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To explore the historical development of the national community, it is important to study the ideas and activities of prominent personalities that have influenced the course of events. The prominent Ukrainian public-political and state-creative figure Vjyatsheslav Chornovil belongs to such figures. His influence on the Ukrainian historical process is noticeable during the 1960-1990s. He took an active part in the state and political life of the 1990s as a people's deputy and chairman of the People's Movement of Ukraine. He directly participated in the Ukrainian-Russian inter-state relations, influenced the formation of a policy towards Russia. Therefore, the main task of this article is to analyze the participation of V. Chornovil in the tense process of formation of modern Ukrainian-Russian relations.He has established close relations with many Russian opposition figures during the struggle against Soviet totalitarianism and during while in concentration camps on the territory of Russia. In August 1991, V. Chornovil, together with the Russian democratic forces, coordinated joint actions at a dangerous time for Ukrainian and Russian democracy, just when in the Soviet Union had an attempt at a coup d'état.After the restoration of Ukraine's independence, relations with the part of Russian leaders at V. Chornovil have changed dramatically. They negatively reacted to Ukrainian independence. Such a position can be explained by the fear of losing Ukraine, which for the former metropolis was a significant reservoir of material goods and human potential. Those who cherished imperial ambitions, realized that without Ukraine, Russia would not be able to revive a full-fledged empire like the former empire.Chornovil V. was not surprised at the new attitude to the processes in Ukraine, because he had the experience of long-term dialogue with Russian oppositionists. He tried to convey to Russian leaders an understanding that Ukrainian and Russian peoples will benefit from fruitful Ukrainian-Russian dialogue, understanding and cooperation. Chornovil V. demanded from the Ukrainian authorities during talks with the Russian side to stubbornly defend national interests, no to trade in sovereignty. Criticized both Leonid Kravchuk and Leonid Kuchma for failing to first no take control of the Black Sea Fleet, and subsequently agree with Russia the deadline for the withdrawal from the Ukrainian territory of the Russian Navy.The conclusions note that V. Chornovil was a supporter of good-neighborly Ukrainian-Russian relations, based on the principles of equality and mutual benefit. In view of Russia's aggressive actions against Ukraine, V. Chornovil advocated the idea of strengthening the foundations of national security. ; У статті вивчається участь В. Чорновола у формуванні українсько-російських відносин 1990-х рр. Розглядаються агресивні дії російської сторони проти української державності, зокрема посягання на територіальну цілісність, військовий флот. Аналізуються дії В. Чорновола щодо протидії російському втручанню. У висновках зазначено, що В. Чорновіл був прихильником добросусідських українсько-російських відносин, основаних на принципах рівноправності і взаємовигоди. Зважаючи на російські агресивні дії щодо України, В. Чорновіл відстоював ідею посилення основ національної безпеки.

La evolución y las nuevas lecturas de los riesgos que azotan al mundo obligan a reconfigurar el rol de las instituciones militares y por lo tanto sus funciones de inteligencia. El salto desde la llamada modernidad hacia unas formas que rebasarían los postulados de esta y en la que las sociedades están sometidas a las lógicas del mercado y de la burocracia, las consideraciones sobre los riesgos y la seguridad, no siempre tienen que ver con las condiciones que ponen en peligro la vida humana, sino también con la gobernabilidad, la estabilidad económica, la opinión pública, entre otras problemáticas. Desde la perspectiva de Anthony Giddens y Ulrich Beck, se hará una reflexión sobre las dimensiones que deben tomar en cuenta la inteligencia militar en los ejércitos contemporáneos, ajustadas a realidades en que los "sistemas abstractos" predominan y que exigen desarrollar una inteligencia estratégica que no se constriñe únicamente al ámbito nacional y de soberanía territorial. Para esto se tomará como ejemplo las prioridades actuales de la inteligencia militar en Ecuador y las necesidades de reinventarse cuando se encuentran en unas condiciones de transición de un modelo tradicional hacia uno global, más aún cuando tienen que actuar en este contexto de riesgo, con medios que no se ajustan a esta realidad, toda vez que la capacidad científico-tecnológica y, por tanto, las concepciones doctrinarias de inteligencia, no se inscriben todavía en las dinámicas globalizadoras.


Abstract
Development and new lectures regarding world's current risks compel us to reconfigure the role of military institutions and, therefore, their purpose regarding intelligence. The transition from modernity to new forms that would exceed its postulates , in which societies are summited to the logics of market and bureaucracy, as well as the analysis about risks and security are not always related to the conditions that could be considered a threat to human life, but also to governability, economic stability, public opinion, among other problems. From the perspective of Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck, there will be a reflection about the dimensions that must be considered by military intelligence of contemporary army forces, adjusted to realities where the "abstract systems" dominate and demand the development of a strategic intelligence that doesn't constrict itself to cover national and territorial sovereignty issues only. In order to achieve this there will be an examination of nowadays priorities for the military intelligence of Ecuador and the necessity to reinvent itself during the transition from a traditional to a global outline, moreover, when they have to act in this risk context, with sources that do not adjust to this reality, since the scientific-technological capacity and, therefore, the intelligence doctrinal conceptions, are not still inscribed in the globalizing dynamics.

In the history of the Peruvian and Latín American republics it is noticed that it is not yet posible to get out of social underdevelopment, there are still in many places of South America serious illiteracy, poverty, sickness and unemployment indexes in detriment of the economic and social progress of the peoples, which raises the question What to do? We think that these social ills are the responsability of our political, judicial, social or other authorities, because they did not prioritize good public management capable of emerging from social underdevelopment, in that sense ethics and politics with a power of the state well guided can give a positive turn to public managment, that is, those procedures of public administration that instead of achieving the common good ended in a bureaucratic evil, that is, in a goverment power worn without goals that do not build. So now ethics and politics should be democratic and social tools of state power to get out of underdevelopment, understanding ethics as a guide to do the right thing in search of values and principles that contain social peace, legal security, common well-being, freedom and human dignity, that is, ethical values and goals that fight against a greedy and prejudiced society product of certain estimative illness that does not cannel, nor prioritize the real change that must exist in all public management in favor of the peoples. ; En la historia de la república peruana y de Latinoamérica se advierte que aún no se logra salir del subdesarrollo social, existe todavía en muchos lugares de Sudamérica graves índices de analfabetismo, pobreza, enfermedad y desempleo en perjuicio del avance económico y social de los pueblos, lo cual hace que surja la pregunta ¿Qué hacer? pensamos, que estos males sociales son responsabilidad de nuestras autoridades políticas, judiciales, sociales u otras, por cuanto ellas, no priorizaron una buena gestión pública capaz de salir del subdesarrollo social, en ese sentido la ética y la política con un poder del estatal bien encaminado pueden darle un giro positivo a la gestión pública, es decir, aquellos procedimientos de la administración pública que en vez de lograr el bien común concluyeron en un mal burocrático, es decir, en un poder gubernamental desgastado sin metas que no construye. Por lo que ahora contemporáneamente tanto la ética como la política deben ser herramientas democráticas y sociales del poder estatal para salir del subdesarrollo, entendiendo a la ética como una guía de hacer lo correcto en busca de valores y principios que contengan paz social, seguridad jurídica, bienestar común, libertad y dignidad humana, es decir, valores y fines éticos que luchen contra una sociedad codiciosa y prejuiciosa producto de cierta enfermedad estimativa que no canaliza, ni prioriza el cambio real que debe existir en toda gestión pública a favor de los pueblos.

Joint facilities and utility easements are important legal instruments regulating land use in the Swedish society. Joint facilities are created when two or more real properties have the need to use a facility, such as a parking space, in common. Utility easements are rights to construct and maintain e.g. a pipeline or cable located on a real property. Sometimes the installations cease to be of use for the right holders. This article investigates the legislation used to liquidate these rights legally as well as physically. The study has identified insufficient procedures regulating the demolition of the physical installations, which may result in a situation where physical installations remain on the property after the legal right has been liquidated. This may cause an inconvenience for the landowner due to own costs for removing the installation(s) or becoming responsible for the right holders´ removal of the installation. Furthermore, increased costs affecting the landowner may arise in future cadastral procedures if the right still encumbers the property. The existence of installations no longer in use may even constitute a risk for human health and security, and the environment. The conclusion is that there is a need for better instructions and processes for removing the legal right and for who is responsible for the removal of the physical installation(s). ; Gemensamhetsanläggningar och ledningsrätter utgör en viktig funktion rörande markanvändning i det svenska samhället. Gemensamhetsanläggningar bildas då två eller fler fastigheter har behov av gemensamma anläggningar. Ledningsrätt är en rättighet som upplåts i fastigheter för att säkerställa en ledningsrättshavares befogenhet att dra fram och underhålla en ledning inom ett visst bestämt område på en fastighet. Ibland upphör gemensamhetsanläggningar och ledningar upplåtna med ledningsrätt att utgöra någon nytta för rättighetshavarna. I denna artikel har lagstiftning och förfarandet granskats gällande avvecklingar av dessa rättigheter både rättsligt och fysiskt. Resultatet visar att det inte är tillräckligt reglerat i lagstiftningen hur en avveckling ska gå till. Det har medfört att både rättigheten och den fysiska anläggningen i många fall blir kvar trots att anläggningen inte används. Att ett bortförande av en avvecklad anläggning eller ledning inte sker kan innebära en olägenhet för fastighetsägare. Dels genom kostnader för eget borttagande av den fysiska anläggningen eller ansvar för rättighetshavarens borttagande, och dels genom de ökade framtida förrättningskostnader som kan uppstå när de formella rättigheterna fortsatt belastar fastigheten. Det kan även bidra till miljöskador eller utgöra en risk för människors hälsa, säkerhet och miljön om inte anläggningen fysiskt tas bort. Slutsatsen är att det är viktigt att det etableras tydligare regler gällande både processen för att ta bort den formella rättigheten och ansvaret för det fysiska bortförandet av anläggningarna. ; This paper is one of selection of papers published for the FIG Working Week 2017 in Helsinki, Finland and has undergone the FIG Peer Review Process

Drought is one of the most damaging natural hazards. Various studies rank it first among all natural hazards by seriousness of impacts such as the loss of life and livelihoods, economic losses and the adverse social and ecosystem effects. In many instances, drought can be a major factor in local conflicts, as well as internal and international migration – these negative effects of drought often persist long after the precipitation returns to normal levels. The causes of droughts are essentially natural, but climate change increases the drought severity, frequency, duration, and spatial extent. The impacts of droughts are also strongly exacerbated by anthropological activities, such as deforestation, overgrazing, soil degradation, and water mismanagement. In turn, the consequences of these activities are also exacerbated by drought, which creates a vicious cycle of ecological degradation and human misery. A reactive approach to droughts is still prevalent in many countries, even though emergency funding is costly, less effective and does not address the long-term causes of vulnerability and lack of sustainability. There is an urgent need to move forward with a paradigm shift from "crisis" to "risk" management, adopting a proactive approach based on the principles of risk reduction and prevention. There is a whole set of effective measures that need to be implemented to increase resilience to drought and minimise its effects. Monitoring and early warning systems along with assessments of the hot spots of vulnerable populations and regions, as well as investments in risk-mitigating measures are the first line of defence. These actions need to become an integral part of national drought policies. Moreover, the full cyclical phenomenon of droughts should be at the core of the drought management plans to take full advantage of the drought preparedness measures. All "drought-relevant" sectors including agriculture, food security, the environment, meteorology, water, energy and tourism have to be included in the drought policy development process and preparedness plans. Integrated proactive drought policies should encapsulate the following aspects: · A strong and comprehensive institution is essential to enhance information-sharing, coordination, cooperation and knowledge-management among various levels of governments, sectors and society. · Drought risk management must be incorporated into both long-term development measures and humanitarian responses. · A combination of top-down (overall drought policy, institutional set-up, funding, modern knowledge) approaches supported by bottom-up (traditional knowledge, local production, livelihoods and decision systems) measures is needed to guarantee the maximum efficiency of implemented measures. · Drought early warning needs to be followed by early action based on reliability, transparency and trust. · Flexibility of funding (contingency planning) must become an integral part of development budget planning. · Drought policy implementation requires capacity-building at the local level to ensure effective inter­action between concerned parties. By implementing these approaches, we can use drought as a "connector" that strengthens collaboration among many sectors, levels and actors.

Abstrak - Meningkatnya perdagangan global melalui jalur laut merupakan komoditas utama yang sangat menguntungkan. Banyaknya transportasi laut yang tidak dilengkapi dengan standar keamanan lingkungan yang tepat menyebabkan berbagai permasalahan pada lingkungan. Ratifikasi Indonesia terhadap International Convention for Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments merupakan salah satu cara melindungi lingkungan maritim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Implementasi tentang International Convention for Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments yang sudah diratifikasi pada tanggal 24 November 2015. Teori yang digunakan penulis untuk menganalisis menggunakan Implementasi Kebijakan yang dihubungkan dengan keamanan maritim. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah wawancara mendalam, dokumentasi dan observasi dengan teknik Snow ball. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Implementasi telah dilaksanakan. Peraturan yang sangat muda menimbulkan kendala-kendala dalam pelaksanaannya, seperti: sosialisasi yang tidak berjalan dengan baik, sumberdaya manusia dan teknologi yang masih belum memadai, dan belum adanya pembuatan SOP (Standard Operational Procedure). Belum adanya kepedulian terhadap lingkungan maritim menyebabkan anggapan bahwa konvensi ini dianggap tidak terlalu penting karena belum pernah terjadi secara langsung di Indonesia. Dengan adanya permasalahan di atas pemerintah diharapkan dapat memperbaiki dengan membuat SOP dan melakukan riset-riset ilmiah tentang keanekaragaman hayati maritim Indonesia.Kata kunci : Implementasi, Ballast water, Keamanan Maritim, Maritim IndonesiaAbstract - The increasing number of global trade by sea is a major commodity which is highly profitable. The number of sea transportation that are not equipped with proper safety and environmental standards lead to various problems in the environment. Indonesia's ratification of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments is one of some ways to protect the maritime environment. This study purposes to analyze the implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments that has been ratified on 24 November 2015. The theory used by the writer to analyze was by using the Implementation Policy associated with maritime safety. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method. The data collection technique were by interviewing, documentating and observating by using Snow ball technique. The results showed that implementation has been implemented. An early regulations pose some obstacles in its implementation, such as socialization that did not go well, the human resources and technology which are still inadequate, and the absence of SOP (Standard Operating Procedure). The lack of concern of the maritime environment causing the presumption that this convention is considered not too important since it has never happened directly in Indonesia. With the existence of the problems above, the government is expected to improve by making the SOP and performing the scientific researches about Indonesian maritime biodiversity.Keywords: Implementation, Ballast water, Maritime Security, Indonesian Maritime

This article seeks to discuss and analyze the fate of Rohingyas who are stateless because of being denied as citizens of Myanmar. Even Bangladesh as a neighboring country which for nearly four decades received a quarter million Rohingyas, eventually refused Rohingyas migration. Likewise, some countries in Southeast Asia such as Thailand and Malaysia also refused their migration. Security, economic, social and political issues are the reasons why these countries reject the presence of this group. ASEAN as a regional group of Southeast Asian countries should then make the issue of Rohingya a priority issue. With the declaration of the ASEAN Community, this migration of Rohingyas will ultimately become a problem, either now or in the future. Therefore this article seeks to address and answer the opportunities of ASEAN Community in facing the issue of Rohingyas migration, also its role in helping to solve the problem up to the upstream conflict in Myanmar. The analysis of this article is done by literature study method. Data obtained from books, reports and other sources related to the problem is then analyzed through analytical descriptive approach. The conclusion of this article is that ASEAN (ASEAN Community) should take action to interfere in Myanmar's internal affairs so that the issue of human rights violation can be solved completely. Suggestion is given to ASEAN to be done immediately and to make regulation in order to influence Myanmar to pay more attention to the fate of the Rohingyas. Keywords: ASEAN, ASEAN Community, Rohingya Abstrak Artikel ini berusaha membahas dan menganalisis nasib kaum Rohingya yang mengalami status stateless karena ditolak diakui sebagai warga negara Myanmar. Bahkan Bangladesh sebagai negara tetangga yang selama hampir empat dekade menerima seperempat juta penduduk Rohingya, pada akhirnya menolak migrasi warga Rohingya. Begitupun sebagian negara di Asia Tenggara seperti Thailand dan Malaysia yang juga menolak migrasi warga Rohingya. Isu keamanan, ekonomi, sosial, dan politik menjadi alasan negara-negara tersebut menolak kehadiran kelompok ini. ASEAN sebagai lembaga kumpulan negara regional Asia Tenggara kemudian sudah sepatutnya menjadikan isu Rohingya sebagai masalah prioritas. Dengan dideklarasikannya Komunitas ASEAN, tentu migrasi warga Rohingya ini pada akhirnya akan menjadi masalah, entah saat ini atau di masa yang akan datang. Oleh karena itu artikel ini berusaha membahas dan menjawab peluang Komunitas ASEAN dalam menghadapi persoalan migrasi warga Rohingya, bahkan perannya dalam membantu penyelesaian masalah hingga ke hulu konflik di Myanmar. Analisis artikel ini dilakukan dengan metode studi pustaka. Data-data yang didapat dari buku-buku dan laporan-laporan serta sumber lain yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan tersebut kemudian dianalisis dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitik. Kesimpulan dari artikel ini bahwa sudah seharusnya ASEAN (Komunitas ASEAN) melakukan tindakan yang bisa dikatakan mengintervensi persoalan internal Myanmar agar persoalan pelanggaran HAM ini dapat diatasi sepenuhnya. Saran diberikan kepada ASEAN agar secepatnya dilakukan tindakan dan menyusun regulasi untuk dapat memengaruhi Myanmar agar lebih memperhatikan nasib kaum Rohingya. Kata kunci: ASEAN, Komunitas ASEAN, Rohingya

Resumo: A pesquisa aborda a tensão entre perspectivas civilizatórias da proteção social e práticas potencializadoras de segregação e exclusão, ambas mediadas pela atuação de instâncias judiciárias. O corpus de análise se constitui de decisões prolatadas nos cinco Tribunais Regionais Federais (TRF) brasileiros, no período janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2012, versando sobre o critério "baixa renda" como requisito para a concessão do instituto previdenciário do Auxílio-Reclusão. Trata-se de ponto de divergência jurisprudencial aparentemente superado (em face de decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal [STF] em 2009) mas revelador de conteúdos argumentativos e retóricos, bem como de dinâmicas institucionais que evidenciam limites e possibilidades do Poder Judiciário em contribuir com uma cultura jurídica democrática e humano-dignificante. Como referenciais privilegiou a Teoria da Argumentação Jurídica (Luiz Alberto Warat), as perspectivas da sociologia do Campo Jurídico (Pierre Bourdieu) e as noções de regulação e emancipação (Boaventura de Sousa Santos). Os resultados preliminares já permitem se reconhecer, entre outras emergências, fragilizações na capacidade das instâncias judiciais efetivarem tutelas sustentadas no princípio da solidariedade social. Tais fragilizações criam perversas armadilhas, dentre as quais uma cruel compaixão, que transmuta direito em caridade.Palavras Chave: Auxílio-Reclusão; Representações Judiciais; Sensibilidades Jurídicas; Proteção social; questão penitenciária. ***Resumen:La investigación se ocupa de la tensión entre las perspectivas civilizadoras de la protección social y las prácticas de segregación y exclusión, cuando mediadas por la acción de los órganos judiciales. El corpus de análisis se compone de las sentencias dictadas en los cinco Tribunales Regionales Federales (TRF) brasileños en el período de enero 2007 a diciembre 2012 , que trata del criterio de "bajos ingresos " como requisito para la concesión de prestaciones de seguridad social en situaciones de encarcelamiento. A través del análisis de la divergencia jurisprudencial se investigan las prácticas argumentativas e institucionales que revelan los límites y posibilidades de los tribunales para contribuir a una cultura jurí dica democrática y la dignidad humana. Los resultados preliminares ya permiten reconocer dificultades de los órganos judiciales en tutelar el principio de la solidaridad social.Palabras-clave: Ayuda-prision; Representaciones judiciales; Sensibilidad jurídica; protección social; Cuestión penitenciaria ***Abstract: The research is focused on the tension between the civilizing perspectives of social protection and segregation and exclusion practices when mediated by the action of the courts . They are studied judgments of the five Regional Federal Courts (TRF ) Brazil , from January 2007 to December 2012, about the criterion of " low-income " as a condition for the granting of social security benefits in prison situations. Through jurisprudential divergence argumentative and institutional practices are observed revealing the limits and possibilities of the courts to contribute to a democratic legal culture and human dignity. The preliminary results allow us to recognize the difficulties of the judicial system to protect the principle of social solidarity.Keywords – Imprisonment-relief; judicial reasoning; legal sensibility; social protection; Prison question

Рассматривается внешнеполитический курс США в отношении Индии в период нахождения у власти администрации Билла Клинтона. Автором выделены и проанализированы различные этапы американо-индийских отношений и факторы, оказывавшие на них влияние. Сделан вывод об итогах индийской политики Клинтона и состоянии двусторонних отношений на рубеже XX-XXI вв. ; The article deals with the US policy towards India during the presidency of Bill Clinton. The author reveals the main factors that influenced the change of Washington's approach to the relations with New Delhi in late 1990s. The end of the Cold War and the development of globalization increased the significance of South Asia for the United States. The main goals of the US policy in the region included providing stability and security, nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, combating terrorism, pollution, drug trafficking, improving human rights record. The first years of the Clinton Administration marked mainly negative trends in the bilateral US-India relations. It was partly caused by the unwary remarks made by the American President himself as well as by the members of his team. The Administration representatives concentrated their attention on the hot-button regional and country-specific issues, such as the status of Kashmir and the Sikh separatist movement, which seemed offensive for New Delhi. After the beginning of the second Bill Clinton's presidential term the bilateral relations started to improve. The US adopted a policy of greater engagement with South Asia. The new approach implied better relations with India and the enlargement of bilateral economic and political cooperation. Since 1997 the US began to carry out a more balanced policy towards the settlement of the Kashmir conflict. The American official representatives were more restrained in their statements. The level of diplomatic coordination between the countries increased significantly. The nuclear tests conducted by India in May 1998 became a serious challenge for the US engagement policy. Even though Bill Clinton imposed sanctions on India, the states were involved in close diplomatic negotiations. Apart from nonproliferation issues, countries' representatives Assistant Secretary of State Strobe Talbott and Minister of External Affairs Jaswant Singh were discussing the future of the US-India ties, specifically the potential of the economic and strategic cooperation. President Clinton's visit to India provided an opportunity to create a qualitatively new relationship between the US and India. The author comes to a conclusion that one of the important factors of the rapprochement between the countries was the convergence of shared democratic values. By contrast, in Pakistan democratic norms were violated when the military government came to power. It explains why the White House reconsidered India's role in the region. The author notes that from Washington's perspective New Delhi was regarded as not only the pillar of democracy in South Asia, but also the potential partner in democracy promotion through the region and beyond.

Abstract : The research objective was to determine the impact of the implementation of the regionalautonomy policy towards improving the quality of public services in the Department of Population andCivil Registration Halmahera as Minister of State for Administrative Reform (MENPAN) No. 81/1993(Anonymous, 1993) confirms that the quality of service should be in accordance with joints as follows,simplicity, clarity and certainty, Procedures / Procedure for Public Services; Public Service requirements,both technical and Administrative; Giving Public Service; Security, Openness, Efficient, Economical,Justice Yang Evenly, and timeliness. To determine the indicator then, researchers used the method with amix of evaluative-descriptive quantitative-qualitative approach. The sample in this study consisted ofelements of employee / service personnel (n1) and the user community services (n2), each of 30 people.Given the nature of the sample is paired, then the fixed sample size of 30 people, where a sample ofemployees polled neighbor variable X, while samples of people asked their opinion of the variable Y.Based on the results of data analysis known that the hypothesis 1, which states that "Theimplementation of the regional autonomy policy impact / positive effect on improving the quality ofpublic services at the Department of Population and Civil North Halmahera District", has proven validityempirically convincingly through a simple regression analysis and predict moment correlation. As well asthe Public Services Quality Differences Between Before and After Implementation of regional autonomypolicy acceptable to convince the 99% confidence level. This means that the quality of public services atthe Department of Population and Civil Registration of North Halmahera district on the condition afterthe implementation of the regional autonomy policy is much higher than before implementation regionalautonomy policy. The results showed that the average quality of public services after the implementationof the regional autonomy policy gained an average of 56.4, or in the ideal scale test rank of 0.87, or 87%,while the condition of the quality of public services prior to the implementation of regional autonomypolicy, the average is only at 49 , 6 or the ideal measurements were obtained at 0.7631 or 76.31%, so thatthere is a difference, which is about 10.69%. It that an increase in the quality of public services after theimplementation of the regional autonomy policy, amounting to 10.69%.To improve the quality of public services that are known not optimal, it would require concertedeffort from local government districts, particularly in the Department of Population and Civil RegistrationHalmahera district North to improve human resource management and governance of public services soas to encourage the improvement of the quality of public services itself , And given the decentralizationpolicy gave the positive and significant impact on the quality of public services, local governments,particularly the Office of Population and recording of Civil North Halmahera need to deal with programsrelating to the increase in the dimensions of the regional autonomy policy, particularly the dimension ofrestructuring and revitalization organizational resources.Keywords: Impact of Regional Autonomy Policy Implementation, Improving the Quality of PublicServices.

Насилие сопровождает жизнь значительного количества российских детей, несмотря на развитую современную систему их правовой охраны. Отчасти причиной этого выступает моральное обоснование и принятие насилия в качестве метода воспитания детей. Критикуется сложившаяся практика воспитания детей, в основу которого положен метод физического принуждения. Рассмотрены различные проблемы оперативно-служебной деятельности подразделений по делам несовершеннолетних, осуществляющих защиту интересов детей от семейного насилия. Констатируется явная ограниченность (недостаточность) предоставленных полиции действующим законода-тельством полномочий в области охраны несовершеннолетних от насилия в семье, что не позволяет эффективно и, самое главное, превентивно работать с проблемными семь-ями. Сложившееся положение не соответствует одному из основных направлений дея-тельности полиции защите личности, общества, государства от противоправных посягательств. Предлагается перевести применение семейного насилия (побоев) в категорию дел публичного обвинения (в том числе, если пострадала только мать ребенка); делегировать полномочия органов опеки и попечительства по экстренному изъятию детей в ситуации угрозы их жизни и здоровью социальным службам экстренного реагирования; предоставить сотрудникам полиции право инициировать лишение родительских прав; дополнить ст. 316 УК РФ положением, устанавливающим ответственность за укрывательство совершенных в отношении несовершеннолетних преступлений; обязать медицинские организации предоставлять сотрудникам полиции сведения о психическом здоровье граждан, имеющих несовершеннолетних детей и состоящих на профилактическом учете в полиции; законодательно закрепить перечень оснований обязательного лечения от алкогольной или наркотической зависимости лица, имеющего несовершеннолетних детей. ; Each day numerous Russian children become victims of cruel treatment, though our system of child protection is regarded as rather developed. Violence is morally substantiated and accepted as a method of children upbringing in our country. The existing practice of upbringing, basing on the method of physical forcing, is criticized. Different problems of the official activities of juvenile divisions, providing protection of children from domestic violence, are considered. According to the effective legislation police has restricted (insufficient) powers in the field of protecting minors from domestic violence, which doesn't allow police officers to conduct effective and preventive work with problem families. The current situation contradicts one of the main police functions to protect life, liberty, property, human rights and internal security. Some proposals on solving this problem are made: to refer using of violence (beating) to the category of cases of public prosecution (also when mother of the child is the only victim); to delegate guardianship agencies' powers to take children from family in situations dangerous to their life and health to social emergency services; to empower police officers to initiate the termination of parental rights; to add the provision, imposing responsibility for covering up crimes committed against minors, to the Article 316 of the RF Criminal Code; to obligate medical facilities to provide police officers with information on mental health of citizens, having children and being put on preventive register; to fix the list of grounds for providing compulsory medical treatment for alcohol or drug abusers having children.

В статье подробно анализируется реакция ФРГ на советско-американские переговоры по ограничению стратегического вооружения в конце 60-х начале 70-х гг. ХХ в. Уделено внимание оценкам и мнениям исполнительных и законодательных органов власти ФРГ по данному вопросу, а также проанализировано непосредственное взаимодействие двух стран в свете ряда значимых международных событий. В условиях холодной войны и постоянной угрозы ракетно-ядерного удара стабильность и безопасность являлись важнейшими условиями выживания человеческой цивилизации, и поиск такой формулы во второй половине ХХ в. постепенно начинает выдвигаться на первый план во внешнеполитической деятельности всех ведущих акторов международных отношений, прежде всего СССР и США. Оставаясь на позициях жесткой конфронтации на момент начала советско-американских переговоров, выработка западногерманской новой стратегии была срочным и необходимым комплексом мер по трансформации всей внешней политики ФРГ. Для того чтобы не оказаться на обочине международных отношений в условиях зарождающихся тенденций «разрядки» мировой напряженности, за несколько лет ФРГ смогла выработать и скоординировать новую внешнеполитическую стратегию, которая учитывала интересы и коррелировала со всеми основными акторами системы международных отношений. Сделано заключение, что в контексте сложившихся международных реалий формирование внешнеполитического курса ФРГ было многогранным и сложным процессом. Необходимость проведения более независимой «Новой восточной политики», стремление сохранить важность партнерских отношений с США на фоне советско-американских переговоров и укрепить позиции в НАТО характеризовали всю внешнеполитическую парадигму ФРГ на данном этапе и определяли ее реакцию на советско-американские переговоры. ; This article is devoted to the analyzing of the reaction of Germany to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) in the late 60''s early 70's. Our attention is paid to the characteristics of executive and legislative authorities' decisions of Germany. After Berlin and Cuban missiles crisis constant threat of a nuclear missile stability promoted the development of SALT, which should be the basic element of balance of power for the survival of human civilization. For all western countries searching for the formula to avoid the escalation of all-out war had to be based on the main principles of international relations in the context of detent of geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. But for a long period of time West Germany still to be on the position of cold war confrontation. Such a policy could lead Germany to political isolation. After first successful steps of soviet-american's negotiations West Germany began to realize the threat of its isolation and tried to integrate itself in the general process of detent, first of all in the field of European security. Main purpose of this research is analyzing specific mechanisms of transformation of the bilateral relations between United States and Germany, comparing different foreign policies with socialistic block, studying contradictions in the capitalist block and to identify and classify these differences, as well.

Рассматривается развитие голландского миротворчества как исторический процесс в международных отношениях в трудах зарубежных и отечественных авторов. В статье преимущественно анализируются работы голландских ученых, политиков, дипломатов. Особое внимание обращается на исследования, опубликованные научно-исследовательскими институтами Нидерландов. Российские ученые изучают вопрос голландского миротворчества только в контексте внешней политики и истории Королевства Нидерландов. ; The definition of "Dutch peacekeeping" or "Dutch peacekeepers" occurs very rarely in the Russian literature. It is first of all associated with the events in Bosnia-Herzegovina in July, 1995, when the Dutchbat could not prevent the tragedy and mass people killings, which will later be called the fall of Srebrenica. In the given article the author tries to follow the development of Dutch peacekeeping as a historical process in international relations based on the foreign and Russian scholars'' works. The analysis of the Dutch foreign policy plays a significant role in considering the issue. The papers of Dutch researchers represent the major part in foreign historiography. The Dutch policy think tanks asserted a main influence to study the above-mentioned question. Among them are the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, the Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, as well as the Advisory Council on International Affairs (AIV) created in 1979. The latter consults the Dutch Government and Parliament on the issues of foreign policy, human rights, peace and security, cooperation in the field of development and European integration. One of the most significant works is a research which the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies prepared in 1996-2002 at the request of the Dutch government after many countries, e.g., France and Canada, refused to take part in investigating the causes of the Srebrenica tragedy in 1995. In 2002, the scholars of the Institute published a report "Srebrenica A ''safe'' area. Reconstruction, background, consequences and analyses of the fall of a Safe Area". In Russian historiography the Dutch peacekeeping can be examined as an object only as part of the Dutch foreign policy works and conduct of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the international arena as a small country. At present, the study of Dutch peacekeeping is an exclusive prerogative for foreign researchers and think tanks, in the first place, it concerns the Dutch ones. If until mid-1990s peacekeeping was examined as a historical process in international relations, since 1995 and in the 2000s the authors implemented new methods: gender studies, anthropology, psychological analysis; they also used the results of medical investigations. Dutch public opinion, relations between the executive and the legislative powers, influence of internal political factors on the decision-making process of how and when to deploy military forces in peacekeeping operations are considered. To sum up, research of Dutch peacekeeping by foreign authors covers many aspects, while there are only a few Russian papers: Soviet and, later, Russian scholars consider the issue of the Dutch participation in peacekeeping operations barely in the context of studying the history and foreign policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The article deals with the main directions of construction sector development under conditions of modern ecological situation. High concentration of industrial facilities and transport in cities has a negative effect on the environment, physical and mental population health. Therefore solution of these problems is a critical issue for the policy design of development of construction in the whole world. There is a radical revision of the scheme of settlement, deurbanization of the territory, transformation of defense and industrial policy, intenseintroduction of new materials and construction technologies, mass use of which will drastically reduce human-induced impact on the city and village settlements. The author gives critical estimation of the existing concepts of building sector development, such as the creation of ecovillages, the increasing the number of storeys in buildings and the repartition of industrial facilities from the centre to the outskirts. Building according to ecological standards (green building) is designated in the article as the most perspective concept of constructionsector development. This article presents the main advantages of this construction and brief description of worldwide famous green building standards and certification systems such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and BREEAM (Environmental Assessment Method). The article describes the features of green building in our country and the reasons of its sluggishness. It is the author's opinion that government development of normative legal base for ecological standards of a building sphere is security blanket of its citizenry and the basis of successful development of construction sector and the entire country.The environmental aspect is more important today, and ecological criterion should be the basis of the concept of innovative development of construction sector. ; В статье рассматриваются основные направления развития строительной сферы в условиях современной экологической обстановки. Высокая концентрация промышленных объектов и транспорта в крупных городах негативно влияют на окружающую среду, физическое и психическое здоровье населения. Поэтому решение этих вопросов является ключевым при разработке стратегий развития строительства во всем мире. Происходит радикальный пересмотр схемы расселения, деурбанизация территорий, трансформация оборонной и промышленной политики, интенсивное внедрение новых материалов и строительных технологий, массовое применение которых позволит резко снизить антропогенную нагрузку на территории городских и сельских поселений. Автор статьи дает критическую оценку существующим концепциям развития строительной сферы, таким как создание экопоселений, увеличение этажности строительства, перераспределение промышленных объектов из центра в окраины. Обозначена наиболее перспективная концепция развития строительного комплекса – строительство по экологическим стандартам (зеленое строительство). Выделены основные преимущества такого типа строительства, дана краткая характеристика известных во всем мире систем сертификации зеленых зданий – LEED (руководство в энергетическом и экологическом проектировании) и BREEAM (метод экологической экспертизы). Рассмотрены особенности экологического строительства в нашей стране и отмечены причины его медленного развития. По мнению автора, деятельность государства по разработке нормативноправовой базы экологических требований к строительству является гарантией безопасности его граждан и основой успешного развития строительного комплекса и всей страны. Экологический аспект является сегодня важнейшим, и именно экологические критерии должны быть положены в основу концепции инновационного развития строительного комплекса.

Der internationale Kampf gegen Folter hat es während der vergangenen 50 Jahre sehr weit gebracht. Nach dem ersten absoluten Folterverbot auf universeller Ebene durch Artikel 5 der Allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte im Jahr 1948, hat sich mittlerweile ein ausgereiftes Präventives Monitoring System etabliert. Die Schaffung des Europäischen Antifolterkomitees (CPT) stellte einen wegbereitenden Meilenstein in dieser fortschreitenden Entwicklung dar. Durch seine Inspektionsbesuche an Orte, an welchen Personen die Freiheit entzogen ist, überwacht es die Situation in den Mitgliedsstaaten des Europarates und kann existente Risikofaktoren oder andere Probleme aufdecken. Dies erleichtert die Identifizierung und Bekämpfung der Grundursachen von Folter. Dieses Monitoringgerüst wurde durch das In-Kraft-Treten des OPCATs und der damit zusammenhängenden Einführung eines 'Zwei-Säulen' Systems der Folterprävention weiter verstärkt. In anderen Worten, neben der Implementierung eines Inspektionskomitees (des SPT) auf universeller Ebene, hat das OPCAT auch die Bildung so genannter Nationaler Präventiver Mechanismen (NPMs) vorgeschrieben und gefördert. All die genannten Institutionen bilden einen zentralen Part des ganzheitlichen Systems zur Bekämpfung der 'Krankheit Folter'. Nichtsdestotrotz, um Folter vollkommen zu besiegen, braucht es jetzt den nächsten Schritt. Nämlich eine effiziente Transformation der lediglich mit soft-law Charakter ausgestatteten Empfehlungen der Komitees in bindende nationale Rechtsnormen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die (In)existenz dieses Übergangs anhand einer Case-Study über den Einsatz von privaten Sicherheitsdiensten an Orten, an denen Personen die Freiheit entzogen ist, in Österreich zu analysieren. Die erlangten Erkenntnisse geben einen Einblick in den aktuellen Stand dieser Transformation und erlauben eine Beurteilung, ob dieser 'nächste große Schritt' der Folterbekämpfung schon erfolgt ist. ; The international fight against torture has come a long way over the previous 50 years. Since the first absolute prohibition on a universal level in Art 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, a sophisticated preventive monitoring system has been established. The foundation of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) in 1989 constituted a path breaking milestone in this progressive development. Through a sophisticated system of visits to places where persons are deprived of their liberty, the committee pre-emptively monitors the situations within member states of the Council of Europe and identifies any existing risk factors or potential problems. This facilitates the detection and the corrective treatment of the very root causes of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. This framework was significantly enhanced through the entry into force of the OPCAT that implemented a 'twin-pillar system of torture prevention. In other words, besides introducing a visitation body (the SPT) on a universal level, it also added so-called National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs) to the picture as monitoring bodies on a state party level. All of these bodies form a substantial part of the integral system in place to fight and cure the disease of torture. Yet, to fully eradicate torture and other forms of ill-treatment at all levels, the next step must be taken. That is to say, an efficient transformation of the soft-law comments and recommendations of the aforementioned committees into legally binding national laws has to be ensured. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the (in)existence of this transition on the basis of a case-study of the problems surrounding private security firms deployment in facilities where persons are deprived of their liberty in Austria. The findings will give an insight into the current state of this transformation and will allow making a statement on whether this 'next big leap has already taken place. ; von David Kohl ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2015 ; (VLID)839992