and by evaluation of the execution. The relevance of the study. The Commettee of Ministers of The Council of Europe, solving the problem of overcrowdedness of prisons, recommended to the member-states to deliver the plan to solve this problem, which would be based on the priorities of punishment, the public opinion, and the analysis of present practice of punishment. The program of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania of years 2000 – 2004 contains the intention to modify partially the system of punishment; to state the adequate punishment to the violations of law, to reduce the repressive effect of sanctions, to seek the social integration of the persons, having served the sentence. In this program there was presumed "the principle of economy of punishment" – the least sanction, which would be enough to affect the offender and stimulate him to change; confirmed the intention to apply community service, material sanctions and other non-custodial sanctions rather than penal measures. The legislative directions, contained in these documents, allowed to extend the application of alternative sanctions in the Penal Code, which came into effect on 1 May 2003. These measures were supposed to reduce the number of imprisoned and to become an efficient alternative to custodial sanctions. One of the conditions of efficiency of alternative sanctions is a systematic analysis and evaluation, if its application helps to reach the planned results. After more than five years since new Penal Code came into effect, we have some expirience of application of alternative sanctions, which would need a revision. Observing the functioning of the system of these sanction we can note, that the sanctions are being imposed and executed chaotically. This primary overview determs the relevance of theoretical and practical study of alternative sanctions. The law acts of the Republic of Lithuania forms the need to create an efficient model of probation. The program of the Government of the Respublic of Lithuania of the years 2004 – 2008 foresees to develop the model of probation (suspended sentence, early discharge from punishment), which would be conform to international legal acts and would stimulate offenders not to offend in the future. The activity program of the Government of the year 2009 foresees to extend the efficient probation (including suspended sentence) system, which is oriented towards management of the risk of repeated offending behavior, which would create the conditions for social security, for reducing the recidives of crime, and particularly for reducing the number of imprisoned people. The mentioned program contains the intention to direct the work of correctional inspections toward social aid to convicts, not only toward the control of their behavior. Development of the model for probation is also approved in the Conception of probation system in Lithuania. In order to achieve these aims, it is necessary to explore the problems of the existing system of alternative sanctions and to state practice-based criteria, which the efficiency of the sanctions depends on. The object of the study. In this dissertation study there is investigated theorical and practical aspects of conditions of imposition and execution of community service, limitation of freedom and suspended sentence, in the terms of rational usage of resources and reducing of recidives. The aim of the study. The aim of this dissertation study is to state the shortcomings of application of alternative sanctions and to formulate the criteria of efficiency, on the base of theoretical knowledge and collected practical data. The tasks of the study: 1) To present theorical analysis of the system of alternative sanctions (probation); 2) To analize the criteria, which efficiency of the system of alternative sanctions depends on; 3) To analize, if the existing reglamentation of sanction imposition allows to a court to select the appropriate alternative sanction; 4) To investigate the concept of offender's personality and his dangerness, formed in the Lithuanian penal law; 5) To state, if the structure of evaluation of personality and dangerness ensures elimination of the criminogenic factors; 6) To state the main practical problems of imposition of alternative sanctions; 7) To investigate the process of execution of alternative sanctions, to explore its main shortcomings and to state the criteria of its efficiency. The scientific recency of the study. The legal and social criteria of efficiency of non-custodial sanction have not been yet researched in Lithuania. This dissertation study presents the complex research of the presumptions of efficiency of these sanctions.The study contains analysis of the national system of alternative sanctions, in the context of reglamentation of this system by international legal acts and reglamentation of national systems in such countries, as the United Kingdom, Sweden and others. The area of present research also comprises the examination of scientific substantiation of the national system in the context of concepts of efficiency, approved in these countries. The author of the study argues the significant role of scientific approach, based on practical research, in the formation of the efficient system of alternative sanctions. The study contains the description of the scientific and practical researches, which allowed to comprehend the link between the structured evaluation of offender's personality and the selection of a proper sanction. In the study there are also argued the significant role of proper evaluation of the social factors in realization of alternative sanctions. The analysis comprises not only theoretical conception of efficiency, but also the evaluation of expirience of application of the sanctions in Lithuania. This study presents the new approach to the problems of the discretion of sanction imposition and the evaluation of offender's personality. The significance of the work. One of the significant aspect of the present research is the analysis of some years of the practice in application of alternative sanction in Lithuania. On the basis of complex research we have tried to state the criteria of efficiency of alternative sanctions. These criteria could be used improving the legal acts on the imposition and execution of alternative sanctions. The hypothesis of the study. The existing mechanism of imposition and execution of alternative sanctions is not efficient, since its affection to recidive of crime is not based on the measures, oriented towards elimination or correction of criminogenic factors. The maintained statements of the dissertation study: 1. The possibility to control (supervise) a convict in the community depends on his motivation, which is expressed by his consent (agreement) to fulfil the requirements of imposed obligation. 2. The rules of imposition of alternative sanctions should be oriented to the certain groups of offenders (for example, substances addicted persons). 3. Since a court has extensive discretion in selection of the type of alternative sanction, the main reason for the selection is evaluation of information about an offender. 4. Subjectivity in evaluation of personality of offender and his dangerness determs eclecticism in the practice of imposition of alternative sanctions. 5. Imposition and execution of alternative sanctions should be oriented to change offender's social behavior and to eliminate criminogenic factors (substance addictment, alcohol drinking, etc.), which have been resulted in offence. 6. If substance addictment was a significant factor in making an offence, imposed to the offender alternative sanction should also contain the obligation to undergo treatment course. 7. The present reglamentation of application of alternative sanctions doesn't contribute to offenders' social progress and to their rehabilitation. 8. The present reglamentation determs only nominal approach to execution of obligation by convicts and to assessment of that execution. 9. The obligation to undergo the treatment course should

The problem under study. The problem of efficiency of alternative to imprisonment (non-custodial) sanctions is investigated in the present study. The fundamental advantage of this kind of punishment is the possibility to control offenders' behavior in the community. This idea is based on the personal ability to change, which depends on an offender's will and efforts to change himself and to start solving the problems, which have caused the offending behavior (motivation to change). Therefore, imposed alternative sanctions should affect the changes in offenders' behavior. The individual conditions (obligation and/or restrictions) of the sanction, imposed by a court, should direct an offender's efforts to change. The problem of efficiency of alternative sanctions is discovered, while studying, how the conditions of imposition and execution of these sanctions could affect the criminogenic factors and, therefore, could reduce recidives of crime. Analyzing these aspects we can observe the problem of individualization of punishment, or finding the appropriate sanction, and the problem of coherent application of the sanction. A court, imposing non-custodial sanction, should not only state a term of its application, but also should decide, if the imposed obligations (their amount and character) are sufficient to supervise the offender in the community. The imposition of non-custodial sanctions to a great extend determs the process of execution of it. Particularly, if the conditions of imposed sanction do not determine the offender to change and to solve the problems, related with offending behavior, then the control of their execution cannot affect the recidive of offending. The practical efficiency of these sanctions is determed by selection of the appropriate sanction; by sufficiency and practical useness of requirements, applied to offender in the process of execution; and by evaluation of the execution. The relevance of the study. The Commettee of Ministers of The Council of Europe, solving the problem of overcrowdedness of prisons, recommended to the member-states to deliver the plan to solve this problem, which would be based on the priorities of punishment, the public opinion, and the analysis of present practice of punishment. The program of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania of years 2000 – 2004 contains the intention to modify partially the system of punishment; to state the adequate punishment to the violations of law, to reduce the repressive effect of sanctions, to seek the social integration of the persons, having served the sentence. In this program there was presumed "the principle of economy of punishment" – the least sanction, which would be enough to affect the offender and stimulate him to change; confirmed the intention to apply community service, material sanctions and other non-custodial sanctions rather than penal measures. The legislative directions, contained in these documents, allowed to extend the application of alternative sanctions in the Penal Code, which came into effect on 1 May 2003. These measures were supposed to reduce the number of imprisoned and to become an efficient alternative to custodial sanctions. One of the conditions of efficiency of alternative sanctions is a systematic analysis and evaluation, if its application helps to reach the planned results. After more than five years since new Penal Code came into effect, we have some expirience of application of alternative sanctions, which would need a revision. Observing the functioning of the system of these sanction we can note, that the sanctions are being imposed and executed chaotically. This primary overview determs the relevance of theoretical and practical study of alternative sanctions. The law acts of the Republic of Lithuania forms the need to create an efficient model of probation. The program of the Government of the Respublic of Lithuania of the years 2004 – 2008 foresees to develop the model of probation (suspended sentence, early discharge from punishment), which would be conform to international legal acts and would stimulate offenders not to offend in the future. The activity program of the Government of the year 2009 foresees to extend the efficient probation (including suspended sentence) system, which is oriented towards management of the risk of repeated offending behavior, which would create the conditions for social security, for reducing the recidives of crime, and particularly for reducing the number of imprisoned people. The mentioned program contains the intention to direct the work of correctional inspections toward social aid to convicts, not only toward the control of their behavior. Development of the model for probation is also approved in the Conception of probation system in Lithuania. In order to achieve these aims, it is necessary to explore the problems of the existing system of alternative sanctions and to state practice-based criteria, which the efficiency of the sanctions depends on. The object of the study. In this dissertation study there is investigated theorical and practical aspects of conditions of imposition and execution of community service, limitation of freedom and suspended sentence, in the terms of rational usage of resources and reducing of recidives. The aim of the study. The aim of this dissertation study is to state the shortcomings of application of alternative sanctions and to formulate the criteria of efficiency, on the base of theoretical knowledge and collected practical data. The tasks of the study: 1) To present theorical analysis of the system of alternative sanctions (probation); 2) To analize the criteria, which efficiency of the system of alternative sanctions depends on; 3) To analize, if the existing reglamentation of sanction imposition allows to a court to select the appropriate alternative sanction; 4) To investigate the concept of offender's personality and his dangerness, formed in the Lithuanian penal law; 5) To state, if the structure of evaluation of personality and dangerness ensures elimination of the criminogenic factors; 6) To state the main practical problems of imposition of alternative sanctions; 7) To investigate the process of execution of alternative sanctions, to explore its main shortcomings and to state the criteria of its efficiency. The scientific recency of the study. The legal and social criteria of efficiency of non-custodial sanction have not been yet researched in Lithuania. This dissertation study presents the complex research of the presumptions of efficiency of these sanctions.The study contains analysis of the national system of alternative sanctions, in the context of reglamentation of this system by international legal acts and reglamentation of national systems in such countries, as the United Kingdom, Sweden and others. The area of present research also comprises the examination of scientific substantiation of the national system in the context of concepts of efficiency, approved in these countries. The author of the study argues the significant role of scientific approach, based on practical research, in the formation of the efficient system of alternative sanctions. The study contains the description of the scientific and practical researches, which allowed to comprehend the link between the structured evaluation of offender's personality and the selection of a proper sanction. In the study there are also argued the significant role of proper evaluation of the social factors in realization of alternative sanctions. The analysis comprises not only theoretical conception of efficiency, but also the evaluation of expirience of application of the sanctions in Lithuania. This study presents the new approach to the problems of the discretion of sanction imposition and the evaluation of offender's personality. The significance of the work. One of the significant aspect of the present research is the analysis of some years of the practice in application of alternative sanction in Lithuania. On the basis of complex research we have tried to state the criteria of efficiency of alternative sanctions. These criteria could be used improving the legal acts on the imposition and execution of alternative sanctions. The hypothesis of the study. The existing mechanism of imposition and execution of alternative sanctions is not efficient, since its affection to recidive of crime is not based on the measures, oriented towards elimination or correction of criminogenic factors. The maintained statements of the dissertation study: 1. The possibility to control (supervise) a convict in the community depends on his motivation, which is expressed by his consent (agreement) to fulfil the requirements of imposed obligation. 2. The rules of imposition of alternative sanctions should be oriented to the certain groups of offenders (for example, substances addicted persons). 3. Since a court has extensive discretion in selection of the type of alternative sanction, the main reason for the selection is evaluation of information about an offender. 4. Subjectivity in evaluation of personality of offender and his dangerness determs eclecticism in the practice of imposition of alternative sanctions. 5. Imposition and execution of alternative sanctions should be oriented to change offender's social behavior and to eliminate criminogenic factors (substance addictment, alcohol drinking, etc.), which have been resulted in offence. 6. If substance addictment was a significant factor in making an offence, imposed to the offender alternative sanction should also contain the obligation to undergo treatment course. 7. The present reglamentation of application of alternative sanctions doesn't contribute to offenders' social progress and to their rehabilitation. 8. The present reglamentation determs only nominal approach to execution of obligation by convicts and to assessment of that execution. 9. The obligation to undergo the treatment course should

Mass protests are roiling the Republic of Georgia as tens of thousands have taken to the streets against a proposed bill by the Georgian government on "foreign influence" that has worsened tension in an already polarized Georgian society. That bill was passed Tuesday after turmoil in which punches were actually thrown between lawmakers on the parliament floor.Under this law, now before the Georgian parliament, NGOs, media organizations, and trade unions that receive more than 20% of their income from foreign sources would have to register as "organizations serving the interest of a foreign power" and would be monitored by the Justice Ministry.The Biden administration weighed in over the weekend, with national security adviser Jake Sullivan saying Saturday's protests showed that "the Georgian people are making their views known.""Undeterred by intimidation tactics, tens of thousands of peaceful protestors turned out in rainy Tbilisi today to demand Georgian Dream withdraw the legislation," he said in a statement posted on X.The Georgian parliament tabled an almost identical bill last year but withdrew it under domestic and international pressure. However, the ruling Georgian Dream party stressed that this withdrawal was only temporary. A very large proportion of Georgian NGOs get most of their financial support from Western grants (often from organizations funded directly or indirectly by the European Union, the U.S., and other Western states). And while officially apolitical, many of these groups are also aligned with the political opposition to the present government of the Georgian Dream Party — which of course explains the government's desire to limit their influence.This law, and the ongoing protests, are also part of the intensifying cold war between Russia and the West, as well as Georgia's increasingly precarious place in this struggle. On the one hand, the Georgian government — in power for the past 12 years — has actively pursued EU and (less determinedly) NATO membership. In December 2023, the EU granted Georgia candidate status. A large majority of the Georgian population favors integration with the EU and, to a lesser extent, NATO (goals that are enshrined in the country's revised 2018 constitution). The government has condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine and provided humanitarian aid to the Ukrainians. However, the opposition has alleged that the government is little more than a stooge of Moscow, covertly opposed to Georgia's Western path. They have dubbed the NGO law a "Russian law," and President Salome Zourabichvili (a French-born former government ally who now sides with the opposition) has accused the government of "sabotaging our path (to Europe) and our future."For its part, the Georgian government and many ordinary Georgians vividly remember the Georgian-Russian war of 2008, when a battle over the separatist territory of South Ossetia led to Georgia's crushing defeat. It is also remembered that despite profuse statements of friendship, support and partnership, the U.S. refused to intervene to save Georgia. The government has therefore been determined to avoid being drawn into new conflict with Russia. Remembering this, opposition members do not actually call for Georgia to join the war against Russia, though they accuse the government of siding with the Kremlin. This appears to reflect the strong feelings of most ordinary Georgians, who are deeply opposed to a new conflict.Georgia has not adopted most of the Western sanctions against Moscow, and as a result has greatly benefited from a surge in trade with Russia. Tbilisi has also sought to expand its economic options from its largely binary West-Russia format through increased trade and investment ties with Turkey, in addition to a newly-established strategic partnership with Beijing in 2023. Meanwhile, like populist parties across Europe and North America, the Georgian government has also channeled the hostility of conservative sections of Georgian society to the EU's cultural agenda, especially concerning LGBTQ issues.In 2012, the billionaire Bidzina Ivanishvili, who led the original Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia coalition to victory and has remained the party's financial backer and éminence grise ever since, declared that the party would "drop Cold War rhetoric" against Russia while doing a "better job of defusing the real causes of the explosive situation" in the region. Ivanishvili, who made his fortune in Russia in the 1990s before transferring it to the West and Georgia, stressed Georgian Dream's commitment "to becoming an integral part of European and Atlantic institutions," but also emphasized the need to be "realistic about Georgia's possibilities" and "abandon saber-rattling" against Russia. These objectives have characterized the party policy up until the present.Not surprisingly, Western NGOs and governments have been strongly critical of the NGO law, which they see as "incompatible with Georgia's European path" and evidence both of growing authoritarianism and of Moscow's influence. In response, Georgian Dream has become strongly critical of Western interference in Georgia, which (rightly or wrongly) they now see as focused on supporting the Georgian opposition to overthrow the government through street power. Ivanishvili has accused a "global party of war" of seeking to use Georgians as their "cannon fodder" by drawing them into a catastrophic new conflict with Moscow: "The financing of NGOs, which presents itself as help for us, is in reality for strengthening (foreign) intelligence agencies, and for bringing them to power."In these fraught circumstances, anyone who wishes to see Georgia prosper on the path to the EU should have an interest in reducing the tension. The West is correct to criticize the NGO law (though we should remember that most Americans would consider it absolutely intolerable if foreign institutions, especially ones linked to foreign states, played the leading part in funding de facto political groups within the U.S.).However, Western governments and NGOs should be very careful not to allow condemnation of the law and sympathy for protests against it to become support for efforts actually aimed at overthrowing the elected Georgian government. Any such strategy would betray the West's own commitment to democracy, and would tend to encourage any government around the world that faced Western criticism to adopt increasingly authoritarian means to suppress dissent. Elections in Georgia are scheduled for October, and the West should of course do its utmost to ensure that they are free and fair. We need to remember that Georgia is indeed in a precarious position, both in security terms and economically, and that it is only prudent to exercise caution in its approaches to Russia — which is near, while the EU and US are far. We should also remember that the only legitimate way to change an elected government is through elections, and we should try to ensure that a majority of Georgians have the chance to express their opinion — not ours — of their government in October. Finally, in the generation after independence from the Soviet Union, Georgia was repeatedly racked by civil strife (in the 1990s, tipping over into civil war). This did not help Georgia's European path — and will not do so if it is repeated in future.

Last month, the U.S. announced Operation Prosperity Guardian, a naval coalition aimed at deterring Houthi attacks in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Bahrain was the only Arab nation to join. The reasons why — and why other U.S. allies and partners in the region did not — should be of interest to us.Many countries have valid concerns about the Gaza war's further regionalization. The Houthis say they are targeting commercial vessels that are Israeli owned or heading for Israeli ports with missile and drone strikes, and have already hijacked a ship. They vow to continue these attacks until Israel agrees to a ceasefire.The U.S. has been thwarting most of these attacks with their naval-based missile defenses.Much is at stake economically with the Red Sea's security crisis. Separating the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa is the Bab el-Mandeb strait, which links the Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden to the Red Sea. Roughly 30 percent of all global containers transit the Bab el-Mandeb and the Suez Canal, as does about 12 percent of all world trade. But since the Houthi attacks in the southern Red Sea and Gulf of Aden began in October, major shipping carriers have stopped transiting the Suez Canal and have re-routed their vessels around Africa, threatening consumer prices hikes. This disruption to Red Sea trade can seriously harm economies across Europe, which were already contracting before this crisis.Operation Prosperity GuardianThat Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which were the two main states in the Arab military coalition that began fighting the Houthis in 2015, did not join Operation Prosperity Guardian is quite significant. Also notable is the fact that Egypt, a major Arab country with a 930-mile Red Sea coast, refused to join, too. Most Arab states avoided formally joining Operation Prosperity Guardian for several reasons. First, Arab societies are so enraged about Israel's indiscriminate bombing, forced starvation, and displacement of millions of Palestinians in Gaza, that the governments in the region do not want to be seen as complicit by openly siding with Washington, which is clearly funding and arming Israel's operations.Second, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member-states — particularly Saudi Arabia and the UAE — want to avoid actions that could trigger a resumption of Houthi attacks on their energy and civilian infrastructure or further destabilize the Red Sea, where many of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 projects exist. Third, Riyadh and Abu Dhabi fear that joining this security initiative could upset their détentes with Tehran, which sponsors the Houthi movement.Bahrain's Unique PositionBahrain, which the George W. Bush Administration recognized as a Major non-NATO Ally in 2002, made a different calculation. An important factor to keep in mind is that Bahrain hosts the U.S. Navy's Fifth Fleet. Also, Bahrain and the U.S. signed the Comprehensive Security Integration and Prosperity Agreement, a strategic security and economic pact, in September."Bahrain has long perceived an existential threat from Iran that shapes its security stance, so by providing a home for U.S. assets, Bahrain gains protection and relevance which is another layer beyond the security protection it receives from Saudi Arabia and the UAE," said Steven Wright, an associate professor of international relations at Hamad Bin Khalifa University, in an interview with Responsible Statecraft."Other GCC members seem to have more complex calculations: for Saudi Arabia and UAE, existing efforts to climb down tensions with Iran explains their position," he added.Joseph A. Kéchichian, a senior fellow at the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies in Riyadh, noted that Bahrain, which has a single guided missile frigate and two smaller guided missile ships called corvettes, has not sent these assets to join the task force, at least not yet."Manama's contribution may be similar to Amsterdam's and Canberra's, as The Netherlands and Australia announced that they would send military personnel, but no vessels," he said. "Yet, because Bahrain is the headquarters of the US Navy's Fifth Fleet, as well as the home of the Combined Maritime Forces that coordinate coalition operations in the area, it makes sense for the kingdom to join if only to provide and receive information of actual maneuvers."He suggested that other Gulf Cooperation Coalition (GCC) members would be sharing information vis-a-vis the new task force, although it is unclear how that would occur. "As far as it is known, Saudi Arabia and the UAE, which could have deployed naval vessels, opted to stay out of Operation Prosperity Guardian because they disagreed with its narrow objectives," added Kéchichian.Post-Oct. 7 Blowback in BahrainHaving normalized with Israel in 2020, Bahrain has been in an awkward position since October 7. When it comes to relations with Israel, there is a major divide between the Bahraini leadership and its citizenry. This divide has deepened amid the Gaza war.As Gaza's Palestinian death toll steadily rises, Bahraini authorities must contend with increased risks of blowback at home given how unpopular the Abraham Accords are with Bahraini citizens across the country's political spectrum and among diverse civil society groups. As Human Rights Watch recently documented, Bahraini authorities have used oppressive tactics to repress Palestine solidarity protestors across the country."The Al Khalifa monarchy has proven adept historically at subduing dissent through a variety of tools. It seems clear that Bahrain has calculated that involvement in the Abraham Accords serves its overall economic, foreign policy and security interests despite criticism," offered Wright."The bottom line is that the economic perks and U.S. backing is outweighing public opinion objections from its domestic political groups," said Wright.Courtney Freer, a fellow at Emory University, noted to RS that Bahrain's elected lower house of parliament issued a statement in November claiming that the country's ambassador had left Israel and that economic ties between the two states had been severed."It is worth noting that this language is coming from a primarily loyalist parliament, which suggests that such feelings of animosity towards Israel are not just associated with opposition parties, which, in turn, may make it more difficult to ignore," said Freer. "Notably, citizens have become involved in pro-Palestinian protests, and so there is anger, but it is uncertain whether this anger will be translated into political risk for the regime."Bahrain's diplomatic relations with Israel and military alliance with the U.S. may subject the archipelago kingdom to blowback from Iran-aligned actors in the region. But Bahrain abrogating the Abraham Accords or fundamentally changing its relationship with Washington is highly unlikely. Ultimately, Bahrain's leadership seems to assess that such risks of blowback are worth the benefits of normalized relations with Israel and American support."The Al Khalifa monarchy has proven adept at managing domestic dissent through various means, so the risks from Iran within this context will be viewed as manageable. Any public concerns over cooperation with Israel/U.S. is unlikely to seriously challenge its stability and at most is likely to be limited in scale," Wright said."Basically, Bahrain is seeking to be relevant to the U.S. by backing its counter-Houthi maritime initiative," he added. "This allows it to further cement its relationship with both the U.S. and also Israel, given that this is part of an approach to counter Houthi and Iranian geopolitical reach."

Bundesforschungsministerin Bettina Stark-Watzinger präsentierte den WissZeitVG-Referentenentwurf. Letzte Bemühungen, bei der Frage der Postdoc-Höchstbefristungsdauer eine Einigung mit den Ampel-Koalitionspartnern zu erreichen, waren zuvor gescheitert.






Ministerin Bettina Stark-Watzinger und Staatssekretär Jens Brandenburg während der Pressekonferenz. Foto: Screenshot/JMW.






MIT EINEM PROTESTSTURM in den sozialen Medien hatte es angefangen. 51 Stunden, nachdem Bundesforschungsministerin Bettina Stark-Watzinger (FDP) Mitte März den Koalitionsvorschlag zur Reform des
Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetzes (WissZeitVG) verkündet hatte, zog ihr parlamentarischer Staatssekretär Jens Brandenburg ihn per Twitter wieder zurück – mit Verweis auf die "Diskussion vor allem zur Höchstdauer der
Postdoc-Qualifizierungsbefristung..., die wir sehr ernst nehmen." Seine Kollegin, die beamtete BMBF-Staatssekretärin Sabine Döring, schrieb Minuten später von einer "neuen geteilten Vision", die
gebraucht werde, weshalb der Vorschlag "zurück in die Montagehalle" gehe.



 



Elf Wochen später ist der Vorschlag in Form des angekündigten Referentenentwurfs wieder raus aus der Montagehalle, am Dienstagmittag hat Ministerin Stark-Watzinger ihn in einer Pressekonferenz
den Medien vorgestellt. Anders als bei der in Reaktion auf den Proteststurm angesetzten Diskussion gab es diesmal keinen öffentlichen Livestream, was vorab Irritationen in den sozialen Medien
verursachte. 



 



BMBF schwenkt auf die Linie der Wissenschaftsorganisationen ein



 



Dabei war das, was die BMBF-Chefin verkündete, inhaltlich bereits größtenteils erwartet worden. Trotzdem ist es ein bemerkenswerter Vorgang: Denn zumindest das Ziel einer "neuen geteilten Vision"
wurde nicht nur verfehlt, beim inhaltlichen Knackpunkt Postdoc-Höchstbefristung ist sogar der bisherige, im März mühsam erreichte Konsens zwischen den Koalitionspartnern verloren gegangen.



 



Im am Dienstagmittag vorgelegten Referentenentwurf wird die Höchstdauer nun mit vier plus zwei Jahren beziffert. Was bedeutet, dass nach vier Jahren eine weitere Befristung nur mit einer
Anschlusszusage verbunden werden kann, allerdings nicht zwangsläufig auf eine Professur. Dafür aber verpflichtend für den Fall, dass die vorher vereinbarten wissenschaftlichen Ziele erreicht
wurden. Stark-Watzinger nannte dies in der Pressekonferenz "die Integration des Tenure-Track-Gedankens ins Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetz". Abgesehen davon blieb der Referentenentwurf gegenüber
den Eckpunkten offenbar inhaltlich nahezu unverändert.



 



Die vier Jahre entsprechen Stark-Watzingers in Interviews bereits vorab geäußerter Präferenz. Und weitgehend dem "4-Plus-Modell", wie es die Allianz der
Wissenschaftsorganisationen formuliert hatte. Allerdings ist es nun nur noch der Referentenentwurf des BMBF und nicht mehr der Ampel. Denn die parlamentarischen Berichterstatterinnen von SPD
und Grüne versagten ihm an dieser Stelle ihre Zustimmung – man einigte sich, in der Frage uneinig zu sein. 



 



Kein Wunder: Die Sozialdemokraten hatten sich nach dem März-Rückzug auf die Seite der "#IchbinHanna"-Initiatoren und weiteren Unterstützern gestellt, die mit viel Verve für eine
zweijährige Höchstbefristungsdauer geworben hatten. Als "Kompromiss", wie sie es darstellten, zwischen "gar nicht mehr befristen nach dem Postdoc" (GEW, Mitarbeiterinitiativen) und den
vier Jahren der Allianz. "Wenn die SPD-Bundestagsfraktion eine weitere Sonderbefristung nach der Promotion überhaupt mittragen kann, muss diese somit begründetermaßen so kurz und noch dazu in
einer Form ausgestaltet sein, dass diese Phase kein Personalkarussell in Gang wirft", begründete die SPD-Politikerin Caroline Wagner hier im
Blog die Positionierung. Schon die in den März-Eckpunkten vereinbarte dreijährige Befristung ohne Verstetigungsaussicht nach der Promotion sei "ein schmerzlicher Kompromiss
gewesen". 



 



Die Grünen hatten in der Debatte für eine Differenzierung geworben. Bei einer Zwei-Jahres-Lösung sei nicht sicher, ob sich nicht der Druck statt auf die Hochschulleitungen eher auf die
Beschäftigten erhöhe, kommentierte die zuständige
Berichterstatterin Laura Kraft. Und auch eine Verkürzung der Höchstbefristungsdauer auf vier Jahre könne statt einer Entfristung den negativen Effekt einer Verlagerung auf Drittmittel
haben. Weshalb Kraft eine umfassendere Betrachtung der Befristungsproblematik forderte.



 



Das BMBF hält gute 



Trümpfe in der Hand



 



Was aber sollte aus dieser Ampel-Gemengelage folgen? Bis zuletzt ging es zwischen BMBF und Abgeordneten hin und her, weshalb man die Veröffentlichung des Referentenentwurfs nochmal um einige
Tage nach hinten schob. Grund war ein letzter Einigungsversuch des BMBF: der Vorschlag, die vier Jahre zu flankieren mit einer weiteren Lockerung der bereits in den Eckpunkten diskutierten teilweisen Aufhebung der
Tarifsperre  – so dass wissenschaftliche Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer selbst alternative Lösungen bei der Frage der Höchstbefristungsdauer hätten aushandeln können. Das BMBF hatte dem
Vernehmen nach einen Korridor zwischen mindestens drei und höchstens sechs Jahren vorstellen können – was für SPD und Grüne jedoch jeweils aus den oben genannten Gründen nicht in Frage kam –
und aus ihrer Sicht faktisch sogar ein Rückschritt gegenüber März gewesen wäre.



 



Die Option, parallel zur Höchstbefristungsdauer eine Höchstbefristungsquote pro Einrichtung einzuführen, war schon vorher aus den Verhandlungen gekippt. Am Ende lief den
Koalitionären dann die Zeit davon, denn Stark-Watzinger selbst hatte öffentlich "bis Ende Mai" als Zeitpunkt der
Veröffentlichung des Referentenentwurfs genannt. Außerdem war alles gesagt, und ein weiteres Hin und Her glaubte man sich nach den Ereignissen im März nicht mehr leisten zu
können. Dass das BMBF nun auf die Linie der Allianz eingeschwenkt ist, bedeutet dreierlei.



 



Erstens einen großen Lobbyerfolg für die Wissenschaftsorganisationen, die hinter und vor den Kulissen Druck in Richtung vier Jahre gemacht hatten. Zuletzt mit einem Gastbeitrag in der FAZ, in dem die Chefs der
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Martin Stratmann, und der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, Otmar D. Wiestler, gemeinsam vor dem "großen Schaden" gewarnt hatten, den eine schlecht gemachte WissZeitVG-Reform ihres
Erachtens anrichten würde. Deutschland dürfe nicht seine internationale Anschlussfähigkeit aufs Spiel setzen. Der drohende Zeigefinger hat offenbar Wirkung gezeigt.



 



Wobei Staatssekretär Brandenburg noch einmal betonte, dass es sich bei dem Entwurf durchaus um einen Ausgleich zwischen den unterschiedlichen Positionen handle, so sei zum Beispiel die
Anschlusszusage deutlich verpflichtender formuliert als von der Allianz vorgeschlagen.



 



Zweitens bedeutet der BMBF-Referentenentwurf, dass der kleinste Koalitionspartner sich in einer zentralen wissenschaftspolitischen Frage anschickt, ohne Unterstützung der größeren Fraktionen ins
Parlament zu gehen. Kurzfristig können SPD und Grüne sagen, sie wären sich treu geblieben, und die Verantwortung für den Referentenentwurf der FDP zuschieben. Allerdings wird sich der
Druck auf sie in den nächsten Monaten maximal erhöhen, doch noch eine Korrektur zu erreichen. Sie bedaure, dass man sich am Ende nicht einig werden konnte, sagte Stark-Watzinger in der
Pressekonferenz. Nun gelte es, die "letzten Details", wie sie es nannte, im parlamentarischen Verfahren zu klären.



 



Wo das BMBF jetzt tatsächlich gute Trümpfe auch gegenüber SPD und Grünen in der Hand hält: Egal, wie man die Regelung zur Postdoc-Höchstbefristungsdauer bewertet, steht in dem
Gesetzentwurf ja sonst auch noch eine Menge, das die Lage der wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiter:innen durchaus verbessern wird – was würde daraus, wenn das Gesetz jetzt komplett im Parlament
durchfiele? Und würde ein solches Debakel nicht wiederum auf alle Koalitionspartner abstrahlen? 



 



Proteste von "#IchbinHanna",
Ruhe an der Professorenfront?



 



Rhetorisch könnte sich dieses Dilemma von SPD und Grüne schon heute daran zeigen, dass sie trotz ihrer Nicht-Zustimmung lobend auf die Neuerung verweisen werden, dass im Gegensatz zu
den März-Eckpunkten nun das Instrument der Anschlusszusage im Referentenentwurf enthalten sei. Was tatsächlich ja auch unter anderem "#IchbinHanna" gefordert hat – aber eben nicht erst nach
vier Jahren.



 



Apropos "#IchbinHanna": Drittens wird deutlich, dass der überraschende Eckpunkte-Rückzug im März zumindest auf Seiten des BMBF wenig mit dem – damals ja ebenfalls erwarteten – Druck aus dem
Postdoc-Lager zu tun hatte. Und umso mehr mit der offenbar vorher nicht einkalkulierten Aufruhr in der Professorenschaft: Innerhalb weniger Stunden hatten sich mehr als 400
Professorinnen und Professoren per Offenen Brief unter dem Hashtag "#ProfsfürHanna" mit den Protesten solidarisiert.



 



Einig, so schon damals die Lesart im BMBF, waren sich die Profs allerdings nur, dass sie die drei Jahre Höchstbefristungsdauer ablehnten. Aber viele offenbar nicht, weil sie diese
wie "#IchbinHanna" für zu lang hielten– sondern für zu kurz. Explizit heißt es in dem Offenen Brief: "Besonders erschreckend sind die nur noch 3 Jahre, die den Post-Docs bleiben, um sich
weiterzuqualifizieren. Dies kommt einer Nivellierung der Weiterqualifikation nach der Promotion gleich."



 



Offenbar erkannte man im BMBF hier einen gedanklichen Schulterschluss zu den Forderungen der Allianz – ob viel der damaligen Unterzeichner des Offenen Briefs dies auch so sehen würden, bleibt
dahingestellt. Sicherlich ist man sich im BMBF bewusst, dass es jetzt zwar zu weiteren Protesten von "#IchbinHanna", GEW & Co kommen dürfte – geht aber, so scheint es, zugleich
davon aus, die Front der Wissenschaftsorganisationen und Professorenmehrheit befriedet zu haben. Ob man damit richtig liegt?



 



Jetzt gehe der Entwurf in die übliche Ressortabstimmung, in die Anhörungen mit Ländern und Verbänden, dann folge der Kabinettsbeschluss nach der Sommerpause. Nach dem parlamentarischen Verfahren
könne das Gesetz dann im Frühjahr 2024 beschlossen werden, sagte Ministerin Stark-Watzinger. Und sie wolle noch einmal unterstreichen: Das Gesetz per se schaffe keine Dauerstellen und "keine
moderne Führungskultur". Womit sie den Ball Richtung Hochschulen und Wissenschaft spielte.



 



Bleibt am Ende noch eine andere Frage: Haben sich die elf Wochen Nachsitzen in der Montagehalle gelohnt? Eins ist sicher: Für die Wissenschaftsorganisationen auf jeden Fall.




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El agotamiento de los recursos naturales y la dependencia a vectores energéticos importados ha generado varias crisis energéticas a lo largo de siglo XX, las cuales se han extendido a hasta nuestros días. Por otro lado, los efectos nocivos de los gases de efecto invernadero en el clima global han generado una crisis climática tal, que todos los países están comprometidos a mitigar. La comunidad internacional sugiere un cambio de enfoque en la explotación energética, ven necesario pasar del consumismo a la conservación. Es así como la gestión energética mundial inicia su innovación, conceptos como desarrollo sostenible, transformación digital o economía circular irrumpen en la escena de la prestación de servicios. Este nuevo paradigma ya no admite una gestión centralizada, sino una distribuida, y la gestión de la energía eléctrica desde el lado de la demanda engloba todos estos conceptos novedosos y los aplica en la explotación de la red eléctrica. A pesar que la gestión de la demanda eléctrica (GDE) data desde 1975, su desarrollo e implantación en la estructura del sistema eléctrico empieza a tomar relevancia global en la segunda década de este siglo, esto a causa de la mejora de la infraestructura tecnológica disponible. La hipótesis general de la investigación radica en la idea de que la demanda se comporta de forma elástica a las variaciones de precio, y esto permite gestionarla. Por otro lado, con la finalidad de determinar el estado del arte de la GDE se realizó un barrido de información desde sus orígenes hasta la actualidad, esto permitió determinar los puntos de interés y a partir de estos, profundizar en el tema investigado. Hasta inicios de este siglo, Estados Unidos era el principal consumidor de recursos energéticos, y el único que había desarrollado estrategias de GDE en la operación de su sistema eléctrico. Hoy por hoy, de sus experiencias se obtiene que los programas de conservación energética sirven para reducir la energía total consumida mientras que los programas de respuesta de la demanda sirven para reducir los picos de demanda. Además, mediante los dispositivos tecnológicos que necesita la GDE para operar, se puede integrar tecnologías que aportan a la flexibilidad de la demanda como la generación distribuida y el almacenamiento energético. En la actualidad, la respuesta de la demanda (RD) se destaca de los otros programas de GDE debido a que tiene una amplia gama de oportunidades de negocio disponible. Además, el carácter dinámico de la demanda necesita una estrategia de control permanente la cual se dificulta sin un proceso automatizado. La comunidad científica se ha abocado al desarrollo de algoritmos que permitan la automatización de la respuesta de la demanda, en especial han tomado relevancia los algoritmos basados en inteligencia artificial ya que permiten la integración directa del cliente y del mercado. En la actualidad, tanto Estados Unidos y China avanzan consistentemente en la implantación de programas de GDE. La Unión Europea, a pesar de ser el tercer mayor consumidor energético del mundo, y que el 67% de esos recursos energéticos provienen del extranjero, aún no ha consolidado una política clara sobre cómo implementar estos programas en la operación de sus redes eléctricas. Y es que la GDE no es solo una forma de reducirla o mejorar la eficiencia de la red, la GDE es un sofisticado proceso tecnológico que incluye un marco legal claro, financiamiento para modernizar la red e investigación que ahonde sobre las costumbres y preferencias del cliente, y cómo estás inciden en su consumo energético. ; The depletion of natural resources and dependence on imported energy carriers has generated several energy crises throughout the 20th century, which have extended to the present day. On the other hand, the harmful effects of greenhouse gases on the global climate have generated an environmental crisis that all countries are committed to mitigate. The international community suggests a change of approach in energy exploitation; they see the need to move from consumerism to conservation. This is how global energy management begins its innovation, concepts such as sustainable development, digital transformation or circular economy burst onto the scene of service provision. This new paradigm no longer allows for centralized but distributed management, and demand-side power management encompasses all these new concepts and applies them to the operation of the electricity grid. Although demand side management (DSM) dates back to 1975, its development and implementation in the structure of the electricity system began to take on global relevance in the second decade of this century, due to the improvement of the available technological infrastructure. The general hypothesis of the research lies in the idea that demand behaves elastically to price variations, and this allows it to be managed. On the other hand, in order to determine the state of the art of DSM, a sweep of information was carried out from its origins to the present day, which made it possible to determine the points of interest and, based on these, to delve deeper into the topic under investigation. Until the beginning of this century, the United States was the main consumer of energy resources and the only country that had developed strategies for DSM in the operation of its electricity system. Today, from its experiences, energy conservation programs serve to reduce the total energy consumed while demand response programs serve to reduce peak demand. In addition, through the technological devices that the DSM needs to operate, it is possible to integrate technologies that contribute to demand flexibility such as distributed generation and energy storage. Currently, demand response (DR) stands out from other DSG programs because it has a wide range of business opportunities available. In addition, the dynamic nature of demand requires a permanent control strategy which is difficult without an automated process. The scientific community has focused on the development of algorithms that allow the automation of demand response; especially algorithms based on artificial intelligence have gained relevance as they allow direct integration of the customer and the market. Currently, both the United States and China are making consistent progress in the implementation of DSM programs. The European Union, despite being the third largest energy consumer in the world, with 67% of its energy resources coming from abroad, has not yet consolidated a clear policy on how to implement these programs in the operation of its electricity grids. Because DSM is not just a way to reduce or improve grid efficiency, DSM is a sophisticated technological process that includes a clear legal framework, funding to modernize the grid, and research that delves into customer habits and preferences and how they affect their energy consumption. ; Universidad de Sevilla. Máster en Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica

Esta tesis por compendio de publicaciones aplica el interés superior del niño (ISN) y su determinacion (DIS) como herramientas de análisis para desvelar cuáles son los obstáculos para su implementación efectiva en los casos de España e Italia. El hecho de no aplicar el ISN en las etapas iniciales del proceso de protección tiene implicaciones para la transición a la edad adulta y la integración en España e Italia de los Menores Extranjeros No Acompañados (MENA) en el marco normativo de la Unión Europea. La principal pregunta de investigación de los trabajos y publicaciones compendiados en esta tesis concierne a la valoración de cómo se aplica el ISN considerando las medidas establecidas en la legislación de España, así como por el régimen migratorio de la UE y las normas internacionales sobre los derechos del niño. La pregunta de investigacion subsume otra relativa a cómo serían las soluciones duraderas si se aplicara el interés superior del niño en todas las etapas del sistema de protección vigente. Los trabajos atienden a cuatro subáreas: la Frontera, en su comparación con Italia, la Acogida, la Tutela y la Transición a la Edad Adulta. La metodología empleada en las investigaciones realizadas se ha concentrado principalmente en el análisis de las fuentes primarias con los datos obtenidos en entrevistas a informantes clave y del trabajo de campo presencial y de la bibliografía más relevante del entramado formal regulador. Los diversos casos investigados y expuestos en las publicaciones compendiadas en la tesis, a través del análisis multidisciplinario, aportan como valor añadido común de la investigación: (a) la determinación de la falta de aplicación del interés superior del niño, la cual se realiza asimétricamente en las diferentes etapas del sistema mismo; (b) las contradicciones de las políticas públicas del sistema general de acogida y protección del MENA; (c) la no consideración del menor como titular de la "agency", es decir como sujeto activo del proceso de migración y (d) el mecanismo legislativo para la obtención de documentos, ya que es lento y complejo y esto se refleja en el difícil acceso al sistema educativo y en en proceso de transición a la edad adulta. Se identifican, además, aquellas actuaciones que han podido generar efectos perversos no deseados. Por ejemplo, reagrupación familiar en el país de origen, incluso si responde al ISN, sin una verificación adecuada, puede puede ir en detrimento del bienestar del propio menor. Tales análisis valorativos aportan elementos de reflexión funcional e institucional tanto para los poderes públicos que adoptan las decisiones como para los actores implicados en el desarrollo de las políticas que afectan a los MENAs. Despues de la presentación de la investigacion y la discusión de cuestiones metodológicas respecto a las cuatro subáreas analíticas (Frontera, Acogida, Tutela y Transición a la Edad Adulta), la Parte IV analiza por qué los menores no acompañados son víctimas de devoluciones colectivas en el marco comparado entre España e Italia. La Parte V incide en por qué debe aplicarse el ISN a menores no acompañados desde la primera fase del sistema de acogida. La Parte VI proporciona conclusiones sobre los aspectos cruciales en el régimen de tutela actual. Parte VII identifica aspectos fundamentales en el proceso de transición de los MENAs a la edad adulta, como la educación y la formación. Después de analizar los resultados alcanzados. La tesis concluye con la identificación de futuros líneas de investigación en esta materia. El fructífero trabajo investigativo de los últimos 5 años pretende contribuir a subrayar el concepto del "interés superior del niño", de modo que se adapte a la realidad cambiante del colectivo de menores migrantes no acompañados. ; This doctoral thesis by compendium of publications deals with the principle of the best interest of the child (BIC) and its determination (BID) as the guiding analytical tools to grasp what are the main impediments for its effective implementation in the cases of Spain and Italy. The fact that the best interest of the child is not properly applied already in the initial stages of the process of protection has implications for the transition to adult age and the social integration of the unaccompanied minor migrants (UMMs), considering the standards set by the normative framework of the European Union (EU). The main research question of this dissertation concerns the assessment of how the best interest of the child is protected taking in into account the regulations and policies established in both Spanish and Italian legislations, as well as the migration regime of the EU and the international normative on children rights. This research question subsumes what would the durable solutions be if the best interest of the child were to be fully taken into consideration at all stages of the current protection system. The included publications engage in four analytical sub-areas which are linked with the main research questions: Frontier, Reception, Guardianship, and Transition to Adulthood. Methodological resources used in the investigations carried out for the preparation of the publications have concentrated mainly in the analysis of primary sources and the bibliography concerned with the most relevant formal regulatory provisions, as well as with data gathered in interviews to key informants and related field work. The various research cases examined in this compendium of publications contribute as added value of the dissertation to: (a) the finding of an observable discrepancy in the multilevel institutional intervention; (b) the critical and normative analysis of the implemented public policies in the context of protection of the UMMs; (c) the non-consideration of the agency entitlement of the minor as active subject in the migration process, and (d) the legislative procedures for obtaining documents, as the process of achieving legal status is slow and complex and is reflected in the difficult access to education and the transition to adulthood. Also, those actions which have induced perverse and unwanted effects are also identified. Such assessments are regarded to contribute with elements of functional and institutional reflection for policymakers and stakeholders involved in the development of programs affecting UMMs. Following the presentation of the research and the discussion of methodological issues concerning the four analytical subareas (Frontier, Reception, Guardianship, and Transition to Adulthood), Part IV discusses UMMs collective expulsions. Part V analyses why the best interest of the child ought to be fully operational since the first phase in the reception system. Part VI carries out research of crucial aspects of the system of protection. Part VII identifies crucial aspects in the process of transition from UMM to adulthood, such as education and training. After analysing the research results unfolded with the workings of this thesis, some recommendations are also put forward such as the function of the legal representative in the reception phase, the role of the guardian and the training path towards independence. The thesis concludes with the identification of future lines of research in this matter. The fruitful work of 5 years of doctoral research has aimed at underlying the relevance of the concept of "the best interest of the child". This is regarded to fully encompass the changing reality of the UMMs. ; Tesis Univ. Granada.

Background. In Ukraine the health care reforming with priority development of primary medical care on the principles of the general medical practice is begun. Considerable organizational, scientific and methodical and practical work on formation of primary health care on the principles of family medicine which rendering has confirmed the medico-social and economic efficiency in Ukraine, as well as in the majority of the countries of the world is conducted. Modern conditions demand further work on providing the standard legislative base of functioning and further development of primary health care of Ukraine. The priority of the scientific direction, performance of dissertation works in the specialty 14.01.38 – the general practice – family medicine with justification innovative for science and practice of approaches to the solution of current problems and tasks of branch increases. The analysis of results of planning and performance of dissertation works in different higher educational institutions and the scientific organizations of Ukraine in recent years became a research purpose. Materials and methods. During the research methods of semantic estimation of scientific documents, methods of the structural and logical analysis have been used. For a research materials of planning and performance of dissertation works, the problem commission of MOH and NAMS of Ukraine in the specialty 14.01.38 – the general practice – family medicine are used. Results. It is presented the review of planning, performance of modern dissertation researches of scientific and pedagogical structure of medical schools, scientific institutions in Ukraine in article in the specialty 14.01.38 – the general practice – family medicine. The modern directions of scientific search, their scientific novelty, theoretical and practical value for health care are analysed. The efficiency of ensuring preparation with further professional activity of the doctor on the basis of integration of medical science, education and practical health care, in some cases with involvement of intersectoral interaction for the solution of questions of high-quality rendering primary medical care to the population is shown. Conclusions. Development of primary medical care remains priority in health care system of Ukraine which personnel component has essential value. Ensuring quality of postdegree medical education has to happen taking into account the best international and domestic practices by results of which, this process has many aspects, continuous and demands constant improvement, including with performance of scientific research in the chosen scientific directions. Replenishment of scientific teachers of experts of primary medical care by candidates and doctors of medical sciences in "The general practice and family medicine" will promote of system effectiveness of preparation of medical frames of primary medical care increasing, and the prestige of specialty increasing. ; Актуальность. В Украине начато реформирование здравоохранения с приоритетным развитием первичной медицинской помощи на принципах общей врачебной практики. Ведется значительная организационная, научно-методическая и практическая работа по становлению первичной помощи именно на принципах семейной медицины, оказание которой подтвердило свою медико-социальную и экономическую эффективность в Украине, как и в большинстве стран мира. Современные условия требуют продолжения работы по обеспечению нормативно-законодательной базы функционирования и дальнейшего развития первичного звена здравоохранения Украины. Возрастает приоритетность научного направления, выполнения диссертационных работ по специальности 14.01.38 – общая практика – семейная медицина с обоснованием инновационных для науки и практики подходов к решению актуальных проблем и задач отрасли. Целью исследования стал анализ результатов планирования и выполнения диссертационных работ в разных высших учебных заведениях и научных организациях Украины за последние годы. Материалы и методы. В ходе исследования были использованы методы семантического оценивания научных документов, методы структурного и логичного анализа. Для исследования использованы материалы планирования и выполнения диссертационных работ, проблемной комиссии МЗ и НАМН Украины по специальности 14.01.38 – общая практика – семейная медицина. Результаты. В статье представлено обзор планирования, выполнения современных диссертационных исследований научно-педагогического состава медицинских ВУЗов, научных учреждений в Украине по специальности 14.01.38 – общая практика – семейная медицина. Проанализированы современные направления научного поиска, их научная новизна, теоретическое и практическое значение для здравоохранения. Показана эффективность обеспечения подготовки с дальнейшей профессиональной деятельностью врача на основе интеграции медицинской науки, образования и практического здравоохранения, в отдельных случаях – с вовлечением межсекторального взаимодействия для решения вопросов качественного оказания первичной медицинской помощи населению. Выводы. Развитие первичной медицинской помощи остается приоритетным в отрасли здравоохранения Украины, кадровая составляющая которого имеет существенное значение. Обеспечение качества последипломного медицинского образования должно происходить с учетом передового мирового и отечественного опыта, по результатам которого этот процесс имеет много аспектов, является непрерывным и требует постоянного усовершенствования, в том числе с выполнением научных исследований по выбранным научным направлениям. Пополнение научно-преподавательского состава специалистов первичной медицинской помощи кандидатами и докторами медицинских наук по специальности «Общая практика – семейная медицина» будет способствовать возрастанию эффективности системы подготовки медицинских кадров первичной медицинской помощи, повышению престижа специальности. ; Актуальність. В Україні триває реформування охорони здоров'я з пріоритетним розвитком первинної медичної допомоги на засадах загальної практики-сімейної медицини. Здійснюється значна організаційна, науково-методична та практична робота щодо становлення первинної медичної допомоги саме на засадах загальної практики - сімейної медицини, надання якої підтвердило свою медико-соціальну і економічну ефективність в Україні, як і у багатьох інших країнах світу. Сьогодення вимагає продовження роботи для забезпечення нормативно-законодавчої бази функціонування і подальшого розвитку первинної ланки охорони здоров'я України. Пріоритетності набуває розвиток наукового напряму, виконання дисертаційних досліджень за спеціальністю 14.01.38 загальна практика-сімейна медицина з обґрунтуванням інноваційних для науки і практики підходів до вирішення актуальних проблем і завдань галузі. Метою дослідження став аналіз результатів планування та виконання дисертаційних досліджень у різних вищих навчальних закладах та наукових установах України за останні роки. Матеріали та методи. В ході дослідження були використані методи семантичного оцінювання наукових документів, а також методи структурного та логічного аналізу. Для дослідження використано матеріали планування та виконання дисертаційних робіт, проблемної комісії МОЗ та НАМН України за фахом 14.01.38 – загальна практика-сімейна медицина. Результати. У статті представлено огляд планування, виконання сучасних дисертаційних досліджень науково-педагогічного складу медичних ВНЗ, наукових закладів в Україні за фахом 14.01.38 – загальна практика-сімейна медицина. Проаналізовані сучасні напрями наукового пошуку, їх наукова новизна, теоретичне та практичне значення для охорони здоров'я. Показана ефективність забезпечення підготовки з подальшою професійною діяльністю лікаря на основі інтеграції медичної науки, освіти і практичної охорони здоров'я, в окремих випадках – з залученням міжсекторальної взаємодії для вирішення питань якісного надання первинної медичної допомоги населенню. Висновки. Розвиток первинної медичної допомоги залишається пріоритетним для галузі охорони здоров'я України, кадрова складова якої має суттєве значення. Забезпечення якості післядипломної медичної освіти має відбуватися з урахуванням передового світового і вітчизняного досвіду, за результатами якого цей процес є багатоаспектним, безперервним та вимагає постійного вдосконалення, у тому числі із виконанням наукових досліджень за обраним актуальним напрямом. Поповнення науково-викладацького складу фахівців первинної медичної допомоги кандидатами та докторами медичних наук за фахом «Загальна практика-сімейна медицина» сприятиме зростанню ефективності системи підготовки медичних кадрів первинної медичної допомоги, підвищенню престижу спеціальності.

Editorial I am delighted to announce the successful publication of Volume 26, 2020 of our esteemed journal, Lagos Notes and Records. This current edition is made up of thirteen well-researched articles across the various disciplines of the Humanities and Social Sciences namely History, Philosophy, Creative Arts, Language Studies, Literature, Communication Studies, and Linguistics. Lynn Schler in the first article, 'The Local and the Global in African Studies: An Essay in Honour of Prof. Ayodeji Olukoju @ 60', argues that in every geographic context, African studies evolved as an intersection between local and global flows of ideas, politics and capital. She concludes that the future of African studies requires scholars to view Africa as both a singular idea and a conglomeration of vastly diverse cultural contexts. Scholars must be aware of what is distinctive in local contexts and also take cognizance of global solutions. In the second article, 'Identity and Ideological Positioning in Popular Nigerian Ethnic Jokes', 'Rotimi Taiwo and David Dontele examine the discursive constructions of selected jokes to determine their expression of attitudinal and ideological dispositions of the ethnic groups within the multilingual/multicultural context of Nigeria. They argue that ethnic jokes in Nigeria construct stereotypes about linguo-cultural signs, and that the jokes have been stripped of their stigmatizing effects owing to the ability of Nigerians to laugh collectively at their perceived prejudices and stereotypes. In a related article, 'Impression Management and Face Sensitivities in Delta State Courtroom Interactions', Olasimbo Takpor and Felix Ogoanah investigate impression management and courtroom interactions in High Court proceedings in DeltaState of Nigeria within the theoretical framework of Rapport Management Model (Spencer Oatey). They conclude that to manage face sensitivities, courtroom interactions create diverse impressions of themselves or others by deploying impression management strategies such as self-promotion, intimidation, apologies, ingratiation and conformity as determined by the peculiarities of legal procedures and cultural norms, which mediate judicial proceedings, interpretations and decisions. Felix Ajiola's 'Colonial Capitalism and the Structure of the Nigerian Cocoa Marketing Board, 1947-1960' examines the origin, structure and impact of the Nigerian Cocoa Marketing Board (NCMB) from its inauguration in 1947 up to 1960. The author argues that the NCMB served various interests and purposes, which hardly benefitted cocoa producers, but rather exploited them through intolerable taxes, harmful price regulations and unfavourable grading policies. In another article, 'The Language Factor and Internet Penetration in Nigeria: A Practical Assessment', Olushola Are examines all the unstated assumptions behind quests for more language options on the internet with specific reference to Nigeria. The author concludes that the provision of Nigerian language options online would not significantly enhance internet penetration in the country without broader adjustments to the roles and status of indigenous languages as well as greater socio-economic and political reforms to fight general social exclusion for which linguistic exclusion of any form may be merely symptomatic. In the sixth article, 'Theatrical Intervention towards "Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness"', Oluwatoyin Olokodana-James examines Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) strategies. She argues that BPCR reduces the risks of complications in that it helps health practitioners to detect danger signs from both mother and the newborn early enough. Using qualitative research approach, the author employs theatre and dance as interventionist tools to educate women within Ifako-Ijaye LGA in Lagos State on the usefulness of BPCR. In a different article on 'Stress Patterning in Polysyllabic Words among Educated Yoruba Speakers of English in Lagos', Emmanuel Osifeso investigates one hundred (100) undergraduate and post-graduate students across Lagos State to underscore the role of stress patterning of polysyllabic words among educated Yoruba speakers of English in Lagos (EYSEL). He concludes that EYSEL have a propensity for shifting the main stress in English polysyllabic words rightward. Victor Ariole's article, 'Peul (Fulani) Worldview as seen in Ba's Work: A Critique', identifies the cultural integration constraints in Africa using Ba's discussion of the Peul/Fulani as a case study. He concludes that Ba's thought patterns are quite relevant in understanding the Peul's worldview which sees probity and constituents' responsibilities as inalienable with peaceful living or existence. Babatunji Adepoju in the ninth article, 'Cohesion in English Biblical Narratives: A Study of "The Prodigal Son"', examines the different methods that writers/speakers employ in making English narratives coherent. He discusses the reasons why many texts are considered disjointed/disorganised thereby making such texts lose the desired radiance. He concludes that the unity of a text is enhanced by adherence to the appropriate usage of grammatical and lexical ties in English narratives. Ayọdele Shotunde in 'A Discourse on the Nature of Crime and Punishment in the Administration of Social Justice in an African Culture' evaluates the nature of crime and punishment among the Yoruba of Nigeria. Adopting the critical and prescriptive methodology, he concludes that it is important to take an insightful look at the traditional Yoruba conception of crime and punishment given its embedded spirit of forgiveness because such has the potential of fostering better social ethics in contemporary Nigeria. In the next article, 'China-Hong Kong Dual System: Twenty-Three Years of Uncertainty and Broken Promises', Henry Ogunjewo argues that the relationship between China and Hong Kong in the last twenty-three years have been characterised by broken promises, failed covenants, unnecessary political meddling, judicial undercutting, press gagging and restrictions on freedom of expressions, leading to protests and political tension in Hong Kong. He concludes that the United Kingdom, former colonial administrator of Hong Kong, needed to bring international pressure on China to protect the interests of Hong Kong. Bisoye Eleshin's 'High-Toned Vowel Prefix in Yoruba' examines prefixation as it relates to gerund derivation in Yoruba. He uses the morpho-syntactic approach to establish the claim that there actually exists a high-toned vowel prefix i- in Yoruba and that the class of noun it derives is gerund. The last paper by Mosunmola Ogunmolaji and Oyinade Adekunle ''Madam Due Process': The Public Life of Obiageli Ezekwesili' is a biography of Obiageli Ezekwesili. The authors analyse the public life of Obiageli Ezekwesili providing insights into her lifestyle, especially the major forces that spurred her interest in politics and public administration. They conclude that Ezekwesili is an intellectual who has broken gender barriers in Nigeria. She possesses pragmatic understanding of the yearnings of Nigerians through deliberate identification of their problems, acquisition of necessary problem-solving tools, and swift responses to the problems whether or not she stepped on toes in the process. I hereby warmly recommend these articles to the academic community with the hope that scholars will find them interesting and useful. I congratulate the Editorial Team for a job well done despite the constraints of the COVID era! Professor Olufunkẹ Adeboye Dean, Faculty of Arts Editor-in-Chief

Ethno-political leadership is an important indicator of the social and political representation of minority groups in a multicultural social environment. The most effective form of its implementation provides for the representation of the ethnic community at the level of the highest legislative body of the state. A number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe have developed their own models of such representation over the last past decades. They are implemented through guaranteed reservation of seats for representatives of ethnic communities, lower numerical thresholds for representation in parliament, inclusion of ethno-political leaders in the lists of national parties, single-member districts may provide sufficient minority representation as well. The relevance of the study of the ethno-political leadership in the context of parliamentary representation of ethnic minorities is objectively determined by the multi-ethnicity of Ukrainian society, declaration of Ukraine's integration into the EU structures and implementation of European democratic principles of governance.The subject of the research are public and political leaders, mostly heads of national-cultural societies, foundations, ethnopolitical parties. The author applies the method of electoral statistic analysis for parliamentary elections of 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2014 and 2019. Synthetically generalized of minority representation in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of all nine convocations. Emphasis is made on the political participation of representatives of the multi-ethnic regions in Ukraine (Crimea, Eastern Ukraine, Northern Azov, Southern Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia).Adequate representationof people's deputies of Russian and Jewish ethnic origin has considered in the article. Among the ethnopolitical leaders of Jewish ethnicity, the figure of Kharkiv resident Olexander Feldman stands out, who since 2002 has invariably been a people's deputy of Ukraine. Vadim Rabinovych, the leader of the All-Ukrainian Jewish Congress is represented in parliament for only the last two terms. The most constant (since 1998 as a people's deputate) is the position of the Crimean Tatar leader, national democrat Mustafa Dzhemilev. A similar ideological orientation is taken by the head of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people Refat Chubarov. The co-founder of the «Our Land» Party Anton Kisse is a stable ethno-political leader of the Bulgarians in Ukraine. The unbalanced position of the ethno-political leadership of the Romanian (Ivan Popescu) and the Hungarian (Ishtvan Haidosh, Vasyl Brenzovich) representatives is also has considered. It is indicated about the first steps at the parliamentary representation of the Azov Greeks in the person of Dmytro Lubinets.The author concludes about the low efficiency of parliamentary representation of ethnic minorities in Ukraine, which is caused by permanent changes in electoral legislation, negative electoral and engineering practice of gerrymandering and neglecting of European good practices of including minority ethnic groups in politics, which are defined in international documents. ; Этнополитическое лидерство является важным индикатором общественно-политической репрезентации миноритарных групп в условиях поликультурной социальной среды. Наиболее эффективная форма его реализации предусматривает представительство этнической общины на уровне высшего законодательного органа государства. Ряд стран Центрально-Восточной Европы в течение последних десятилетий выработали собственные модели подобной репрезентации. Они реализуются через гарантированное резервирование мест для представителей этнических общин, снижение процентного барьера для прохождения в парламент, включение этнополитических лидеров в списки общенациональных партий, создание одномандатных округов для этнических меньшинств, проживающих компактно. Актуальность исследования проблематики этнополитического лидерства в контексте парламентского представительства этнических меньшинств объективно обусловлено полиэтничностью украинского общества, декларированием интеграции Украины в структуры ЕС и внедрением европейских демократических принципов управления.Предметом исследования являются общественные и политические лидеры, как правило руководители национально-культурных обществ, фондов, этнополитических партий. Автор применяет методику анализа электоральной статистики парламентских выборов 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2014 и 2019. Синтетически обобщенно репрезентацию миноритарной этничности в Верховной Раде Украины всех девяти созывов. Сделан акцент на политическом участии представителей полиэтнических регионов Украины (Крым, Восточная Украина, Северное Приазовье, Южная Бессарабия, Буковина, Закарпатье).В статье прослежены достаточно значительный уровень репрезентации народных депутатов российского и еврейского происхождения. Среди этнополитических лидеров еврейской этничности выделяется фигура харьковчанина Александра Фельдмана, который с 2002 года неизменно является народным депутатом Украины. Лидер Всеукраинского еврейского конгресса Вадим Рабинович представлен в парламенте лишь последних двух каденций.Наиболее постоянной (с 1998 года в качестве народного детутата) является позиция крымскотатарского лидера, национал-демократа Мустафы Джемилева. Подобную идеологическую позицию занимает глава Меджлиса крымскотатарского народа Рефат Чубаров. Стабильным этнополитическим лидером болгар Украины выступает соучредитель партии «Наш край» Антон Киссе. Рассматривается также несбалансированная позиция этнополитического лидерства представителей румынской (Иван Попеску) и венгерской (Иштван Гайдош, Василий Брензович) общин Украины. Указанно о первых шагах парламентской репрезентации приазовских греков в лице Дмитрия Лубинця.Автор делает вывод о низкой эффективности парламентского представительства этнических меньшинств Украины, которая обусловленаперманентным изменением избирательного законодательства, отрицательной избирательно-инженерийной практикой джерримендеринга и пренебрежением европейскими положительными практиками включения миноритарных этнических групп в политику, которые определены в международных документах. ; Етнополітичне лідерство є важливим індикатором громадсько-політичної репрезентації міноритарних груп у полікультурному соціальному середовищі. Найбільш ефективна форма його реалізації передбачає представництво етнічної громади на рівні вищого законодавчого органу держави. Ряд країн Центрально-Східної Європи впродовж останніх десятиліть виробили власні моделі такої репрезентації. Вони реалізуються через гарантоване резервування місць для представників етнічних громад, зниження відсоткового бар'єру для проходження в парламент, включення етнополітичних лідерів у списки загальнонаціональних партій, створення одномандатних округів для етнічних меншин, які проживають компактно. Актуальність дослідження проблематики етнополітичного лідерства в контексті парламентського представництва етнічних меншин об'єктивно зумовлене поліетнічністю українського суспільства, декларуванням інтеграції України до структур ЄС і впровадженням європейських демократичних принципів урядування.Предметом студії виступають громадські та політичні лідери, як правило очільники національно-культурних товариств, фондів, етнополітичних партій. Автор застосовує методику аналізу електоральної статистики парламентських виборів 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2014 та 2019 років. Відтак синтетично узагальнено репрезентацію міноритарної етнічності у Верховній Раді України всіх дев'яти скликань. Зроблено акцент на політичній участі та представництві в українському парламенті політиків із поліетнічних регіонів України (Крим, Східна Україна, Північне Приазов'я, Одещина, Чернівеччина, Закарпаття).У статті прослідковано досить значний рівень репрезентації народних депутатів російського та єврейського походження. Серед етнополітичних лідерів єврейської етнічності виділяється постать харків'янина Олександра Фельдмана, який з 2002 року незмінно є народним депутатом України. Лідер Всеукраїнського єврейського конгресу Вадим Рабинович представлений у парламенті лише останніх двох каденцій.Найбільш сталою (з 1998 року в якості народного детутата) є позиція кримськотатарського лідера Мустафи Джемілєва. Подібну до нього націонал-демократичну позицію займає очільник Меджлісу кримськотатарського народу Рефат Чубаров. Стабільним етнополітичним лідером болгар України виступає співзасновник партії «Наш край» Антон Кіссе. Розглядається також незбалансована позиція етнополітичного лідерства представників румунської (Іван Попеску) та угорської (Іштван Гайдош, Василь Брензович) громад України. Окреслено перші кроки в парламентській репрезентації приазовських греків Дмитра Лубінця.Автор робить висновок про низьку ефективність парламентського представництва етнічних меншин України, яка зумовлена перманентною зміною виборчого законодавства, негативною виборчо-інженерійною практикою джеррімендерингу та нехтуванням європейськими позитивними практиками включення міноритарних етнічних груп у політику, що визначені в міжнародних документах.

Ethno-political leadership is an important indicator of the social and political representation of minority groups in a multicultural social environment. The most effective form of its implementation provides for the representation of the ethnic community at the level of the highest legislative body of the state. A number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe have developed their own models of such representation over the last past decades. They are implemented through guaranteed reservation of seats for representatives of ethnic communities, lower numerical thresholds for representation in parliament, inclusion of ethno-political leaders in the lists of national parties, single-member districts may provide sufficient minority representation as well. The relevance of the study of the ethno-political leadership in the context of parliamentary representation of ethnic minorities is objectively determined by the multi-ethnicity of Ukrainian society, declaration of Ukraine's integration into the EU structures and implementation of European democratic principles of governance.The subject of the research are public and political leaders, mostly heads of national-cultural societies, foundations, ethnopolitical parties. The author applies the method of electoral statistic analysis for parliamentary elections of 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2014 and 2019. Synthetically generalized of minority representation in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of all nine convocations. Emphasis is made on the political participation of representatives of the multi-ethnic regions in Ukraine (Crimea, Eastern Ukraine, Northern Azov, Southern Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia).Adequate representationof people's deputies of Russian and Jewish ethnic origin has considered in the article. Among the ethnopolitical leaders of Jewish ethnicity, the figure of Kharkiv resident Olexander Feldman stands out, who since 2002 has invariably been a people's deputy of Ukraine. Vadim Rabinovych, the leader of the All-Ukrainian Jewish Congress is represented in parliament for only the last two terms. The most constant (since 1998 as a people's deputate) is the position of the Crimean Tatar leader, national democrat Mustafa Dzhemilev. A similar ideological orientation is taken by the head of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people Refat Chubarov. The co-founder of the «Our Land» Party Anton Kisse is a stable ethno-political leader of the Bulgarians in Ukraine. The unbalanced position of the ethno-political leadership of the Romanian (Ivan Popescu) and the Hungarian (Ishtvan Haidosh, Vasyl Brenzovich) representatives is also has considered. It is indicated about the first steps at the parliamentary representation of the Azov Greeks in the person of Dmytro Lubinets.The author concludes about the low efficiency of parliamentary representation of ethnic minorities in Ukraine, which is caused by permanent changes in electoral legislation, negative electoral and engineering practice of gerrymandering and neglecting of European good practices of including minority ethnic groups in politics, which are defined in international documents. ; Этнополитическое лидерство является важным индикатором общественно-политической репрезентации миноритарных групп в условиях поликультурной социальной среды. Наиболее эффективная форма его реализации предусматривает представительство этнической общины на уровне высшего законодательного органа государства. Ряд стран Центрально-Восточной Европы в течение последних десятилетий выработали собственные модели подобной репрезентации. Они реализуются через гарантированное резервирование мест для представителей этнических общин, снижение процентного барьера для прохождения в парламент, включение этнополитических лидеров в списки общенациональных партий, создание одномандатных округов для этнических меньшинств, проживающих компактно. Актуальность исследования проблематики этнополитического лидерства в контексте парламентского представительства этнических меньшинств объективно обусловлено полиэтничностью украинского общества, декларированием интеграции Украины в структуры ЕС и внедрением европейских демократических принципов управления.Предметом исследования являются общественные и политические лидеры, как правило руководители национально-культурных обществ, фондов, этнополитических партий. Автор применяет методику анализа электоральной статистики парламентских выборов 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2014 и 2019. Синтетически обобщенно репрезентацию миноритарной этничности в Верховной Раде Украины всех девяти созывов. Сделан акцент на политическом участии представителей полиэтнических регионов Украины (Крым, Восточная Украина, Северное Приазовье, Южная Бессарабия, Буковина, Закарпатье).В статье прослежены достаточно значительный уровень репрезентации народных депутатов российского и еврейского происхождения. Среди этнополитических лидеров еврейской этничности выделяется фигура харьковчанина Александра Фельдмана, который с 2002 года неизменно является народным депутатом Украины. Лидер Всеукраинского еврейского конгресса Вадим Рабинович представлен в парламенте лишь последних двух каденций.Наиболее постоянной (с 1998 года в качестве народного детутата) является позиция крымскотатарского лидера, национал-демократа Мустафы Джемилева. Подобную идеологическую позицию занимает глава Меджлиса крымскотатарского народа Рефат Чубаров. Стабильным этнополитическим лидером болгар Украины выступает соучредитель партии «Наш край» Антон Киссе. Рассматривается также несбалансированная позиция этнополитического лидерства представителей румынской (Иван Попеску) и венгерской (Иштван Гайдош, Василий Брензович) общин Украины. Указанно о первых шагах парламентской репрезентации приазовских греков в лице Дмитрия Лубинця.Автор делает вывод о низкой эффективности парламентского представительства этнических меньшинств Украины, которая обусловленаперманентным изменением избирательного законодательства, отрицательной избирательно-инженерийной практикой джерримендеринга и пренебрежением европейскими положительными практиками включения миноритарных этнических групп в политику, которые определены в международных документах. ; Етнополітичне лідерство є важливим індикатором громадсько-політичної репрезентації міноритарних груп у полікультурному соціальному середовищі. Найбільш ефективна форма його реалізації передбачає представництво етнічної громади на рівні вищого законодавчого органу держави. Ряд країн Центрально-Східної Європи впродовж останніх десятиліть виробили власні моделі такої репрезентації. Вони реалізуються через гарантоване резервування місць для представників етнічних громад, зниження відсоткового бар'єру для проходження в парламент, включення етнополітичних лідерів у списки загальнонаціональних партій, створення одномандатних округів для етнічних меншин, які проживають компактно. Актуальність дослідження проблематики етнополітичного лідерства в контексті парламентського представництва етнічних меншин об'єктивно зумовлене поліетнічністю українського суспільства, декларуванням інтеграції України до структур ЄС і впровадженням європейських демократичних принципів урядування.Предметом студії виступають громадські та політичні лідери, як правило очільники національно-культурних товариств, фондів, етнополітичних партій. Автор застосовує методику аналізу електоральної статистики парламентських виборів 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2014 та 2019 років. Відтак синтетично узагальнено репрезентацію міноритарної етнічності у Верховній Раді України всіх дев'яти скликань. Зроблено акцент на політичній участі та представництві в українському парламенті політиків із поліетнічних регіонів України (Крим, Східна Україна, Північне Приазов'я, Одещина, Чернівеччина, Закарпаття).У статті прослідковано досить значний рівень репрезентації народних депутатів російського та єврейського походження. Серед етнополітичних лідерів єврейської етнічності виділяється постать харків'янина Олександра Фельдмана, який з 2002 року незмінно є народним депутатом України. Лідер Всеукраїнського єврейського конгресу Вадим Рабинович представлений у парламенті лише останніх двох каденцій.Найбільш сталою (з 1998 року в якості народного детутата) є позиція кримськотатарського лідера Мустафи Джемілєва. Подібну до нього націонал-демократичну позицію займає очільник Меджлісу кримськотатарського народу Рефат Чубаров. Стабільним етнополітичним лідером болгар України виступає співзасновник партії «Наш край» Антон Кіссе. Розглядається також незбалансована позиція етнополітичного лідерства представників румунської (Іван Попеску) та угорської (Іштван Гайдош, Василь Брензович) громад України. Окреслено перші кроки в парламентській репрезентації приазовських греків Дмитра Лубінця.Автор робить висновок про низьку ефективність парламентського представництва етнічних меншин України, яка зумовлена перманентною зміною виборчого законодавства, негативною виборчо-інженерійною практикою джеррімендерингу та нехтуванням європейськими позитивними практиками включення міноритарних етнічних груп у політику, що визначені в міжнародних документах.