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In its third edition, the EU Blue Economy Report continues to analyse the scope and size of the Blue Economy in the European Union. It aims at providing support to policymakers and stakeholders in the quest for a sustainable development of oceans, coastal resources and, most notably, to the development and implemen-tation of polices and initiatives under the European Green Deal in line with the new approach for a sustainable Blue Economy. For the purposes of the Report, the Blue Economy includes all those activities that are marine-based or marine-related. Therefore, the Report examines not only established sectors (i.e. those that traditionally contribute to the Blue Economy) but also emerging (those for which reliable data are still developing) and innovative sectors, which bring new opportunities for investment and hold huge potential for the future development of coastal communities. Analyses are provided for the EU as a whole and by sector and industry for each Member State. The European Green Deal and the European Strategy for data will necessitate reliable, accurate and centralised data for its initiatives. This Report intends to serve as a useful input to assessing the potential of oceans and coasts for shifting to more sustainable economy and to supporting the development of policies in line with the strategic approach for a sustainable blue economy at all levels of governance. The third edition of the Report seeks to include new elements, which have an impact on the Blue Economy, including challenges like climate change, new sectors such as Submarine cables), enablers such as Maritime Spatial Planning, new areas of analysis such as Ecosystem Services or potential solutions like Multi-purpose platforms. The Blue Economy established sectors include the follow-ing seven sectors: Marine living resources, Marine non-living resources, Marine Renewable energy, Port activities, Shipbuilding and repair, Maritime transport and Coastal tourism. The analysis of these sectors is based on the data collected by the European Commission through Member States and the European Statistical System. Fisheries and aquaculture data were collected under the EU Data Collection Framework (DCF). Analyses for all other established sectors are based on Eurostat data from Structural Business Statistics (SBS), PRODCOM, National Accounts and tour-ism statistics.

: Water as Blue economy is a viable and prudent use of oceans and other water resources for the economic development of a country. Pakistan's blue economic growth is heavily dependent on; aquatic life, agriculture, biotechnology, energy, health and recreational sector. The paper focuses the relationship of blue economy, i.e. water resources of Pakistan with respect to the several sectors and to investigate water as an economic commodity and highlighting the limiting factors which directly or indirectly affecting the blue economic development of the country thus suggesting the possible solution to overcome the barriers. The secondary data from 1992-2015 has been taken for the analysis of generation of blue capital in Pakistan. The contributing factors impeding the blue economy are; over-exploitation of oceanic resources, deterioration of water quality, lack of awareness and research activities for utilization of marine resources efficiently, bungling of water consumption practice in agriculture, dearth of consistent water ruling system, dilapidation of coastal ecosystem due to human activities, absence of infrastructure and technological advancement for energy production from stored or waste water, and lack of asset for the exploration of useful drugs and by-products from water sediment and in offshore energy production sector. The effective management and governance of available resources, especially for; Irrigation practices, political stability, effective policy framework, tangible investments in water-energy and technological sectors, accessibility of blue resources to the poor and under privilege community and efficient presiding system for the diminution of the synchronization gap between all controlling, monitoring and evaluation are required for viable blue economic development in Pakistan.

Introduction -- Challenges to the Traditional Ocean Economy -- The Blue Economy -- Sustainable Fisheries -- Sustainable Aquaculture -- Marine Biotechnology -- Marine Renewable Energy -- Coastal Water Resources Management -- Blue Carbon Ecosystems and Ecosystem-based Adaptation -- Blue Financing -- Conclusions.

The basic characteristics and limitations of different types of Blue Finance are analyzed in this paper. Ocean-based productive activities make a fundamental contribution to the global economy. They are an economic pillar of many countries. These activities - fishing, aquaculture, maritime transport, coastal and marine tourism, explora- tion and production of oil and gas, among others – have, however, negative effects on coastal and marine ecosys- tems. Thus, it has become necessary to look through a different focus these economic activities. The Blue Eco- nomy represents this new approach. It contemplates the carrying out of economic activities based upon the oceans in a sustainable way, ensuring economic efficiency, with social inclusion and the maintenance of the health of the coastal and marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, the transi- tion to the Blue Economy requires funding contributions, included into the Blue Finance. Under this perspective, different actions in sectors of the ocean-based economy require investments. They will vary from alternatives pri- marily aimed at environmental and social outcomes to those directed to an environmental performance combi- ned with financial returns. In order to guide the allo- cation of resources under the Blue Finance, a series of principles have been developed to motivate investors to support projects suitable for a Blue Economy perspective. However, there is a limited number of studies evaluating these principles and actual experiments of Blue Finance. This paper contributes to reduce this gap in current kno- wledge, highlighting potentiality and constraints of al- ternatives financial instruments. Our analysis shows that we still have a long journey towards the establishment of a solid Blue Finance arrangement towards a sustainable use of our oceans.

This report aims to synthesize the current theory and practice of the blue economy concept to govern economic activity linked to the ocean, and to provide a framework for the Government of Bangladesh to analyze its potential. With the peaceful resolution of maritime boundary disputes with its neighbors in 2012 and 2014, the Government has recently defined the ocean space under its jurisdiction and prioritized its use as a key source of future economic growth. The Government has prioritized the use of these spaces as a key source of future growth. However, a number of questions remain in embarking on a policy planning process to achieve Bangladesh's blue economy aspirations, including measures of the current economic uses of the ocean space, the identification of clear targets for sustainable growth of the use of this space, and a policy pathway to get there. Described as an economic frontier, the term "ocean economy" applies collectively to ocean based industry activities and the assets, goods, and services of marine ecosystems. Ocean ecosystems provide the natural capital inputs that combine with produced and human capital to underpin the ocean economy.The concept of a "blue economy" emerged in 2012 as countries around the world have grappled with the twin trends of accelerating growth in the ocean economy and change in the underlying ecosystems. A "blue economy" aims for a balance between economic opportunities and the environmental limitations of using the ocean to generate wealth. Few documents exist to describe how countries can transition their ocean economies toward a blue economy, despite much discussion since 2012. This report fills that gap by offering a conceptual framework to guide policy-makers in Bangladesh in proposing specific reforms, by illustrating the economic activities of the ocean economy together with the underlying natural capital, as well as other types of capital. The framework suggests entry points for policy reforms to change the flow of inputs from ocean ecosystems to the ocean economy over time, or conversely to reduce outputs from economic activity (such as pollution) that may impact the functioning of ocean ecosystems. The report also synthesizes principles that may help guide such policy reforms. Most importantly, the report summarizes the information base needed for the Government of Bangladesh to set realistic targets for a blue economy development pathway and monitor progress.

Dalla scoperta del fuoco all'implementazione dell'energia eolica e dei combustili fossili fino all'energia nucleare, un tipo di energia è sempre stato sostituito da un altro. La transizione energetica, in passato, si sviluppava molto prima che la precedente fonte energetica si potesse esaurire, ed a guidarla era principalmente l'efficienza economica relativamente più elevata delle nuove fonti energetiche. Il mondo intero non ha mai sofferto di una carenza di energia. Questo non è più vero oggi. L'energia è al centro delle nostre società moderne. Ma per quanto ancora possiamo fare affidamento sui combustibili fossili? È una domanda a cui bisogna dare una risposta, sia perché le risorse della Terra non sono inesauribili, sia perché lo sfruttamento dei combustibili fossili sta causando un disastro climatico che si avvia a diventare irreversibile, e che condizionerà profondamente il nostro modo di vivere e quello delle generazioni future. Esistono, e stanno balzando sempre più all'onore delle cronache, energie alternative che riescono ad abbattere le emissioni di CO2, ma al momento queste fonti energetiche e le nuove tecnologie che ne garantiscono il funzionamento non riescono a soddisfare la domanda energetica mondiale, che d'altro canto sta continuando a crescere. È estremamente difficile immaginare come sia possibile poter mantenere l'attuale livello di consumo energetico, senza avere un grave impatto ambientale. Per rendere questa transizione un successo, tutti gli attori devono essere consapevoli che è necessaria una cooperazione tra le parti senza precedenti. Le autorità pubbliche hanno il compito di motivare e controllare questo movimento, tramite finanziamenti e altri incentivi. Il cittadino, invece, ha il dovere sociale ed etico di riconsiderare le proprie azioni e i propri comportamenti di consumo. Questi sono gli argomenti di cui il primo capitolo tratterà, focalizzandosi sulle gestioni territoriali attuate dalle autorità nelle diverse regioni mondiali. Il secondo capitolo, invece, andrà ad analizzare la struttura interna del green marketing. Le aziende stanno assumendo un nuovo approccio per andare incontro alle richieste del cliente, un cliente che non è più interessato esclusivamente all'estetica del prodotto, ma soprattutto all'etica dell'azienda produttrice. In un contesto così globalizzato come quello odierno, infatti, l'azienda deve essere capace di adattarsi al contesto culturale del cliente a cui vuole rivolgersi, mantenendo però invariata l'identità di fondo del proprio brand. Non è detto, ovviamente, che una politica di vendita riesca a rendere un prodotto accattivante in tutti i Paesi del mondo. L'influenza politica è un fattore importante da considerare, quando una compagnia ha intenzione di entrare in un mercato estero. Il marketing globale si differenzia di Paese in Paese in base alla natura politica di quest'ultimo, che riflette l'importanza relativa del governo e del sistema legale e fornisce un contesto all'interno del quale gli individui e le aziende comprendono la loro relazione con il sistema politico. Per questo, prima di aprire un business in un mercato estero, è bene studiare con attenzione la cultura e l'ambiente politico che caratterizzano la regione d'interesse. I primi due capitoli ci permettono di comprendere meglio il potenziale della blue economy, una branca della green economy. L'ultimo capitolo, infatti, sarà incentrato sull'importanza dell'oceano nella prevenzione climatica, focalizzandosi sulle attività condotte nelle acque marine, che sono una parte vitale dell'economia globale. Lo spazio oceanico in molte regioni del mondo diventerà sempre più affollato, a causa della crescita di industrie oceaniche interconnesse. È, dunque, necessario compiere progressi sostanziali verso una migliore gestione dell'alto mare, delle zone economico-esclusive e delle zone costiere. La governance dell'alto mare risulta ancora molto complessa, a causa di una massiccia presenza di agenzie e organismi internazionali e regionali. Un'applicazione più diffusa di analisi e strumenti economici, l'innovazione nelle strutture e nei processi di governance degli oceani, un uso intensivo della scienza e della tecnologia offrono, come si avrà modo di vedere all'interno dell'elaborato, opportunità da cogliere per poter rafforzare la gestione degli oceani nel futuro. L'ambiente marino risulta ancora oggi un mondo inesplorato, in cui l'uomo fatica a sentirsi a proprio agio. In realtà, noi e il mare siamo intrinsecamente legati in quanto abbiamo fatto affidamento su di esso per la nostra sussistenza nel corso della storia e abbiamo sempre goduto dei privilegi che ci ha donato. La blue economy non è solo un modo di fare business. La blue economy è un modo per proteggere e valorizzare le cose ci stanno più a cuore: il mare, l'ambiente e noi stessi.

[Abstract] This research presents a proposal for a study of governance from the perspective presented in the Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) of the European Union, which seeks to provide coherence to the problems in the maritime sector through the coordination of all stakeholders in the maritime sector. The objective of this research is to identify the barriers and the problems that occur when a Member State tries to implement the Integrated Maritime Policy in the governmental organization of marine spaces. The challenge is to achieve 'blue governance' i.e.the activation of a network of cooperation between the different stakeholders of the port sectors so as to be able to integrate the different regional, national, European and international levels with the purpose of establishing a structured, systematic collaboration framework. ; [Resumo] Esta investigación ofrece unha proposta para o estudo da gobernanza desde a perspectiva presentada na Política Marítima Integrada (PMI) da Unión Europea, que busca proporcionarlles coherencia aos problemas do sector marítimo desde a coordinación de todos os interesados. O obxectivo desta investigación é identificar as barreiras e os problemas que ocorren cando un Estado membro intenta implementar a Política Marítima Integrada na organización gobernamental de espazos mariños. O desafío que se tenta conseguir é lograr a gobernanza azul, é dicir, a activación dunha rede de cooperación entre as diferentes partes interesadas do sector portuario para poder integrar os diferentes niveis rexionais, nacionais, europeos e internacionais de cara a unha estrutura colaborativa.

The blue economy is becoming the basis and the policy for new maritime technologies and sustainable maritime economic activity. According to the World Bank (2017), the challenges of the sustainable use of marine resources are related to the impact of climate change on rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and rising air temperatures. There is no doubt that this will have an impact on the performance of ocean-related business sectors. However, investment is needed for the blue economy to grow successfully. Financial institutions have an important role to play in financing sustainable projects. According to M. Janicka (2016: 27), financial institutions are usually associated with a policy of maximising profits rather than pursuing environmental action. However, there has been a change in the philosophy of these institutions, not only due to the increasing pressure on public authorities to take environmental issues into account, but also due to the changing attitudes of people in charge of financial institutions towards the environment. Investment decisions made by maritime businesses depend on many factors, but there is no doubt that successful profit-making should be reconciled with reducing resource intensity, making the development of the blue economy a modern-day pursuit. This may require significant investment from the public and private sectors. The term 'the blue economy' has been recognised for almost 15 years, but it is defined differently in various sources. R.E. Boschen-Rose et al. (2020: 835) define the concept of the blue economy as the sustainable use of ocean resources to promote economic growth, improve livelihoods, and enhance the state of ocean ecosystems. A. Alempijevi and A. Kovačic (2019: 97) describe the blue economy as a combination of sustainable development and green growth. Focus of the research: opportunities for sustainable investment in the development of the blue economy. Aim of the research: to identify sustainable investment opportunities in the development of the blue economy. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematisation, generalisation and analysis of statistical data. The study shows that the successful development of the blue economy requires sustainable investment, and therefore needs to be given high priority. The European Union has put measures in place to finance this investment, and is creating a favourable environment to facilitate and encourage public and private investment in the blue economy. The study has revealed that the concept of sustainable investment should be understood as the concerted effort by technological progress, research, business and governments to invest in projects that include social, economic and environmental dimensions. A statistical analysis of sustainable investment trends in the development of the blue economy has shown that sustainable investment has the potential to grow in the future, but it is important to take into account the impact on the blue economy of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The blue economy is becoming the basis and the policy for new maritime technologies and sustainable maritime economic activity. According to the World Bank (2017), the challenges of the sustainable use of marine resources are related to the impact of climate change on rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and rising air temperatures. There is no doubt that this will have an impact on the performance of ocean-related business sectors. However, investment is needed for the blue economy to grow successfully. Financial institutions have an important role to play in financing sustainable projects. According to M. Janicka (2016: 27), financial institutions are usually associated with a policy of maximising profits rather than pursuing environmental action. However, there has been a change in the philosophy of these institutions, not only due to the increasing pressure on public authorities to take environmental issues into account, but also due to the changing attitudes of people in charge of financial institutions towards the environment. Investment decisions made by maritime businesses depend on many factors, but there is no doubt that successful profit-making should be reconciled with reducing resource intensity, making the development of the blue economy a modern-day pursuit. This may require significant investment from the public and private sectors. The term 'the blue economy' has been recognised for almost 15 years, but it is defined differently in various sources. R.E. Boschen-Rose et al. (2020: 835) define the concept of the blue economy as the sustainable use of ocean resources to promote economic growth, improve livelihoods, and enhance the state of ocean ecosystems. A. Alempijevi and A. Kovačic (2019: 97) describe the blue economy as a combination of sustainable development and green growth. Focus of the research: opportunities for sustainable investment in the development of the blue economy. Aim of the research: to identify sustainable investment opportunities in the development of the blue economy. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematisation, generalisation and analysis of statistical data. The study shows that the successful development of the blue economy requires sustainable investment, and therefore needs to be given high priority. The European Union has put measures in place to finance this investment, and is creating a favourable environment to facilitate and encourage public and private investment in the blue economy. The study has revealed that the concept of sustainable investment should be understood as the concerted effort by technological progress, research, business and governments to invest in projects that include social, economic and environmental dimensions. A statistical analysis of sustainable investment trends in the development of the blue economy has shown that sustainable investment has the potential to grow in the future, but it is important to take into account the impact on the blue economy of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The blue economy is becoming the basis and the policy for new maritime technologies and sustainable maritime economic activity. According to the World Bank (2017), the challenges of the sustainable use of marine resources are related to the impact of climate change on rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and rising air temperatures. There is no doubt that this will have an impact on the performance of ocean-related business sectors. However, investment is needed for the blue economy to grow successfully. Financial institutions have an important role to play in financing sustainable projects. According to M. Janicka (2016: 27), financial institutions are usually associated with a policy of maximising profits rather than pursuing environmental action. However, there has been a change in the philosophy of these institutions, not only due to the increasing pressure on public authorities to take environmental issues into account, but also due to the changing attitudes of people in charge of financial institutions towards the environment. Investment decisions made by maritime businesses depend on many factors, but there is no doubt that successful profit-making should be reconciled with reducing resource intensity, making the development of the blue economy a modern-day pursuit. This may require significant investment from the public and private sectors. The term 'the blue economy' has been recognised for almost 15 years, but it is defined differently in various sources. R.E. Boschen-Rose et al. (2020: 835) define the concept of the blue economy as the sustainable use of ocean resources to promote economic growth, improve livelihoods, and enhance the state of ocean ecosystems. A. Alempijevi and A. Kovačic (2019: 97) describe the blue economy as a combination of sustainable development and green growth. Focus of the research: opportunities for sustainable investment in the development of the blue economy. Aim of the research: to identify sustainable investment opportunities in the development of the blue economy. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematisation, generalisation and analysis of statistical data. The study shows that the successful development of the blue economy requires sustainable investment, and therefore needs to be given high priority. The European Union has put measures in place to finance this investment, and is creating a favourable environment to facilitate and encourage public and private investment in the blue economy. The study has revealed that the concept of sustainable investment should be understood as the concerted effort by technological progress, research, business and governments to invest in projects that include social, economic and environmental dimensions. A statistical analysis of sustainable investment trends in the development of the blue economy has shown that sustainable investment has the potential to grow in the future, but it is important to take into account the impact on the blue economy of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The blue economy is becoming the basis and the policy for new maritime technologies and sustainable maritime economic activity. According to the World Bank (2017), the challenges of the sustainable use of marine resources are related to the impact of climate change on rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather events, and rising air temperatures. There is no doubt that this will have an impact on the performance of ocean-related business sectors. However, investment is needed for the blue economy to grow successfully. Financial institutions have an important role to play in financing sustainable projects. According to M. Janicka (2016: 27), financial institutions are usually associated with a policy of maximising profits rather than pursuing environmental action. However, there has been a change in the philosophy of these institutions, not only due to the increasing pressure on public authorities to take environmental issues into account, but also due to the changing attitudes of people in charge of financial institutions towards the environment. Investment decisions made by maritime businesses depend on many factors, but there is no doubt that successful profit-making should be reconciled with reducing resource intensity, making the development of the blue economy a modern-day pursuit. This may require significant investment from the public and private sectors. The term 'the blue economy' has been recognised for almost 15 years, but it is defined differently in various sources. R.E. Boschen-Rose et al. (2020: 835) define the concept of the blue economy as the sustainable use of ocean resources to promote economic growth, improve livelihoods, and enhance the state of ocean ecosystems. A. Alempijevi and A. Kovačic (2019: 97) describe the blue economy as a combination of sustainable development and green growth. Focus of the research: opportunities for sustainable investment in the development of the blue economy. Aim of the research: to identify sustainable investment opportunities in the development of the blue economy. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematisation, generalisation and analysis of statistical data. The study shows that the successful development of the blue economy requires sustainable investment, and therefore needs to be given high priority. The European Union has put measures in place to finance this investment, and is creating a favourable environment to facilitate and encourage public and private investment in the blue economy. The study has revealed that the concept of sustainable investment should be understood as the concerted effort by technological progress, research, business and governments to invest in projects that include social, economic and environmental dimensions. A statistical analysis of sustainable investment trends in the development of the blue economy has shown that sustainable investment has the potential to grow in the future, but it is important to take into account the impact on the blue economy of the Covid-19 pandemic.

This work is highlighting the possibilities to enhance blue economy development in Indonesia with environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions to assure successful future and growth. Literatures review and Focus Group Discussion were conducted to collect Indonesia profiles and potential factors to be developed in blue economic strategic planning. Blue economy employment opportunities would enhance gender balance also due to specialization job offers where females proved to be potentially more productive than males. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) originates from nature conservation approach in the Great Barrier Reef. MSP has gain since then a lot of attention due to overused of marine areas. Ecosystem based approach for MSP could result in clean, healthy, safe, productive, and diverse ocean. It could influence where and when the human activities could occur. MSP normally require authority to plan the one and another to implement. Funding normally has government based but could be supported with grants, partnerships, and private sector funding. All activities have to be monitored to assure progress of achievements and environmental effect. Keywords: Blue Economy Development, Indonesia, Gresik, Marine Spatial Planning

"The blue economy, comprising coastal and marine resources, offers vast benefits for sub-Saharan Africa: of the 53 countries and territories in the region, 32 are coastal states; there are 13 million square km of maritime zones; more than 90% of the region's exports and imports come via sea; and the African Union hails the blue economy as the 'new frontier of African renaissance'. Despite their importance, the region's coastal and marine resources have not been fully appreciated nor utilized. They are only now being recognized as being key to Africa's potential prosperity. As the region grows, it has, in general, not taken adequate safeguards to protect these valuable resources. Partly that is because some of the problems (for example, pollution) are regional and know no borders. All too often, short term gains are made at the expense of the long term (overfishing, for example). This book provides, for the first time, a study of the constraints and opportunities the blue economy offers for sub-Saharan Africa. It includes an introduction and overview; sectoral analyses (including tourism, fisheries, mineral resources, culture, shipping and maritime safety); country case studies; and analyses of regional and international efforts towards better coastal zone and marine management"--