Suchergebnisse

Abstrak - Meningkatnya perdagangan global melalui jalur laut merupakan komoditas utama yang sangat menguntungkan. Banyaknya transportasi laut yang tidak dilengkapi dengan standar keamanan lingkungan yang tepat menyebabkan berbagai permasalahan pada lingkungan. Ratifikasi Indonesia terhadap International Convention for Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments merupakan salah satu cara melindungi lingkungan maritim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Implementasi tentang International Convention for Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments yang sudah diratifikasi pada tanggal 24 November 2015. Teori yang digunakan penulis untuk menganalisis menggunakan Implementasi Kebijakan yang dihubungkan dengan keamanan maritim. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah wawancara mendalam, dokumentasi dan observasi dengan teknik Snow ball. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Implementasi telah dilaksanakan. Peraturan yang sangat muda menimbulkan kendala-kendala dalam pelaksanaannya, seperti: sosialisasi yang tidak berjalan dengan baik, sumberdaya manusia dan teknologi yang masih belum memadai, dan belum adanya pembuatan SOP (Standard Operational Procedure). Belum adanya kepedulian terhadap lingkungan maritim menyebabkan anggapan bahwa konvensi ini dianggap tidak terlalu penting karena belum pernah terjadi secara langsung di Indonesia. Dengan adanya permasalahan di atas pemerintah diharapkan dapat memperbaiki dengan membuat SOP dan melakukan riset-riset ilmiah tentang keanekaragaman hayati maritim Indonesia.Kata kunci : Implementasi, Ballast water, Keamanan Maritim, Maritim IndonesiaAbstract - The increasing number of global trade by sea is a major commodity which is highly profitable. The number of sea transportation that are not equipped with proper safety and environmental standards lead to various problems in the environment. Indonesia's ratification of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments is one of some ways to protect the maritime environment. This study purposes to analyze the implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments that has been ratified on 24 November 2015. The theory used by the writer to analyze was by using the Implementation Policy associated with maritime safety. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method. The data collection technique were by interviewing, documentating and observating by using Snow ball technique. The results showed that implementation has been implemented. An early regulations pose some obstacles in its implementation, such as socialization that did not go well, the human resources and technology which are still inadequate, and the absence of SOP (Standard Operating Procedure). The lack of concern of the maritime environment causing the presumption that this convention is considered not too important since it has never happened directly in Indonesia. With the existence of the problems above, the government is expected to improve by making the SOP and performing the scientific researches about Indonesian maritime biodiversity.Keywords: Implementation, Ballast water, Maritime Security, Indonesian Maritime

This article seeks to discuss and analyze the fate of Rohingyas who are stateless because of being denied as citizens of Myanmar. Even Bangladesh as a neighboring country which for nearly four decades received a quarter million Rohingyas, eventually refused Rohingyas migration. Likewise, some countries in Southeast Asia such as Thailand and Malaysia also refused their migration. Security, economic, social and political issues are the reasons why these countries reject the presence of this group. ASEAN as a regional group of Southeast Asian countries should then make the issue of Rohingya a priority issue. With the declaration of the ASEAN Community, this migration of Rohingyas will ultimately become a problem, either now or in the future. Therefore this article seeks to address and answer the opportunities of ASEAN Community in facing the issue of Rohingyas migration, also its role in helping to solve the problem up to the upstream conflict in Myanmar. The analysis of this article is done by literature study method. Data obtained from books, reports and other sources related to the problem is then analyzed through analytical descriptive approach. The conclusion of this article is that ASEAN (ASEAN Community) should take action to interfere in Myanmar's internal affairs so that the issue of human rights violation can be solved completely. Suggestion is given to ASEAN to be done immediately and to make regulation in order to influence Myanmar to pay more attention to the fate of the Rohingyas. Keywords: ASEAN, ASEAN Community, Rohingya Abstrak Artikel ini berusaha membahas dan menganalisis nasib kaum Rohingya yang mengalami status stateless karena ditolak diakui sebagai warga negara Myanmar. Bahkan Bangladesh sebagai negara tetangga yang selama hampir empat dekade menerima seperempat juta penduduk Rohingya, pada akhirnya menolak migrasi warga Rohingya. Begitupun sebagian negara di Asia Tenggara seperti Thailand dan Malaysia yang juga menolak migrasi warga Rohingya. Isu keamanan, ekonomi, sosial, dan politik menjadi alasan negara-negara tersebut menolak kehadiran kelompok ini. ASEAN sebagai lembaga kumpulan negara regional Asia Tenggara kemudian sudah sepatutnya menjadikan isu Rohingya sebagai masalah prioritas. Dengan dideklarasikannya Komunitas ASEAN, tentu migrasi warga Rohingya ini pada akhirnya akan menjadi masalah, entah saat ini atau di masa yang akan datang. Oleh karena itu artikel ini berusaha membahas dan menjawab peluang Komunitas ASEAN dalam menghadapi persoalan migrasi warga Rohingya, bahkan perannya dalam membantu penyelesaian masalah hingga ke hulu konflik di Myanmar. Analisis artikel ini dilakukan dengan metode studi pustaka. Data-data yang didapat dari buku-buku dan laporan-laporan serta sumber lain yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan tersebut kemudian dianalisis dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitik. Kesimpulan dari artikel ini bahwa sudah seharusnya ASEAN (Komunitas ASEAN) melakukan tindakan yang bisa dikatakan mengintervensi persoalan internal Myanmar agar persoalan pelanggaran HAM ini dapat diatasi sepenuhnya. Saran diberikan kepada ASEAN agar secepatnya dilakukan tindakan dan menyusun regulasi untuk dapat memengaruhi Myanmar agar lebih memperhatikan nasib kaum Rohingya. Kata kunci: ASEAN, Komunitas ASEAN, Rohingya

Resumo: A pesquisa aborda a tensão entre perspectivas civilizatórias da proteção social e práticas potencializadoras de segregação e exclusão, ambas mediadas pela atuação de instâncias judiciárias. O corpus de análise se constitui de decisões prolatadas nos cinco Tribunais Regionais Federais (TRF) brasileiros, no período janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2012, versando sobre o critério "baixa renda" como requisito para a concessão do instituto previdenciário do Auxílio-Reclusão. Trata-se de ponto de divergência jurisprudencial aparentemente superado (em face de decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal [STF] em 2009) mas revelador de conteúdos argumentativos e retóricos, bem como de dinâmicas institucionais que evidenciam limites e possibilidades do Poder Judiciário em contribuir com uma cultura jurídica democrática e humano-dignificante. Como referenciais privilegiou a Teoria da Argumentação Jurídica (Luiz Alberto Warat), as perspectivas da sociologia do Campo Jurídico (Pierre Bourdieu) e as noções de regulação e emancipação (Boaventura de Sousa Santos). Os resultados preliminares já permitem se reconhecer, entre outras emergências, fragilizações na capacidade das instâncias judiciais efetivarem tutelas sustentadas no princípio da solidariedade social. Tais fragilizações criam perversas armadilhas, dentre as quais uma cruel compaixão, que transmuta direito em caridade.Palavras Chave: Auxílio-Reclusão; Representações Judiciais; Sensibilidades Jurídicas; Proteção social; questão penitenciária. ***Resumen:La investigación se ocupa de la tensión entre las perspectivas civilizadoras de la protección social y las prácticas de segregación y exclusión, cuando mediadas por la acción de los órganos judiciales. El corpus de análisis se compone de las sentencias dictadas en los cinco Tribunales Regionales Federales (TRF) brasileños en el período de enero 2007 a diciembre 2012 , que trata del criterio de "bajos ingresos " como requisito para la concesión de prestaciones de seguridad social en situaciones de encarcelamiento. A través del análisis de la divergencia jurisprudencial se investigan las prácticas argumentativas e institucionales que revelan los límites y posibilidades de los tribunales para contribuir a una cultura jurí dica democrática y la dignidad humana. Los resultados preliminares ya permiten reconocer dificultades de los órganos judiciales en tutelar el principio de la solidaridad social.Palabras-clave: Ayuda-prision; Representaciones judiciales; Sensibilidad jurídica; protección social; Cuestión penitenciaria ***Abstract: The research is focused on the tension between the civilizing perspectives of social protection and segregation and exclusion practices when mediated by the action of the courts . They are studied judgments of the five Regional Federal Courts (TRF ) Brazil , from January 2007 to December 2012, about the criterion of " low-income " as a condition for the granting of social security benefits in prison situations. Through jurisprudential divergence argumentative and institutional practices are observed revealing the limits and possibilities of the courts to contribute to a democratic legal culture and human dignity. The preliminary results allow us to recognize the difficulties of the judicial system to protect the principle of social solidarity.Keywords – Imprisonment-relief; judicial reasoning; legal sensibility; social protection; Prison question

Рассматривается внешнеполитический курс США в отношении Индии в период нахождения у власти администрации Билла Клинтона. Автором выделены и проанализированы различные этапы американо-индийских отношений и факторы, оказывавшие на них влияние. Сделан вывод об итогах индийской политики Клинтона и состоянии двусторонних отношений на рубеже XX-XXI вв. ; The article deals with the US policy towards India during the presidency of Bill Clinton. The author reveals the main factors that influenced the change of Washington's approach to the relations with New Delhi in late 1990s. The end of the Cold War and the development of globalization increased the significance of South Asia for the United States. The main goals of the US policy in the region included providing stability and security, nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, combating terrorism, pollution, drug trafficking, improving human rights record. The first years of the Clinton Administration marked mainly negative trends in the bilateral US-India relations. It was partly caused by the unwary remarks made by the American President himself as well as by the members of his team. The Administration representatives concentrated their attention on the hot-button regional and country-specific issues, such as the status of Kashmir and the Sikh separatist movement, which seemed offensive for New Delhi. After the beginning of the second Bill Clinton's presidential term the bilateral relations started to improve. The US adopted a policy of greater engagement with South Asia. The new approach implied better relations with India and the enlargement of bilateral economic and political cooperation. Since 1997 the US began to carry out a more balanced policy towards the settlement of the Kashmir conflict. The American official representatives were more restrained in their statements. The level of diplomatic coordination between the countries increased significantly. The nuclear tests conducted by India in May 1998 became a serious challenge for the US engagement policy. Even though Bill Clinton imposed sanctions on India, the states were involved in close diplomatic negotiations. Apart from nonproliferation issues, countries' representatives Assistant Secretary of State Strobe Talbott and Minister of External Affairs Jaswant Singh were discussing the future of the US-India ties, specifically the potential of the economic and strategic cooperation. President Clinton's visit to India provided an opportunity to create a qualitatively new relationship between the US and India. The author comes to a conclusion that one of the important factors of the rapprochement between the countries was the convergence of shared democratic values. By contrast, in Pakistan democratic norms were violated when the military government came to power. It explains why the White House reconsidered India's role in the region. The author notes that from Washington's perspective New Delhi was regarded as not only the pillar of democracy in South Asia, but also the potential partner in democracy promotion through the region and beyond.

Abstract : The research objective was to determine the impact of the implementation of the regionalautonomy policy towards improving the quality of public services in the Department of Population andCivil Registration Halmahera as Minister of State for Administrative Reform (MENPAN) No. 81/1993(Anonymous, 1993) confirms that the quality of service should be in accordance with joints as follows,simplicity, clarity and certainty, Procedures / Procedure for Public Services; Public Service requirements,both technical and Administrative; Giving Public Service; Security, Openness, Efficient, Economical,Justice Yang Evenly, and timeliness. To determine the indicator then, researchers used the method with amix of evaluative-descriptive quantitative-qualitative approach. The sample in this study consisted ofelements of employee / service personnel (n1) and the user community services (n2), each of 30 people.Given the nature of the sample is paired, then the fixed sample size of 30 people, where a sample ofemployees polled neighbor variable X, while samples of people asked their opinion of the variable Y.Based on the results of data analysis known that the hypothesis 1, which states that "Theimplementation of the regional autonomy policy impact / positive effect on improving the quality ofpublic services at the Department of Population and Civil North Halmahera District", has proven validityempirically convincingly through a simple regression analysis and predict moment correlation. As well asthe Public Services Quality Differences Between Before and After Implementation of regional autonomypolicy acceptable to convince the 99% confidence level. This means that the quality of public services atthe Department of Population and Civil Registration of North Halmahera district on the condition afterthe implementation of the regional autonomy policy is much higher than before implementation regionalautonomy policy. The results showed that the average quality of public services after the implementationof the regional autonomy policy gained an average of 56.4, or in the ideal scale test rank of 0.87, or 87%,while the condition of the quality of public services prior to the implementation of regional autonomypolicy, the average is only at 49 , 6 or the ideal measurements were obtained at 0.7631 or 76.31%, so thatthere is a difference, which is about 10.69%. It that an increase in the quality of public services after theimplementation of the regional autonomy policy, amounting to 10.69%.To improve the quality of public services that are known not optimal, it would require concertedeffort from local government districts, particularly in the Department of Population and Civil RegistrationHalmahera district North to improve human resource management and governance of public services soas to encourage the improvement of the quality of public services itself , And given the decentralizationpolicy gave the positive and significant impact on the quality of public services, local governments,particularly the Office of Population and recording of Civil North Halmahera need to deal with programsrelating to the increase in the dimensions of the regional autonomy policy, particularly the dimension ofrestructuring and revitalization organizational resources.Keywords: Impact of Regional Autonomy Policy Implementation, Improving the Quality of PublicServices.

Насилие сопровождает жизнь значительного количества российских детей, несмотря на развитую современную систему их правовой охраны. Отчасти причиной этого выступает моральное обоснование и принятие насилия в качестве метода воспитания детей. Критикуется сложившаяся практика воспитания детей, в основу которого положен метод физического принуждения. Рассмотрены различные проблемы оперативно-служебной деятельности подразделений по делам несовершеннолетних, осуществляющих защиту интересов детей от семейного насилия. Констатируется явная ограниченность (недостаточность) предоставленных полиции действующим законода-тельством полномочий в области охраны несовершеннолетних от насилия в семье, что не позволяет эффективно и, самое главное, превентивно работать с проблемными семь-ями. Сложившееся положение не соответствует одному из основных направлений дея-тельности полиции защите личности, общества, государства от противоправных посягательств. Предлагается перевести применение семейного насилия (побоев) в категорию дел публичного обвинения (в том числе, если пострадала только мать ребенка); делегировать полномочия органов опеки и попечительства по экстренному изъятию детей в ситуации угрозы их жизни и здоровью социальным службам экстренного реагирования; предоставить сотрудникам полиции право инициировать лишение родительских прав; дополнить ст. 316 УК РФ положением, устанавливающим ответственность за укрывательство совершенных в отношении несовершеннолетних преступлений; обязать медицинские организации предоставлять сотрудникам полиции сведения о психическом здоровье граждан, имеющих несовершеннолетних детей и состоящих на профилактическом учете в полиции; законодательно закрепить перечень оснований обязательного лечения от алкогольной или наркотической зависимости лица, имеющего несовершеннолетних детей. ; Each day numerous Russian children become victims of cruel treatment, though our system of child protection is regarded as rather developed. Violence is morally substantiated and accepted as a method of children upbringing in our country. The existing practice of upbringing, basing on the method of physical forcing, is criticized. Different problems of the official activities of juvenile divisions, providing protection of children from domestic violence, are considered. According to the effective legislation police has restricted (insufficient) powers in the field of protecting minors from domestic violence, which doesn't allow police officers to conduct effective and preventive work with problem families. The current situation contradicts one of the main police functions to protect life, liberty, property, human rights and internal security. Some proposals on solving this problem are made: to refer using of violence (beating) to the category of cases of public prosecution (also when mother of the child is the only victim); to delegate guardianship agencies' powers to take children from family in situations dangerous to their life and health to social emergency services; to empower police officers to initiate the termination of parental rights; to add the provision, imposing responsibility for covering up crimes committed against minors, to the Article 316 of the RF Criminal Code; to obligate medical facilities to provide police officers with information on mental health of citizens, having children and being put on preventive register; to fix the list of grounds for providing compulsory medical treatment for alcohol or drug abusers having children.

В статье подробно анализируется реакция ФРГ на советско-американские переговоры по ограничению стратегического вооружения в конце 60-х начале 70-х гг. ХХ в. Уделено внимание оценкам и мнениям исполнительных и законодательных органов власти ФРГ по данному вопросу, а также проанализировано непосредственное взаимодействие двух стран в свете ряда значимых международных событий. В условиях холодной войны и постоянной угрозы ракетно-ядерного удара стабильность и безопасность являлись важнейшими условиями выживания человеческой цивилизации, и поиск такой формулы во второй половине ХХ в. постепенно начинает выдвигаться на первый план во внешнеполитической деятельности всех ведущих акторов международных отношений, прежде всего СССР и США. Оставаясь на позициях жесткой конфронтации на момент начала советско-американских переговоров, выработка западногерманской новой стратегии была срочным и необходимым комплексом мер по трансформации всей внешней политики ФРГ. Для того чтобы не оказаться на обочине международных отношений в условиях зарождающихся тенденций «разрядки» мировой напряженности, за несколько лет ФРГ смогла выработать и скоординировать новую внешнеполитическую стратегию, которая учитывала интересы и коррелировала со всеми основными акторами системы международных отношений. Сделано заключение, что в контексте сложившихся международных реалий формирование внешнеполитического курса ФРГ было многогранным и сложным процессом. Необходимость проведения более независимой «Новой восточной политики», стремление сохранить важность партнерских отношений с США на фоне советско-американских переговоров и укрепить позиции в НАТО характеризовали всю внешнеполитическую парадигму ФРГ на данном этапе и определяли ее реакцию на советско-американские переговоры. ; This article is devoted to the analyzing of the reaction of Germany to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) in the late 60''s early 70's. Our attention is paid to the characteristics of executive and legislative authorities' decisions of Germany. After Berlin and Cuban missiles crisis constant threat of a nuclear missile stability promoted the development of SALT, which should be the basic element of balance of power for the survival of human civilization. For all western countries searching for the formula to avoid the escalation of all-out war had to be based on the main principles of international relations in the context of detent of geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. But for a long period of time West Germany still to be on the position of cold war confrontation. Such a policy could lead Germany to political isolation. After first successful steps of soviet-american's negotiations West Germany began to realize the threat of its isolation and tried to integrate itself in the general process of detent, first of all in the field of European security. Main purpose of this research is analyzing specific mechanisms of transformation of the bilateral relations between United States and Germany, comparing different foreign policies with socialistic block, studying contradictions in the capitalist block and to identify and classify these differences, as well.

Рассматривается развитие голландского миротворчества как исторический процесс в международных отношениях в трудах зарубежных и отечественных авторов. В статье преимущественно анализируются работы голландских ученых, политиков, дипломатов. Особое внимание обращается на исследования, опубликованные научно-исследовательскими институтами Нидерландов. Российские ученые изучают вопрос голландского миротворчества только в контексте внешней политики и истории Королевства Нидерландов. ; The definition of "Dutch peacekeeping" or "Dutch peacekeepers" occurs very rarely in the Russian literature. It is first of all associated with the events in Bosnia-Herzegovina in July, 1995, when the Dutchbat could not prevent the tragedy and mass people killings, which will later be called the fall of Srebrenica. In the given article the author tries to follow the development of Dutch peacekeeping as a historical process in international relations based on the foreign and Russian scholars'' works. The analysis of the Dutch foreign policy plays a significant role in considering the issue. The papers of Dutch researchers represent the major part in foreign historiography. The Dutch policy think tanks asserted a main influence to study the above-mentioned question. Among them are the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, the Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, as well as the Advisory Council on International Affairs (AIV) created in 1979. The latter consults the Dutch Government and Parliament on the issues of foreign policy, human rights, peace and security, cooperation in the field of development and European integration. One of the most significant works is a research which the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies prepared in 1996-2002 at the request of the Dutch government after many countries, e.g., France and Canada, refused to take part in investigating the causes of the Srebrenica tragedy in 1995. In 2002, the scholars of the Institute published a report "Srebrenica A ''safe'' area. Reconstruction, background, consequences and analyses of the fall of a Safe Area". In Russian historiography the Dutch peacekeeping can be examined as an object only as part of the Dutch foreign policy works and conduct of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the international arena as a small country. At present, the study of Dutch peacekeeping is an exclusive prerogative for foreign researchers and think tanks, in the first place, it concerns the Dutch ones. If until mid-1990s peacekeeping was examined as a historical process in international relations, since 1995 and in the 2000s the authors implemented new methods: gender studies, anthropology, psychological analysis; they also used the results of medical investigations. Dutch public opinion, relations between the executive and the legislative powers, influence of internal political factors on the decision-making process of how and when to deploy military forces in peacekeeping operations are considered. To sum up, research of Dutch peacekeeping by foreign authors covers many aspects, while there are only a few Russian papers: Soviet and, later, Russian scholars consider the issue of the Dutch participation in peacekeeping operations barely in the context of studying the history and foreign policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The article deals with the main directions of construction sector development under conditions of modern ecological situation. High concentration of industrial facilities and transport in cities has a negative effect on the environment, physical and mental population health. Therefore solution of these problems is a critical issue for the policy design of development of construction in the whole world. There is a radical revision of the scheme of settlement, deurbanization of the territory, transformation of defense and industrial policy, intenseintroduction of new materials and construction technologies, mass use of which will drastically reduce human-induced impact on the city and village settlements. The author gives critical estimation of the existing concepts of building sector development, such as the creation of ecovillages, the increasing the number of storeys in buildings and the repartition of industrial facilities from the centre to the outskirts. Building according to ecological standards (green building) is designated in the article as the most perspective concept of constructionsector development. This article presents the main advantages of this construction and brief description of worldwide famous green building standards and certification systems such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and BREEAM (Environmental Assessment Method). The article describes the features of green building in our country and the reasons of its sluggishness. It is the author's opinion that government development of normative legal base for ecological standards of a building sphere is security blanket of its citizenry and the basis of successful development of construction sector and the entire country.The environmental aspect is more important today, and ecological criterion should be the basis of the concept of innovative development of construction sector. ; В статье рассматриваются основные направления развития строительной сферы в условиях современной экологической обстановки. Высокая концентрация промышленных объектов и транспорта в крупных городах негативно влияют на окружающую среду, физическое и психическое здоровье населения. Поэтому решение этих вопросов является ключевым при разработке стратегий развития строительства во всем мире. Происходит радикальный пересмотр схемы расселения, деурбанизация территорий, трансформация оборонной и промышленной политики, интенсивное внедрение новых материалов и строительных технологий, массовое применение которых позволит резко снизить антропогенную нагрузку на территории городских и сельских поселений. Автор статьи дает критическую оценку существующим концепциям развития строительной сферы, таким как создание экопоселений, увеличение этажности строительства, перераспределение промышленных объектов из центра в окраины. Обозначена наиболее перспективная концепция развития строительного комплекса – строительство по экологическим стандартам (зеленое строительство). Выделены основные преимущества такого типа строительства, дана краткая характеристика известных во всем мире систем сертификации зеленых зданий – LEED (руководство в энергетическом и экологическом проектировании) и BREEAM (метод экологической экспертизы). Рассмотрены особенности экологического строительства в нашей стране и отмечены причины его медленного развития. По мнению автора, деятельность государства по разработке нормативноправовой базы экологических требований к строительству является гарантией безопасности его граждан и основой успешного развития строительного комплекса и всей страны. Экологический аспект является сегодня важнейшим, и именно экологические критерии должны быть положены в основу концепции инновационного развития строительного комплекса.

Der internationale Kampf gegen Folter hat es während der vergangenen 50 Jahre sehr weit gebracht. Nach dem ersten absoluten Folterverbot auf universeller Ebene durch Artikel 5 der Allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte im Jahr 1948, hat sich mittlerweile ein ausgereiftes Präventives Monitoring System etabliert. Die Schaffung des Europäischen Antifolterkomitees (CPT) stellte einen wegbereitenden Meilenstein in dieser fortschreitenden Entwicklung dar. Durch seine Inspektionsbesuche an Orte, an welchen Personen die Freiheit entzogen ist, überwacht es die Situation in den Mitgliedsstaaten des Europarates und kann existente Risikofaktoren oder andere Probleme aufdecken. Dies erleichtert die Identifizierung und Bekämpfung der Grundursachen von Folter. Dieses Monitoringgerüst wurde durch das In-Kraft-Treten des OPCATs und der damit zusammenhängenden Einführung eines 'Zwei-Säulen' Systems der Folterprävention weiter verstärkt. In anderen Worten, neben der Implementierung eines Inspektionskomitees (des SPT) auf universeller Ebene, hat das OPCAT auch die Bildung so genannter Nationaler Präventiver Mechanismen (NPMs) vorgeschrieben und gefördert. All die genannten Institutionen bilden einen zentralen Part des ganzheitlichen Systems zur Bekämpfung der 'Krankheit Folter'. Nichtsdestotrotz, um Folter vollkommen zu besiegen, braucht es jetzt den nächsten Schritt. Nämlich eine effiziente Transformation der lediglich mit soft-law Charakter ausgestatteten Empfehlungen der Komitees in bindende nationale Rechtsnormen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die (In)existenz dieses Übergangs anhand einer Case-Study über den Einsatz von privaten Sicherheitsdiensten an Orten, an denen Personen die Freiheit entzogen ist, in Österreich zu analysieren. Die erlangten Erkenntnisse geben einen Einblick in den aktuellen Stand dieser Transformation und erlauben eine Beurteilung, ob dieser 'nächste große Schritt' der Folterbekämpfung schon erfolgt ist. ; The international fight against torture has come a long way over the previous 50 years. Since the first absolute prohibition on a universal level in Art 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, a sophisticated preventive monitoring system has been established. The foundation of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) in 1989 constituted a path breaking milestone in this progressive development. Through a sophisticated system of visits to places where persons are deprived of their liberty, the committee pre-emptively monitors the situations within member states of the Council of Europe and identifies any existing risk factors or potential problems. This facilitates the detection and the corrective treatment of the very root causes of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. This framework was significantly enhanced through the entry into force of the OPCAT that implemented a 'twin-pillar system of torture prevention. In other words, besides introducing a visitation body (the SPT) on a universal level, it also added so-called National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs) to the picture as monitoring bodies on a state party level. All of these bodies form a substantial part of the integral system in place to fight and cure the disease of torture. Yet, to fully eradicate torture and other forms of ill-treatment at all levels, the next step must be taken. That is to say, an efficient transformation of the soft-law comments and recommendations of the aforementioned committees into legally binding national laws has to be ensured. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the (in)existence of this transition on the basis of a case-study of the problems surrounding private security firms deployment in facilities where persons are deprived of their liberty in Austria. The findings will give an insight into the current state of this transformation and will allow making a statement on whether this 'next big leap has already taken place. ; von David Kohl ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2015 ; (VLID)839992

Uganda ist einer der führenden Produzenten von biologischer Ananas in Afrika. Man spezialisiert sich Großteils auf den Export. Kleinbauern und Exporteure müssen sich an biologische Qualitätsstandards halten um diese Märkte zu erreichen, die eventuell nicht zu ihren lokalen sozioökonomischen Realitäten passen. Diese Standards werden Großteils im globalen Norden definiert, während Stakeholder aus Uganda wenig berücksichtigt werden. Diese Arbeit untersucht wie ugandische und europäische Akteure entlang der Wertschöpfungskette Qualität wahrnehmen. Nach einem Review einschlägiger Literatur, wurden empirische Daten von 20 Schlüsselakteuren der Qualitätsregulierung (QRO) in Uganda, 28 Kleinbauern, 5 Exporteuren, 3 europäischen Importeuren, 2 Händlern und 15 Konsumenten über semistrukturiere Interviews gewonnen. Alle Akteure entlang der Wertschöpfungskette verwenden Eigenschaften zur Definition von Qualität von biologischer Ananas, die auf formelle und informelle Institutionen hinweisen. Bedeutende formelle Aspekte sind: Zertifizierung, menschliche Gesundheit, Umweltfreundlichkeit, Unversehrtheit und Geschmack. Bedeutende informelle Aspekte sind: Haltbarkeit, große Früchte, Lebensmittelsicherheit und Einkommen. Bei den Kleinbauern gab es keine geschlechterspezifischen Unterschiede. Konsumenten nehmen Qualität hauptsächlich durch Reife, Textur, Hygiene, Umweltfreundlichkeit, Geschmack und Zertifizierung war. Fazit ist, dass institutionelle Aspekte eine große Rolle in der Wahrnehmung der Akteure spielen. Hohe Kosten für Zertifizierung und Produktion gelten in Uganda als die Herausforderungen für die Produktion biologischer Qualität. Notwendig wären ein höherer Preis für biologische Ananas. Uganda bräuchte eine Politik für biologische Landwirtschaft, partizipative Kontrollsysteme und Kleinbauern Trainingsangebote in Produktion und Finanzmanagement. ; Uganda is one of the leading organic producers in Africa mainly targeting the international markets. However accessing these markets requires farmers and exporters to meet the stringent organic quality standards requirements that may not be appropriate for the local socio economic realities in Uganda. The quality standards are largely formulated in the global north so may not fully represent the Ugandan stakeholders quality perceptions. This study sought to determine how the Ugandan organic pineapple supply chain actors as well as their European counterparts perceive quality. First the literature on quality perception in organic food was reviewed. Then empirical data from 20 key officials of the Quality Regulatory Organizations (QRO), 28 farmers and 5 exporters based in Uganda as well as 3 importers, 2 retailers and 15 consumers all from Europe was collected mainly through semi structured interviews. The results show that the organic pineapples quality criteria among the supply chain actors are indicative of formal and informal institutions. Formal aspects include certification, health (human), environmentally friendly production methods, damage free and taste, informal aspects include food security, longer shelf life, big fruit size and high amount of income. Farmers exhibited no gendered differences in their perceptions. Consumers perceive quality in terms of ripeness, texture, hygiene, environmentally friendliness, taste and certification. The study concludes that institutional aspects are central in chain actors perceptions. High certification and production costs are still the main challenges to attaining organic quality in Uganda. The organic pineapple farm gate price should be increased, an organic policy in Uganda enacted and Participatory Guarantee Systems strengthened. Farmers need to also be trained on optimal crop production and financial management. ; Jumba Francis Richard ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. Sprache ; Artikel auch erschienen in: Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 4, No. 11; 2012 URL: http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/download/18822/13824. bzw. Pensee Journal 75(10): 111-128 ; Wien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Diss., 2014 ; OeBB ; (VLID)1931067

The World Bank Report 2012 starts with this statement: "Gender equality matters in itself andit matters for development because, in today's globalized worlds, countries that use the skillsand talents of their women would have an advantage over those which do not use it." With theframe that suggest that gender equality matters, this paper describes some policy alternativesoriented to overcome gender disadvantages in the formal labor market incorporation of theurban middle class women in Colombia. On balance, the final recommendation suggest that itis desirable to adopt policy alternatives as Community Centers, which are programs orientedto a social redistribution of the domestic work as a way to encourage women participationin the formal labor market with the social support of the members of their own community.The problem that the social policy needs to address is the segregation of women in the formallabor market in Colombia. Although the evidence shows that the women overcome theeducational gap by showing better performance in education that their male peers, womenare still segregated of the labor market. The persistence of high rates of unemployment on thefemale population, the prevalence of the informal labor market as a women labor market, andthe presence of the payment difference between men and women with similar professionaltrainings are circumstances that sustain the segregation statement. These circumstances areinefficient for the society because an economic analysis shows that the cost of maintain the statuquo is externalized in the social security system that includes health, pension and maternityleave regimens. Therefore, the women segregation involves a market failure.This paper evaluates five policy alternatives each directed to the progress of a different causaldimension of the problem: (i) Quotas in the private market, (ii) Flexible working hours,(iii) replace the maternity leave with a family leave, (iv) Increase the Community Centers forredistributing the care work, and (v) Equal payment enforcement. The first alternative looksto increase women's participation in the formal labor market. The second, third, and fourthalternatives constitute a package addressed at redistributing care work by reducing women'sresponsibility for reproductive work in the household with the help of husbands and the localgovernment. The fifth alternative intervenes to resolve the equal payment problem.After a four criteria evaluation that measure effectiveness, robustness and improbability inimplementation, efficiency and political acceptability or social opposition, the strongest alternativeis the fostering of Community Centers that promote a redistribution of care work. Thispolicy performs well in the assessment process because it combines gender focus with importantindirect effects: child support and human capabilities. The policy also shows a bottomup implementation process that overcomes the main adoption difficulties in the gender focusprograms and is supported by strong evidence of success in the Colombian context; this evidenceis produced by both transnational actors as a World Bank and also in local accountabilityreporters executed by local institutions like Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF).

У статті висвітлюються результати дослідження процесів становлення національного ринку санаторно-курортних послуг. Розглянуто особливості фінансового забезпечення санаторно-курортного лікування й оздоровлення населення в умовах ринку та антиринку України. Сформульовані базові економічні передумови становлення національного ринку санаторно-курортних послуг: значний рівень господарського освоєння природно-лікувальних ресурсів, формування виробничої інфраструктури для санаторно-курортного лікування та оздоровлення населення; відродження інституційних норм ведення санаторно-курортної справи на засадах приватної власності, підприємництва, конкуренції; неспроможність антиринкового механізму забезпечувати належне відтворення людського капіталу; необхідність трансформації квазіринкової системи санаторно-курортних послуг у соціально-орієнтовану систему ринкових відносин, що відповідає сучасним запитам українського суспільства. ; В статье подаются результаты исследования процессов формирования национального рынка санаторно-курортных услуг. Рассмотрены особенности финансового обеспечения санаторно-курортного лечения и оздоровления населения в условиях рынка и антирынка Украины. Сформулированы базовые экономические предпосылки становления национального рынка санаторно-курортных услуг: значительный уровень хозяйственного освоения природно-лечебных ресурсов, формирование производственной инфраструктуры для санаторно-курортного лечения и оздоровления населения; возрождение институциональных норм ведения санаторно-курортного бизнеса на основе частной собственности, предпринимательства, конкуренции; неспособность антирыночного механизма обеспечивать надлежащее воспроизведение человеческого капитала; необходимость трансформации квазирыночной системы санаторно-курортных услуг в социально ориентированную систему рыночных отношений, отвечающую запросам современного украинского общества. ; The article aims at studying the economic processes of developing national market of resort services in a historical perspective. The theoretical conceptualization of the market of resort services has been conducted, the basic economic backgrounds of its formation has been defined basing on a comprehensive assessment of researches of Ukrainian and foreign scientists.The article has analyzed the institutional framework of a resort services market in the realities of a mixed model of the national economy. The issues of financial security of resort treatment and rehabilitation in the conditions of a market and anti-market of Ukrainehave been studied. The problem of economic inefficiency of planning and distribution system to ensure the proper level of reproduction of human capital has been outlined. It has been established that the spa and resort sector of Ukraine is characterized by the transformation of the economy reflecting the changes of public vectors of a state-formationthat affect differently entrepreneurship, private and state property, principles and ways of funding spa treatment and rehabilitation of the population.The results of the study enable to formulate the basic economic conditions of formation of the national market of spa and resort services: a significant level of economic utilization of natural recreational resources, development of infrastructure for spa treatment and rehabilitation of people; revival of institutional norms of sanatorium and resort business on the principles of private property, entrepreneurship and competition.Further research should be conducted as to develop anti-crisis trends in a governmental regulation of the national market of resort services in Ukraine, transformation of quasi-marketsystem of spa and resort services into a socially oriented system of market relations that meet the demands of a modern Ukrainian society.

International audience ; If the two countries became separate entities and "foreign", it seems that Russia is still present in Ukraine, including linguistically and culturally and also has many historical interests, security, but also economic; its geopolitical interests led him, in March 2014, to return Crimea in it. For the future, either Ukraine considers its bicultural and bi-linguistic reality and should retain its unity, or, otherwise, the emphasis of his score is not unlikely. At the way the United States, the European Union and the new Ukrainian authorities months post-Maidan treat this geodemographic reality, it is questionable whether they have assimilated the issue of minority human groups that teaches the geopolitics of populations? The risk is that without a negotiated solution, Ukraine finds double loser : territorially with the departure ever used the Crimea and the risk of partition other eastern regions, and economically because Russia could not wanting to make gifts to Kiev economy and the EU can not afford to wear at arm a country with a large population, while the evolution of Ukraine towards a true state law, halting such intense practices of corruption, takes time. Unless, of both sides, the reason will eventually prevail at the extent of other conflicts that involve risks destabilizing both for the EU and Russia. ; Si les deux pays sont devenus des entités séparées et « étrangères », il apparaît bien que la Russie reste présente en Ukraine, notamment linguistiquement et culturellement et possède aussi de multiples intérêts historiques, sécuritaires, mais aussi économiques ; ses intérêts géopolitiques l'ont conduit, en mars 2014, à réintégrer la Crimée en son sein. Pour le futur, soit l'Ukraine prend en compte sa réalité biculturelle et bi-linguistique et devrait alors conserver son unité, soit, dans le cas contraire, l'accentuation de sa partition n'est pas improbable. Devant la façon dont les États-Unis, l'Union européenne et les nouvelles autorités ukrainiennes des mois de l'après-Maïdan traitent cette réalité géodémographique, on peut se demander si elles ont assimilé la question des groupes humains minoritaires qu'enseigne la géopolitique des populations ? Le risque est que, faute d'une solution négociée, l'Ukraine se retrouve doublement perdante : territorialement avec le départ déjà consommé de la Crimée et le risque de partition d'autres régions de l'Est, et économiquement, car la Russie pourrait ne plus vouloir faire de ca-deaux à l'économie de Kiev tandis que l'UE n'a pas les moyens de porter à bout de bras un pays comptant une population aussi nombreuse alors que l'évolution de l'Ukraine vers un véritable État de droit, enrayant par exemple des pratiques intenses de corruption, demande du temps. À moins que, de part et d'autre, la raison ne finisse par préva-loir face à l'ampleur d'autres conflits qui comportent des risques de déstabilisation aussi bien pour l'UE que pour la Russie.

Anotācija Pētījumā "Nacionālās minoritātes: likumpārkāpumu novēršanas problēmas policijas darbībā" tiek analizēts jautājums par nacionālo minoritāšu tiesībām, parādīts šo tiesību attīstības process Latvijas Republikas teritorijā; izskatīti starptautiskie un reģionālie dokumenti, spēkā esošie un arī jau atceltie Latvijas Republikas likumi, tika veikts minēto dokumentu salīdzinājums un piemērošanas prakses analīze; izpētīts nacionālo minoritāšu tiesību aizsardzības mehānisms kā Latvijas Republikā, tā arī citās Eiropas Savienības valstīs; izskatīti ieteikumi un rekomendācijas par policijas darbību daudznacionālā sabiedrībā, kurus izstrādājis Eiropas Drošības un sadarbības organizācijas Augstais komisārs nacionālo minoritāšu jautājumos, Eiropas Komisija pret rasismu un neiecietību, kā arī aplūkoti Eiropas Cilvēktiesību tiesas spriedumi; noteikta policijas loma nacionālo minoritāšu tiesību aizsardzības īstenošanā; piedāvāti konstatēto nepilnību un noskaidroto problēmjautājumu iespējamie risinājumi. Izmeklējot incidentus, kas saistīti ar vardarbību, valsts institūcijām tiek uzlikti papildu pienākumi atmaskot jebkuru rasistisko motivāciju un noskaidrot, vai etniskais naids vai aizspriedumi ir ietekmējuši notikumus. Neskatoties uz panākumiem, kas novērojami pēdējos gados Latvijā, naida noziegumu identificēšanā un izmeklēšanā joprojām ir nepieciešamība pēc saskaņotām un mērķtiecīgām darbībām no tiesībsargājošo iestāžu puses. Pētījumā tiek piedāvātas praktiskās metodes, lai uzlabotu policijas preventīvo darbību to likumpārkāpumu novēršanā, kas vērsti pret nacionālo minoritāšu pārstāvjiem. Atslēgas vārdi: policijas darbība, naida noziegumi, likumpārkāpumu novēršana, nacionālās minoritātes. ; Summary In research "National minority: problems with prevention of law infringement in police activity" the essence of national minorities was analysed, the process of its development in Latvian Republic was shown; several international and regional documents connected with the research, current and declined law of Latvian Republic were inquired; the comparison of mentioned documents & practice was made; the mechanism of national minorities protection was investigated in Latvian Republic and also in other countries of the European Union; suggestions and recommendations are considered about policing in multinational society, which have been developed by the High Commissioner on National Minorities of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance and the Council of Europe, as well as the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights; were shown the role of the police in the matter of the protection of national minorities, problems associated with the rights of national minorities were pointed out and solution to those problems were provided. When investigating violent incidents, state authorities have the additional duty to take all reasonable steps to unmask any racist motive and to establish whether ethnic hatred or prejudice may have played a role in the events. Despite progress in recent years, which has resulted in a greater awareness among police in Latvia about the specific nature of hate crimes, there remains a strong need for a concerted and sustained effort in capacity building of law enforcement, the prosecution and the judiciary. This research provides practical methods for improving preventive police work in stopping the offences against individuals of national minorities. Key words: police activity, hate crimes, crime prevention, national minorities.