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Noncommunicable diseases (NCD) are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide but have received suboptimal attention and funding from the global health community. Although the first United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) for NCD in 2011 aimed to stimulate donor funding and political action, only 1.3% of official development assistance for health was allocated to NCD in 2015, even less than in 2011. In stark contrast, the UNGASS on human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in 2001 sparked billions of dollars in funding for HIV and enabled millions of HIV-infected individuals to access antiretroviral treatment. Using an existing analytic framework, we compare the global responses to the HIV and NCD epidemics and distill lessons from the HIV response that might be utilized to enhance the global NCD response. These include: 1) further educating and empowering communities and patients to increase demand for NCD services and to hold national governments accountable for establishing and achieving NCD targets; and 2) evidence to support the feasibility and effectiveness of large-scale NCD screening and treatment programs in low-resource settings. We conclude with a case study from Swaziland, a country that is making progress in confronting both HIV and NCD. In September 2011, the United Nations (UN) convened a UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on noncommunicable diseases (NCD). The event was the second UN High Level Meeting ever held for a health issue, following the successful UNGASS on human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in 2001. Modeled after its predecessor, the 2011 meeting was intended to catalyze a response to what the World Health Organization (WHO) called an epidemic of "silent killers" that were the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, yet receive little attention from the global health community [1]. Looking back to the prior UNGASS on HIV/AIDS a decade earlier, the NCD meeting aspired to similar goals: rallying multisectoral and cross-national partnerships; stimulating robust donor funding; spurring ambitious targets and commitments on the part of national governments; and catalyzing rapid scale-up of NCD services in resource-limited settings [2]. Advocates highlighted similarities between chronic NCD and HIV/AIDS, including a stark mismatch between the burden of disease and available funding, and the need for programmatic innovation, continuity care, and health systems strengthening 3, 4 and 5. The UNGASS on NCD was successful at producing a Political Declaration to combat NCD [6], and many countries affirmed a commitment to ambitious NCD targets and to implementing evidence-based "best buys" 7 and 8. Yet 5 years later, the global NCD response has languished in what some have called an environment of "malignant neglect" [9]. Despite the fact that NCD account for 37% of disability-adjusted life years in low-income countries [10], only 1.3% of official development assistance for health was allocated to NCD in 2015 [11], a proportion that decreased between 2011 and 2015 [12]. Few resource-limited countries have operational national NCD strategies or adequate NCD services, awareness of and treatment-seeking rates for NCD have not improved [13], and the vast majority of people with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease remain undiagnosed and untreated 14 and 15. In contrast, in the years that followed the 2001 UNGASS, global spending on HIV increased by billions of dollars and the number of people initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART) in low- and middle-income countries soared from 400,000 in 2003 to nearly 17 million in 2015 [16].

This case study discusses the design and use of research interviews in conducting a discourse analytic study of the experiences of HIV/AIDS aid workers in South Africa. For many years, research interviews have been a commonly used method of collecting qualitative data. Recently, interviews have come to be seen less as a means for the interviewer to elicit information from the interviewee and instead as conversational encounters that are jointly constructed by the interviewer and interviewee. Even on this changing view, however, the use of interviews to collect qualitative data is a contested issue within discourse analytic research. Some writers argue that research interviews constitute a form of interaction that is markedly different from other forms of interaction, whereas other writers argue that research interviews can be treated as reasonably resembling interactions found elsewhere if the interviewer designs and conducts interviews that allow for appropriate interactional involvement of interviewees. Here, we discuss how the interviewer established working relationships with the participants before conducting the interviews. We examine how the design of this project allowed interviewees to participate meaningfully in the interview interactions as reflected in the data that were jointly produced. We conclude by discussing the advantages of this project design for exploring the experiences of the participants in this case.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction: -- Social science aspects of current HIV/AIDS research -- Hugh Klein(1 and Joav Merrick2,3,4,5 -- Introduction -- Social science efforts -- Social aspects -- References -- Social science aspects -- Chapter I -- Condom use measurement in adolescent HIV prevention research: Is briefer better? -- Christopher D. Houck1,*, Angela Stewart2, Larry K. Brown1 and the Project SHIELD Study Group -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Our study -- Our findings -- Discussion -- Social science implications -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter II -- Internet advice on disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners in an era of criminalization -- Bronwen Lichtenstein* -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Evolving law on criminal non-disclosure -- Public health models for HIV prevention -- The law versus medicine -- The disclosure dilemma -- The study -- Results -- Priority rankings -- Value rankings -- How useful is the US advice? -- Whose responsibility? -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter III -- Childhood maltreatment and HIV risk-taking among men using the internet specifically to find partners for unprotected sex -- Hugh Klein*1,2 and David Tilley3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Our study -- Measures used -- Analysis -- Our findings -- Childhood maltreatment and HIV risk practices -- Childhood maltreatment and attitudes toward condom use -- Childhood maltreatment and self-esteem -- Testing the structural equation model shown in figure 2 -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter IV -- Understanding the agreements and behaviors of men who have sex with men who are dating or married to women: Unexpected implications for a universal HIV/STI testing protocol -- Jason W. Mitchell,1 David A. Moskowitz2,* and David W. Seal3 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Our study -- Measures used.

Background: There are an estimated 80,100 female sex workers (FSWs) in Ukraine, of whom 7% are living with HIV. Early HIV diagnosis continues to be a public health priority in Ukraine as only approximately 54% of people living with HIV are diagnosed nationwide. This study aims to analyse the content, context and discourse of HIV testing policies among female sex workers in Ukraine and how these policies are understood and implemented in practice. Method(s): To analyse past and current national policies, we searched the database of the Ukrainian Parliament and the Ministry of Health for relevant policy documents (e.g. legislation and orders). To analyse the day-to-day practice of those involved in the implementation of these HIV programmes, we conducted face-to-face semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. All data were coded using deductive thematic analysis initially guided by the Policy Triangle, a framework which addresses policy content, the process of policy-making, the health policy context, actors involved in policy formulation and implementation. Result(s): HIV testing policies are formed and implemented in the post-Soviet context through a vertical system of AIDS clinics, resulting in the separation of key affected populations from the rest of the health system. Successive testing policies have been strongly influenced by international donors and non-governmental organisations. Furthermore, a lack of government funding for HIV prevention created a gap that international donors and local non-governmental organisations covered to ensure the implementation of testing policies. Their role, however, had limited influence on the Ukrainian government to increase funding for prevention, including testing of FSWs. Since the early 1990s, when stigmatising and discriminatory forced/mandatory HIV testing was applied, these approaches were slowly replaced with voluntary testing, self-testing and assisted HIV testing, yet stigma was found to be a barrier among FSWs to access testing. Conclusion(s): Poor governance and the fragmentation of the health system, ongoing health sector reforms, shrinking international funding, and persisting stigma towards people living with HIV and sex workers might impede the continuity and sustainability of HIV testing programmes. Local civil society may now have the opportunity to contribute to the development and further implementation of HIV testing policies in Ukraine.Copyright � 2019 The Author(s).

The HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) virus is already known to be one of the deadly and very dangerous viruses. This virus attacks white blood cells so that the human immune system decreases and sufferers become susceptible to other diseases and experience complications.[1] Various symptoms that arise as a result of the HIV virus are called Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).[1] In Indonesia, the HIV virus case has become a concern of the government because of its increasing development.This HIV virus cannot be removed but can be suppressed by using antiretroviral drugs. Antiretroviral drugs work by suppressing the development of the virus until it reaches its lowest point so that the patient's immune system can function optimally. HIV / AIDS sufferers are required to take this medicine every day and should not be forgotten. Compliance with HIV/AIDS patients or commonly called ODHA is very important for the success of treatment.[2]In carrying out antiretroviral therapy treatment failure often occurs. This is caused by many factors that affect one of them sufferers often forget to take the medicine on time so that treatment fails.For this reason, the report will discuss the design of health applications as a reminder for HIV patients in taking antiretroviral drugs. Besides this application will help antiretroviral drugs better known to the wider community.

Fast 34 Millionen Menschen sind weltweit mit dem HIV-Virus infiziert, weitaus der grösste Teil davon in so genannten Entwicklungsländern. Am stärksten betroffen ist die Region Afrika südlich der Sahara. Hier leben zehn Prozent der Weltbevölkerung und über 60 Prozent aller Menschen mit HIV/AIDS. Nur eine Minderheit hat Zugang zur heute hochwirksamen antiretroviralen Kombinationstherapie. Die Zugangschancen sind ungleich verteilt, in den Industrienationen ist der Zugang zu den lebenswichtigen Medikamenten rechtlich wie faktisch garantiert, in den wirtschaftlich armen Regionen sterben Erwachsene wie Kinder an den Folgen von Aids, ohne je die Chance auf die wirksame, aber teure Behandlung gehabt zu haben.

Background: Researchers have long recognized the importance of a central government's political "commitment" in order to mount an effective response to HIV. The concept of political commitment remains ill-defined, however, and little guidance has been given on how to measure this construct and its relationship with HIV-related outcomes. Several countries have experienced declines in HIV infection rates, but conceptual difficulties arise in linking these declines to political commitment as opposed to underlying social and behavioural factors. Methods: This paper first presents a critical review of the literature on existing efforts to conceptualize and measure political commitment to respond to HIV and the linkages between political commitment and HIV-related outcomes. Based on the elements identified in this review, the paper then develops and presents a framework to assist researchers in making choices about how to assess a government's level of political commitment to respond to HIV and how to link political commitment to HIV-related outcomes. Results: The review of existing studies identifies three components of commitment (expressed, institutional and budgetary commitment) as different dimensions along which commitment can be measured. The review also identifies normative and ideological aspects of commitment and a set of variables that mediate and moderate political commitment that need to be accounted for in order to draw valid inferences about the relationship between political commitment and HIV-related outcomes. The framework summarizes a set of steps that researchers can follow in order to assess a government's level of commitment to respond to HIV and suggests ways to apply the framework to country cases. Conclusions: Whereas existing studies have adopted a limited and often ambiguous conception of political commitment, we argue that conceiving of political commitment along a greater number of dimensions will allow researchers to draw a more complete picture of political commitment to respond to HIV that avoids making invalid inferences about the relationship between political commitment and HIV outcomes.

Shipping list no.: 2008-0218-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The bitter, public contest for priority over the discovery of the virus that causes AIDS was officially closed in 1987 with equal credit being awarded to two parties from opposite sides of the Atlantic. One was led by Robert C. Gallo of the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology at the National Cancer Institute in the United States and the other was led by Luc Montagnier of the viral-oncology unit at the Pasteur Institute in France. Using citation counts from articles published by the scientific community, a process of alloca tion of credit is examined and compared with this official settlement. A novel pattern emerges. It is found that the scientific community began to redistribute priority when the dispute became highly publicized and took little notice of the official settlement. This, along with the fact that Gallo has now officially been charged with misconduct by an investigative committee, may mean that Montagnier's team may eventually receive sole creditfor the discovery of the AIDS virus. The importance of examining priority disputes from many different angles and the potential for citation analysis in such cases are highlighted.

Millions of Indians fall into poverty because of the private high Out of Pocket pattern of health financing, due to the absence of insurance coverage. Conditions like HIV and AIDS also influence poverty due to a lifelongtreatment requirement. Access to insurance coverage (commercial or voluntary) has been denied to People Living with HIV (PLHIV) through various clauses. However lately, there have been certain experiments on inclusion of HIV into new or existing schemes. This paper provides a systematic review of coverage, managerial and financial systems of selected cases of HIV insurance pilots in India with an objective to explore its sustainability and ability to be replicated. A cross-sectional descriptive analysis of existing literature and in-depth case studies of relevant health insurance schemes were used for the review. Data was compiled using qualitative data collection tools such as in-depth interviews with officials. The schemes were analysed using two frameworks viz. managerial ability and coverage ability. The managerial ability was analysed through a Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat(SWOT) analysis. The coverage ability was analysed through three dimensions viz. a) breadth b) depth and c) height. In India, there are two types of insurance policies vis-à-vis HIV coverage. These were categorised as HIV-specific and HIV-sensitive policies. Of the seven pilot schemes reviewed, the small-scale health insurance schemes show limited success owing to smaller pool and limited managerial capabilities. The large schemes offer avenues for mainstreaming butpose issues of governance as well as marketing among PLHIVs. The findings of the research identify a specific set of issues and challenges for sustainability and replication from three perspectives viz. a) market, b) cost recovery and sustainability and c) equitable coverage. Abbreviations: AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficient Syndrome; ART - Anti-retroviral Therapy; BPL – Below Poverty Line; FF-HIP – Freedom Foundation Health Insurance Policy; HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus; IRDA – Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority; NGO – Non Government Organisation; PLHIV – People Living with HIV; OI – Opportunistic Infections; OOP – Out of Pocket; RSBY – Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana; STI – Sexually Transmitted Infection; SWOT – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats; UHC – Universal Health Coverage; UNDP – United Nations Development Program.

In this article I try to explore a possible conceptualization of the body and subjectification technologies, considering them not as different entities but in their mutual conformation. To do this I propose to review the transformation of a medical technology, HIV testing, into a preventive technol-ogy. I am particularly interested in addressing the HIV test from the point of view of the bodies that it enacts in specific moral economies. I work through the narrative of the circumstances in which some men, mostly gays and seropositive, took the HIV test from two perspectives: first, I try to place bodies and technologies in their specific contexts of relations and experience. In a second step, I try to link these micro-processes to wider changes in the technology itself, underlining its historicity, and framing the HIV test in the changing political management of the epidemic. I argue that this perspective should In this article I try to explore a possible conceptualization of the body and subjectification technologies, considering them not as different entities but in their mutual conformation. To do this I propose to review the transformation of a medical technology, HIV testing, into a preventive technol-ogy. I am particularly interested in addressing the HIV test from the point of view of the bodies that it enacts in specific moral economies. I work through the narrative of the circumstances in which some men, mostly gays and seropositive, took the HIV test from two perspectives: first, I try to place bodies and technologies in their specific contexts of relations and experience. In a second step, I try to link these micro-processes to wider changes in the technology itself, underlining its historicity, and framing the HIV test in the changing political management of the epidemic. I argue that this perspective should. ; En el artículo trato de explorar una posible conceptualización del cuerpo y de las tecnolo-gías de subjetivación, considerándolas no como entidades diferenciadas, sino en su conformación mutua. Para ello, propongo revisar la transformación de una tecnología médica, la prueba del VIH, en una tecnología de prevención. Me interesa aproximarme a la prueba del VIH desde el punto de vista de los cuerpos que pone en escena en el seno de economías morales específicas. Para ello trabajo las narrativas de las circunstancias en las que algunos hombres, mayormente gays y seropositivos, se hicieron la prueba, desde dos perspectivas. Primero, trato de situar los cuerpos y las tecnologías en sus contextos específicos de relación y experiencia. En un segundo paso, trato de relacionar estos micro-procesos con los cambios más amplios en la propia tecnología, subrayando su historicidad, y enmar-cando la prueba del VIH en los cambios en la gestión política de la epidemia. Se argumenta que esta última perspectiva debe ser conceptualizada como biopolítica, puesto que lo que está en juego son los modos específicos y concretos en que la epidemia ha sido gestionada como problema político en su sentido más amplio. En definitiva, trato de mostrar cómo la redefinición de la prueba del VIH puede conllevar puestas en escena novedosas del cuerpo, pero en el proceso la tecnología es a su vez redefi-nida en las estrategias subjetivas imprevisibles que se ponen en marcha. El artículo mostrará al cuerpo frente al VIH como algo que se hace, de formas cambiantes a lo largo del tiempo, un hacer que es afectado y a su vez afecta a las tecnologías y las economías morales en las que se desenvuelve.