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The paper finds that, to achieve financial inclusion for the India's unbanked poor is a pressing goal with perplexing obstacles. While states or union territories like Puducherry, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala announced 100% financial inclusion in all their districts, the level of financial inclusion in Nagaland remains very low. The paper finds that financial inclusion as earmarked in policies does not reach the common beneficiaries of Deficit Budgetary Government and conclude that Financial Inclusion strategy needs to be built.

Editor Max J. Skidmore reviews two books on the 2016 elections and provides his own analysis of the Trump presidency and its effect on policies.

Given the continuing interest in multi-dimensional approaches to poverty, the article considers ways in which Senian capability indicators can be used to assess and understand poverty and deprivation. More specifically, we develop novel capability data on 29 dimensions for adults from the US, UK and Italy to explore three core research questions. First, we show that when poverty is seen as capability deprivation, different individuals are identified as poor compared with approaches based on low income or subjective wellbeing. However, we also observe that what the poor report being able to do or otherwise is, nonetheless, it is relatively robust to the use of these three different approaches. Second, we employ latent class analysis to identify poverty and deprivation profiles for groups within society and suggest that such profiles help to identify groups who are deprived or socially excluded with respect to some but not all areas of life. Third, and finally, we examine the association between individual capability deprivation and local area deprivation in the UK. We find that individual capabilities are associated with local area deprivation in some cases but that the connections vary significantly depending on the dimension under consideration. We discuss the results and conclude by suggesting that capability indicators can provide insights into poverty which do not emerge from a more traditional approach focusing on income alone.

Sri Lanka's performance in poverty reduction over the years has been commendable, with the poverty headcount ratio falling to 6.7% in 2012/13 and successfully achieving the MDG of halving poverty before the deadline. The reduction in poverty should ideally lead to a decrease in expenditure on the poor. However, this has not been the case for Sri Lanka. Government expenditure related to poverty and vulnerability has shown a remarkable increase in recent years. A closer inspection of the existing government poverty and vulnerability initiatives shows that there are many inherent inefficiencies leading to the ineffective implementation of programmes. This policy insight focuses on possible improvement in cost-efficiency of current poverty reduction programmes -- primarily, the Divineguma programme as it is the single largest -- while lessening their fiscal burden and explores the potential of mobilizing private sector participation as a complementary measure of financing poverty reduction

Traditionally, there have been two strands in the analysis of poverty, inequality and development - a micro strand that focuses on individual behavior, welfare economics and the measurement of inequality and poverty, and a macro strand that analyzes economy-wide policies and the role of institutions. This unique volume brings together both strands in a series of essays written by leading experts in the field of economic development. Topics include measurement issues, micro-behavior determinants of poverty outcomes, economy-wide models in the SAM-CGE tradition and the institutional framework underlying macro policies.

This report examines changes in the distribution of household incomes in the UK, and the determinants and consequences of recent trends. This includes analysing not only changes in average living standards, but also inequality in household incomes and measures of income poverty and deprivation. We put these into historical context using comparable data spanning the last 50 years. The analysis is based on data from two main UK household surveys. The first is the Family Resources Survey (FRS), a survey of more than 20,000 households a year, which contains detailed information on different sources of household incomes. We use household income variables derived from the FRS by the UK government's Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). These measures of incomes underlie the DWP's annual statistics on the distribution of income, known as "Households Below Average Income" (HBAI). In addition, we use information from Understanding Society. This is a longitudinal survey that follows the same people from one wave to the next, which allows us to examine changes in individual households' incomes and economic circumstances .

This report provides information about the technical assistance and grants provided through the People's Republic of China Poverty Reduction and Regional Cooperation Fund (PRC Fund) during 2019. It includes details on the operational performance of this support. An overview of the PRC Fund—covering the background and rationale, objectives, operating principles and arrangements, and achievements—is also presented. Administered by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the PRC Fund was established in March 2005 to support poverty reduction, regional cooperation, and knowledge sharing among ADB's developing member countries.

This report provides information about the technical assistance and grants provided through the People's Republic of China Poverty Reduction and Regional Cooperation Fund (PRC Fund) during 2019. It includes details on the operational performance of this support. An overview of the PRC Fund—covering the background and rationale, objectives, operating principles and arrangements, and achievements—is also presented. Administered by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the PRC Fund was established in March 2005 to support poverty reduction, regional cooperation, and knowledge sharing among ADB's developing member countries.

This paper draws on the EU-SILC dataset to investigate changes over the period 2004 to 2014 in the trends and dynamics in poverty for social risk groups in selected European countries representing different welfare regimes (Social democratic, Corporatist, Liberal and Southern). Social risk groups differ in the challenges they face to their capacity to convert resources (such as capital and skills) into desired outcomes (goods and services). They include lone parents, adults with a disability, young adults, children, older adults and the reference group of other working-age adults. The comparative element of the project allowed us to assess whether certain welfare regimes were better at protecting more vulnerable groups. We address three research questions: Do the same social risk groups face higher risks of poverty (and greater persistence of poverty) in all countries? Is the ?social risk gap? ? the difference in poverty across groups ? larger in countries like Ireland than in Social democratic countries like Sweden? Did the recession lead to polarisation between the vulnerable social risk groups and other working-age adults? We find that lone parents and families of working-age adults with a disability experience higher deprivation and poverty rates across all countries. Ireland, along with the other Liberal regime country, the UK, stood out as having poorer outcomes for the vulnerable groups, especially in terms of material deprivation. There was some evidence of polarisation over time in Ireland and the UK to the detriment of the vulnerable groups. This was not a pattern found across most countries, however.

Several hundred participants attended these sessions. The ADB Water and Poverty Initiative sessions alone attracted over 1,500 participants. The presentations and discussions in the sessions provided a dynamic picture of the contemporary debates on water-poverty relationships and numerous examples of actions to reduce poverty through water management. Many varying views were expressed, and in a few cases, strong arguments emerged over controversial issues. Overall, however, there was a strong consensus that emerged from all sessions on the core issues that water management should be a major factor in poverty reduction strategies and that this potential is not being realized in most parts of the world

Several hundred participants attended these sessions. The ADB Water and Poverty Initiative sessions alone attracted over 1,500 participants. The presentations and discussions in the sessions provided a dynamic picture of the contemporary debates on water-poverty relationships and numerous examples of actions to reduce poverty through water management. Many varying views were expressed, and in a few cases, strong arguments emerged over controversial issues. Overall, however, there was a strong consensus that emerged from all sessions on the core issues that water management should be a major factor in poverty reduction strategies and that this potential is not being realized in most parts of the world

This research examines the factors that influence poverty levels in Indonesia, both directly and indirectly, by analyzing the involvement of labor force participation levels. The study uses BPS data and the APBN Data Portal to evaluate wages, education, and government spending in the education and health sectors as influencing variables. Using time series data, this research form by path analysis aims to identify direct or indirect relationships between variables. The data is first analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis as part of the research methodology. This research using path analysis and the Sobel test, researchers found that education levels only up to junior secondary school have an impact on changes in labor force participation rates but do not have an impact on reducing poverty. In contrast, other variables, such as wages and government spending in the education and health sectors, do not indirectly affect poverty through the labor force participation rate.

I. Introduction -- II. Theoretical approaches toward explaining poverty -- III. United States poverty and its definition and measurement -- IV. The nature of poverty and characteristics of the poor -- V. Analysis of poverty's distribution and characteristics -- VI. A spatially and temporally varying model of poverty -- VII. Conclusions and policy implications.

Bengkulu Province is one of the regions in Indonesia that are still dealing with a high poverty rate. Various efforts made by the local government in addressing the problem of poverty have not yet met optimal results, despite the implementation of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization nowadays. The research aimed to analyze the impact of the local expenditure quality on poverty reduction of regencies and municipality in Bengkulu Province. The analysis method used panel data analysis, which involved data of 10 regencies and municipality from 2015 to 2018. The result showed that the local expenditure quality of regencies and municipality in Bengkulu Province was less influential on the poverty rate. Lacking the alignment of local governments in poverty alleviation programs, so the poverty rate was difficult to reduce. It needs synergy and synchronization of policies with integrated various other fields or sectors, encourage increased entrepreneurial capacity and community empowerment.