Suchergebnisse

Las garantías de acceso a la información de los ciudadanos que implementan los Estados por motivos de seguridad, nos enfrenta a una línea gris donde es difícil dirimir cual derecho prevalece si la seguridad individual o la seguridad colectiva, siendo necesario reflexionar y establecer estándares para la gestión de la información pública relativa al ámbito de la seguridad de los estados y respetar a su vez el par in parem non habet imperium que obedece al principio de igualdad soberana, entre estos lo que genera entonces el interés de establecer hasta qué punto el Estado puede y tiene la legitimidad de brindar confidencialidad a los datos sobre determinadas informaciones de sus ciudadanos y residentes que no colisionen con la seguridad nacional y por ende la seguridad internacional. En esta investigación comparada nos hemos enfocado tanto en los nuevos desafíos de la seguridad que obligan a los estados a desplegar limitaciones a las leyes de acceso a la información, para informaciones susceptibles de categorizarse como de interés restringido para la población en general, dado que si bien reconocemos en esta tesis, el derecho de acceso a la información por parte de los ciudadanos, defendemos así mismo la necesidad de establecer un elenco armonizado internacionalmente, de leyes legitimas de reserva al acceso a la información por parte de los ciudadanos, que son comúnmente aceptadas por el derecho internacional, cuando estas estén referidas a la seguridad nacional, pues en el escenario de los nuevos retos de la seguridad nacional e internacional, emergen como una de las informaciones más sensibles y susceptibles de ser salvaguardada por interés general. El acceso a la información, al facilitar el escrutinio público de los actos del Estado, no sólo previene abusos por parte de funcionarios públicos, sino que además permite que la población intervenga en la definición de las políticas del Estado y, por ende, constituye un elemento clave para la preservación efectiva de la seguridad nacional, la participación democrática y la formulación de políticas sólidas. Para proteger el pleno ejercicio de los derechos humanos, en ciertas circunstancias, podría ser necesario mantener información en secreto para salvaguardar intereses legítimos de la seguridad nacional. Encontrar un punto de equilibrio adecuado se torna aún más difícil debido a que, en muchos países, los tribunales actúan con la menor independencia y la mayor deferencia frente a los reclamos del gobierno cuando este apela a argumentos de seguridad nacional. Esta deferencia se ve reforzada por disposiciones de las leyes sobre seguridad de numerosos países que prevén excepciones al derecho a la información y a las normas procesales comunes sobre prueba y derechos de los acusados ante la mínima demostración, o mera afirmación, por parte del gobierno de que existe un riesgo para la seguridad nacional. Cuando un gobierno apela excesivamente a argumentos de seguridad nacional, se pueden quebrantar las principales garantías institucionales contra el abuso gubernamental: la independencia de los tribunales, el estado de derecho, el control legislativo, la libertad de los medios de comunicación y el gobierno abierto. Al margen de los conceptos de Gobierno Abierto y Buen Gobierno, el principio de transparencia conlleva el reconocimiento de un derecho muy concreto: el acceso a la información y a los documentos que obren en poder de la Administración Pública. El objeto del presente estudio será, precisamente, el análisis de este derecho. Uno de los temas más controvertidos del debate parlamentario y extraparlamentario alrededor de la Ley de Transparencia vino dado por la determinación de la propia naturaleza del derecho de acceso a la información pública que se pretendía configurar en la ley. La cuestión giraba en torno a si debía considerarse como derecho fundamental, o simplemente como un derecho público subjetivo de creación legal no recurrible en amparo. Avancemos ya que la opción del legislador, así como la del Gobierno desde el inicio en el Anteproyecto, fue la de descartar de raíz que el derecho de acceso pudiera catalogarse como fundamental, evitando también con ello, al tiempo, la tramitación de la ley como orgánica. En este sentido la Ley de Transparencia regula los límites en los artículos 15 (protección de datos personales), 17 (causas de inadmisión), 19.4 (tramitación de las solicitudes) y, sobre todo, en el 14, que lleva precisamente por título "límites al derecho de acceso." Éste es el que se encarga de recoger todo el listado cerrado de excepciones con el objeto de proteger otros bienes y valores susceptibles de protección. Su regulación está directamente inspirada en el CEADP, imitando todas las características ya apuntadas. Se trata de límites relativos, no absolutos ("el derecho de acceso podrá ser limitado cuando acceder a la información suponga un perjuicio para…"), por lo que ningún campo queda vedado por completo y ad limine al conocimiento de la ciudadanía. Los intereses que constituyen tales límites relativos son los siguientes: "la seguridad nacional; la defensa; las relaciones exteriores; la seguridad pública; la prevención, investigación y sanción de los ilícitos penales, administrativos o disciplinarios; la igualdad de las partes en los procesos judiciales y la tutela judicial efectiva; las funciones administrativas de vigilancia, inspección y control; los intereses económicos y comerciales; la política económica y monetaria; el secreto profesional y la propiedad intelectual e industrial; la garantía de la confidencialidad o el secreto requerido en procesos de toma de decisión; la protección del medio ambiente." Volviendo al ámbito supranacional en este caso a otro de los interesas que vehiculan esta tesis, nos fijaremos en el ámbito centroamericano en concreto al caso de Panamá, en donde la acción de Habeas Data se establece mediante Ley No. 6 de 22 de enero de 2002, por medio de la cual se dictan normas para la transparencia en la gestión pública, se establece la acción de Habeas Data. ; Derecho

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :자연과학대학 지구환경과학부,2019. 8. 김종성. ; The west coast of Korea, including various estuarine and coastal regions, has been experienced environmental deterioration from industrialization and urbanization for decades. This study focuses on ⅰ) long-term changes of persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in these areas, ⅱ) the sources of each pollutant by analyses of chemical compositions, ⅲ) evaluation of potential toxicities of sedimentary pollutants using cell lines and Vibrio fischeri bioassay, and ⅳ) identification of the causative chemicals through the relationships between PTS concentrations and biological responses. Sediment samples have been collected from estuarine and coastal regions from year 2010 to 2018 annually. Target PTSs include 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 styrene oligomers (SOs), 3 nonylphenols (NPs), and 8 heavy metals (HMs). The gas chromatograph coupled with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD) was used to determine the concentration of PAHs, SOs, and NPs, while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP/OES) was used for HMs. This study conducted bioassays to determine AhR-mediated potency, ER-mediated potency, and bioluminescence inhibition rate using H4IIE-luc, MVLN cell lines, and V. fischeri, respectively. The concentration of PAHs, SOs, and NPs was reduced by 63.9%, 95.0%, and 44.5%, for the period between 2010 and 2018, respectively. The results suggested that the PAHs were majorly originated from pyrogenic sources including biomass or fuel combustions. After year 2015, the PAHs from vehicle emission were dominants in sediment samples. The fresh inputs of SOs were gradually decreased since 2010 and there was eventually no fresh input found in sediments collected in 2018. The NP concentrations also decreased from year 2010 to 2018 which can be resulted from strict regulations of these NPs by the Korean government. On the other hand, the PAH concentrations showed a positive relationship with AhR-mediated potencies (r = 0.53, p <0.01) and so did the NP concentrations with ER-mediated potencies (r = 0.31, p <0.01). Also, Cd concentrations showed significant correlation with bioluminescence inhibition rates of V. fischeri (r = 0.47, p <0.01). Nevertheless, the result of potency balance analyses between BaP-EQ and BEQ, E2-EQ and EEQ values indicated that the target pollutants analyzed in this study had little effect on total AhR and ER-mediated potencies in sediments. These findings reflected that target PTSs in this study could not be the major pollutants having potential biological toxicities. Therefore, it would be desirable to have more studies on identifying and monitoring of the causative chemicals in sediments. ; 우리나라 서해 연안은 지난 수십 년 동안 도시화 및 공업화가 급속히 진행되었고, 이로 인해 오염물질이 해양환경으로 유입되고 있다. 특히 서해 연안은 반 폐쇄성 해역이라는 지형적인 특성으로 인해 해수 교환이 상대적으로 느려 연안 지역에 위치한 산업단지로부터 배출되거나 대기를 통해 유입된 오염물질이 연안 퇴적물 내에 축적되는 경향을 보인다. 본 연구에서는 서해 연안 및 주요 하구역 퇴적물의 유기화합물의 분포 특성과 잠재적 생물 영향을 평가하였다. 2010년부터 2018년 까지 매년 시화호, 아산호, 삽교호, 금강 하구, 영산강 하구의 10개 정점에서 방조제를 중심으로 내, 외측으로 나누어서 표층 퇴적물을 채취하였다. 퇴적물을 유기 용매로 추출한 후 추출액을 극성 별로 분액 하여 가스크로마토그래피-질량분석기를 이용해 잔류성오염물질의 농도를 분석하였다. 15종의 다환방향족탄화수소, 10종의 스티렌올리고머와 3종의 노닐페놀을 정량 분석하였다. 유도결합플라즈마-질량분석기를 이용하여 8종의 중금속을 분석하였다. 또한 유전자 재조합 세포주인 H4IIE-luc과 MVLN을 이용하여 다이옥신류 활성 및 에스트로겐류 활성을 평가하였고, Vibrio fischeri 발광박테리아를 이용하여 퇴적물 내 잠재 독성 정도를 평가하였다. 서해 연안 퇴적물 내 다환방향족탄화수소 농도는 0.0 - 93.5 ng g-1 dry mass (dm)였고, 스티렌올리고머 농도는 0.0 - 23.2 ng g-1 dm 이었으며, 노닐페놀농도는 0 - 68.3 ng g-1 dm 이었다. 중금속 농도의 경우 해양환경 주의 기준과 서해 연안 퇴적물내 농도 비율을 통한 위험도 지수 (Hazard quotients)를 이용하여 오염 정도를 평가하였다. 모든 중금속의 위험도 지수를 합한 결과 0 - 6 사이 분포를 나타냈다. 분석 결과 서해 연안 퇴적물 내 잔류 오염 물질의 농도는 우리나라 연안 및 다른 나라에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 수준이었다. 잔류 오염물질의 개별 화합 물질 농도 비율을 통한 오염원 추적 결과 다환방향족탄화수소는 발열에 의한 생성이 대부분이었고, 특히 2015년 이후부터 자동차 배출가스로부터의 오염이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 스티렌올리고머와 노닐페놀의 분석결과 2010년도 이후 서해 연안 퇴적물내 새로운 유입이 서서히 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 노닐페놀 농도의 감소는 한국 정부의 효과적인 노닐페놀 규제에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 다이옥신류 활성 평가 결과 모든 시료에서 높은 농도의 활성을 보였고, 에스트로겐류 활성 평가 결과 2015년 이후 감소하는 경향성을 보였다. 발광박테리아 활성 평가 결과 2010년부터 2013년까지 증가 후 비슷한 범위의 발광저해율을 유지하였다. 서해 연안 퇴적물내 잔류 오염물질의 농도 분포와 생물 영향 평가 결과를 비교하였을 때 다환방향족탄화수소 농도와 다이옥신류 활성 (r = 0.53, p <0.01) 노닐페놀 농도와 에스트로겐류 활성 (r = 0.31, p <0.01), 카드뮴 농도와 발광박테리아 발광저해율 (r = 0.47, p <0.01)에서 각각 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 생물 영향 기여도 평가 결과 서해 연안 퇴적물 내 다환방향족탄화수소와 스티렌올리고머의 농도가 총 다이옥신류 활성의 약 0.1%를 설명하였고, 노닐페놀의 농도는 에스트로겐류 활성을 설명하지 못했다. 이러한 결과는 본 연구에서 분석한 다환방향족탄화수소, 스티렌올리고머, 노닐페놀 이외의 다른 화합물들이 서해 연안 퇴적물에 존재하고 있으며, 잠재적인 생물 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 의미한다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 향후 추가적인 화합물에 대한 장기모니터링 및 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. ; Abstract ⅰ Table of Contents iii Abbreviations ⅴ List of Tables ⅴiii List of Figures ix List of Appendices xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Materials and methods 5 2.1 Sampling and sample preparation 5 2.2 Chemical analyses 10 2.3 Bioassays 12 2.4 Potency balance analyses 16 2.5 Data analyses 17 Chapter 3. Results and discussion 18 3.1 Spatio-temporal distributions of persistent toxic substances 18 3.1.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 18 3.1.2 Styrene oligomers 22 3.1.3 Nonylphenols 26 3.1.4 Heavy metals 30 3.2 Identification of the sources and compositions of PTSs 35 3.3 Long-term changes of potential biological activities 43 3.3.1 Dioxin-like and estrogenic activities 43 3.3.2 Bioluminescent inhibition assay 49 3.4 Relationship between chemical analyses and biological responses in sediments 52 3.5 Temporal trends of sedimentary pollution in the coastal area resulted from environmental regulations 57 Chapter 4. Conclusions 60 References 62 Appendix 71 Abstract in Korean 89 ; Master

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 건설환경공학부,2019. 8. 한무영. ; Currently, drinking water problems in Vietnam are more common due to high population growth, rapid urbanization, degradation of water quality and over exploitation of water resources. To date, the water supply system highly depends on centralized system by using the surface and groundwater; with a negligibility of rainwater. However, the conventional centralized water supply is facing many issues i.e. limited water resources (both quality and quantity) because of e.g. contaminated surface/ground water, drought, and salinization. For many decades in Vietnam, rainwater harvesting (with a relatively high yearly precipitation of around 1.680 mm) has been widely used as a nature-based solution in rural areas. But recently, rainwater for drinking has been gained much attention from the Vietnam Government. Therefore, this study implemented the demo RWH system in Vietnam to identify the technical, economical, and social barriers, and suggesting proper strategies to overcome and promoting RWH spread widely for Vietnam Government. Technical barriers are lack of the design guideline and manual, professional skill and established market for rainwater harvesting. While, economic barriers are that it is too expensive to install and maintain and that is not profit generating system. Social barriers are lack of (a) knowledge of rainwater and rainwater harvesting system, (b) communication amongst the users and stakeholders, and (c) high expectation about the tap water installation. In order to overcome the technical, economic and social barriers, four demo RWH systems for school at rural area in Vietnam have been installed and monitored for several years. Through these demo systems, the sustainability of the RWH was proved. Technically, the rainwater quality meets the Vietnam drinking water standard – QCVN 01-2009. Water can be supplied during the dry season. The maintenance fee can be collected by reducing the water-purchasing fee. The science group in school can be involved in the routine maintenance of the RWH system. All the village people should be involved in the activity of the rainwater education and promotion. New strategies to promote sustainable drinking water in Vietnam is suggested. Firstly, community RWH should be established and operated with self-monitoring and operation. Secondly, technical design guidelines and training to improve rainwater quality as well as operation and maintenance manual should be provided. Thirdly, encourage the private sector or enterprise to implement RWH for community by the incentive strategy. In addition, a market for rainwater harvesting equipment should be established. Fourthly, to promote RWH system widely, the communication can be implemented in the school through the student and teacher activities such as education, training, contest, event etc. These activities bring large positive impacts to the villagers and communities. Finally, Vietnam Government should support research activities and implement laws and regulations to promote RWH by providing financial incentives, and to encourage people to harvest rainwater for various purposes. ; CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1.Background…………………………………………… 1 1.2. Necessity………………………………………………… 5 1.3.The object of the dissertation……………………… 6 1.4.The structure of the dissertation…………………… 6 CHAPTER 2 Literature review 2.1. Water supply system in Vietnam………………… 8 2.2. History of the rainwater harvesting …………… 10 2.3.Rainwater harvesting roles ………………………… 13 2.4. Rainwater harvesting for drinking ……………… 15 2.4.1 Pretreatment methods…………………………… 15 2.4.1.1. Coarse screen…………………………………… 15 2.4.1.2. First flush tank…………………………………… 15 2.4.1.3 Role of sedimentation…………………………… 16 2.4.1.4 Role of bio-film …………………………………… 17 2.4.2. Post treatment methods ………………………… 19 2.5. Rainwater harvesting in Vietnam ………………… 22 2.6. Summary………………………………………………… 29 CHAPTER 3 Identify the barrier for rainwater harvesting system in Vietnam 3.1. Background …………………………………………… 31 3.2. Materials and methods……………………………… 32 3.2.1. Study area…………………………………………… 32 3.2.2. Survey………………………………………………. 33 3.2.3. Statistical analysis…………………………………… 39 3.3. Results and discussions………………………………. 39 3.3.1. Survey analysis ………………………………………. 39 3.3.1.1. Statistical characteristic………………………. 39 3.3.1.2. Satisfaction for individual RWH system ……. 45 3.3.1.3 Satisfaction for RWH system installation at school …………………………………………………………. 45 3.3.2 Barriers for rainwater use for drinking water………… 46 3.3.2.1 Technical barrier………………………………. 46 3.3.2.2 Economical barrier……………………………. 46 3.3.2.3 Social barrier…………………………………. 48 CHAPTER 4 Demo project to overcome barriers 4.1. Introduction…………………………………………………. 49 4.1.1. Water supply and drinking water for community-based at Vietnam rural area……………………………………… 51 4.1.2. Existing rainwater harvesting community- based……. 52 4.1.3. The barrier for rainwater harvesting at community-based 53 4.2. Cukhe Kindergarten and elementary school (period of Aug 2014- Sept)……………………………………………………… 54 4.2.1Site information……………………………………… 55 4.2.2. Information of demo system………………………. 57 4.2.2.1. Cukhe Kindergarten D1……………………… 57 4.2.2.2. Cukhe elementary school D2 ………………. 58 4.2.3. Rainwater Harvesting system information…………. 59 4.2.4. Maintenance and Operation………………………… 61 4.2.4.1. Water quality monitoring…………………. 61 4.2.4.1. Water quality monitoring…………………. 62 4.2.5. Lessons learnt……………………………………. 65 4.3.2. Daicuong elementary(D3) and middle (D4) school ……. 67 4.3.1. Site information……………………………………… 67 4.3.2. Information of demo system at Daicuong elementary school (D3) and middle school (D4)…………………………. 69 4.3.3. Rainwater Harvesting system information…………. 71 4.3.4. Maintenance and Operation………………………. 72 4.3.4.1 Water quantity monitoring…………………. 73 4.3.4.2 Water quality monitoring…………………. 74 4.3.5. Lessons learnt …………………………………… 77 4.4. Social communication of rainwater harvesting systems for drinking at school inVietnam…………………………………. 78 4.4.1. Introduction…………………………………………. 79 4.4.2. Material & Method…………………………………… 82 4.4.3. Result & discussion…………………………………. 83 4.4.4. Summary…………………………… 84 4.5. Social communication to promote rainwater harvesting system for drinking at school in Vietnam……………………… 85 4.5.1. Introduction ………………………………………… 85 4.5.2. Materials and methods……………………………… 88 4.5.3. Result and discussion…………………………………. 91 4.6. Conclusion…………………………………………………. 95 CHAPTER 5 Suggestions to promote sustainable drinking water by rainwater harvesting 5.1. Introduction………………………………………………. 98 5.2. Rainwater harvesting promotional strategies in other countries ………………………………………………………… 98 5.3. Technical suggestion to Vietnam Government ……………. 100 5.3.1. Rainwater harvesting component for school or community 100 5.3.2. Design guideline……………………………………… 103 5.3.2.1. Gutter and downspout………………………. 103 5.3.2.2. First-flush……………………………………. 105 5.3.2.3. Settling tank and storage tank………………. 106 5.3.2.4. Rainwater treatment system…………………. 108 5.3.2.5. Water meter, water level, and drinking water delivery…………………………………………………………. 109 5.3.3. Operation and Maintenance…………………………. 111 5.4. Strategy promotion to implement RWH system ………… 112 5.4.1. Authority agency……………………………………. 114 5.4.2. Enterprise or private sector…………………………. 119 5.4.3. Communities………………………………………… 120 CHAPTER 6 Conclusion and recommendation 6.1. Conclusion……………………………………………… 122 6.2. Recommendation…………………………………………. 124 Appendix 1: List of the domestic water quality parameter and allowable limit………………………………………………………………… 141 Appendix 2: Survey and investigation on rainwater harvesting…… 149 ; Doctor

This study aims to find out how to stimulate Early Childhood Mindset in Theodeosius kindergarten through affective education. This research is qualitative research. Data analysis is done by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The research findings show that students are very enthusiastic about following the activities of the teacher with pleasure, happiness and not feeling burdened from the beginning of the activity to the end, students can take part in the activities of the teacher well. The efforts made by TK Theodosius educators are good, so that it can be said that the teacher's efforts to train children's independence are maximized. The students have begun to instill Pancasila values in their daily lives, namely Godhead, Humanity, the Value of Unity, People's Value, and Social Justice. Keywords: Affective Education, Early Childhood Mindset Stimulation, Understanding Pancasila. References Abramson, L., Daniel, E., & Knafo-noam, A. (2018). 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This research was conducted to determine the impact of the application of Government Regulation Number 71 of 2010 on the Quality of Local Government Financial Reports (LKPD) and on the results of the opinion of BPK-RI in the Government of Sanggau Regency. The method of research analysis uses qualitative method that aims to see the impact of the application of Government Regulation No. 71 of 2010 through the observation and documentation of the financial statements of Sanggau District Government from 2015 to 2017 and on the BPK Audit Report from 2015 to 2017 and the interviews with several informants which is directly related to the preparation of the Local Government Financial Reports of Sanggau Regency. The results of the study are that the implementation of Government Regulation No. 71 of 2010 has a positive impact on the quality of the Local Government Financial Reports of Sanggau Regency in 2015, 2016 and 2017 where the quality of the Local Government Financial Reports of Sanggau Regency has relevant, reliable, comparable and easily understood quality. The application of Government Regulation Number 71 of 2010 also has a positive impact on the results of the opinion of BPK-RI on the Local Government Financial Reports of Sanggau Regency from 2015, 2016, and 2017 where the opinion achieved by the Government of Sanggau Regency is Unqualified (Audit Opinion).Keywords: The impact of the application of PP 71 of 2010, the quality of Local Government Financial Reports, and the results of the opinion of BPK-RIDAFTAR PUSTAKAAkuba, Jannah, Miftahul, Sondakh, J., Jullie & Tinangon, J., Jantje (2016). 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Thearticle deals with the review of contemporary state of the study of the political discourse addressee phenomenon. Theoverview of the existing points of view on discourse's content as a linguistic scientific notion is presented, with considerationto its debatable character in scientific thought; a debatable character of this discourse kind's components and basic qualities isunderlined. The understanding of political discourse at the present-day stage of discourse studies' development is analyzed; ashort overview of its research directions is suggested. Attention is given to the ambiguity of researchers' interpretation of the'genre' notion as to political discourse, as well as of the set of genres as related to this discourse kind; this situation existsnotwithstanding a considerable numbers of papers on separate genres of political discourse. The concept of mass/collectiveaddressee is analyzed, as well as the coverage of its study as related to political discourse. The lack of special research on theaddressee of political discourse, its specific features, parameters and qualities is emphasized; the assumption is expressed as tothe causes of this situation. A short overview of non-linguistic spheres studying and practically applying the collectiveaddressee's parameters is suggested, this collective addressee being understood as a mass customer of political information.With consideration to cognitive basis of political discourse communication, a hypothesis is expressed as to the possibility andadvisability of studying the addressee of political discourse of the basis of the cognitive aspect of research, as related variouspolitical discourse genres; the necessity of exercising it on the interdisciplinary and multi-module basis is underlined, in casethe related disciplines study other aspects of political discourse and its addressee. The article also suggests the directions forfurther research of the political discourse addressee. 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Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse. Amsterdam; Philadelphia:John Benjamins.30. Wodak, Ruth. 2018. Language and Politics. English language: description, variation, and context. Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan. ; Стаття присвячена огляду сучасного стану вивчення такого дискурсивного феномену, як адресат політичногодискурсу. Надано огляд наявних поглядів на сутність дискурсу як мовознавчого наукового поняття з огляду на йогодискусійність у науковій думці; наголошено також на дискусійності компонентів та базових чинників цього видудискурсу. Проаналізовано розуміння політичного дискурсу на нинішньому етапі розвитку дискурсології за уваги догенези та періодів становлення лінгвістичного та міждисциплінарного дослідження політичного дискурсу,запропоновано короткий огляд напрямів дослідження. Акцентовано увагу на неоднозначності трактуваннімовознавцями поняття жанрів політичного дискурсу та набору конкретних жанрів, незважаючи на численність робіт,присвячених окремими жанрам цього виду дискурсу. Схарактеризовано поняття «масовий/колективний адресат», атакож його висвітлення стосовно політичного дискурсу. Звернуто увагу на відсутність наукових робіт, спеціальноприсвячених аналізу адресата політичного дискурсу, його специфіки, параметрів і якостей, висловлено припущеннящодо причин такого явища. Запропоновано короткий огляд немовознавчих царин, у яких вивчаються і здійснюютьсяна практиці параметри колективного адресата в розумінні масового споживача політичної інформації. З огляду накогнітивне підґрунтя комунікації в політичному дискурсі висловлено гіпотезу про можливість і доцільність вивченняадресата політичного дискурсу з опорою на когнітивний аспект і відносно різних політичних жанрів; наголошено напотребі залучення при цьому даних суміжних дисциплін, що вивчають політичний дискурс в інших аспектах, атакож мультимодальний підхід при вивченні цього об'єкта дослідження. Сформульовано напрями подальшоговивчення колективного адресата політичного дискурсу.

The article critically analyzes the methodological state of linguocultural conceptology and touchesupon the problematic issues that require their further development. The main attention is focused on the need to revise thestructure of linguistic and cultural concepts and, in this regard, to clarify the terminological designation of these mentalformations. It is assumed that each concept of the linguoculture acquires conceptual status only when it is value-evaluative toits members, and therefore a synergetic combination of such entities is axioconceptosphere – motivational continuum of theirexistence. It is defined that the main task of linguoconceptologists is associated with the search of the relevant for thereconstruction of such motivational continuum of British and Ukrainian ethnic cultures methodological tools, to prove thatthe allocation of linguistic and cultural concepts of the value layer only as one of the components of their structures simplifiesthe mental and panchronic (deeply diachronic, etymological, historical and modern) nature of this type of formations. It isproposed three-orthodox (dimensional, cognitive-linguocomparative and linguo-synergetic) methodological approach for theanalysis of diachronic and synchronic structure of actually value concepts – TRUTH, GOOD, BEAUTY, BENEFIT that havebeen identified by ancient thinkers and successive generations of philosophers as the basic value categories and whosubsequently laid the foundations of the entire sciences – logic, ethics, aesthetics, which were considered to be a complexsystem of significant priorities (individual, collective and universal) in the life of each ethnic group and its individualrepresentative. In the article the researcher defined the stages of effective methods and techniques application for thereconstruction in British and Ukrainian axioconceptospheres: the first stage involves the application of methods of cognitiveand linguo-comparative studies, in particular, the method of a diachronic review of the etymological versions of the originalvalues of the names of these concepts, their synonyms and derivatives of the etymological sources of the English andUkrainian languages (with the help of Indo-European etymological dictionaries), the second stage – methods of structurallinguistics, modern lexical and cognitive semantics. References Alefirenko, Nikolay. 2013.Lingvokulturologiya: cennostno-smyslovoeprostranstvoyazyka.Moskva: Flinta; Nauka. 2.Chekulay, Igor, Prohorova, Olga. 2016. "Cennostno-deyatelnostnye metaforicheskie modeli v sozdanii sistemy cennostnyh konceptov angliyskogo yazyka".Nauchnyi rezultat: setevoi zhurnal 2, 1(7):44–47. 3.Fesenko, Tamara. 2000. 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"Koncepty raznyh tipov i puti ih rekonstrukcii."Problemy konceptualizacii deystvitelnosti i modelirovaniya yazykovoy kartiny mira6:160–169.12.Mezhuev, Vadim.2006. Ideya kultury. Ocherki po filosofii kultury. Moskva: Progress-Tradiciya.13.Mescheryakova ,Yuliya. 2007. Krasota. Antologiya konceptov.Moskva: Gnozis.14.Pantelei M. 2006. "Otsinka u strukturi linhvokulturnoho kontseptu politican / polityk".Visnyk KhNU im.V.N.Karazina725:33–36. 15.Pimenova, Marina. 2007. "Metodologiya konceptualnyh issledovaniy".Antologiya konceptov. Moskva: Gnozis.16.Popova, Zinaida, Sternin, Iosif. 2005. Polevaya model koncepta. Vvedenie v kognitivnuyu lingvistiku. –Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat.17.Rikkert, Heinrich.1995. Nauki o prirode i nauki o duhe. Kulturologiya. XX vek: Antologiya. – M.: Yurist.18.Semehyn, Tetiana. 2011. "Dynamika semantychnoi struktury binarnykh kontseptiv PREKRASNYI/POTVORNYI v anhliiskii ta ukrainskii movakh". PhD diss., Kyiv: Nats. ped. un-t imeni M.P.Drahomanova.19.Slyshkin, Gennadiy. 2004. Lingvokulturnye koncepty i metakoncepty.Volgograd: Peremena.20.Stefanova, Nataliia. 2018. "Cognitive and ontological essence of axiological dominants and principles of their taxonomy in diachronic and synchronic review". Advanced Education:scientific journal9:225–230. doi.10.20535/2410-8286.131680>21.Stepanov,Yuriy.2007. Koncepty. Tonkaya plenka civilizacii. Moskva: Yazyki slavyanskih kultur.22.Sternin, Iosif. 2001. "Metodika issledovaniya struktury koncepta". Metodicheskie problemy kognitivnoy lingvistike. Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezhskogo gos. u-ta.23.Stolovich, Leonid. 1988. "The aesthetic value in the world of values". Aesthetica et Calonologia67–76.24.Tkachuk A., Kurenkova T., Strekaleva T. "Cennostnyy faktor i specifika mirovospriyatiya naroda (na materiale analiza lingvokulturnyh konceptov)".Kulturologiya. URL: http://econf.rae.ru/article/6740.25.Tokarev,Grigoriy. 2000. Problemy lingvokulturologicheskogo opisaniya koncepta (na primere «Trudovaya deyatelnost»).Tula.26.Uryson, Elena. 2003. Problemy issledovaniya yazykovoy kartiny mira: analogiya v semantike. Moskva: Yazyki slavyanskoy kultury.27.Valickaya, Alisa. 2013. Aksiosfera soderzhanie ponyatiya i ego instrumentalnyi status.Aksiosferasovremennosti: filosofsko-esteticheskiyanalizinravstvennoeobosnovaniesociokulturnyhpraktik.28.Vorkachev, Sergey. 2010. "Kudazhnamplyt? Lingvokulturnayakonceptologiya: sovremennoesostoyanie, problemy, vektorrazvitiya".Yazyk,kommunikaciyaisocialnayasreda 8:5–27. ; У статті критично схарактеризовано методологічний стан лінгвокультурної концептології й порушено тіпроблемні питання, які потребують подальшого розроблення. Основну увагу зосереджено на необхідності переглядуструктури лінгвокультурних концептів і у зв'язку з цим уточнення термінологічного позначення цих ментальнихутворень. Зроблено припущення, що кожен концепт лінгвокультури набуває концептуального статусу лише тоді,коли він є ціннісно-значимим для її представників, і тому синергетична сукупність таких утворень складаєаксіоконцептосферу – мотиваційний континуум їхнього побутування. Сформульоване головне завданнялінгвоконцептологів, пов'язане з пошуками придатних для реконструкції подібного мотиваційного континуумубританської та української етнокультур методологічних інструментів, за допомогою яких вдасться довести, щовиокремлення в лінгвокультурних концептах ціннісного шару лише як одного з компонентів їхніх структур спрощуєментальну й панхронічну (глибоко діахронічну, етимологічну, історичну й сучасну) природу такого типу утворень.Запропоновано тріортодоксальний (димензіональний, когнітивно-лінгвокомпаративний, лінгвосинергетичний)методологічний підхід для аналізу діахронно-синхронної структури власне ціннісних концептів – TRUTH, GOOD,BEAUTY, BENEFIT / ІСТИНА, ДОБРО, КРАСА, КОРИСТЬ, визначених античними мислителями та подальшимипоколіннями філософів як базові ціннісні категорії і які згодом заклали основи цілих наук – логіки, етики, естетики,де їх розглядали як складноорганізовану систему ЗНАЧУЩИХ пріоритетів (індивідуальних, колективних,загальнолюдських) у житті кожного етносу й окремого його представника. Визначено етапи застосуванняефективних методів і методик для реконструкції британської і української аксіоконцептосфер: перший етаппередбачає застосування методів когнітивної лінгвокомпаративістики, зокрема методу діахронічного коментаряетимологічних версій первісних значень імен зазначених концептів, їх синонімів і дериватів в етимологічнихджерелах англійської та української мов (із залученням словників індоєвропейської етимології), другий – методівструктурної лінгвістики, сучасної лексичної і когнітивної семантики.

WOS: 000433032500008 ; PubMed: 29864314 ; A search for the narrow structure, X(5568), reported by the DO Collaboration in the decay sequence X -> B-s(0) pi +/-, B-s(0) -> J/psi phi, is presented. The analysis is based on a data sample recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC corresponding to 4.9 fb(-1) of pp collisions at 7 TeV and 19.5 fb(-1)at 8 TeV. No significant signal was found. Upper limits on the number of signal events, with properties corresponding to those reported by DO, and on the A production rate relative to B-s(0) mesons, rho x, were determined at 95% confidence level. The results are N(X) < 382 and rho x <0.015 for B-s(0) mesons with transverse momenta above 10 GeV and N(X) < 356 and rho(x) < 0.016 for transverse momenta above 15 GeV. Limits are also set for potential B-s(0) pi(+) resonances in the mass range 5550 to 5700 MeV. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, USAUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, USANational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF; Canada Council; CANARIE; CRCAustralian GovernmentDepartment of Industry, Innovation and ScienceCooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme; Compute Canada; FQRNTFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); FP7, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos programme - EU-ESF; Thales programme - EU-ESF; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, USA. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [22].

El presente artículo pretende analizar como los oficiales pilotos instructores de vuelo de ala fija, integran los componentes didácticos y de evaluación en el ejercicio de su labor docente, con el fin de identificar la posible incidencia de esta práctica en el desempeño de los estudiantes del curso de pilotaje de aviones, dentro del ejército nacional. Con el fin de desarrollar este análisis se plantea una metodología mixta, de tipo exploratorio, transeccional, de carácter no experimental, que se desarrolla a partir de la creación de una base de datos específica, para seleccionar y caracterizar la población; paso seguido se aplican dos instrumentos con el fin de recolectar información, un sondeo que permite determinar categorías y variables de análisis más una entrevista semiestructurada, con la cual se obtienen datos cualitativos que ayudan a clasificar los datos cuantitativos preexistentes y responder a los objetivos planteados. Al finalizar la investigación se logra identificar las herramientas didácticas y de evaluación con respecto a la variable de uso o no uso expresada en niveles porcentuales máximos y mínimos, estableciendo una relación entre la implementación de componentes didácticos y de evaluación por parte de los docentes militares con el rendimiento del estudiante en el contexto de la Aviación del Ejercito Nacional de Colombia. ; Introducción 1 CAPITULO I 3 Evolución del docente militar al interior del ejército nacional de Colombia 3 1. Planteamiento del problema 4 1.1 Problema 4 1.2 Pregunta de Investigación 7 1.3. Objetivo General 7 1.4. Objetivos Específicos 8 1.5. Justificación 8 CAPITULO II 13 Antecedentes 13 CAPITULO III 18 Articulación teórica del proceso investigativo 18 3. Marco teórico 19 3.1. Componentes fundamentales del proceso investigativo 21 3.2 El ser como eje central del proceso investigativo 21 3.2.1 Influencia del Constructivismo en el desarrollo del Oficial dentro del rol como instructor de vuelo de ala fija. 22 3.2.1.1 Pensamiento y lenguaje en el desarrollo del Instructor de vuelo de ala fija dentro del Ejército Nacional. 23 3.2.1.2 La andragogia como impacto decisivo en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de los instructores de vuelo y sus estudiantes. 25 3.3 Componentes didácticos y de evaluación, complemento del proceso de investigación 28 3.3.1 Aportes desde la didáctica Magna, a la labor docente de los oficiales, pilotos instructores de ala fija. 29 3.3.2 Didáctica moderna como apoyo para el desarrollo de la labor docente. 32 3.3.3 Tyler y la teoría evaluativa, elemento fundamental para finalizar el proceso de enseñanza. 35 3.4 Aprendizaje significativo: Enlace homogéneo del SER y los componentes didácticos evaluativos 36 3.4.1 La teoría de la asimilación. 38 3.4.2 El aprendizaje memorístico. 38 3.4.3 El aprendizaje significativo. 39 3.4.3.1 Aprendizaje de representaciones. 39 3.4.3.2 Aprendizaje de conceptos. 39 3.4.3.3 Aprendizaje de proposiciones. 40 3.5. Procesos de formación docente para los militares en Colombia 42 3.6 Algunos modelos de formación y aplicación didáctica del docente militar alrededor del mundo 44 3.6.1 Selección del docente militar en el ejército de los Estados Unidos. 44 3.6.1.1. Selección y orientación. 45 3.6.1.2 Especialización y profesionalización. 46 3.6.1.3 Aplicación y destinación. 46 3.6.1.4 Educación continuada. 47 3.6.1.5 Maestrías y Doctorados. 47 3.6.2 Selección del docente militar en el ejército de chile. 48 CAPITULO IV 54 Desarrollo metodológico y exposición de resultados 54 4. Metodología 55 4.1 Tipo de Estudio 55 4.2 Nivel de la investigación 55 4.3 Diseño no experimental, transeccional de tipo exploratorio 56 4.4 Presentación del caso 57 4.4.1 Contextualización del caso. 57 4.4.2 Población. 59 4.4.2.1 Oficiales instructores de vuelo de Ala fija. 60 4.4.2.2 Estudiantes Nuevos para transición de equipo. 64 4.4.3 Contenido Curricular del Curso de vuelo. 67 4.4.3.1 Fase de tierra. 67 4.4.3.2 Fase de vuelo. 69 4.5 Fases del proceso de trabajo de campo 70 4.5.1 Fase 1 Contrastación entre Objetivos y Marco Teórico. 70 4.5.2. Fase 2 Diseño de Instrumentos. 71 4.5.3. Fase 3 Recolección de datos. 72 4.5.4. Fase 4 Procesamiento y análisis de la información. 73 CAPITULO V 77 Análisis e Interpretación de Resultados 77 5.1 Resultados e Interpretación. 78 5.2 Resultados y análisis de la base de datos de caracterización de la población. 78 5.2.1 Tablas de frecuencia obtenidas sobre la base de datos. 78 5.3 Resultados y análisis del sondeo 83 5.3.1 Tablas de frecuencia del inventario de herramientas didácticas y de evaluación. 84 5.4 Resultados, análisis de los datos obtenidos por entrevista 89 CAPITULO VI 95 Conclusiones, aportes y recomendaciones 95 6 Conclusiones 96 7. Aportes del proceso investigativo 102 7.1 En el campo teórico 102 7.2 En el contexto militar 103 8. Recomendaciones 104 9. Listado de Referencias 105 10. Anexos 109 ; The present article pretends to analyze how the fixed-wing flight instructor pilots, integrate the didactic and evaluation components in the exercise of their teaching work, to identify the possible incidence of this practice in the performance of the students of the course of aircraft piloting, within the national army. In order to develop this analysis, we propose a mixed methodology, of an exploratory, transectional type, of a non-experimental nature, developed from the creation of a specific database to select and characterize the population; next step two instruments are applied in order to collect information, a survey that allows to determine categories and analysis variables plus a semi-structured interview, with which qualitative data are obtained that help to classify pre-existing quantitative data and respond to the proposed objectives. At the end of the research it is possible to identify the didactic and evaluation tools with respect to the use or non-use variable expressed in maximum and minimum percentage levels, establishing a relationship between the implementation of didactic components and evaluation by military teachers with the performance of the student in the context of the Aviation of the National Army of Colombia.

Comparative analysis of dendroflora of the parks "mirsky castle complex" and "The Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh" (belarus)The parks "Myr" (park "Mirsky Castle Complex") and Nesvizhskyi (park "The Architectural and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh") have the status of a botanical nature monument of national importance. They are outstanding representatives of the garden art in the region. Structural division of the parks has been formed historically. The park "Myr" consists of two parts: the "Italian garden" and the landscape park. At present, the territory of the "Italian garden" is presented mainly by plantations of autochthonous species of woody plants, an orchard area and a pond. The park Nesvizhskyi has 5 parts, namely: Old, Japanese, Castle, English and Marysin park.Development of the garden art started in Myr long before the parks in Nesvizh were built. In 1582, in Myr, behind the northern bank, the "Italian garden" was laid out by the order of Mykola Khrystofor Radziwill. Historical events left their mark not only on the exterior of the castle, but also on the condition of the planted vegetation. Eventually, the "Italian garden" was created in the Baroque style, but because of the numerous military actions, the accurate information about its plan and structure is lost. At the end of the XIX century, a significant redevelopment of the surrounding territories was done, and formation of the park "Myr" and Nesvizhskyi was started. Water objects were created as well, which has significant influence on the compositions of the parks (the compositional units are closely linked to the water elements of the parks).Formation of the park "Myr" went on during 20 years and of the park Nesvizhskyi – during more than 50 years. Four types of plantations have been detected in course of the research in the park "Myr": groups, alleys, line and bouquet plantings. The main plantings belong to the beginning of the XX century. The types of plantations of the park Nesvizhskyi are presented by massifs, groups, line plantings, alleys, bouquet plantings and solitaires. The species composition of woody plants is more varied in the park Nesvizhskyi. It includes 43 species belonging to 31 genera and 15 families, whine in the park "Myr" only 30 species of woody plants have been found.The taxonomic structure of flora of the parks "Myr" and Nesvizhskyi is dominated by woody plants of the Magnoliophyta Division, 25 and 30 species, respectively; plants of the Pinophyta Division are less common, they are presented by 8 and 5 species, respectively. Among the coniferous species, the most common are: Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., Picea pungens Engelm., Pinus sylvestris L., Juniperus sabina L.Magnoliophyta Division is represented by 25 species of woody plants, which is 84 % of the total number of species of the park "Myr" and 82% of the park Nesvizhskyi. The park Nesvizhskyi has 11% more species of woody plants that belong to Magnoliophyta Division, than the park "Myr".Among phanerophytes, the most numerous appear to be mesophanerophytes, they make up 13 and 21 species of woody plants in the parks "Myr" and Nesvizhskyi. Megaphanerophytes in the park Nesvizhskyi are represented by 12 species of woody plants, which is two times more than in the park "Myr". Microphanerophytes and nanophanerophytes in both objects are represented almost in the same quantity, i.e. from 4 to 6 species of woody plants.Mesophanerophytes are not represented by the coniferous species in the park "Myr". Among microphanerophytes, only deciduous species of woody plants have been detected. By the number of species, mesophanerophytes prevail significantly in plantations of the park Nesvizhskyi.By the number of species, mesophytes in the parks "Myr" and Nesvizhskyi correlate 24:33. Hygrophytes and xerophytes are represented by a significantly less number, i.e. from 2 to 6 species of woody plants. In both objects, the group of hygrophytes includes only the species of woody deciduous plants.By the light requirements, there are mostly helophytes, which mare represented in the park Nesvizhskyi by 18 species of woody plants, which is 3 species more, than in the park "Myr". The majority of them are deciduous species of woody plants. In the park Nesvizhskyi, hemiksiophytes are represented in significant quantity.By the soil requirements, in the parks "Myr" and Nesvizhskyi, deciduous woody plants in the group of mesotrophs (16 and 22 species) ans eutrophs (9 and 12 species) prevail. Oligotrophs in both parks form the lowest number, from 3 to 4 species of woody plants.In the parks "Myr" and Nesvizhskyi, first-magnitude trees and bushes prevail, 14 and 19, 6 and 4 species, respectively. Second-magnitude trees (10 species) are somewhat less common in the park Nesvizhskyi. There are no representatives of the fourth-magnitude trees in the park "Myr", and in the park Nesvizhskyi, there is only one row with such characteristics.Second and fourth-magnitude bushes are uncommon; in each object one of their spices is represented.According to the study results, in the parks "Myr" and Nesvizhskyi, phanerophytes prevail; among them, the most common are mesophanerophytes, less common are megaphanerophytes, uncommon are microphanerophytes and nanophanerophytes.In the park Nesvizhskyi, the species composition of woody plants is represented by 43 species, which belong to 31 genera and 15 families, in the park "Myr", only 30 species of woody plants have been detected. The taxonomic structure of dendroflora of the parks "Myr" and Nesvizhskyi is dominated by species of woody plants of Magnoliophyta Division, plants of Pinophyta Division are uncommon.The ecological structure of dendroflora of the parks "Myr" and Nesvizhskyi by light requirements is represented mostly by helophytes and hemiksiophytes, skiophytes are uncommon; by soil requirements, mesotrophes include the majority of species of woody plants. Somewhat less quantity of eutrophes has been detected in the above mentioned territories. Oligotrophs in both parks represent the lowest quantity. Masophytes prevail in the plantations of the parks. Hydrophytes and xerophytes are represented in significantly less quantity.

WOS: 000416430900002 ; The analysis of the momentum difference between charged hadrons in high-energy proton-proton collisions is performed in order to study coherent particle production. The observed correlation pattern agrees with a model of a helical QCD string fragmenting into a chain of ground-state hadrons. A threshold momentum difference in the production of adjacent pairs of charged hadrons is observed, in agreement with model predictions. The presence of low-mass hadron chains also explains the emergence of charge-combination-dependent two-particle correlations commonly attributed to Bose-Einstein interference. The data sample consists of 190 mu b(-1) of minimum-bias events collected with proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy root s = 7 TeV in the early low-luminosity data taking with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, U.S.United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, U.S.National Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos program; Thales program; Aristeia program; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust; MESTD, Serbia ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC as well as the support staff from our institutions, without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC, and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST, and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR, and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE, and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF, and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; and DOE and NSF, U.S. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020, and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; and the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (United Kingdom) and BNL (U.S.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [22].

56 páginas. ; La sentencia de la honorable Corte Constitucional C-014 de 2004 aborda el tema de revocatoria directa de los fallos disciplinarios, hace especial énfasis en las faltas disciplinarias constitutivas de violaciones del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario, la situación en que se encuentran las personas afectadas o víctimas, que es muy diferente a los particulares en calidad de quejosos, que promueven una investigación disciplinaria, pues aquellas no solo están alentadas por el interés que le asiste a cualquier ciudadano para que se imponga una sanción al infractor de la ley disciplinaria, sino que, además de ese genérico interés, en ellas concurre la calidad consecuente con el daño que sobrevino, de manera inescindible, a la comisión de la falta disciplinaria. A través de un estudio comparativo que analiza el cumplimiento de la citada sentencia, las ventajas y desventajas de su ejecución, se verifica el cumplimiento de su finalidad al desarrollar investigaciones disciplinarias al interior de las Fuerzas Militares, la prioridad debe ser conocer la verdad de los hechos en materia de infracciones al Derecho Internacional Humanitario, frente a las posibles decisiones de revocatoria de los fallos sancionatorios, por otro lado se aborda el papel que debe adoptar la Justicia Especial para la Paz al conocer la verdad de los hechos generadores de los fallos disciplinarios. En la actualidad la Ley 836 de 2003, permite que los fallos absolutorios o sancionatorios por la comisión de faltas gravísimas por infracciones al Derecho Internacional Humanitario son objeto de conocimiento por parte del Comandante General de las Fuerzas Militares tanto en consulta como en recurso de apelación. La sentencia bajo estudio abre la posibilidad de que los fallos absolutorios en materia de Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y del Derecho Internacional Humanitario fueran revocados y se reconozcan a las víctimas como sujetos procesales, lo que va en contravía a lo establecido en la actual legislación. Se hace énfasis en las consecuencias que acarrea el que un militar investigado y sancionado a la luz de la Ley 836 de 2003 o de la Ley 1862 de 2017, ante la comisión de una falta disciplinaria gravísima con implicación de la violación al derecho internacional de los derechos humanos e infracción al DIH, al poder ser anulada y/o extinguida por parte de la JEP, con lo que se podría ver en riesgo el principio de seguridad jurídica de las decisiones impuestas en los procesos disciplinarios dentro de las Fuerzas Militares. ; Tabla de Contenido Resumen 6 Abstrac. 8 Palabras claves 9 Key words 9 Introducción 10 Pregunta problema 12 Objetivos 13 Objetivo General 13 Objetivos Específicos 13 El proceso disciplinario de las Fuerzas Militares en cumplimiento de las garantías de la víctima 14 Régimen Disciplinario de las Fuerzas Militares bajo el amparo de la Ley 836 de 2003 14 Reconocimiento de las víctimas como sujeto procesal 16 Revocatoria directa de las decisiones adoptas en las investigaciones disciplinarias de las Fuerzas Militares 19 Reconocimiento de las víctimas como sujetos procesales con la Ley 1862 de 2017 22 Justicia Especial para la Paz en materia disciplinaria 26 La Justicia Especial para la Paz frente a las garantías de las víctimas como sujetos procesales en el derecho disciplinario de las Fuerzas Militares 30 Decisiones de la Justicia Especial para la Paz en las Fuerzas Militares 33 La disciplina al interior de las Fuerzas Militares 33 Decisiones disciplinarias frente a la JEP 35 De las acciones administrativas resultantes 38 Conclusiones 44 Referencias Bibliográficas 46 Anexos… 49 ; The ruling of the honorable Constitutional Court C-014 of 2004 addresses the issue of direct revocation of disciplinary decisions, emphasizes the disciplinary offenses constituting violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, the situation in which are the people affected or victims, which is very different from the individuals as complainants, which promote a disciplinary investigation, as those are not only encouraged by the interest that assists any citizen to impose a penalty on the offender the disciplinary law, but, in addition to that generic interest, in them concur the quality consistent with the damage that ensued, in an essential way, to the commission of the disciplinary offense. Through a comparative study that analyzes the fulfillment of the aforementioned judgment, the advantages and disadvantages of its execution, the fulfillment of its purpose is verified when developing disciplinary investigations within the Military Forces, the priority must be to know the truth of the facts regarding breaches of International Humanitarian Law, in the face of possible decisions to revoke punitive decisions, on the other hand, the role that the Special Justice for Peace must take on knowing the truth of the events that gave rise to the disciplinary decisions . Currently Law 836 of 2003, allows that absolutory or sanctioning judgments for the commission of serious violations for violations of International Humanitarian Law are subject to knowledge by the General Commander of the Military Forces in both consultation and appeals. The judgment under study opens the possibility that the absolutory rulings in the matter of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law were revoked and the victims are recognized as procedural subjects, which is contrary to what is established in the current legislation. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of a military investigation and sanctioned in light of Law 836 of 2003 or Law 1862 of 2017, in the face of a serious disciplinary offense involving the violation of the international law of human rights and infraction to IHL, being able to be annulled and / or extinguished by the JEP, with which the principle of legal certainty of the decisions imposed in the disciplinary processes within the Armed Forces could be at risk.

With 2018 upon upon us, let's look 100 years back at 1918, and let's make some guesses about the coming year. In 1918, there were fewer than 250,000 vehicles on the road in Texas. No driver's license was required, by the way. Given that there were only about 5 million of us back then, we had one vehicle for every 20 people. That made getting to the family reunion a tight squeeze. Today there are 22 million vehicles on the road in Texas – sometimes I think all of them are in the I-35 corridor when I'm there. There are 28 million Texans. Subtract the children and you have damnear one vehicle for every Texan of driving age. Since 1918, cars and trucks have proliferated far faster than Texans. We've seen a twenty-fold increase in vehicles and only a 6-fold increase in people. We're adding cars and trucks faster than we're making Texans. In 1918, World War I ended. Incidentally, it was called The Great War then. It didn't become WW I until we had a WW II, which created the unique war labeling. Many people have been talking about WW III for some time but fortunately, nobody has been able to produce it yet. A million Texans registered for the draft and 200,000 fought in the Great War. Texas volunteerism was high, perhaps because Germany had offered Mexico a deal in the Zimmermann Telegram. They said that if Mexico threw in with Germany, Germany would help them get Texas back. 5200 Texans died during the war. About a third of them died from the other devastating event of that year, the influenza pandemic, better known as the Spanish Flu. It was particularly sad that we had soldiers survive four years of unholy trench warfare and mustard gas only to come home to die of the flu. The Spanish Flu was unusual in that 20-40 year old adults were most at risk rather than children and old people. A common story of the time was of four healthy women who played bridge late into the night. They went to bed and the next morning, three were dead. Children who survived the flu that year, some believe, went on to live healthier lives than most because they developed powerful immunities. My mother had the flu when she was eigh years old. She lived to be almost 102. She was in good company: Walt Disney had it, Woodrow Wilson had it, and so did Texas novelist Katherine Ann Porter, who later wrote a novella based on the epidemic called "Pale Horse, Pale Rider." A study by Vanderbilt University in 2008 found that people like my mom still had the Spanish Flu antibodies, working hard 90 years after they had the flu. Texas cities like El Paso were particularly hard-hit, partially because of Fort Bliss, the military base there. 600 people died in El Paso, almost 1 percent of the population, and many more, of course, survived the flu. Today, we have the flu vaccine, which was invented by Jonas Salk and Thomas Francis in 1933. So though a pandemic of the 1918 variety is not impossible, most experts feel it is highly unlikely. But we cannot say the same for World Wars. It always seems one surprise assassination of an obscure archduke away. Turning to the future, what will Texas look like in 100 years, in 2118? All one can do is look at trends and guess. As Peter Drucker said, "Trying to predict the future is like trying to drive down a country road at night with no lights on while looking out the back window." So with that warning, let's try anyway. If we go by the futurists at Google, we can predict that there will be fewer cars on the road, per capita, than now. We will have many types of public transportation such as self-driving buses and cars. Fewer people will own their own cars and trucks in the future. Experts believe we will simply hail self-driving taxis using some future version of smart phones which probably won't be called phones anymore. I wonder if we will have taxi pickup trucks, nicely lifted, with an occasional set of longhorns strapped to the front, just for nostalgia. I asked former official State Demographer of Texas, Steve Murdock (everybody's go-to guy for the future of Texas) what the Texas population would look like in 2118. "If Texas continues to grow as it has in the recent past, one would expect it to increase its population to more than 80 million by 2118. This assumes that Texas will obtain technology and other factors to increase the water supply," he said. From this number, we can see that this would put us in the neighborhood of present-day Egypt for size and population. Murdock also said that in the 2050-2060 decade, Texas will be about 55 percent Hispanic and 20 percent white. It's hard to predict trends beyond that point. He said we need very much to ensure educational opportunity for all or we will not have the success in the century ahead that we enjoyed in the last one. My personal guess is that Texas will be incredibly urban in 2118, as compared to today, particularly east of I-35. DFW, Houston and San Antonio will be super cities. Austin may well be a kind of giant suburb of San Antonio. It's quite possible that San Antonio and Houston will fight over city limit signs. If the big tech giants have the future properly envisioned, our cities like Dallas and Houston will be more people-friendly – pushing vehicles out of our streets and reclaiming many as green spaces for walking and biking and sports. And we will all have artificial intelligence robots. I just hope the robots say things like "howdy" and "fixin'to" and "while I'm up, can I get y'all a beer?"

INTRODUCTION Zadar is a small town situated at the middle of Croatian part of east Adriatic coast. Its convenient geopolitical position, as well as its indented coast contributed to its imposition as an important cultural and political center of Dalmatia throughout the rich history of Croatia. Its university tradition is centuries-old and begins with ecclesiastical education first mentioned in 10th century. In 2002, the University of Zadar was founded and a base of contemporary University is faculty of Philosophy, Teaching College, as well as Dominican university. Due to its geographical position on the crossroads of Western and Eastern Europe, Croatian had a significant role in European history and culture, with a strong influences of Latin as well as Byzantine cultures. The corpus of Croatian Mediaeval literature is therefore written on three scripts – Glagolitic, Latin and Bosnian variant of Cyrillic scripts, called bosanica, and in three languages – Church Slavonic, Croatian redaction of the Church Slavonic language and Latin (Hercigonja, 1999, 2009). Although Glagolitic script was in use in several other countries, it is only in Croatia that it took angular form, used also for the first Croatian printed books, as early as in 1483. The most important Mediaeval written heritage in Croatia is written on Glagolitic and Latin scripts, and an important part of that corpus is nowadays part of collections of heritage institutions in Zadar. In accordance with current interdisciplinary trends in cataloguing, research and communication of cultural heritage in digital age, the interdisciplinary scientific project Digitization, bibliographic description and research of texts written on Glagolitic, Croatian Cyrillic and Latin scripts until the end of 19th century in Zadar and Šibenik area is being carried out at the University of Zadar in co-operation with Vestigia Manuscript Research Centre of University of Graz, Austria. The goals of the project are: (1) digitization of old and rare books written on Glagolitic, Croatian Cyrillic and Latin scripts, primarily manuscripts (2) Machine readable cataloguing based on existing printed catalogues, making of inventory lists, registration and inclusion of Croatian manuscript and early print, primarily Glagolitic, collections in Croatian and European portals of written heritage. This goal includes the research in the field of information sciences, by focusing on research of standardization of bibliographic description of manuscripts and early prints and their digitization, and in the fields of digital humanities and humanities user needs. In order to achieve this goal, the project connects also to national project Production, publishing and maintaining national cataloguing rules: 2014-2016. This goal became the major goal, as research in semantic web, linked open data and other standards of publication of data, as well as research data are conducted here. FRBR-LRM, CIDOC-CRM and other conceptual models, as well as machine-readable formats are being mapped and researched together with standards for description of manuscripts in different communities, in order to achieve appropriate metadata scheme for the description of manuscripts coming from different institutions. (Varniene-Janssen, Juškys, 2013) (3) Gathering scientists from various scientific fields, especially humanities, interested in research of Croatian written heritage in digital environment, to enable their research of written heritage, to research their needs and to create proper conditions for their research, to digitize the material of their interest, as well as to implement and develop tools for manuscript research in digital environment (tools for transliteration and transcription, visual tagging, etc.) (Holm, Jarrick, Scott, 20015) Some tools are designed specially for palaeographic research of Glagolitic material and will be tested on the project (visual tagging of digitized pictures of Glagolitic and Cyrillic manuscripts) as well as tools for visualization of research data on manuscripts and collections (Essert, et al.); (4) communication of the heritage is an important part of a project, respectively presenting heritage in a contemporary creative and innovative manner to various groups of users, using information technology, web portal, virtual exhibitions, presentations, mapping locations on touristic and other geographic maps as well as in the wider touristic offer. In this goal, inclusion of public is planned, particularly of associations of citizens interested in Glagolitic heritage, the most important segment of Croatian written heritage, following the EU recommendations connected with open science, citizen engagement and citizen researchers in the age of digital culture. As the project supports educational activities at university, it involves students in each project phase and enables conditions for laboratory and field education. In order to achieve those goals, several working groups are formed and workflow with indicated activities and methodology for the activities of each group are designed, and will be presented in this presentation, together with the assumptions for cross-institutional cooperation in the field of digital humanities will be listed on the example of Zadar University and main research goals and expected results will be presented. REFERENCES Herciognja, E. (2006) Tropismena i trojezična kultura hrvatskoga srednjovjekovlja. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb. Hercigonja, E. (1999) Glagolitism and Glagolism. Ivan Supičić (ed.). Croatia in the Early Middle Ages. London: Philip Wilson, pp. 369-400. Hercigonja, Eduard. 2008. Glagolism in the High Middle Ages. Ivan Supičić (ed.). Croatia in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.London: Philip Wilson, 171-226 Essert, M., et al. (2013) XML to visual tags migration: proposed methodologies for the research of digitized Croatian Mediaeval Glagolitic material. Summer School in the Study of Historical Manuscripts: Proceedings. University of Zadar. Varniene-Janssen, R., Juškys, J. (2013) Strategic, methodological and technical solutions for the creation of seamless content of the digital cultural heritage: Lithuanian approach. Summer School in the Study of Historical Manuscripts: Proceedings. University of Zadar. Clemens, R., Graham, T. (2007) Introduction to manuscript studies. Cornell University Press, Ithaca & London Savenije, B., Beunen, A (2012) Cultural Heritage and the Public Domain. // Liber Querterly : the journal of the Association of European Research Libraries, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 80-97 The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities. Available at: https://openaccess.mpg.de/Berlin-Declaration Terras, M., Nyhan, J. Vanhoutte, E. ed. (2013) Defining digital humanities: a reader. Ashgate, Burlington. Warwich, C. (2012) Studying users in digital humanities. Digital humanities in practice. Facet Publishing, London. Holm, P., Jarrick, A., Scott, D. (2015) Humanities World Report. Palgrave Macmillan Warwick, C. (2012) Institutional models for digital humanities Digital humanities in practice. Facet Publishing, London.

Das vorliegende Datenhandbuch soll der Forschung zu den Aspekten internationaler Migration das adäquate Datenmaterial an die Hand geben. Anregung für diese Datensammlung wurde 1924 durch das Komitee zu den wissenschaftlichen Aspekten menschlicher Wanderung des Social Science Research Council gegeben. Die Durchführung der statistischen Studie wurde dem National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in New York (Prof. Dr. Willcox) anvertraut, welches unterstützt wurde von der Abteilung Migration des International Labour Office (ILO bzw. Internationale Arbeitsorganisation (IAO), Prof. Dr. Ferenczi) in Genf (Schweiz). Das vorliegende Datenhandbuch geht über die Zusammenstellung bekannter, vorliegender Statistiken der einzelnen Länder hinaus. Viele Materialien wurden neben den schon publizierten öffentlichen Statistiken in den Archiven zusätzlich gesichtet und aufbereitet.

Die Forscher sammelten nationale Statistiken und stellten sie in internationalen Tabellen zusammen, soweit es die Datenlage erlaubte. Die besondere Herausforderung dieser Arbeit lag in der Tatsache, dass die Unvollständigkeit der nationalen Migrationsstatistiken steigt, je weiter die Daten in die Vergangenheit zurückreichen. Für jedes Land wurde die Anzahl der Auswanderer nach dem von ihnen angegebenen Zielland bzw. Einwanderungsland erhoben. Weiterhin wurden im Gegenzug für jedes Land die Einwanderer nach dem Land ihrer Abfahrt erfasst. Damit sollte für jedes Land ein Überblick der dieses Land betreffenden Migrationsflüsse erstellt werden.
Interkontinentale Wanderungsbewegungen stellen den Schwerpunkt dieser Studie dar. Die kontinentale Wanderung innerhalb Europas und anderen Teilen der Welt wurde jedoch ebenfalls erfasst.

Das Material für die Statistiken wurde beschafft durch die Korrespondenz mit dem ILO und seinen Mitglieds-Staaten (Vereinte Nationen), durch die Zusammenarbeit mit den statistischen Ämtern der jeweiligen Länder und durch Sichtung der Archive.

In den nationalen Datentabellen werden die Migranten zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Abreise aus dem Land ihres gegenwärtigen Aufenthalts bzw. zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Ankunft in dem Land ihres zukünftigen Aufenthaltes erfasst. Bevölkerungsstatistiken oder Arbeitsmarktstatistiken, in denen auch die ausländische Bevölkerung erfasst wird und die daher eine indirekte Schlussfolgerung auf Wanderungsbewegungen zulassen, sind von den Autoren nicht berücksichtigt worden. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 67) Dort, wo Migrationsstatistiken auf der Basis von unterschiedlichen Methoden erhoben wurden, wie z.B. Hafen-Statistiken, Reisepass-Statistiken, oder Grenz-Statistiken, sind die entsprechenden Werte berücksichtigt worden und in den Tabellen wurde auf die Quelle hingewiesen. Dort, wo in den nationalen Migrationsstatistiken Auswanderer nach dem Zielland oder Einwanderer nach ihrem Herkunftsland klassifiziert wurden, wird sich in der Statistik indirekt auf ein anderes Land bezogen. Für die jeweiligen anderen Länder, welche in diesen nationalen Datentabellen erwähnt werden, stellen diese Statistiken eine Art 'indirekte Wanderungsstatistik' dar. Indirekte Statistiken beziehen sich normalerweise auf die Nennung von Ländern (z.B. Herkunftsland). Dort, wo diese Nennungen fehlen, wurde die Nationalität oder die Volkszugehörigkeit der Migranten herangezogen. Weiterhin wird in den Daten zwischen Bürgern des Landes (Dänen, d.h. in Dänemark geborene Bürger) und Ausländern unterschieden. Hierbei wurde immer die Definition des jeweiligen Landes für Staatsbürger und für Ausländer bei der Datenerhebung herangezogen. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 67) Ebenfalls wurde zwischen kontinentalen und interkontinentalen Migrationsbewegungen unterschieden. Eine Migration wird als kontinental bezeichnet, wenn sie zwischen den Territorien verschiedener Länder des gleichen Kontinents stattfindet. Sie wird als interkontinental bezeichnet, wenn Länder unterschiedlicher Kontinente betroffen sind. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 68) Als Regel geben die Autoren folgende persönliche Charakteristiken der Migranten an: Geschlecht, Alter, Nationalität, Beruf, Land des letzten ständigen Aufenthaltsortes und das Land des zukünftigen ständigen Aufenthaltsortes. Diese Eigenschaften wurden auf der Basis der 'International Labour Conference' von 1922, Empfehlung Nr. 19, gewählt.
Für Migrations-Statistiken sind die staatlichen Territorien von besonderer Bedeutung. Historische Grenzverläufe und ihre Veränderungen über die Zeit sind von besonderer Bedeutung. So ist es z.B. irreführend, den heutigen Begriff des 'Vereinten Königreichs von England' (United Kingdom) zu verwenden, da seine heutige Bedeutung durch die Etablierung des Freien Irischen Staates sich verändert hat. Daher wird der Begriff 'Britische Inseln' von den Autoren verwendet. Dort, wo sich historische Territorien über die Zeit verändert haben, wurde das neue Territorium in der Hauptüberschrift und das ältere Territorium unterhalb der Hauptüberschrift genannt (z.B.: Ungarn – vor dem Krieg und nach dem Krieg; Irish Free State – Ireland, etc.) (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 68) Wo frühere Territorien aufgehört haben, ein selbständiges politisches oder administratives Gebiet zu sein, wurde es unter dem früheren vorherrschenden Gebiet klassifiziert (z.B. wurden Bosnien und Herzegovina unter Österreich plaziert).
In allen Tabellen werden die Migranten in 12-Monats-Perioden dargestellt, soweit es möglich war. Rechnungsjahre wurden meistens von Kalenderjahren getrennt dargestellt, wobei eine Information über die exakte Periode des Rechnungsjahres in den Anmerkungen gegeben wurde. Wo Statistiken nur für Fünfjahres- oder Zehnjahres-Zeiträume vorlagen, wurde in den Originalquellen nach den jeweiligen Jahresdaten recherchiert.
Es kamen für die Studie nur Statistiken offizieller Quellen zur Anwendung. Nur in seltenen Fällen wurde auf sekundäre Quellen zurückgegriffen (Briefe, offizielle Korrespondenzen). Der Vorzug wurde den offiziellen Statistiken mit dem spätesten Datum gegeben.
Die Nationalen Statistiken des vorliegenden Datenhandbuches berichten die Berufe in der Klassifikation, die in den Quellen verwendet wurde. Wo möglich, wurde die Untergliederung mit den sechs Klassen 'Landwirtschaft', 'Industrie und Bergbau', 'Transport und Handel bzw. Kommunikation', 'Hausdienstleistungen und Handwerk', 'freie Berufe und öffentliche Dienstleistungen', sowie 'andere Berufe, keinen Beruf, Beruf unbekannt' gewählt. Familienmitglieder, die nicht berufstätig waren, wurden in Kategorie 6 (andere Berufe, keinen Beruf, Beruf unbekannt) eingeordnet. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 70)
In den nationalen Datentabellen, in denen die Einwanderer nach dem Land des letzten ständigen Aufenthaltsortes oder nach ihrer Nationalität aufgeführt werden, wurde meistens die Klassifikation der genutzten offiziellen Quelle des jeweiligen Landes beibehalten, wobei die genutzte Klassifikation der USA als Arbeitsgrundlage für eine Vereinheitlichung der Kategorien diente. Wenn die jeweiligen nationalen Untergliederungen sehr viel mehr Klassifikationen hatten als jene der USA, wurden diese Untergliederungen den größeren Gruppen der US-Klassifikation angepasst.
Wo es schwierig war, ein Territorium einem Land zuzuordnen, wurde die Klassifikation des 'International Statistical Institute' (ISI) herangezogen. In anderen Fällen wurde die Nationalität oder die Volkszugehörigkeit nach geographischen oder politischen Gesichtspunkten gewählt (z.B.: Juden (nicht spezifiziert) wurden unter den Gruppen 'andere Europäer' aufgeführt. Juden (polnisch) wurden unter 'Polen' aufgeführt. Türken (nicht spezifiziert) wurden unter 'Türken in Asien' aufgeführt, etc.). (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 70)


Frankreich

Eine kontinuierliche Serie der Hafen- und Pass-Statistik wurde nach dem Kaiserlichen Dekret von Januar 1855 veröffentlicht. Für die vorherigen Jahre wurden nur partiell Daten erfasst, aber nicht in statistischen Publikationen veröffentlicht.
Die Daten werden in den Tabellen einmal nach der Hafen-Statistik und einmal nach der Pass-Statistik dargestellt.

I. Hafen-Statistik:
Gemäß den Anordnungen des Ministeriums für auswärtige Angelegenheiten und dem Innenministeriums wurden 1837 bis 1839 statistische Erhebungen zur Anzahl der französischen Bürger sowie der in Frankreich lebenden Ausländer durchgeführt, die über die fanzösischen Häfen Dunkirk, Havre, St. Malo, Brest, Nantes, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Cette et Agde und Marseilles aus Frankreich auswanderten. Diese Daten wurden im Nationalen Archiv in Paris aufbewahrt unter der Dokumenten-Nummer F712237. Diese Statistik bezieht sich auf Passagiere der Hochsee-Schiffe insgesamt. Die vom Preußischen Konsul in Havre angeforderte Information für das Jahr 1840 bezieht sich auf Zwischendeck-Passagiere. In Passagierschiffen ist das Zwischendeck das untere, komfortlose Fahrgastdeck zu niedrigem Preis. Der Bericht an die Kommission des Amerikanischen Senats erwähnt für die Zeit 1843-1846 generell 'Auswanderer in die Vereinigten Staaten'. Die Autoren entschieden sich für die Aufnahme der Auswanderungszahlen des Hafens von Havre.
Die Hafen-Statistiken wurden durch den Königlichen Erlaß von 1855 auf eine systematische Basis gestellt. In diesem Erlass, der 1860 umgesetzt wurde, werden die Beauftragen für die Auswanderung der jeweiligen Häfen mit der detaillierten Überwachung und Erfassung der Auswanderung beauftragt. Sie erhielten Anweisungen gemäß des Artikels 22 des Erlasses, welcher die Grundlage der Hafen-Statistiken bildet (Pflicht-Listen der Auswanderer). In den Häfen, in denen kein Auswanderungs-Beauftragter angesiedelt war, wurde die Erfassung der Auswanderung durch die Polizei durchgeführt. Leider wurden die Statistiken nur für einigen Häfen konsequent erhoben:
1857-1858: Havre, Bordeaux, Bayonne, St. Nazaire;
1859-1864: Havre, Bordeaux, Bayonne;
1865-1881: Havre, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Marseilles.
Gemäß des Erlasses von 1855 und dem Auswanderungsgesetz von 1860 wurden nur Zwischendeck-Passagiere als Auswanderer betrachtet. Ein Erlass von 1861 definiert schließlich eine Auswanderer als einen Passagier, der für seine Fahrt auf einem Schiff inklusive Essen wöchentlich 40 France oder weniger bezahlt. Diese Definition trifft nicht für Passagiere zu, die ihre Mahlzeit gemeinsam mit dem Kapitän und den Offizieren einnimmt. Materiell besser gestellte Personen werden also in den Statistiken nicht erfasst. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 673)

II. Pass-Statistiken
Gemäß eines Gesetzes aus der Zeit der Französischen Revolution (1789 bis 1799) wurde jede Person, sowohl Franzosen als auch Ausländer, die innerhalb Frankreichs reisten oder das französische Territorium verlassen wollten, aufgefordert, einen Pass mit sich zu führen. 1816 wurden detailliertere Pass-Regeln festgelegt. Französische Bürger mussten Anträge für einen Pass bei den lokalen Autoritäten oder dem Innenministerium stellen. J. Duval konnte Pass-Statistiken für die Jahre vor 1857 sicherstellen. Ab 1857 wurde regelmäßig eine offizielle Pass-Statistik zusammengestellt. Duval erhob seine Statistik von Daten der Auswanderungs-Abteilung des Ministeriums für auswärtige Angelegenheiten. Seine Zahlen beinhalten die Anzahl der Personen, die einen Pass erhalten haben und denen erlaubt wurde, aus Frankreich auszuwandern. Zusammen mit der veröffentlichten amtlichen Pass-Statistik bilden seine Werte eine vergleichbare, kontinuierliche Datenreihe. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 674)
Auf der Grundlage einer Anweisung von 1855 wurde festgelegt, dass jede Präfektur einen Monatsbericht über die Auswanderung in das Ausland anzufertigen hat mit den Angaben über den Namen, das Alter, das Geschlecht, die Kommune des Wohnortes sowie den Beruf der auswandernden Person. Auswanderer wurden wie folgt definiert als Personen, die in das Ausland bzw. nach Algier reisen mit der Absicht, dort einen dauerhaften Wohnsitz aufzubauen und dort zu arbeiten bzw. beruflichen Aktivitäten nachzugehen. Die ab 1857 regelmäßig erschienenen Pass-Statistiken sowie Hafen-Statistiken weisen für die Jahre von 1854 bis 1860 abweichende Werte für die Auswanderer auf. (Ferenczi und Willcox, 1969, S. 675)