Suchergebnisse

The end of the soviet system led to a reorganization of former kolkhozes and sovkhozes in Russia. Despite these transformations, the agricultural operators have developed strategies to preserve their non-market goods production. The decision to keep the former social role question the experts. Indeed, these behaviors create a priori less efficient economic performances, which should lead these enterprises to disappear. However, these strategies helps to maintain large corporate farms, which should not be compatible with the market (because of the economies of scale). This way, Russian agriculture became heterogeneous, while the reforms should have mainly helped only the emergence of small farms. Our main thesis is that a sectoral regulationist approach, which considers that the actor have a specific rationality links to the fact that this actor is also a member of a community, is able to analyze the choice to product some non market goods.To analyze the regulation we have used the concept of "productive configuration" saw as a representation of the framework which organizes the coherence of some institutional elements (as rules, political choices, territorial issues, market rules.). Ours empirical works in the oblast of Orel allowed us to represent the regulation of the agricultural sector as four "productive configurations". We explained the plurality of the configurations as the result of the diversity of agreements consented by heterogeneous actors. These agreements allow each actor to maximize his interests according to his power and to reproduce the community to which he belongs to. To defend their individual and collective interests the actors create some legal structures on the land market which prevent the standard capitalism development in the Russian agriculture. These legal structures are based on the construction of the land as a collective patrimony. ; Notre thèse propose de sortir d'un schéma dual dans lequel les forces poussant au développement et la modernisation du secteur agricole russe, dans ...

The end of the soviet system led to a reorganization of former kolkhozes and sovkhozes in Russia. Despite these transformations, the agricultural operators have developed strategies to preserve their non-market goods production. The decision to keep the former social role question the experts. Indeed, these behaviors create a priori less efficient economic performances, which should lead these enterprises to disappear. However, these strategies helps to maintain large corporate farms, which should not be compatible with the market (because of the economies of scale). This way, Russian agriculture became heterogeneous, while the reforms should have mainly helped only the emergence of small farms. Our main thesis is that a sectoral regulationist approach, which considers that the actor have a specific rationality links to the fact that this actor is also a member of a community, is able to analyze the choice to product some non market goods.To analyze the regulation we have used the concept of "productive configuration" saw as a representation of the framework which organizes the coherence of some institutional elements (as rules, political choices, territorial issues, market rules.). Ours empirical works in the oblast of Orel allowed us to represent the regulation of the agricultural sector as four "productive configurations". We explained the plurality of the configurations as the result of the diversity of agreements consented by heterogeneous actors. These agreements allow each actor to maximize his interests according to his power and to reproduce the community to which he belongs to. To defend their individual and collective interests the actors create some legal structures on the land market which prevent the standard capitalism development in the Russian agriculture. These legal structures are based on the construction of the land as a collective patrimony. ; Notre thèse propose de sortir d'un schéma dual dans lequel les forces poussant au développement et la modernisation du secteur agricole russe, dans ...

На основе архивных материалов и зарубежных работ статья исследует попытку восстановления частной земельной собственности в период немецко-фашистской оккупации Северного Кавказа в августе 1942 январе 1943 гг. Земельный вопрос в регионе рассматривался Берлином как источник политических дивидендов, использовался как инструмент противопоставления «старого» и «нового» порядка и являлся значительным подспорьем для проведения пропаганды. Подобные задумки в основном подпитывались издержками советской коллективизации и репрессиями в казачьих и горских областях в 1930-х гг. и диктовались необходимостью предотвратить очаги открытого недовольства оккупационной политикой. Несмотря на первоначальную направленность на ускоренное проведение аграрной реформы, позиция Германии касательно перехода от колхозной формы землевладения к частной носила сложный и неоднозначный характер. Отмена колхозной системы и практические подвижки в земельном вопросе, происходившие в декабре 1942 г. в оккупированных областях Северного Кавказа, развивались несколько быстрей, нежели в других сельскохозяйственных областях СССР. Однако столкновение между политическими и экономическими мотивами немецко-фашистского оккупационного режима в аграрной сфере изначально обусловило преграды, тормозившие проведение реформы в регионе. ; On the basis of archival materials and foreign studies the article explores the Germany's attempt to restore private ownership of land during Nazi occupation of the North Caucasus in August 1942 January 1943. The land issue in the region was viewed by Berlin as a source of political dividends and as a tool of contrasting "old" and "new" order. It also was carrying out propaganda function. These ideas were mainly determined by costs of Soviet collectivization and the repressions in the Cossack and mountain areas in the 1930s, was dictated by the need to prevent rebels in the occupied areas against Nazi policy. Despite being initially focused on the fast pursue of agrarian reform Germany's position on the transition from collective forms of land ownership to private one featured a complex and ambiguous character. An abolishment of the collective farm system and practical developments in the land issue in the occupied regions of the North Caucasus in December 1942 gave greater and faster results than in the other agricultural areas of the USSR. However, the clashes between political and economic motives of Nazi occupation regime in the agricultural sector led up to the barriers hampering the realization of reform in the region.

В статье рассмотрен комплекс аспектов проводимой государством национальной политики, связанных с изменениями социально-экономического и культурного развития коренных малочисленных народов в течение первого послевоенного десятилетия. На основе содержания правительственных постановлений означенного периода прослежены меры, принятые для развития народного образования, а именно совершенствование материальнотехнической базы школ, переход на обязательное семилетнее обучение, перевод к обучению русскому языку начиная с третьего класса. ; The article discusses the features of the state national policy associated with changes of socio-economic and cultural development of the indigenous peoples during the first postwar decade. Basing upon government resolutions of that period, the author reviews the measures taken for development of public education, including improvement of material and technical equipment of schools, transition to the compulsory seven-year education, learning of Russian language starting from the third grade.

Der Autor vermittelt einen kursorischen Überblick über die Ursachen für das Anwachsen der sowjetischen Schattenwirtschaft (monetäre Überversorgung der sowjetischen Wirtschaft - Geld- bzw. Kaufkraftüberhang), über Umfang und Ausmaß der Schattenwirtschaft sowie über deren Erscheinungsformen. Unterschieden wird entsprechend den unterschiedlichen Betätigungsformen zwischen legalen ("weißen") Märkten und illegalen ("schwarzen") Märkten, die mehrere Abstufungsformen aufweisen. Der Autor gelangt zu dem Fazit, daß die Schattenwirtschaft, die mittlerweile ein systemimmanentes Element der zentralen Planwirtschaft darstellt, nicht durch verstärkte administrative Eingriffe zu bekämpfen ist, sondern nur durch die Beseitigung des enormen Kaufkraftüberhangs im Zuge einer grundlegenden Preis- und Währungsreform. (BIOst-Klk)

This article pinpoints the problem of no modern water supply and sewage systems in homes of ca. 22-24 million people in the Russian Federation residing in the countryside nowadays. As a statistical database, the authors use the results of the Rosstat surveys entitled "The Comprehensive monitoring of the living conditions of the population" that were conducted in 2011 and 2020. We analyze the data on cold and hot water supply systems, sewage systems and toilets in homes of households across the country in general, in rural areas and in individual houses (the private sector). The article reveals that there are no modern types of sewage systems in homes of almost two-thirds of households, whereas modern toilet is not installed in one-third, hot water supply — in 26 per cent, and cold water supply system — in homes of 11 per cent of households in rural areas. When considering individual houses in rural settlements the situation is even worse, and the numbers reach 81 per cent, 42 per cent, 30 per cent and 13 per cent respectively. Six groups of regions of the Russian Federation are distinguished by the share of households that do not have access to any water supply system in their homes. Subsequently, we define four reasons why rural areas have been consistently lagging behind cities and towns in terms of infrastructural development, including the decline of local Soviet-era agricultural enterprises (kolkhozes and sovkhozes) in the beginning of the 1990s and the development of rural territories as a generally low priority topic for the Federal executive bodies. The other two reasons are the virtual disconnection of rural territories from the state policies in the area of housing construction and utilities and the insufficient compatibility of the current model of providing state and municipal services to the population living mostly in individual houses on private land under the conditions of shortage of financial resources. In conclusion, we propose a set of measures aimed at boosting resolution of the ongoing problems with universal access to modern water supply and sewage systems in rural areas of the Russian Federation.

In this article you will find a review of Ukrainian laws concerning reforms in agricultural sector of economy, which influence direct food safeness of the country, and their consequences. The privatization in villages, that destroyed kolkhozes and sovkhozes, and the liberalization of prices on food have led to rapid price increase on consumer market. Lack of required investments and intense shortening in subsidies for food production have a negative impact on quantity and quality of food products. Filling the market with export products doesn't support domestic producers. Deficiency in governmental subsidies for food production and, first of all, for livestock production has caused full degradation of agriculture in modern Ukraine. Negligibly low level of governmental support in agricultural sphere is able to keep afloat only crop farming and partially production of fowl and pork. During implementation of market reforms the main mechanisms of price formation on vital food products were shifted from production sphere to sphere of sales and distribution. According to official data, the size of agriculture of independent Ukraine reduced after 1990 by 3,7 times (in comparable monetary equivalent). Infrastructure of village has been completely destroyed: schools, medical institutions, houses of culture, limited bus connections, and infrequent post system. Then, application of educational and medical reforms also damaged situation in villages. The reason is trivial – lack of money in state budget. In this article I will try to find a way how to deal with current situation in villages and, first of all, how to provide food safeness of the country. ; В статье рассматриваются Законы Украины по реформированию аграрного сектора экономики, от которого напрямую зависит продовольственная безопасность страны, их последствия и пути преодоления негативных явлений этих законов. Особое внимание уделено не только производству основных продуктов питания, но и состоянию занятости сельского населения, инфраструктуры села, инвестиций и дотаций в сельскохозяйственный сектор экономики современной Украины. ; В статті розглядаються Закони України по реформуванню аграрного сектору економіки, від яких напряму залежить продовольча безпека країни, їх наслідки та шляхи подолання негативих явищ цьїх Законів. Особливу увагу призначено не тільке віробницьтву основних продуктів харчування, но і стану зайнятості сільского населення, інфраструктури села, інвестицій та дотацій у сільскогоспорадчій сетор економіки сучасній України.

На основе широкого круга опубликованных и впервые использованных источников реконструируется религиозная праздничная жизнь послевоенного поволжского села. Проведен историографический анализ данной проблемы, на основе которого автор показывает, что религиозная жизнь послевоенного крестьянства не привлекала внимание исследователей в должной степени. На основе микроисторического подхода автор обосновывает значимость религиозного праздничного действия в крестьянской среде. Указываются причины массового участия советских крестьян в религиозных праздничных мероприятия, среди которых стремление крестьян к сохранению своей культурной самобытности, разрушаемой под влиянием советской аграрной политики; осознание крестьянами религиозного праздника как легального механизма пассивного сопротивления проводимой государством аграрной политике. Дается характеристика наиболее массовым в крестьянской среде Великим и престольным праздникам, в дни которых колхозное крестьянство в массовом порядке нарушало трудовую дисциплину, отказываясь от выхода на работу даже в период уборочной страды. Отмечается, что одной из особенностей праздничной культуры крестьянства в послевоенное время являлось участие в религиозно-праздничных действиях представителей молодежи и членов ВПК (б). Делается вывод о стремлении советского крестьянства к сохранению самобытной культуры, в том числе религиозной. ; On the basis of a wide range of published and firstly used sources the religious festive life of the post-war Volga region villages is reconstructed. The historiographic analysis of the problem is made on the basis of which the author shows that religious life of the postwar peasantry has not attracted the attention of researchers to the proper degree. On the basis of microhistorical approach the author substantiates the importance of the religious festive activities in the village. The reasons of mass participation of Soviet peasants in religious celebrations are given, among which there are the desire to maintain their cultural identity, destructed under the influence of Soviet agricultural policy; awareness by the peasants of a religious holiday as a legal mechanism of passive resistance to the government's agricultural policy. The characteristic of the most popular Great and patron Saint's days in peasant communities is given, days in which the kolkhoz peasantry massively violated the work discipline, refusing to return to work even in the period of harvest. It is noted that one feature of the festive culture of the peasantry in the postwar period was the participation in the religious-holiday actions of youth representatives and members of The All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks. The conclusion is made about the desire of the Soviet peasantry to preserve their distinctive culture, including religious.

The article is concerned with the dissemination of the Stalinist official ideology in Soviet Lithuania in 1944–1957, the manifestations and impact of the personality cult of Stalin on society, and the causes of its late dismantling. In the Stalinist years Lithuania was a new periphery of the USSR that lost no time in taking over the centre "experience" in all spheres, forcibly moved closer to political and social standards of the state whose part it became. Due to the scanty membership of the LCP and the short time period Stalinist ideology proliferation did not acquire "national" specific – propagandists' practical needs were satisfied by short ideological texts translated from Russian and adapted, while the Stalin personality cult, the main component of the period, was also expressed by images flourishing in the Soviet Union and standardized forms, except the original contribution of Lithuanian poets. At the beginning of 1956 the Stalin cult was officially denounced in the USSR, in Soviet Lithuania it was falling into decline slowly and "peacefully", not publicising the crimes committed by the Stalinist system. Respect for this name was expressed until November 1961, i. e., only the removal of Stalin's mummy from the mausoleum in Moscow finally signalled to the leadership of Soviet Lithuania that at last it was necessary to change the names of kolkhozes, streets and newspapers, and to dismantle monuments. Such slow disappearance of the Stalin cult (avoiding criticism of the system itself and not publicising its "shortcomings") helped to suppress public hopes, preserved the regime's stability, and gave time to grasp the direction of the evolution of the system. Slight public interest in future political changes after 1956 shows that the post-war reprisals bore fruit – the situation in Soviet Lithuania was 178 Stalininis režimas Lietuvoje 1944–1953 m. controlled and larger "excesses" were avoided. On the other hand the indifference of Lithuanian society for the future of the SSSR demonstrated that it was not permeated by Soviet ideology and Soviet patriotism. The Stalinist system that was brutally enforced as though "jumped" over the consequent stage of the public indoctrination therefore during later Soviet time it was faced with the weaknesses of its own ideology and the vitality of "bourgeois nationalism".

The article is concerned with the dissemination of the Stalinist official ideology in Soviet Lithuania in 1944–1957, the manifestations and impact of the personality cult of Stalin on society, and the causes of its late dismantling. In the Stalinist years Lithuania was a new periphery of the USSR that lost no time in taking over the centre "experience" in all spheres, forcibly moved closer to political and social standards of the state whose part it became. Due to the scanty membership of the LCP and the short time period Stalinist ideology proliferation did not acquire "national" specific – propagandists' practical needs were satisfied by short ideological texts translated from Russian and adapted, while the Stalin personality cult, the main component of the period, was also expressed by images flourishing in the Soviet Union and standardized forms, except the original contribution of Lithuanian poets. At the beginning of 1956 the Stalin cult was officially denounced in the USSR, in Soviet Lithuania it was falling into decline slowly and "peacefully", not publicising the crimes committed by the Stalinist system. Respect for this name was expressed until November 1961, i. e., only the removal of Stalin's mummy from the mausoleum in Moscow finally signalled to the leadership of Soviet Lithuania that at last it was necessary to change the names of kolkhozes, streets and newspapers, and to dismantle monuments. Such slow disappearance of the Stalin cult (avoiding criticism of the system itself and not publicising its "shortcomings") helped to suppress public hopes, preserved the regime's stability, and gave time to grasp the direction of the evolution of the system. Slight public interest in future political changes after 1956 shows that the post-war reprisals bore fruit – the situation in Soviet Lithuania was 178 Stalininis režimas Lietuvoje 1944–1953 m. controlled and larger "excesses" were avoided. On the other hand the indifference of Lithuanian society for the future of the SSSR demonstrated that it was not permeated by Soviet ideology and Soviet patriotism. The Stalinist system that was brutally enforced as though "jumped" over the consequent stage of the public indoctrination therefore during later Soviet time it was faced with the weaknesses of its own ideology and the vitality of "bourgeois nationalism".

A searing historical account of a tragic episode of the Stalinist terrorDuring the spring of 1933, Stalin's police rounded up nearly one hundred thousand people as part of the Soviet regime's "cleansing" of Moscow and Leningrad and deported them to Siberia. Many of the victims were sent to labor camps, but ten thousand of them were dumped in a remote wasteland and left to fend for themselves. Cannibal Island reveals the shocking, grisly truth about their fate.These people were abandoned on the island of Nazino without food or shelter. Left there to starve and to die, they eventually began to eat each other. Nicolas Werth, a French historian of the Soviet era, reconstructs their gruesome final days using rare archival material from deep inside the Stalinist vaults. Werth skillfully weaves this episode into a broader story about the Soviet frenzy in the 1930s to purge society of all those deemed to be unfit. For Stalin, these undesirables included criminals, opponents of forced collectivization, vagabonds, gypsies, even entire groups in Soviet society such as the "kulaks" and their families. Werth sets his story within the broader social and political context of the period, giving us for the first time a full picture of how Stalin's system of "special villages" worked, how hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens were moved about the country in wholesale mass transportations, and how this savage bureaucratic machinery functioned on the local, regional, and state levels.Cannibal Island challenges us to confront unpleasant facts not only about Stalin's punitive social controls and his failed Soviet utopia but about every generation's capacity for brutality—including our own

Changes in the language situation of Vershina near Irkutsk in the conditions of Polish-Russian bilingualismVershina was founded in 1910 by Polish voluntary settlers from Lesser Poland. There are three main periods in Vershina's history, with different social conditions affecting the language choice. During its first three decades the settlers preserved Polish language (a mixture of dialects from their regions of origin), traditions and the Roman Catholic religion. The effects of the Revolution of 1917 and political changes came to a village in taiga only in the late 1930's. Vershina lost its former ethnocultural homogeneity because of Russian and Buryat workers in the local kolkhoz. It was the beginning of the increasing role of Russian language in the village's life. The process of intensive sovietization as well as heterogeneous marriages affected language choice in many domains. In the late 1980's the inhabitants of Vershina regained their minority rights: they can pray in their own church, learn Polish in a local school and found cultural organisations. However, during the years of communism, the language situation changed irreversibly. There are some factors which may hinder the increasing domination of Russian language, such as activity of local Polish organisation, Roman Catholic parish and folk group "Jazhumbek" but their influence is limited. Изменения языковой ситуации в Вершине Иркутской области в условиях польско-русского билингвизма Вершина была основана в 1910 г. польскими добровольными переселенцами из Малой Польши. В истории деревни мы можем выделить три основных периода, характеризирующиеся разными социальными условиями, влияющими на выбор языка. За первые три десятилетия жители Вершины сохраняли польский язык (смесь диалектов из их родных регионов), традиции и римско-католическое вероисповедание. Вершининцы (как они сами называют себя) почувствовали последствия Октябрьской революции и политические изменения только в конце 30-х гг. ХХ века. Вершина потеряла прежнюю этнокультурную гомогенность из-за присоединения к местному колхозу бурятских и русских хуторов. Роль русского языка в жизни деревни стала постепенно увеличиваться. Процесс интенсивной советизации, а также смешанные браки повлияли на выбор языка во многих сферах жизни. В конце 80-х гг. ХХ века жителям Вершины вернули их права меньшинства: они могут молиться в своем костеле, учиться польскому языку в местной школе и создавать организации, но время коммунизма неотвратимо изменило языковую ситуацию общины. Увеличивающееся преобладание русского языка может остановить лишь активная деятельность местной польской организации, римско-католического прихода и фольклорного ансамбля «Яжумбек» ("Рябчик"), но их влияние ограничено.

Tajikistan is judged to be highly vulnerable to risk, including food insecurity risks and climate change risks. By some vulnerability measures it is the most vulnerable among all 28 countries in the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia Region – ECA (World Bank 2009). The rural population, with its relatively high incidence of poverty, is particularly vulnerable. The Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) in Tajikistan (2011) provided an opportunity to conduct a farm-level survey with the objective of assessing various dimensions of rural population's vulnerability to risk and their perception of constraints to farming operations and livelihoods. The survey should be accordingly referred to as the 2011 PPCR survey. The rural population in Tajikistan is highly agrarian, with about 50% of family income deriving from agriculture (see Figure 4.1; also LSMS 2007 – own calculations). Tajikistan's agriculture basically consists of two groups of producers: small household plots – the successors of Soviet "private agriculture" – and dehkan (or "peasant") farms – new family farming structures that began to be created under relevant legislation passed after 1992 (Lerman and Sedik, 2008). The household plots manage 20% of arable land and produce 65% of gross agricultural output (GAO). Dehkan farms manage 65% of arable land and produce close to 30% of GAO. The remaining 15% of arable land is held in agricultural enterprises – the rapidly shrinking sector of corporate farms that succeeded the Soviet kolkhozes and sovkhozes and today produces less than 10% of GAO (TajStat 2011) The survey conducted in May 2011 focused on dehkan farms, as budgetary constraints precluded the inclusion of household plots. A total of 142 dehkan farms were surveyed in face-to-face interviews. They were sampled from 17 districts across all four regions – Sughd, Khatlon, RRP, and GBAO. The districts were selected so as to represent different agro-climatic zones, different vulnerability zones (based on the World Bank (2011) vulnerability assessment), and different food-insecurity zones (based on WFP/IPC assessments). Within each district, 3-4 jamoats were chosen at random and 2-3 farms were selected in each jamoat from lists provided by jamoat administration so as to maximize the variability by farm characteristics. The sample design by region/district is presented in Table A, which also shows the agro-climatic zone and the food security phase for each district. The sample districts are superimposed on a map of food security phases based on IPC April 2011.

В статье рассматривается комплекс мероприятий государства в области обеспечения хозяйственных прав этнических меншинств Беларуси в период 1920-ых годов. На примере Витебщины предпринята попытка показать особенности социально-экономического развития национальных меньшинств республики. Хозяйственное обслуживание национальных меншинств в 1920-ые годы являлось одним из составляющих моментов национальной политики. Тяжелые последствия предыдущей эпохи, периода войн, социально-экономических катаклизмов поставили перед правительством республики необходимость решения злободневных проблем ряда этносов, в частности еврейского населения. Правительством республики был разработан и проводился в жизнь комплекс мероприятий по улучшению социально-экономического положения всех этносов республики. Он включал в себя улучшение положения ряда социальных групп (ремесленники), улучшение экономического состояния местечек, где была сосредоточена значительная часть безработного еврейского населения республики, развитие различных форм кооперации среди сельского населения, включая поляков, латышей, литовцев. В 1920-ые годы на Витебщине создавались колхозы, объединявшие хозяйства этнических меньшинств. Отход от политики нэпа знаменовал усиление административно-командных методов в развитии экономики. Начавшаяся принудительная коллективизация затронула интересы всего многонационального крестьянства. В 1930-ые годы были ликвидированы позитивные результаты хозяйственного обслуживания этнических меньшинств, накопленные в предыдущую эпоху. ; The article is devoted to historical past of ethnic minorities of Vitebsk region of Belarus in the interwar period. The government of republic faced enormous socioeconomic problems in the beginning of the 1920s. Ethnic groups as well as all population of Belarus suffered greatly during the war events of 1914–1920. At the same time the reconstruction of economy and its modernization caused crucial changes among Jewish population of republic. The great number of traders, merchants, shopkeepers lost their job and had to look for new occupations. Soviet policy towards ethnic minorities in the 1920s included different measures to improve their social status as well economic well-being. The government of Belarus in the period of NEP started program of improvement of socioeconomic situations in small towns (mestechki). The state supported activity of craftsmen's' artels which mostly joined the Jews. In the 1920s the Polish, Latvian farmers as well as majority of Belarusian peasantry actively used the benefits provided by the agrarian policy of NEP (credits, membership in cooperatives). In the 1920s establishment of kolkhozes of ethnic minorities took place. The nation policy of NEP period helped harmonizing the relationship between different ethnic groups of republic. In the 1930s the situation totally changed – the main results of previous policy towards ethnic minorities in economic sphere were mostly liquidated.