Suchergebnisse

Several hundred participants attended these sessions. The ADB Water and Poverty Initiative sessions alone attracted over 1,500 participants. The presentations and discussions in the sessions provided a dynamic picture of the contemporary debates on water-poverty relationships and numerous examples of actions to reduce poverty through water management. Many varying views were expressed, and in a few cases, strong arguments emerged over controversial issues. Overall, however, there was a strong consensus that emerged from all sessions on the core issues that water management should be a major factor in poverty reduction strategies and that this potential is not being realized in most parts of the world

This paper draws on the EU-SILC dataset to investigate changes over the period 2004 to 2014 in the trends and dynamics in poverty for social risk groups in selected European countries representing different welfare regimes (Social democratic, Corporatist, Liberal and Southern). Social risk groups differ in the challenges they face to their capacity to convert resources (such as capital and skills) into desired outcomes (goods and services). They include lone parents, adults with a disability, young adults, children, older adults and the reference group of other working-age adults. The comparative element of the project allowed us to assess whether certain welfare regimes were better at protecting more vulnerable groups. We address three research questions: Do the same social risk groups face higher risks of poverty (and greater persistence of poverty) in all countries? Is the ?social risk gap? ? the difference in poverty across groups ? larger in countries like Ireland than in Social democratic countries like Sweden? Did the recession lead to polarisation between the vulnerable social risk groups and other working-age adults? We find that lone parents and families of working-age adults with a disability experience higher deprivation and poverty rates across all countries. Ireland, along with the other Liberal regime country, the UK, stood out as having poorer outcomes for the vulnerable groups, especially in terms of material deprivation. There was some evidence of polarisation over time in Ireland and the UK to the detriment of the vulnerable groups. This was not a pattern found across most countries, however.

This report examines changes in the distribution of household incomes in the UK, and the determinants and consequences of recent trends. This includes analysing not only changes in average living standards, but also inequality in household incomes and measures of income poverty and deprivation. We put these into historical context using comparable data spanning the last 50 years. The analysis is based on data from two main UK household surveys. The first is the Family Resources Survey (FRS), a survey of more than 20,000 households a year, which contains detailed information on different sources of household incomes. We use household income variables derived from the FRS by the UK government's Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). These measures of incomes underlie the DWP's annual statistics on the distribution of income, known as "Households Below Average Income" (HBAI). In addition, we use information from Understanding Society. This is a longitudinal survey that follows the same people from one wave to the next, which allows us to examine changes in individual households' incomes and economic circumstances .

This research examines the factors that influence poverty levels in Indonesia, both directly and indirectly, by analyzing the involvement of labor force participation levels. The study uses BPS data and the APBN Data Portal to evaluate wages, education, and government spending in the education and health sectors as influencing variables. Using time series data, this research form by path analysis aims to identify direct or indirect relationships between variables. The data is first analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis as part of the research methodology. This research using path analysis and the Sobel test, researchers found that education levels only up to junior secondary school have an impact on changes in labor force participation rates but do not have an impact on reducing poverty. In contrast, other variables, such as wages and government spending in the education and health sectors, do not indirectly affect poverty through the labor force participation rate.

I. Introduction -- II. Theoretical approaches toward explaining poverty -- III. United States poverty and its definition and measurement -- IV. The nature of poverty and characteristics of the poor -- V. Analysis of poverty's distribution and characteristics -- VI. A spatially and temporally varying model of poverty -- VII. Conclusions and policy implications.

The high incidence of temporary agency employment among participants in government employment programs has catalyzed debate about whether these jobs help the poor transition into stable employment and out of poverty. We provide direct evidence on this question through analysis of a Michigan welfare-to-work program in which program participants were randomly allocated across service providers ('contractors') with different job placement practices. We draw on a telephone survey of contractors and on administrative program data linked with wage records data on all participants entering the program over a three-and-a half-year period. Our survey evidence documents a consensus among contractors that temporary help jobs are generally easier for those with weak skills and experience to obtain, but no consensus on whether temporary help jobs confer long-term benefits to participants. Our analysis of the quasi-experimental data introduced in Autor and Houseman (2005) shows that placing participants in either temporary or direct-hire jobs improves their odds of leaving welfare and escaping poverty in the short term. However, we find that only direct-hire placements help reduce welfare dependency over longer time horizons. Our findings raise questions about the incentive structure of many government employment programs that emphasize rapid placement of program participants into jobs and that may inadvertently encourage high placement rates with temporary help agencies.

In this book on urban poverty in the Caribbean, Michel S. Laguerre presents a detailed analysis of the phenomenon in urban Martinique. He argues that the national structure of inequality finds its myriad expressions in the urban environment. Not only does the city provide the ideological back-up - and the locus where elite ideologies are produced and reproduced - but also the men and women who occupy the positions that sustain the inequality structure. The city serves then as an arena where inequality and poverty are daily manufactured.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has sup­ported development of small-scale freshwater aquaculture in a number of countries in the region and accumulated considerable experience in inter­ventions that have as their objective poverty reduc­tion as well as increasing fish production. This special evaluation study (SES) was designed to identify and assess the major channels of effects through which selected practices of small-scale freshwater rural aquaculture can generate liveli­hoods and reduce poverty, and to recommend steps to make ADB operations in aquaculture development more relevant for poverty reduction.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has sup­ported development of small-scale freshwater aquaculture in a number of countries in the region and accumulated considerable experience in inter­ventions that have as their objective poverty reduc­tion as well as increasing fish production. This special evaluation study (SES) was designed to identify and assess the major channels of effects through which selected practices of small-scale freshwater rural aquaculture can generate liveli­hoods and reduce poverty, and to recommend steps to make ADB operations in aquaculture development more relevant for poverty reduction.

AbstractImproving transportation infrastructure has been recognized as a necessary instrument for a region to achieve economic growth and poverty alleviation. A systematic assessment of the impact of China's transportation improvements on economic growth and poverty reduction is insufficient, especially in the context of China's targeted poverty alleviation policies. This study first constructed a theoretical framework of road construction promoting economic growth and poverty alleviation. Then, based on county panel data from 2014 to 2018, the spatial analysis technology was applied to investigate the spatio‐temporal patterns of China's road construction and rural poverty alleviation, and finally, a mediating effect model was used to quantitatively measure the impact of road construction on economic growth and poverty alleviation. Results indicate that China has made remarkable achievements in road construction and poverty reduction over the past five years. Road and railway mileage increased by 14 times and 0.66 times, respectively. Road construction in poor areas was dominated by low‐grade roads and railways. There was a mediating effect between road construction and poverty alleviation, and economic growth was the mediating variable between them. The poverty reduction effects of different road levels varied with poverty levels and across regions. But on both the national and regional scale, the poverty reduction effect of road construction was higher than that of railways. The effect of high‐grade road construction on poverty reduction in poor areas was more obvious than that of low‐grade roads. The poverty reduction effect of the primary road construction was 2–3.5 times that of the tertiary road. The poverty reduction effects of railway construction and road construction followed a gradually increasing gradient from east to west. These results indicate that transportation infrastructure construction is an important way to promote economic growth and poverty alleviation in poor areas. Our findings would provide a scientific basis for transportation infrastructure planning and investment decision‐making in less‐developed countries.

Bengkulu Province is one of the regions in Indonesia that are still dealing with a high poverty rate. Various efforts made by the local government in addressing the problem of poverty have not yet met optimal results, despite the implementation of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization nowadays. The research aimed to analyze the impact of the local expenditure quality on poverty reduction of regencies and municipality in Bengkulu Province. The analysis method used panel data analysis, which involved data of 10 regencies and municipality from 2015 to 2018. The result showed that the local expenditure quality of regencies and municipality in Bengkulu Province was less influential on the poverty rate. Lacking the alignment of local governments in poverty alleviation programs, so the poverty rate was difficult to reduce. It needs synergy and synchronization of policies with integrated various other fields or sectors, encourage increased entrepreneurial capacity and community empowerment.

We evaluate the efficiency of social expenditure (SE) to reduce poverty in the European Union (EU) between 2007 and 2015. The data are programs provided by the EU‐SILC and the ESSPROS. Incorporating efficiency analysis improves the results of the analysis of that complex relationship. We found that the correlation between SE and the levels of poverty (and the correlation between SE and the capacity to reduce poverty) is not strong. In addition, the correlation between SE and the levels of poverty before SE (and the correlation between SE and the levels of inequality before SE) is not significant. Our analysis of the efficiency identifies four groups of countries. The first group has a correspondence with the Continental and Nordic Welfare models (Esping‐Andersen, 1990). They have a great level of SE, and their efficiency is above the EU‐28 average. The second group presents the highest efficiency values. The third group is formed by the Mediterranean welfare states, which present a moderate level of expenditure but have low efficiency. A fourth group composed of non‐EU‐15 countries presents a low SE with under/on average efficiency. We also observe that SEs in family/children, housing, and sickness/healthcare are significantly and positively correlated with efficiency measures. Likewise, in the EU‐15, social exclusion expense exhibits a great positive relationship with the efficiency in poverty reduction.

Explores human capital investment across the life course as a means of poverty reduction. Intervention strategies targeting at-risk preschool children are considered, focusing on the effectiveness of early interventions, eg, Head Start, & a cost-benefit analysis of such programs. Investments for school-age children & adolescents include those geared toward school quality & access, dropout prevention, & school-to-work transition programs (eg, JOBSTART & the Job Training Partnership Act). Discussion of increasing the human capital of disadvantaged adults centers on job training & welfare reform, providing evidence that adult education & welfare-to-work programs are not entirely effective. A cost-benefit analysis of adult human capital investment programs is also briefly described. Policy issues pertinent to human capital investment include program targeting, design, & scale & determining an optimal investment strategy. Reasons for pursuing such strategies are provided: (1) Not all at-risk children will be identified. (2) Ongoing intervention might be required for the most disadvantaged. (3) A continuum of human capital investment opportunities might have a greater cumulative impact than any one investment at any one time. Five chronological approaches are cited as having the most merit. 7 Tables. J. Zendejas