Search results

Falta palabras clave ; El trabajo que presentamos tiene como objetivo estudiar la Universidad de Sevilla y su influencia en la vida social y cultural de la ciudad (1845-1868), describir la estructura de esta en su contexto y las características que la ordenación académica le marcó en este período que no ha sido estudiado en profundidad. Hasta este momento, sólo contamos con estudios sobre la Universidad de Sevilla y su profesorado en el período anterior, realizados por Rosario Navarro Hinojosa, y con trabajos que abordan el período posterior, publicados por Guadalupe Trigueros Gordillo. En cambio, de un período tan importante como el que tratamos, sólo disponíamos de las investigaciones incluidas en trabajos generales sobre la educación en España de este período y del capítulo elaborado por Rosario Navarro Hinojosa en el libro monográfico sobre el V Centenario de la Universidad de Sevilla. Por esta razón, decidimos realizar el estudio sobre la Universidad de Sevilla durante estos años con el fin de completar los que ya existían sobre la hispalense del mismo siglo. La hipótesis de trabajo de la que partimos es la siguiente: los profesores de la Universidad de Sevilla tuvieron una gran influencia en la vida social y cultural sevillana. La tesis se organiza en cinco capítulos. En el primero de ellos ofrecemos una aproximación a la situación política y social en la Sevilla de 1845 a 1868, porque consideramos necesario mostrar el marco histórico en el que se desenvuelve la Universidad hispalense y su profesorado, pues ésta no es una institución que pueda permanecer ajena a la realidad social de su época. El segundo capítulo lo hemos dedicado a destacar las reformas educativas promovidas por la legislación del Plan Pidal y la Ley Moyano, y el cambio en el pensamiento educativo que produjo la filosofía krausista, así como la primera cuestión universitaria. El capítulo tercero se divide en dos apartados; el primero, dedicado a exponer brevemente el gobierno de la Universidad, el profesorado, la situación de las facultades en la etapa precedente (1824-1845). En el segundo hemos llevado a cabo una descripción del gobierno y administración de la Universidad en el período de 1845 a 1868, tanto en sus aspectos académicos como económicos. El análisis del período anterior nos ha permitido comprender con más facilidad los cambios que provocan en la hispalense tanto el Plan Pidal como los planes educativos sucesivos hasta la llegada de la Ley Moyano. El cuarto capítulo está dividido, también, en dos grandes apartados. En el primero, estudiamos cómo evolucionan las facultades de la Universidad en función de los distintos planes de estudios que se aprueban durante este período. En el segundo nos ocupamos del profesorado de la Universidad de Sevilla, de los requisitos que eran necesarios para acceder a la docencia universitaria y recogemos todos los profesores que impartieron docencia en la hispalense de 1845 a 1868, divididos por facultad. El último capítulo recoge la situación de los alumnos de la Universidad de Sevilla, con una primera parte en la que se describen el número de alumnos pertenecientes al distrito de Sevilla, y una segunda parte donde analizamos la organización legislativa que le confería una serie de obligaciones y premios, descritos al detalle, lo que le proporciona un control exhaustivo de la vida universitaria.

Статья информирует о научной сессии памяти Вадима Александровича Коленеко на тему «К изданию 20-го выпуска "Канадского ежегодника"», состоявшейся 30 мая 2016 г. в Москве. Она проходила в рамках уже третьих, начиная с 2014 г., чтений памяти этого выдающегося отечественного канадоведа. Заседание было организовано Центром североамериканских исследований Института всеобщей истории РАН, где долгие годы успешно работал В. А. Коленеко. Данная научная сессия была приурочена к выходу в свет 20-го выпуска «Канадского ежегодника», создателем и ответственным редактором которого долгие годы был Вадим Александрович. С докладами и сообщениями выступили ведущие специалисты по истории, экономике, политике и культу-ре Канады из Москвы, С.-Петербурга и Волгограда. Обсуждались различные аспекты канадской истории в XX в. Кроме того, дискутировались некоторые вопросы современного положения дел во внутренней и внешней политике Канады, в том числе итоги прошедших в 2015 г. парламентских выборах, участие Канады в борьбе с терроризмом в контексте событий на Ближнем Востоке и помощи беженцам. Особое внимание было уделено раз-витию советско-канадских отношений во второй полови-не XX в. Так, И. А. Агеева, изучив рассекреченные архивные документы, познакомила присутствующих с так называемым «Канадским досье М. А. Суслова», в кото-ром содержатся материалы, касающиеся связей с канадскими коммунистами. Используя мемуары советских и российских послов в Канаде, Е. Г. Комкова рассказала о том, как они воспринимали Канаду и развитие отношения этой страны с СССР/Российской Федерацией в последней трети XX в. Своими воспоминаниями о создании «Канадского ежегодника» и его истории поделилась О. А. Федосюк. Все представленные доклады и сообщения были подготовлены на высоком научной уровне и, по единодушному мнению, достойны быть опубликованными в 20-м вы-пуске «Канадского ежегодника». ; The article informs about the scientific session "To the publication of the 20th issue of Canadian Yearbook" in me-moriam of Vadim Aleksandrovich Koleneko, which was held in Moscow (May 30, 2016). It was held as the 3-d proceed-ings since 2014 in memoriam of this outstanding Russian specialist in Canadian Studies. The meeting was organized by the Center for North American Studies of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where V. A. Koleneko successfully worked for many years. This scientific session was coincided with the publication of the 20th issue of Canadian Yearbook established and for the long time edited by Vadim Aleksandrovich. The leading experts on history, economy, politics and cul-ture of Canada from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Volgograd presented their reports at this session. They discussed various aspects of Canadian history in the 20th century. Besides, sev-eral presentations discussed some problems of current situa-tion in domestic and foreign policy of Canada, including the results of parliamentary elections in 2015, participation of Canada in the fight against terrorism in the context of the events in the Middle East and assistance to refugees. Special attention was paid to the development of Soviet-Canadian relations during the second half of the 20th century. Basing on the declassified archival documents Irina A. Aggeeva intro-duced the report on so-called "Canadian dossier of M. A. Suslov", which contained materials related to Canadian Communists. Using the memoirs of the Soviet and Russian ambassadors to Canada, E. G. Komkova dwelled on their perception on Canada and the development of relationships between this country and the Soviet Union/Russian Federa-tion in the last third of the 20th century. Olga A. Fedosyuk shared her recollections about the crea-tion of the Canadian Yearbook and its history. All submitted reports were prepared on a high scientific level and according to unanimous opinion they are worthy of publication in the 20th issue of the Canadian Yearbook.

Благодаря активной деятельности руководства Главного военно-санитарного управления, а также видных патологоанатомов Рабоче-крестьянской Красной армии уже в первые годы войны была организована работа по сбору и изготовлению препаратов с огнестрельными ранениями на фронтах Великой Отечественной войны. Это послужило более эффективной подготовке мобилизованных гражданских медицинских специалистов в области военно-полевой хирургии.Собранные препараты после Великой Отечественной войны более 40 лет находились в Военно-медицинском музее Министерства обороны Советского Союза, где часть экспонатов утеряла свои демонстрационные свойства, а отдельные препараты пришли в полную негодность. В конце 1980-х годов благодаря усилиям профессора И. В. Гайворонского оставшаяся часть коллекции была передана на кафедру нормальной анатомии Военно-медицинской академии и стала основой для создания соответствующего раздела в учебном музее. Коллекция препаратов воссоздана благодаря огромной инициативной работе преподавателей кафедры нормальной анатомии, которыми была разработаны концепция экспозиции, многоэтапная методика реставрации утративших свои демонстрационные свойства анатомических препаратов, обозначены повреждения и проведено их этикетирование, и включает четыре раздела: «Огнестрельные ранения опорно-двигательного аппарата» (две витрины, 73 препарата), «Огнестрельные ранения внутренних органов» (четыре витрины, 57 препаратов), «Огнестрельные ранения центральной нервной системы» (22 препарата) и «Огнестрельные повреждения в современных вооруженных конфликтах» (24 иллюстрации). За годы своего существования коллекция значительно обогатилась данными по статистике огнестрельных ранений периода Великой Отечественной войны, войны в Афганистане, чеченских кампаний, а также материалами, иллюстрирующими новейшие методы диагностики и лечения огнестрельных повреждений. В настоящее время коллекция активно используется в качестве учебного подразделения для систематического проведения учебных занятий, повышения интереса к военно-медицинским специальностям и нравственного воспитания будущих врачей. Библиогр. 20 назв. Ил. 3. ; Thanks to the vigorous activity of the management of the Head Medical Department, and also prominent pathologists of Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, in the first years of the war the collection and manufacturing of preparations of gunshot wounds from the fronts of the Great Patriotic War were organized. This served as more effective training for the mobilized civil medical experts in the field of military field surgery. Collected preparations after the Great Patriotic War were more than 40 years in the Military-medical museum of the Ministry of Defence of the Soviet Union where the part of exhibits lost their demonstrative properties, and some preparations became worthless. In the late 1980s, thanks to the efforts of professors I. V. Gaivoronsky and P. S. Paschenko, the rest of athe collection was transferred to the department of general anatomy of Military Medical Academy and became the foundation for the appropriate section in the educational museum. The collection of preparations has been recreated thanks to the enormous initiative work from teachers of the department of general anatomy. They conceived the exposition concept and developed a multi-stage technique for restoring the anatomic preparations which had lost their demonstrative properties. This also included adequate labelling of specimens. The collection includes 4 sections: "Gunshot wounds of the locomotor apparatus" (2 exhibition cases, 73 preparations), "Gunshot wounds of internal organs" (4 cases, 57 preparations), "Gunshot wounds of the central nervous system" (22 preparations) and "Fire damage in modern armed conflicts" (24 illustrations). The collection over the years of its existence was considerably enriched with data on statistics of gunshot wounds of the period of the Great Patriotic War, war in Afghanistan, the Chechen campaign, and also materials illustrating the newest methods of diagnostics and treatment of fire damage. Now the collection is actively used as educational division for systematic studies to increase the interest in military-medical specialties and moral education of future doctors. Refs 20. Figs 3.

Статья посвящена известному российскому общественному деятелю и мыслителю Н. И. Тургеневу. Широкой общественности его имя известно, прежде всего, как одного из участников движения декабристов. Однако область его деятельности гораздо обширнее. В то же время личность Н. И. Тургенева недостаточно оценена и освещена в отечественной историографии. Авторы статьи рассмотрели дореволюционные, советские и современные работы отечественных исследователей, посвященные Н. И. Тургеневу. Проанализированы ключевые работы дореволюционных историографов, указано, что в данный период были сформированы основные подходы к изучению вклада Н. И. Тургенева в российскую общественную мысль, дана оценка его взглядов на крестьянский вопрос. Снижение интереса к личности Тургенева в советской историографии авторы статьи связывают с его либеральными взглядами и устремлениями. Данное обстоятельство шло вразрез с официальным образом декабристов, создаваемым советскими историками. Авторы отмечают возросший интерес к личности Н. И. Тургенева в постсоветской историографии. Это связано не только с исследованиями в рамках персональной истории, но и с изучением общих проблем развития общества и российской государственности в ХIХ веке, а также истории движения декабристов. В статье уделено внимание концепции Ю. М. Лотмана об особом типе поведения, свойственного представителям дворянской интеллигенции. Также авторы отмечают взгляды историка В. С. Парсамова о влиянии французской общественной мысли на формирование либеральной концепции Н. И. Тургенева. В целом авторы приходят к выводу, что, несмотря на тот факт, что жизнь и деятельность Н. И. Тургенева в значительной степени изучены, остаются не рассмотренными и требуют дальнейшего исследовательского анализа ряд его выводов и оценок о состоянии российского общества ХIХ века, факторах и степени влияния на представителей освободительного движения в России европейских политических теорий и опыта реформ. ; The article is devoted to the well-known Russian public figure and philosopher N. I. Turgenev. For public his name is known primarily as one of the participants in the movement of the Decembrists. However, the scope of its activity is much wider. N. I. Turgenev's personality insufficiently assessed and covered in Russian historiography. The authors reviewed the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and contemporary works of local scholars on the N. I. Turgenev. On the basis of the analysis of the key works of pre-revolutionary historiography, it is stated that the main approaches to the study of the contribution of N. I. Turgenev in Russian social thought, an assessment of his views on the peasant question were formed during this period. The authors of the article connect the reduction of interest to Turgenev personality in Soviet historiography with his liberal views and aspirations. This fact was not compatible with the official way of the Decembrists created by Soviet historians. The authors note the increased interest to the personality of N. I. Turgenev in the post-Soviet historiography. It is explained in part by increase of the interest to the general problems of society and the development of the Russian state in the nineteenth century, as well as the history of the Decembrist movement. The authors paid attention to the Lotman concept of a special type of behavior characterizing representatives of aristocratic intellectuals. The authors also consider the views of historian V. S. Parsamov on the influence of the French public opinion on the formation of the N. I. Turgenev's liberal concept. Overall, the authors conclude that, despite the fact that the life and work of N. I. Turgenev largely studied, his findings and assessments on the state of Russian society of the nineteenth century, the factors and the degree of influence on the representatives of the liberation movement in Russia of European political theory, and experience of reforms are not reviewed and require further analysis.

В статье рассмотрен процесс регламентации чтения на примере Томской губернии конца XIX начала XX в. Приводятся основные законодательные и распорядительные документы, регламентировавшие процесс создания бесплатных народных библиотек, надзор за ними и состав их фондов. Показано, как реали-зовывались эти постановления в Томской губернии, в частности в библиотеке Общества попечения о начальном образовании. Использованы архивные материалы, ранее не вводившиеся в научный оборот. Приведены примеры, показывающие, что местные чиновники не справлялись с контролем за фондами библиотек; описаны итоги ревизии типографий, общественных библиотек и книжных магазинов, проводившейся в 1916 г. Выявлены методы, использовавшиеся для «обхода» правительственных запретов. В целом в статье продемонстрировано, что система регламентации чтения давала сбой в первую очередь на уровне местных исполнителей. ; The article describes the process of reading regulation in Tomsk province in the late 19th early 20th centuries. The basic legal and administrative documents governing the establishment of free public libraries, library supervision and library funds are given. The system of reading regulation began to take shape in 1890 when The Rules on Free Public Libraries and Order of Supervising Them were put into effect. The Rules allowed to simplify the procedure of opening of the libraries and made it dependent of the governor. The selection of books was limited by the recommendations of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Orthodox Confession. Archive documents that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation were used in the article. The documents show how government regulation was implemented in Tomsk Province; in particular, materials of the library of the Society to Promote Public Education were under study. A. Misyurev was responsible for the library of the Society; quotations from his report of 1905, where all his duties were described in details, are provided in the article. For example, Misyurev worked on the collation of the library's catalogue with the lists of books prohibited in public libraries, on verification of texts intended for public readings, as well as on lists of lecturers. Examples are also given that show that local officials could not cope with the control of library funds; in particular, there is an example of the Tomsk Public Assembly library, which was, in fact, the town's elite club. A number of prohibited books of V. Korolenko, D. Pisarev and others were found in the library, but the case was hushed up. There were other cases, too: the head of the book storehouse for schools in Barnaul, M. Kuklin, was fired in 1906 because he had a large number of anti-government editions. Characteristically, the case was initiated by the police, not the local officials of the Ministry of Education. The article also describes the audit of printing houses, public libraries and bookstores conducted by S. Lavrent'ev in Novonikolaevsk, Biysk and Barnaul in 1916. The audit showed that some libraries were not checked at all, and library staff did not have an access to the lists of prohibited books. Methods used to circumvent government's prohibitions are revealed. They included withdrawing of the prohibited books from the libraries and putting them in personal collections of librarians, or opening of a library intended for the members of a society only, later such a library became public. In general the article demonstrates that the reading regulation system failed at the level of local officials in the first place. Dramatic increase of the number of public libraries was an important factor as well; as a result, regulatory authorities did not cope with the increased workload.

В статье рассматривается становление законодательной базы политики Советского государства в сфере религиозных отношений, составлявшей правовую основу религиозной политики и регулировавшей деятельность учреждений и организаций в этом направлении, в целях установления и осуществления регулярного контроля. Законодательные нормы в отношении религии нашли отражение в первой Конституции РСФСР 1918 г. и в ряде первых декретов, постановлений и других нормативных актов, в течение ряда лет определявших всю внешнюю и внутреннюю политику государства. Все основные положения, определявшие отношение партии большевиков и Советского государства к религии, церкви и духовенству, нашли развитие, конкретизацию и закрепление в основном законодательном акте Декрете «Об отделении церкви от государства и школы от церкви», подписанном В. И. Лениным и изданном Советом народных комиссаров (далее СНК) РСФСР 23 января 1918 г. Большое значение для развития государственно-религиозных отношений имело постановление ВЦИК и СНК РСФСР «О религиозных объединениях» (1929 г.) законодательно закрепившее вмешательство государства в дела церкви. Автор приходит к выводу, что формирование правовой базы антирелигиозной политики проводилось системно, планомерно, на партийно-государственном уровне, с государственными затратами и привлечением больших сил, с учетом всех факторов (социальной среды, национальной специфики, особенностей конфессий и т. п.) вплоть до международного общественного мнения. ; The article deals with the formation of the legal basis for anti-religious policy in the Soviet State during 1917-1929. Having come to power in unstable political situation the Soviet government issued the first decrees and resolutions establishing the legislative basis of the new Russia. For years these documents determined the foreign and domestic policies of the state, regulated lifestyles during that period of time. Religious legislation served not only the basis for religious policy but also regulated activities of establishments and organizations in this direction. Legislative provisions pertaining to religion were reflected in the first Constitution of the RSFSR (1918) and in some decrees. The main regulations that determined attitude of the Bolshevik Party and Soviet State toward religion, church and clergy were developed, amplified and set forth in the basic legislative act Decree on the Separation of Church from State and School from Church signed by V. I. Lenin and issued by the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on 23 January 1918. Proceeding from the principle of freedom of conscience, the Decree declared religion to be a private affair of individuals in Russia. This is why the 1918 Constitution of the RSFSR (Article 13) admitted and guaranteed "Freedom of religious and anti-religious propaganda" (later corresponding amendments would be adopted to the regulation). Striving to undermine the centuries-old faith in God, separate the population from religion and church, compel people to give up religious prejudices and implant a materialistic world outlook in the "toiling masses", the Communist Party initiated an active anti-religious (i.e. atheistic) propaganda as the main part of its ideological work. Conducted on a regular basis and in accordance with the party and state policy, anti-religious propaganda was supported by state-funding and required considerable efforts with all factors considered (social environment, peculiarities of the national character, faiths, etc.), including world public opinion. According to the VTsIK Decree on Religious Associations of 8 April 1929, religious communities were not to do anything but meet religious needs of citizens. All its regulations were to prevent religious communities from participating in social life. They were prohibited from giving social support to the population, holding educational and religious events, administering charity and other activities except for ritual ones. It was also noticed that the priests' sphere of work was limited to church members' homes and meetinghouses. Thus, the clergy had just the role of performers of religious ceremonies, while the rest of the functions were completely monopolized by the state authorities.

Если в течение долгого времени наследие Платона рассматривалось преимущественно с точки зрения выраженной в диалогах рефлексии по поводу предшествующей и современной ему философской традиции, то с конца ХIХ столетия все большее внимание привлекают иные интертекстуальные и идейные параллели. Несмотря на отрицательную позицию по отношению к письменной фиксации философских текстов, занятую платоновским Сократом в «Федре», сам Платон безусловно был прекрасно знаком и с сочинениями философов прошлого, и с античной поэзией эпической, элегической, «трагической», и с ораторским искусством, и, как мы полагаем, с сочинениями великих историков V столетия. Драматургическая основа текстов Платона включает в себя не только экспликацию некоторых диалектических идей, обучение «методу логоса», рассказ о судьбе Сократа. Она также является прямым ответом на воззрения и тексты, которые пользовались авторитетом среди читателей его диалогов. Многие из них использовались Платоном для пародирования в его ироничных литературных играх. Другие становились предметом прямой полемики. В статье проведено сравнение исторических, общественно-политических и антропологических идей Платона и Фукидида. Подобное сопоставление является очень серьезной и затрагивающей обширный комплекс проблем задачей. В качестве первого шага мы ограничиваем себя несколькими сюжетами, связанными с данной темой.Первой темой становится сравнение слов Перикла об Афинах как «воспитателе Эллады» и зачина рассуждений Сократа о «пещере» из диалога «Республика», вторым сравнение рассказа Фукидида о социогенезе с представлением Платона об этапах формирования общества и о «веке Кроноса». Более того, в статье отмечается, что Фукидид является одним из тех авторов, скрытая реакция Платона на идеи которого позволяет нам понять его оценку политики афинского великодержавия. Без учета этих полемических и литературных вплетений Платоном в свои сочинения идей и цитат драматургов, историков, риторов тексты основателя Академии останутся отвлеченным материалом для различных школьных обобщений и спекуляций. Библиогр. 16 назв. ; For a long time the heritage of Plato was considered mainly from the point of view that his dialogues are an expression of a reflection about the preceding and contemporary philosophical tradition, but in modern times more and more attention is drawn to other intertextual and ideological parallels.Despite a dislike for the written fixation of philosophical texts (for example, the words of Socrates in the "Phaedrus"), Plato himself was certainly well acquainted with ancient poetry epic, elegiac, "tragic", with the oratory, and as we believe, with the works of great historians of the fifth century. Dramatic basis of the text of Plato includes not only the explication of some dialectic ideas, learning "method of logos", stories about the fate of Socrates. It is also a direct response to the views and texts that have authority among readers of his dialogues. Many of them were used by Plato for his ironic parody of literary games. Others became the subject of open debate. The article aims at comparing of the historical, social, political and anthropological ideas of Plato and Thucydides. This comparison is a very serious problem and is related to a broad range of issues. As a first step, we limit ourselves to a few stories associated with the topic.The first theme is the comparison of the words of Pericles about the Athens as "the educator of Hellas" and beginning of the Socrates's "cave" narrative from the Republic. The second issue is to compare the ideas of Thucydides about sociogenesis with relevant Plato's conceptions: 1) stages of the formation of society and 2) the "century of Kronos". Plato's Reactions to the ideas of Thucydides also helps us to understand his evaluation of imperialistic Athenian policy. Refs 16.

Розглянуто теоретичні основи дослідження відшкодування шкоди державою фізичній особі, яка потерпіла від кримінального правопорушення. Зроблено аналіз чинного цивільного законодавства України, наукових публікацій, досліджено правові джерела в частині відшкодування шкоди, завданої потерпілому кримінальним правопорушенням. Визначено різновиди поняття майнової шкоди, завданої кримінальним правопорушенням, а саме: основної шкоди, супутньої шкоди та неодержаних доходів (упущеної вигоди). ; Рассмотрены теоретические основы исследования вреда государством физическому лицу, потерпевшему от уголовного правонарушения. Проведен анализ действующего гражданского законодательства Украины, научных публикаций, исследованы правовые источники в части возмещения вреда, причиненного потерпевшему уголовным правонарушением. Определены разновидности понятия имущественного вреда, причиненного уголовным правонарушением, а именно: основного вреда, сопутствующего вреда и неполученных доходов (упущенная выгода). ; Theoretical aspects of harm caused a criminal offence, that is, damage that is the basis for the adoption of measures to ensure reparation to the victim, in the science of civil procedural law received significant attention. However, despite the serious scientific elaboration of this problem and its issues, still have a lot of issues that are still insufficiently study, while they are essential for the theory of civil law. Analysis of recent research gives reason to believe that the affected problems has been the subject of research by scholars such as G. A. Atanesyan, S. P. Golubyatnikov, B. T. Bezlepkin, M. I. Goshovsky, O. I. Kuchinska, V. T. Nor, and others. However, the update of the regulatory material, in particular amendments to the Civil code of Ukraine, adoption of the new Criminal procedural code of Ukraine, can not affect scientific and practical interest in the conditions of modernity.Civil-legal nature of compensation of property harm involves understanding it as an object of tort obligations, which it is in civil law. In the legal literature there are two opposite positions of the scholars on this issue. Civil legislation proceeds from the principle of full compensation for losses. The concept of property damage caused by a criminal offence to the victim, covers: 1) caused by a criminal offence the face of a direct, imminent harm to his property and in monetary terms; 2) loss due to criminal offence, and income; 3) evaluated in monetary terms, the cost of treatment, prosthetics, restoration of health of the victim, and in case of his death, burial and payments for the maintenance of physical well-being and education of the disabled family members of the victim and their minor children; 4) the funds spent by state or municipal health protection institution on hospitalization of the person injured from the criminal offence. In summary clarification of the concept of property damage caused by a criminal offence, we distinguish three varieties: 1) major property damage, the infliction of which the law binds the criminal liability for the Commission of acquisitive crime offences (first of all, the size of the stolen property); 2) related property damage, which occurs in case of damage or destruction of various objects in the environment designated criminal offence, or damage to the clothing of the crime victim or his clothing (e.g., broken glasses, shabby clothes, broken canes during the robbery or the robbery, and the like); 3) non-received income (lost profit).FОrmation in Ukraine of the Institute of compensation of harm caused a criminal offence, consistent with the General trends of harmonization of domestic legal system with the legal framework of the European Union. Part of international documents that regulate the right to compensation of harm caused by the crime are ratified by Ukraine and have become part of domestic legislation.

У статті розглядається вплив феномена глобалізації на сферу культури. Автор здійснює спробу окреслити проблемне поле культурних трансформацій, спровокованих новими цивілізаційно-глобалізаційними умовами, зокрема: стрімким розвитком інформаційних технологій, проблемами комунікації та ідентифікації, розмиванням національно-традиційних цінностей тощо. ; В статье рассматривается влияние феномена глобализации на сферу культуры. Автор делает попытку очертить проблемное поле культурных трансформаций, спровоцированных новыми цивилизационно-глобализационными условиями, в частности: стремительным развитием информационных технологий, проблемами коммуникации и идентификации, размыванием национально-традиционных ценностей. ; This article reviews the influence of the globalization phenomenon on the cultural sector. The problem field is marked transformations of contemporary culture in a new civilizational terms. The issue of globalization is much discussed among scholars. An example is the considerable number of papers on different spheres regarding the interpretation of this phenomenon.The emergence of new communication and technology development lead to increasing of the interactions in almost all spheres of culture. Thus, the study of globalization processes are taken place in the different scientific disciplines such as cultural, sociological, philosophical, economic, political, legal and etc. The personal researches concern the impact of globalization on narrow areas of public life such as informational, linguistic, environmental. The diversity of the globalization phenomenon leads to the fact that each approach reveals only some aspects and can interpret this phenomenon as rooted in the logic of economic and industrial development, or as an epiphenomenon of the communication progress of mankind.Among the studies of cultural transformations in the context of globalization processes we cannot forget the studies that have become classics of science such as the "Clash of Civilizations" S. Huntington and works of scientists S. Benhabib, W. Beck, D. Bell, S. Baumann, G . Bodriyara, I. Wallerstein, R. Dahrendorf, T. Eagleton, M. Castells, R. Robertson, E. Smith, A. Toffler, M. Waters, F. Fukuyama, D. Held. These studies are characterized by a tendency of the systematic consideration of the globalization process that the results in a change in the cultural realm undergo significant expression of it.Among the works that are worth to deserve special attention by their passive, objective and nonestimate attitude to globalization and its impact on the cultural environment can be distinguished research J. Derrida, N. Varovoyi, V. Liakh, N. Pelaheshi, N. Tishuninoyi, E . Ustyugov. Great attention in these works devoted to the transformation of cultural phenomena in the modern era and the discovery of new forms, conditions and opportunities of cultural identification. Cultural aspects of globalization have analysed in the scientific works of B. Adams, S. Eisenstadt, G. Robertson, M. Firestone, U. Hannerz. The authors of these studies have focused on the identification and study of vectors and various directed dynamics of cultural development, the hybrid nature of cultural interaction. For example in this context R. Robertson emphasizes not only the probability of homogenization then the globalization cultures.The problem of globalization impacts on the cultural sphere is drawn the attention of researchers representing various scientific areas, but the emphasis in such research relates primarily to socio-economic, socio-political or politicolegal aspects.The goal of this article is not solving the problem field of globalization and culture "relationships" (which is basically impossible within the short article) but is its delineation and definition of the research vectors. According the given the definition of M. Waters essence of globalization is the globalization primarily cultural exchanges. Though the globalization entails a return to traditional identities but such return won't be an adequate response to the challenge of globalization. You must create a new identity and the opportunities to realize the personality in the globalization era.

This paper presents the data and method of a crosslinguistic and variationist approach to discourse markers (DMs) in speech. DMs are here broadly defined as "fulfilling structuring functions with respect to local and global content and structure of discourse" (Fischer, 2000: 20). In order to reach full coverage of this category and following corpus-based definitions (Crible, 2014), manual annotation of numerous functional and surface features was performed upon a comparable corpus of native French and English, balanced across eight contextual settings (e.g. conversation, interview) with over seven hours of speech in each language and about 160.000 words in total. Linguistic variation (language, register, modality) and the heterogeneity of the DM class were accounted for in a robust annotation scheme designed through careful corpus-based testing. The presentation will focus on the elaboration of a functional taxonomy which builds on existing categorizations (Halliday & Hasan, 1976; Sweetser, 1990) and definitions (Gonzalez, 2005; Prasad et al., 2008). The novelty of the present proposal lies in the integration and extension of traditional writing-based sets of discourse relations to additional (non-)relational functions, and in the revision of certain values to better grasp the specificity of the spoken mode. After operationalization, the taxonomy comprises thirty functions grouped in four domains: - ideational (semantic relations); - rhetorical (pragmatic relations and speaker's attitude), - sequential (topic structure and interaction management) - interpersonal (hearer-orientation). These domains partially take up well-established distinctions in the literature on DMs and other pragmatic phenomena: semantic vs. pragmatic source of coherence (Sanders, 1997), the objective-subjective-intersubjective continuum (Traugott, 2007), and the scale of relationality of DMs (Degand & Simon-Vandenbergen, 2011). The resulting dataset DisFrEn, with over 8000 DM tokens identified and annotated, offers many valuable insights into the interface between form and function of discourse markers. The analytical potential of the present categorical and corpus-based approach to DMs will be briefly illustrated by overall distribution results focusing on the functional variables. Our data shows that in both languages and most situations, the sequential domain is the most frequent, with a few exceptions due to the impact of context: more rhetorical (subjective) relations in classroom lessons (cf. transmission of information through epistemic relations) and more ideational (objective) relations in political speeches, where DMs are mostly used to highlight content-based connections. As far as position is concerned, the sequential and interpersonal domains are almost exclusively found in non-governed positions (outside the syntactic boundaries of the dependency structure, either left or right periphery), while the ideational and rhetorical domains show non negligeable frequencies in more integrated slots, which is expected from their connective status. Finally, a further window into the cognitive processes of online speech production is provided by the annotation of various local marks of (dis)fluency (e.g. pauses, repetitions, false-starts) in the direct co-text of DMs. Hence, DMs in DisFrEn are studied for their contribution to the relative (dis)fluency of their utterance, through a combination of functional and surface features that should cluster in relevant patterns for the cognitive-pragmatic modelling of this complex category. References Crible, L. (2014). Identifying and describing discourse markers in spoken corpora. Annotation protocol v.8. Unpublished working draft, Université Catholique de Louvain. Degand, L., Simon-Vandenbergen, A.-M. (2011). Grammaticalization and (inter-)subjectification of discourse markers. Linguistics 49, pp. 287—294. Fischer, K. (2000). From cognitive semantics to lexical pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. González

Mediante esta investigación revisaremos las disposiciones supraconstitucionales que nos conminan a la aplicación de las normas vinculadas a la igualdad de género; determinar si en la práctica se cumple lo garantizado y se materializa el derecho. Seguir el camino trazado estudiando los casos para adoptar las medidas que nos lleven a alcanzar el objetivo final que es la igualdad de género con las mismas oportunidades en el campo político, sea que se trate de cargos de elección popular o por designación. En este marco también repasaremos cuáles son los avances en la región respecto al derecho de igualdad y paridad. Aparentemente se han alcanzado logros, pues en América del Sur existen a la fecha cuatro presidentas que han llegado a sus cargos a través de la elección popular (Michelle Bachelet, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner y Dilma Rousseff). Nos planteamos la interrogante si estos aparentes logros se deben a la existencia de regulaciones internas que les han permitido ejercer el derecho a ser elegidas en igualdad de condiciones o, de acciones positivas que las benefician. En el quehacer político ecuatoriano actual, se destaca la participación de un mayor número de mujeres, lo cual se debe a una iniciativa del actual gobierno, y no al cumplimiento de regulaciones que hagan efectivas dichas garantías. La normativa vigente es insuficiente y general; se hace necesaria la promulgación de normas que viabilicen la aplicación de la paridad de género de manera más concreta, y que hagan ineludible el cumplimiento de esta garantía. Como lo hemos expresado, no solo en lo referente a los cargos de elección popular, sino también a los cargos de designación y administración política. Se hace necesario que la población se eduque y conozca sus derechos para que puedan ser ejercidos. El derecho al voto femenino fue solo un pequeño inicio para el cual se debió esperar muchos años, luego la mujer tuvo la posibilidad de presentarse como candidata y la lucha actual es que la sociedad se comprometa mediante leyes y políticas a que la igualdad de participación sea verdadera. En el primer capítulo de este proyecto registraremos El Problema, su planteamiento, preguntas de investigación, objetivos, justificación y delimitación de lo que nos permitirá conocer la dirección de la investigación que realizaremos. En el capítulo II Marco Teórico, estudiaremos los antecedentes constitucionales del ejercicio político de los ecuatorianos a través de las Constituciones desde 1830 hasta la actualidad. Analizaremos los conceptos de derecho de igualdad, acción afirmativa y la normativa internacional vinculante, la aplicación de tratados internacionales y la presentación de la hipótesis general de la investigación. El capítulo III Metodología, nos mostrará la modalidad de la investigación, las unidades de observación, población y muestra; y, los métodos de recolección de datos que nos permitirán verificar si la hipótesis se cumple o no. El capítulo IV Análisis de Resultados observaremos los resultados de las encuestas, entrevistas y datos obtenidos de los dos últimos procesos electorales, los cuales nos permitirán evidenciar la aplicación de la norma y la realidad ecuatoriana. Por último en el capítulo V se establecerán las Conclusiones y Recomendaciones, dirigidas al poder legislativo y electoral para que desde sus funciones hagan exigible la norma constitucional y que sus resultados sean sustentables a través del tiempo, gracias a regulaciones claras y completas en materia de paridad de género.

Includes bibliographical references ; Edward Snowden is a hero. In 2013, he leaked what can arguably be considered as the greatest quantity of classified and top - secret foreign intelligence in history. The leak revealed the extent of pervasive global government surveillance that has been and continues to be conducted by foreign intelligence agencies such as the National Security Agency (NSA) in the United States and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) in the United Kingdom. His actions have led to international security sector reform of the international regulation of foreign intelligence liaison. Citizen Four, the 2015 Oscar award-winning documentary, is the story of Snowden. When asked by Glen Greenwald and Laura Poitras, the journalist and documentarian who covered his journey , why he did what he did, Snowden's response was that : '[I]t all comes down to state power against the people's ability to meaningfully oppose that power . . if the policy switches that are the only thing that restrain these states were changed, you couldn't meaningfully oppose these . that hardened me into action.' When closing a TED talk on how we take back the internet, Snowden's idea worth sharing was that: '. [D]emocracy may die behind closed doors but we as individuals are born behind those same closed doors . We don't have to give up our privacy to have good government . We don't have to give up our liberty to have security . By working together, we can have both open government and private lives . . ' The relationship between state power and people's opposition, the individual and democracy, privacy and good government, liberty and security are themes that run throughout this dissertation. They are thematic relationships that underlie the importance of the international regulation of foreign intelligence liaison. The international regulation of foreign intelligence liaison will continue to be shaped by these relationships. Chapter I picks up on these themes by reviewing the international regulation of foreign intelligence liaison as a phenomenon. Part II defines foreign intelligence, part III sets up the objectives of a regime for international law in liberal democracies, part IV recognises the challenges to effective oversight of foreign intelligence agencies and part V maps out different reasons for and uses and forms of foreign intelligence liaison. A core argument is that the inevitable abuse and misuse of foreign intelligence liaison should be regulated through a horizontal accountability mechanism as an international best practice. Chapter II focuses on the international regulation of foreign intelligence liaison through a legal analysis. It draws on the themes by summarising (part II) and critiquing (part III) two landmark judgments having the potential to set an international best - practice precedent that contributes to the international regulation of foreign intelligence liaison. The core argument is that communications interception warrants should be regulated by judicial pre-authorisation. This is a practical application of Chapter I's core theoretical argument mentioned above. Chapter III develops these themes by analysing the international regulation of foreign intelligence liaison through recommendations. Part II explores the regulation of signals intelligence (SIGINT) in South Africa. Part III sets out the national and regional applications of art 17 of the ICCPR with regard to private communications. Finally, by summarising and applying the core arguments of Chapters I and II to Chapter III, part IV recommends legal reform through a General Intelligence Laws Amendment Bill 2015 (the Bill).

There are a lot of approaches to understand the concept of «nation». Scientific interest to the problem of determining the nature of this phenomenon is substantiated. Some researchers define the nation as an ethnic community, others have put the basis for understanding the nation's social and psychological components. In particular, the concept of nation German sociologist M. Weber was formed in the system of concepts such as «nation-state», «culture», and was closely associated with such area as social psychology. For the French philosopher E. Renan concept of «nation» belonged to the field of social psychology, morality, and only then – politics. In the anthropological sense American political scientist B. Anderson proposes to define the nation as imagined political community.Supporters of the political concept of understanding the nation identify it with a particular form of political system and define the nation as a politically organized community. For example, K. Deutsch – a supporter of the political concept of understanding the nation, argues that the nation – a population that has any state implementation of public instrument, and in this sense, national interests. In particular, D. Schnapper notes that the main feature of the nation is to unite people in a community of citizens, whose existence determines domestic and foreign policy. The representative of the constructivist approach to understanding the nation E. Gellner notes that the nation creates a man and nation is a product of certain beliefs, preferences and mutual recognition. A certain group of people becomes a nation when members of this group clearly recognize the joint mutual rights and obligations through the membership in this group.In the Ukrainian tradition of intellectual interest in issues of nations and nationalism has quite venerable history both in terms of the ideological development, and academic research. In particular, V. Lipinskiy defines the nation as a political community that exists within a state. Ukrainian politician Y. Vassyyan invested in understanding the importance of the nation different content. The nation is defined by as a thinker of national character, not as a political community and it is in the negative features of the national character a thinker sees the cause of contemporary Ukrainian statelessness. For the ideologist of Ukrainian nationalism M. Mihnovskiy the main condition for the existence of the nation is the state independence and right of nations to self-determination. D. Dontsov – ideologist of the Ukrainian nationalism expressed similar thoughts concerning national independence.Worth attention of thinkers attempt to define the nation by objective signs, including the following components isolated nation as historical territory, common language, ideology and religion, national consciousness, a common civic culture and traditions, shared the mutual rights and obligations of members of the community, etc. ; В статье проанализированы основные научно-теоретические подходы к определению концепта «нация». Прослежено эволюцию феномена «нация» с точки зрения понимания его сущности и природы, механизмов и факторов формирования, взаимоотношений с другими общественными образованиями. Осуществлена дифференциация понятия «нация», исходя из принципиально разных направлений понимания ее содержания. Очерчены основные модели и типы наций, определены объективные компоненты и признаки нации. ; У статті проаналізовано основні науково-теоретичні підходи до визначення концепту «нація». Прослідковано еволюцію феномену «нація» з точки зору розуміння його сутності та природи, механізмів і чинників формування, відносин з іншими суспільними утвореннями. Здійснено диференціацію поняття «нація», виходячи з принципово різних напрямів щодо розуміння його змісту. Окреслено основні моделі та типи націй, визначено об'єктивні компоненти та ознаки нації.

The current state of historical scholarship increasingly encourage researchers to explore the cultural and spiritual development of the nation. One of the priority sites of national revival takes secondary education – an important part of social progress. Therefore, at the present stage of development of Ukrainian statehood it's important to determine the best option of development. In this aspect, topical treatment, as well as effective methods failed to national education system. Crudity of solutions, make their decision regardless of public opinion, the real potential of the state that are characteristic of the 50-60's of the twentieth century, largely repeated today. Thus the problem of identification and justification of the main directions and trends in the education system in the years 1953-1964, and its reflection in the pages of magazines, has a scientific theoretical and practical importance. The urgency of this problem is caused primarily by the fact that the historical development of education reflects this southern region specific economic and political life during the period in question.The subject of reforming public education URSR reflected in the works L. D. Berezivska, D. I. Pavlov, J. B. Kukuruzа, L. V. Zaharovskoho, A. I. Yuhno. However, in modern historiography, the analytical researches of periodicals as sources of study polytechnization of secondary education in the South of Ukraine in 50 -60-th of the XX century .The chronological period of the article is from 1953-1964. The beginning of this period is characterized by the liberalization of social life (after the death of Stalin in March 1953) and an attempt to change the model of the Soviet system. The ending is caused by curtailment of education reform in 1958.Based on the relevance of the topic, the author poses the following problem: analyze opportunities reflection periodicals major problems polytechnization in secondary education in the southern region of Ukraine; found in the total amount of newspaper articles material worthy of use in the scientific and historical research.In the early 50th of the twentieth century in the Ukrainian URSR (and the entire Soviet space), there have been conflicts between socio-economic needs in technological industry and agriculture and the inability of the existing school system to provide comprehensive training of young people. The content of general education lagged behind the science.Scientific interest is the information contained in regional periodicals 1953-1955s of the measures to improve the situation in the field of labour education. During the studying, the analysis of regulatory documents and periodicals were allowed to identify the main trends in the development of school education in 1953-1964. Firstly, positive trends include the realization of the thesis of moving production to the centre of educational activities of students who appeared in the active implementation ideas of polytechnization migrant schools, assistance and support which were carried out at the state level. Secondly, the availability of alternative scientific approaches to the nature of the Polytechnic school. Thirdly, the creative combination of different organizational forms politehnization experience in secondary schools (attracting students to work on preschool areas, organization of production practices and trips to the company, creating different groups, industrial plants). ; На основе материалов региональных периодических изданий проанализирован опыт политехнизации отечественного школьного образования в 1953-1964 гг. Обобщены позитивные и негативные тенденции реформирования общеобразовательных учебных заведений Юга Украины. Установлена степень взаимодействия между прессой и указанной отраслью ; На основі матеріалів регіональних періодичних видань, проаналізовано досвід політехні-зації вітчизняної шкільної освіти у 1953-1964 рр. Узагальнені позитивні й негативні тенденції реформування загальноосвітніх навчальних закладів Півдня України. Встановлено ступінь взаємодії між пресою та визначеною галуззю.

The purpose of the cultural elite members during soviet period was designated for the implementation of soviet indoctrination and legitimization of the regime. This task provided for those cultural elites not only the authority, symbolic capital and prestige among other societal groups, but also the strict mechanisms of control, censorship and public behavior. Even this model was valid for soviet Lithuania, the analysis of their relationship with the system in the late socialism reveals that local intellectuals and other cultural elite's members who were part of soviet cultural establishment transferred to the multi-edge relationship with the system.This article is an attempt to apply socio-political perspective analyzing soviet system. By observing the erosion of the system, the rise of ethnic and local interests and the digress of everyday life from official goals it is importantly to argue that during the period of late socialism local elites of cultural establishments diminished their participation in soviet indoctrination processes and made significant influences mobilizing the national identity.After the Brezhnev gained the power and especially after Prague Spring in 1968, there was a collective disappointment among many intellectuals regarding soviet valu­es. When Brezhnev doctrine was introduced it was clear that ideology cannot be inter­ preted anymore and the status quo and dogmatism was the most preferable position for the political elite. In this context, the mainstream of local cultural elite responded to the decline of values and has changed their engagement to the soviet system, expanding their focus to ethnic traditions, local history and symbols and sharing their attitudes in informal networks, who often served for intellectuals as analogues of public spheres (concept of V. Klumbys, 2009). This perspective pays attention to the conditions of late socialism, when communist ideology was turned to dogmatic position and every­day life alongside with ideological rituals also reflected informal practices helping to solve shortages, avoiding strict control and gently bringing new ideas. By taking the case of soviet writers, several intellectuals circles could be identi­fied and this deployment could be sustained as a reflection of the rest of cultural elite. These groups not maintained constructed different relationship with the system or national ideology, but also experienced the intensive struggle for the power in local cultural establishments. The group of ideologists gradually lost their influence to the group of conservatist, who in the 70–80 occupied main chairs in cultural institutions and who were more enthusiastic towards ethnic issues, but being a part of cultural nomenclatura they also found consensus with local party apparatchiks. Another part of cultural nomenclatura – ideologists could not also gained the public recognition as conservatists or the famous intellectuals from local intelligentsia circles (moderate writers), who have increased their authority for their talent and deep attachment to local and ethnic issues. Emphasizing the orientation to localism among conservatists and their close rela­tions with the circles of moderate intellectuals under the conditions of late socialism, this article argues that significant part of cultural nomenclatura digressed from soviet indoctrination practices converting to the support of national ideology and accumula­ting the cultural capital, which has played important role in national revival in 90's. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas kultūrinės nomenklatūros santykis su sovietine sistema, pabrėžiant šių kultūrininkų orientacijos ir elgsenos pokyčius septintajame–aštuntajame dešimtmečiuose ir didėjančią paramą nacionalinei ideologijai. Remiantis kokybine analize ir tarpdalykine prieiga, straipsnyje dėmesys skiriamas sovietmečio kultūrininkų susisluoksniavimui, neformalių tinklų įtakai, dalyvavimui komunistinės indoktrinacijos veikloje ir mobilizuojant nacionalinį tapatumą. Remiantis rašytojų atvejo analize parodoma, kad vėlyvajame sovietmetyje gana akivaizdžiai išryškėja rašytojų konservacininkų (nomenklatūros dalis) vietininkiškumo laikysena, sovietmečio sąlygomis demonstruojanti paramą etniniams bei lokaliniams interesams ir atskleidžianti įsivyravusį oficialaus kultūrinio elito abejingumą sistemai. Analizės rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad ši pozicija buvo ypač svarbi gilinant sovietinės sistemos eroziją ir prisidedant prie nacionalinių procesų stiprėjimo devintajame dešimtmetyje.