Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена исследованию эволюционного пути эндогенного инновационного потенциала в современную эпоху с точки зрения институционального анализа в вебленианской традиции. В центре внимания автора Латинская Америка, в частности, Бразилия последних десятилетий. При этом исходным пунктом анализа является в высшей степени оригинальная трактовка Вебленом роли техники и технологии. Современный вклад в его теорию институциональных изменений является основой анализа Латинской Америки. Технология анализируется как институт, а также как фактор производства. Технологический детерминизм не свойственен подходу Веблена. Национальные инновационные системы представляют собой сложные переплетения институциональных структур, впервые зародившихся в Германии и США. Веблен проводит первичный анализ этих систем. Нео-шумпетерианцы продолжили этот анализ, но уже в рамках более ограниченного теоретического подхода. Использование этих теоретических структур для лучшего понимания политэкономического устройства Латинской Америки не стало приоритетным при исследованиях евроцентристских национальных инновационных систем. В период Второй научно-технической революции (1870-1913 гг.) в Латинской Америке, в связи с ее доиндустриальным устройством, не произошло широкомасштабных заимствований каких-либо значимых технологий, развитых в Германии и США. С наступлением периода первичной индустриализации, и позже эпохи импортозамещающей индустриализации (1930-1980 гг.), Латинская Америка вступила во второй из трёх периодов институционально-структурной трансформации. На протяжении данного периода поверхностной индустриализации редко преследовалась цель продвижения автономных инноваций. Третья структурная трансформация, эпоха неолиберализма, во многих отношениях открыла ворота для неблагоприятных процессов, обусловливаемых зависимостью от предшествующей траектории развития, в частности, в том, что касается эндогенного технологического потенциала. Латинская Америка ещё более отдалилась от границ науки и инноваций. Годовой рост общей производительности факторов производства близок к нулю, приближаясь к самому низкому в мировом масштабе значению, характеризующему Африку южнее Сахары. Лишь Бразилия всерьез преследовала цель создания национальной инновационной системы. ; This paper presents a Veblenian-Institutionalist analysis of the evolutionary path of endogenous innovation capacities, emphasizing the current era. While the primary focus is on Latin America, particularly Brazil in recent decades, Veblen's highly original understanding of "Technik" provides a point of departure. Contemporary contributions to his theory of institutional change inform the analysis of Latin America. Technology is analyzed in as an institution as well as a factor of production. Technological determinism is alien to the Veblenian perspective. National Innovation Systems are complex weavings of institutional strands first emerging in Germany and the U.S. Veblen presented an important proto-analysis of these systems. Neo-Schumpeterians have carried-forward this analysis, but only within a more restricted theoretical framework. Using these theoretical strands to advance the understanding of the political economy of Latin America has not been a focus of the Eurocentric National Innovation Systems research agenda. In Latin America during the Second Technological Revolution (1870-1913), due to its pre-industrial structure, no significant transfers of the massive new technological capacities developed in Germany and the U.S. occurred. With proto-industrialization and later the onset of the era of Import Substitution Industrialization (1930-1980), Latin America entered its second of three periods of institutional-structural transformation. During this period of shallow industrialization promotion of autonomous innovation capacities was rarely pursued. The third structural transformation, Neoliberalism, has, in many respects, opened the way for adverse path dependent processes, particularly with regard to endogenous technological capabilities. Latin American has shifted further away from the frontiers of science and innovation. Annual Total Factor Productivity growth is near zero, tied with that of Sub-Saharan Africa at the world's lowest rate. Only Brazil has seriously pursued the construction of a National Innovation System.

Trabalho de Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Cooperação Internacional e Desenvolvimento ; A diminuição da pobreza é um dos objetivos mais importantes das políticas de desenvolvimento dos países em vias de desenvolvimento (PVD) que, todavia, está ainda longe de ser alcançado. As medidas de diminuição da pobreza, quer ao nível local quer ao nível nacional, não têm sido satisfatórias, o que remete para as ações ao nível global (WorldBank, 2001, p. vi). Nos seus esforços no sentido de aumentar a eficácia da ajuda ao desenvolvimento, os doadores de ajuda e os países recipientes estão comprometidos a conferir maior eficácia às ajudas para irem de encontro à Declaração de Paris (OECD, 2005, p. 1). A Declaração de Paris estabeleceu cinco princípios que os países doadores e os países recipientes de ajuda ao desenvolvimento devem respeitar para garantirem a eficácia da ajuda ao desenvolvimento. Também ficou estabelecido que a responsabilidade do processo de desenvolvimento pertence aos países que recebem ajuda ao desenvolvimento, o que remete para o papel de liderança e autonomia dos respetivas políticas e estratégias de desenvolvimento (OECD, 2005, p. 2). O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar os esforços empreendidos pelo governo da Suazilândia no sentido tomar a liderança das políticas e estratégias de redução da pobreza, em conformidade com a Declaração de Paris e com a Agenda de Accra. A Suazilândia é um caso cheio de complexidades pelo facto de ser classificada como país de baixo-médio rendimento e, não obstante, 69% da população viver em miséria, por ser um dos países com menor taxa de crescimento económico da região subsaariana, e por ter uma das maiores taxas de incidência da SIDA/HIV. Perante estes desafios socioeconómicos, as autoridades da Suazilândia devem ser cuidadosas na escolha das prioridades relevantes para o desenvolvimento e para a diminuição da pobreza. ; Poverty reduction is one the most important development agenda's for much of the developing world, and it is a challenge that is yet to be met. Poverty reduction actions at the local and thenational levels have not been enough, which is why global action through development aid plays such an important role countries take action to end poverty (World Bank, 2001, p. vi). In its efforts the increase the impact aid has in poverty reduction, donor and partner countries are committed to "(.) scale up for more effective aid", as stated in the Paris Declaration (OECD, 2005, p. 1). The Paris Declaration agreed on five key principles that donors and partner countries need to adhere to in order to ensure the effectiveness of aid. Most importantly, it was also agreed that development is the responsibility of developing countries by taking greater leadership over their development policies and strategies (OECD, 2005, p. 2). The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the efforts made by the Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland in taking greater leadership over its poverty reduction policies and strategies as stated in the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda. The case of Swaziland is filled with complexities as it is classified as a lower-middle income country and yet 69 per cent of the population lives in poverty, it is one of the slowest growing economies in sub-Saharan Africa and has the world's highest HIV/AIDS prevalence. Faced with these socio-economic challenges, it is important that the Government of Swaziland makes the right priorities that will effectively address the development challenges in the country and will assist in poverty reduction.

The African Union through its New Economic Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) introduced the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) in 2003. The APRM is a system introduced to help improve governance among African countries. The countries voluntarily assent to be members of the review process in which they review each others' government processes with the aim of strengthening the good practices and discouraging the bad practices of governance. The peers - Heads of States and Governments of the countries who are members of the process - create a forum for themselves for self-monitoring in order to promote accountability and transparency in government. As they are all of a similar standing, these African peers are expected to hold a common belief in good governance and are looked to for promoting the overall good of the Continent. Whether that expectation is fulfilled or not, is yet to be seen! The APRM aims to foster the adoption of policies, standards and practices that lead to political stability, High economic growth, sustainable development, accelerated sub-regional and Continental economic integration. ; There are questions that many Zambians have! But not many of us have good answers! Not only do Zambians ask questions about governance, but so do the citizens of so many other African countries. And that is why there is - or should be! - a growing interest and participation in something called the "New Partnership for African Development" (NEPAD) and one of its key components, the "African Peer Review Mechanism" (APRM). NEPAD has been described as a vision, a policy, a strategy, a plan and organisation for renewal of African countries. It is a long-term development programme, "Made in Africa by Africans," that aims to put all of the wonderful potentials of this blessed Continent to meet all of the terrible problems of this Continent. The main objectives of NEPAD are to: eradicate poverty; promote sustainable growth and development; enhance full and beneficial integration of African countries into the global economy; and accelerate the empowerment of women and marginalised groups.To fulfil the objectives of NEPAD, governance is a key area to look at. A very important and very interesting dimension of NEPAD is the APRM. This new program offers the possibility for African citizens and governments to assess performance in meeting key components of sustainable development, in the context of widespread "peer" review. In the view of many, it signals a turning point in the search for a common ground in Continental cooperation. The APRM is seen as a vital tool for enhancing collective responsibility for good governance within African countries. However, for the promise of the APRM to be realised, there needs to be intelligent, active and effective involvement of the citizenry in the overall process. This means the dynamic participation of many citizens. One of the many advantages of the APRM process is that it offers opportunities to bring about more robust public debate on policy issues. Peer review has the potential to extend and deepen the dialogue at the national level, where the debates on reform are most important. While formal structures of accountability like parliaments, courts, investigation commissions, etc., are important, they are often associated with the political administration in power. Thus a negative perception of their effectiveness and impartiality can often undermine the credibility of policies adopted and implemented. In conducting its review and making its recommendations, the APRM focuses on four main thematic areas of governance, which are Democracy and good political governance, economic governance and management, corporate governance and socio-economic development.

Background: Sub-Saharan Africa in which Ethiopia is a part remains the most seriously affected region with AIDS in the year 2007. More than 60% of all new HIV infections are occurring in women, infants, and young children in this region. In 2005 alone, an estimated 540,000 children were newly infected with HIV, with approximately 90% of these infections occurring in this region. Objective: To assess quality of PMTCT services and client satisfaction in private and public health facilities in Adama city, Oromia Region. Methodology: A facility based cross-sectional study which involved quantitative and qualitative approach was conducted from September 2008 to June 2009. It involved 423 pregnant women and 31 health providers. Results: From all pregnant women interviewed, 74.7% of them were found to be fully satisfied with the PMTCT service they received. Only 39% of the clients understood the counseling on MTCT and PMTCT. Not more than 90% of the pregnant women were counseled and accepted HIV testing and partners of 6.34% of the pregnant women were tested for HIV. The average duration of stay of clients with their health care provider was 12.8 minutes where the standard is 15 minutes. The average clients' waiting time was 41.5 minutes and 21.5 minutes in private health facilities and governmental health facilities respectively. From women of reproductive age group who were infected with the virus, 18% of them were counseled on family planning and started to use family planning. About 97% of the HEIs had received ARV prophylaxis. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis was started at two months of age for 87.4% of the HEIs. More than half (60%) of the pregnant women came to the center they visited after being recommended to come by their friends or partners. Clients gave more weight to the ethical approach of providers to express their degree of satisfaction. Only two third of the health providers who are directly involved in PMTCT services received training on VCT for PMTCT. From the providers' side the most eminent problems were lack of training to update PDF Creator - PDF4Free v2.0 http://www.pdf4free.com viii themselves with current knowledge/skills, lack of feedback on job performance and lack of incentive for the additional burden added to them. The national PMTCT guideline was available and in use in only two among the eight health facilities assessed. Conclusion: About two third (74.7%) of the clients were fully satisfied with the PMTCT service they received. Little more than half (52%) of pregnant women were counseled on MTCT and PMTCT. Less stay of health providers with the clients, long waiting time of clients, unavailability of advanced medical equipments and laboratory tests, lack of conformation to the national PMTCT guideline, and poor infrastructure were the most significant factors which compromised the quality of PMTCT services. Lack of family planning service provision together with HIV/AIDS services and lack of male involvement in PMTCT services were also among the factors which compromised the achievement of the PMTCT program. Recommendation: Offering counseling on MTCT and PMTCT to all pregnant women, to deliver quality and comprehensive PMTCT interventions by reducing clients' waiting time as much as possible, enabling women to communicate with their partners about HIV testing, offering strong supportive supervision to health facilities and capacity building, and creating a strong link between HIV/AIDS and reproductive health services are crucial to improve the quality of PMTCT services.

Background: Sub-Saharan Africa in which Ethiopia is a part remains the most seriously affected region with AIDS in the year 2007. More than 60% of all new HIV infections are occurring in women, infants, and young children in this region. In 2005 alone, an estimated 540,000 children were newly infected with HIV, with approximately 90% of these infections occurring in this region. Objective: To assess quality of PMTCT services and client satisfaction in private and public health facilities in Adama city, Oromia Region. Methodology: A facility based cross-sectional study which involved quantitative and qualitative approach was conducted from September 2008 to June 2009. It involved 423 pregnant women and 31 health providers. Results: From all pregnant women interviewed, 74.7% of them were found to be fully satisfied with the PMTCT service they received. Only 39% of the clients understood the counseling on MTCT and PMTCT. Not more than 90% of the pregnant women were counseled and accepted HIV testing and partners of 6.34% of the pregnant women were tested for HIV. The average duration of stay of clients with their health care provider was 12.8 minutes where the standard is 15 minutes. The average clients' waiting time was 41.5 minutes and 21.5 minutes in private health facilities and governmental health facilities respectively. From women of reproductive age group who were infected with the virus, 18% of them were counseled on family planning and started to use family planning. About 97% of the HEIs had received ARV prophylaxis. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis was started at two months of age for 87.4% of the HEIs. More than half (60%) of the pregnant women came to the center they visited after being recommended to come by their friends or partners. Clients gave more weight to the ethical approach of providers to express their degree of satisfaction. Only two third of the health providers who are directly involved in PMTCT services received training on VCT for PMTCT. From the providers' side the most eminent problems were lack of training to update PDF Creator - PDF4Free v2.0 http://www.pdf4free.com viii themselves with current knowledge/skills, lack of feedback on job performance and lack of incentive for the additional burden added to them. The national PMTCT guideline was available and in use in only two among the eight health facilities assessed. Conclusion: About two third (74.7%) of the clients were fully satisfied with the PMTCT service they received. Little more than half (52%) of pregnant women were counseled on MTCT and PMTCT. Less stay of health providers with the clients, long waiting time of clients, unavailability of advanced medical equipments and laboratory tests, lack of conformation to the national PMTCT guideline, and poor infrastructure were the most significant factors which compromised the quality of PMTCT services. Lack of family planning service provision together with HIV/AIDS services and lack of male involvement in PMTCT services were also among the factors which compromised the achievement of the PMTCT program. Recommendation: Offering counseling on MTCT and PMTCT to all pregnant women, to deliver quality and comprehensive PMTCT interventions by reducing clients' waiting time as much as possible, enabling women to communicate with their partners about HIV testing, offering strong supportive supervision to health facilities and capacity building, and creating a strong link between HIV/AIDS and reproductive health services are crucial to improve the quality of PMTCT services.

Back ground: - Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is by far the largest source of HIV infection children below the age of 15 years. Globally there were an estimated 33 million people living with HIV in 2007. An estimated 370, 000 children under age 15 became infected with HIV in 2007 globally. Almost 90% live in sub-Saharan Africa. Around 90% of all children living with HIV acquired the infection from their mothers during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding. For women to take advantage of measures to reduce transmission, they need to know their HIV status. Despite this fact many women are not willing to take voluntary HIV counseling and testing. Objective: - To assess factors that contribute to the low uptake of HCT acceptance among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in public facilities in Mekelle Town Methodology: - A health facility based cross sectional survey was conducted using structured questionnaire among 384 pregnant women following antenatal care (ANC) at selected health facilities of Tigray region, Mekelle town from February 2009-March 2009. Results: - A total of 384 pregnant women fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study with 100% of response rate. 353 (91.9%) knew that a mother with HIV can pass the virus to her child. 309 (80.5%) of the pregnant women had heard the existence of PMTCT in the health facilities and 75 (19.5%) didn't know the existence of the program. 252 (65.6%) believed they were at risk for getting HIV. 330(85.9%) discus freely about HIV testing with their husbands which had a significant association with accepting of HIV testing[(AOR (95%CI) = 7.1 (2.78-18.09)]. And of those participants who had been tested 253 (74.6%) were during the current pregnancy. 335(87.2%) of those who were tested received their test result. Both the bivariate and the multivariate have shown that as the number of ANC visits increase the likelihood of accepting HCT among the pregnant women increases [(AOR (95%C.I = 0.14(0.24-0.79)]. Getting pre-test counseling had a significant association with acceptance of HIV testing among the pregnant mothers [(AOR (95%C.I) = 7.01 (2.77- 17.71)]. Conclusions: - Increasing frequency of antenatal care visits had a major role in spreading information on HIV/AIDS, MTCT and appears to be a significant factor to increase of HCT acceptance. Discussing freely about HIV sero status with partner is crucial for the acceptance of HCT and successful management of the present and future pregnancies. Despite higher VIII knowledge of HIV prevention still there are misconceptions influencing HCT/PMTCT uptake like as trust on God, self confidence, husbands faithfulness, fear of stigma and discrimination, they do not want to know their status , could not tolerate the positive result and because of uncertainty about the partners response on HIV testing result. Such factors affected acceptance of HCT among pregnant mothers. Recommendations: - The health facilities should strengthen ANC services utilization and decrease missed opportunities for counseling and testing. To increase acceptance rate of HCT the government, Regional health bureau, zonal health office and the facilities should prepare more sources of information to be accessed by all the families and community members to educate on HIV/ AIDS, MTCT and PMTCT issues. Religious leaders, community leaders and other member of the society should play their role through awareness creation and sensitization activities to reduce the misconceptions of HIV infection among pregnant mothers.

Die Forst- und Holzindustrie Mosambiks ist ein bedeutender Wirtschaftszweig für das Land, trägt zum Wachstum bei und gibt wichtige Impulse für seine Entwicklung, insbesondere im ländlichen Raum. Mosambik liegt in der subtropischen Zone des südlichen Afrikas und verfügt über reiche, natürliche Ressourcen, die bisher nur in geringem Umfang genutzt werden. Zirka 20 Millionen Hektar des Landes sind mit natürlichen, produktiven Waldformationen bedeckt, die ein großes Potential zur Erzeugung qualitativ hochwertigen Holzes darstellen. Der geschätzte Gesamtvorrat wird auf 500 Millionen Kubikmeter geschätzt, wovon die holzbearbeitende Industrie bisher nur einen sehr geringen Anteil nutzt. Den Rahmen der Studie bilden eine intensive ökonomische Analyse des gegenwärtigen Status des forst- und holzwirtschaftlichen Sektors Mosambiks und strategische Betrachtungen zu nachhaltigen Entwicklungsaspekten. Einleitend wird der Leser ausführlich anhand geschichtlicher, geografischer und sozioökonomischer Informationen in das Land und das Thema eingeführt. Die naturräumlichen Voraussetzungen für die Forstwirtschaft und Inventurergebnisse ergänzen diesen Teil. Der Hauptteil umfasst eine vertiefte Strukturanalyse der holzbearbeitenden Industrie, des Holzmarktes sowie die Darstellung der wichtigsten verarbeiteten bzw. gehandelten Baumarten - insbesondere deren Dimensionen, Mengen, Preise und Qualitäten. Für den mosambikanischen Forstsektor sind große Unterschiede zwischen den Regionen und den Unternehmen charakteristisch: Der Norden verfügt über einen hohen Holzvorrat, aber über relativ geringe Produktionskapazitäten. Der Großraum Maputo im Süden ist das wirtschaftliche Zentrum mit einer relativ hohen Nachfrage an Schnittholz, ist aber waldarm. Die Produktionswerte (Schnitt- und Rundholz) der Unternehmen reichen schätzungsweise von 25.000 bis 2,5 Mio. USD im Jahr 1997/98. Die Mehrheit der Unternehmen schätzt die Zukunft trotz zahlreicher Probleme (beispielsweise schlechte Infrastruktur, fehlendes Fachpersonal und Finanzierungsschwierigkeiten) vorsichtig optimistisch ein und beabsichtigt in den Sektor zu investieren. Den Schluss der Arbeit bilden: A) Eine ausführliche Diskussion, unter anderem über die Nachhaltigkeit, die folgendermaßen eingeschätzt wird: Eine Verknappung des Rohstoffes Holz ist mittelfristig - Mosambik als ein Markt betrachtet - nicht zu befürchten. Sie ist aber langfristig nicht gesichert, die Ursachen werden diskutiert. B) Strategische Überlegungen zum mosambikanischen Forstsektor, zu Investitionsmöglichkeiten und zur Entwicklungskooperation werden vorgestellt. ; The forest sector of Mozambique is an important contributor for the economical growth of the country and is a significant factor for the further development, especially for the rural areas. Situated in Southern Africa within the sub-tropical region, Mozambique is rich in natural resources most of which still to be explored. About 20 Mio. hectare of the country are covered by natural productive forests with potential to produce high quality timber. The total volume is estimated by 500 Mio. cubic metres. To date, only a small percentage of this potential is being used form the wood processing industry. The scope of this study is an extensive economical analysis of the status of the forest sector of Mozambique and provides strategic considerations for a sustainable development. In the introductory part of the study, the reader is informed about the historic, geographic and socio-economic background of the country. Details about prevailing conditions for forestry practice and a national inventory complete this section. The main part focuses on the in-depth analysis of the forest sector structure, the timber market and a description of the most important swan and traded tree species, respectively their dimensions, volumes, prices and qualities. The Mozambican forestry sector presents large differences between regions and enterprise characteristics: In the north there are extensive forests of growing timber, but relatively lower sawing capacities. The Bigger Maputo area in the extreme south is the economic centre of the country and the demand for swan timber considerable high, but the forested areas are small. The production value of the firms of round and swan timber ranged from USD 25.000 to USD 2,5 Mio. for the years 1997/98. The majority of the enterprises are cautiously optimistic with regard to the future. Although, they face different problems as insufficient infrastructure, a lack of specialised labour and financing, the future prospects of the sector encourage the entrepreneurs intend to invest in the sector. The final part of the study encompasses the following: A) Detailed discussions of aspects as for example sustainability, which is assessed as: In the medium range a lack of timber, considering the country as a whole is not expected. On the long run sustainability is not secured. The reasons are discussed. B) Strategic reflections about the Mozambican forestry sector, his investment opportunities and the international co-operation are presented.

This is an overview of medical education today. It deals with tertiary education matters pertinent to medical schools in South Africa, the forces that will inevitably cause medical education to change and the responses of other countries to similar circumstances. These forces are medical, educational and political. The medical forces bringing about changes are concerned with the explosion in knowledge in the fields of medical facts, technologies, therapies and informatics. It is an ongoing educational problem as to how the burgeoning sciences can be balanced with the present call for the return to the humanities. Medical schools are being required, through their teaching and learning methodologies, to encourage the qualification of empathetic graduates with generalist (holistic) skills and attitudes to best serve their patients. Educational forces, in particular new curriculum strategies, will need to be explored to assist teachers and students to cope with the demands of communities and individuals for care with expertise. In many First World countries these demands have found expression in moves from Traditional to Innovative curricula. Fundamentally, Traditional schools teach normal Anatomy and Physiology first, then move to the abnormal, before students reach the Clinical Years where these "basic sciences" are applied. Innovative schools, on the other hand, employ Problem-Based Learning with Community-Orientation throughout their curricula, with early patient contact, horizontal and vertical integration of disciplines, group work and community interaction as crucial aspects of their students' learning. Supporters of the Innovative philosophy see as progressive the revising of Flexnerian notions of basic science building blocks, the debalkanising of instruction subject by subject and the motivational impetus achieved when learning takes place in context. Political factors can impinge on staff teaching and student learning by Governmental demands through statutory councils or through the power exerted by the universities. Macro politics dictate financial or other resources that are allocated and may in future directly influence what sort of doctor the various medical schools are expected to graduate. The politics of staffing the teaching institutions, the development of teachers, and the demographics of the student population raise important questions of direction and commitment, and may lead to new realignments. The recognition of the importance of teaching at a professional level is a crucial factor in educating students more appropriately. Teachers versed in the medical pedagogic process will be pivotal in producing a new breed of doctors. This new breed will not be expected to "know everything" but have a core knowledge carefully ascertained by each medical faculty and the ability to find information that is further required. Students will not be expected to acquire all the facts to sustain them through the rest of their professional lives, but to have enquiring minds and the motivation to continue their education, to satisfy their curiosity and provide improved patient care. Their skills in mastery of the behavioural sciences will be more pertinent than ever as preventative medicine becomes as important as curative. They will be expected to formulate ethical attitudes and provide leadership in community and individual dilemmas. These are challenges that will need to be faced critically by our medical teachers who are too often experts in content in ever-narrower sub-specialities. For these challenges to be met, teaching cannot be taken for granted, but must be viewed more seriously by the schools and changes made where appropriate. The University of Cape Town (UCT) has a considerable reputation in the quality of its medical graduates. However, for its medical faculty to remain in the forefront of medical education, it needs to reconsider the knowledge required, the skills and attitudes embodied in its graduates but, as importantly, it must take the lead in undergraduate training. The need for renewing strategies and the action required are the themes of this dissertation.

Tens of thousands protested in Morocco and Algeria in support of Palestinians amid the Israel-Gaza war. However, king Mohammed VI is walking a tightrope as he seeks to please Moroccan public opinion, the West and Israel which is his de facto ally. In north African countries the support offered by EU leaders for Israel's assault on Gaza and their apparent lack of concern for the consequences of the decades-old Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza have reinforced a deeply conviction about the EU's double standards in the region. No violence has, so far, marred the demonstrations to express support for the Palestinian people which have taken place across North African countries in the aftermath of the attack of Hamas against Israel. That is the case in Tunisia where President Kais Saied has kept an uncharacteristically low profile. What is happening in Morocco is of greater significance. An estimated three hundred thousand people took to the streets of the Moroccan capital Rabat on 15th October to vent their anger at Israel's policies in the West Bank and Gaza. Government policy is to allow people, marching under the banner of the Front Marocain de Soutien a la Palestine et contre la normalisation (FMSPCN) which regroups more than twenty political parties and trade unions, to vent their feelings and preserve at the same time the Abraham Accords which Morocco signed with Israel in 2020. In July 2023, Israel recognised Morocco's sovereignty over the disputed territory of the Western Sahara. Israel has been active in Morocco for six decades but is much more open today about the weapons and surveillance equipment it sells to the kingdom and the myriad industrial and farming projects it is involved in. Ever more Israeli tourists visit Morocco. Morocco's relationship with Israel remains defined by the estimated 700,000 Sephardi Israelis of Moroccan descent, many of whom who retain a strong attachment to their former country. An estimated 3000 Jews live in Morocco though exact figures are difficult to confirm. King Mohamed VI's father, Hassan the Second played an important role, behind the scenes, in fostering relations between Israeli and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) leadership in the decade before the Oslo agreement. Following the Hamas attack on October 7, the Moroccan ministry of Foreign Affairs laconically condemned "violence against civilians whatever its source", but he specifically condemned Israel for the bombing of the Al Maamadi hospital on 17th October. The king is walking a tightrope as he seeks to please Moroccan public opinion, the West and Israel which is his de facto ally. The Mahkzen (ruling elite) plays a sophisticated political and diplomatic balancing act which could come unstuck if Israel's expected assault on Gaza turn out to be very bloody. In neighbouring Algeria, historically one of the strongest supporters of the PLO, the march in favour of the Palestinians on Thursday 19th October drew smaller crowds than during the vast Hirak protest movement four years ago. A majority of the protesters were women and younger people. There were few Islamist party banners. It was officially sponsored, but many older Algerians stayed away, fearful of the police ever since the brutal crushing of the Hirak, which on some week-ends brought millions of people into the streets in favour of democracy against a regime many of them view as illegitimate. The most suggestive analogy to current events in modern colonial history is "a pivotal and largely forgotten, episode of the Algerian war of independence, the Philippeville uprising of August 1955", as the writer Adam Shatz states in Vengeful pathologies. Surrounded by French armies and fearful of losing ground to the nationalist reformists politicians led by Ferhat Abbas who favoured a negotiated settlement, the Algerian Front de Liberation National launched "a gruesome attack in and around the harbour town of Philippeville. Peasants armed with grenades, knives, clubs, axes and pitchforks killed – and in many cases disembowelled - 123 people, mostly Europeans… To the French the violence seemed unprovoked but the perpetrators believed they were avenging the killing of tens of thousands of Muslims by the French, assisted by settler militias, after the independence riots of 1945." The liberal French governor general, Jacques Soustelle was viewed by the settlers as an "untrustworthy Arab lover". The campaign of repression he unleashed cost more than 10,000 Algerian lives. "By overreacting, Soustelle fell into the FLN's trap: the army brutality drove Algerians into the arms of the rebels, just as Israel's ferocious response is likely to strengthen Hamas at least temporarily, even among Palestinians in Gaza who resent its authoritarian rule." Soustelle later accepted that he had "helped dig a moot through which flowed a river of blood". Ever since the first intifadha, Israeli leaders have re-read the great English language classic on the Algeria war of independence (A savage war of peace, Alistair Horne Viking Press 1977). The lesson of that war is that Israelis will no more extinguish Palestinian resistance by violence than the French were able to do in Algeria seven decades ago. The major difference between the two conflicts is that Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs are stuck with each other. In all three countries, the ironclad support offered by EU leaders for Israel's assault on Gaza and their apparent lack of concern for the consequences of the decades old Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza have reinforced a deeply help conviction that Europe "is a past master at double standards" as one senior Moroccan puts it. This conviction is shared by a growing number of countries in the Global South who, at Cairo's conference on the Middle East on 21 October "roundly accused [the EU] of double standards for condemning Russia's breach of humanitarian law, but not Israel's…This lack of consistency is geopolitical kryptonite". The credibility of the EU, in its self-proclaimed role as a "normative power" and France in particular lies in tatters. This weakness is combined with a fear of rising antisemitism (the country boasts the largest Jewish community in Europe) and Islamophobia in France, where millions of citizens of Maghrebi origin live – an estimated 8% of the population. Irrespective of class, all north Africans are very worried about the possible repercussions in France. The only French politician who finds grace in their eyes is the former prime minister Dominique de Villepin who denounced the West's "amnesia" in a context of major fracture at global level. Adam Shatz shares this analysis which insists on the "oblivion" over Palestine that led Europeans "to imagine that economic agreements and sales of weapons between Israel and its new Arab friends in the Gulf would cause the Palestinian question to disappear". He is not alone, in France, indeed in North Africa, in expressing nostalgia for the era when presidents Charles de Gaulle and Jacques Chirac had a more even-handed policy towards the Israel-Palestine conflict worthy of France's proud history. Keywords: Gaza, Israel, North Africa, Middle East, Morocco, Algeria, West Bank, EU, double standards, Global South, Palestine, France

This study was conducted on an assessment of the various mitigation strategies to combat desertification in Jibia and Kaita Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria. The data use includes Satellite imageries for the study such as landsat MSS of 1976, landsat TM of 1987, SPOT XS of 1995 and landsat ETM of 2006 as well as structured questionnaires. Sixty close ended copies of the Questionnaire were administered in the study. Purposive sampling method of administering questionnaires was adopted. The percentages land mass covered for each of these variables was determined and estimated in M2. literature was obtained from various agencies which were responsible for desertification control in Katsina state. It was found from the reserved forest that in 1976 the percentage of reserved forest was 2.57%. In 1987 however, it increased by 73.9% to 76.47 %. By 1995, it declined by 9.42% to 67.05% and further declined by 0.52% in 2006. Effort to combat desertification through the use of reserved forest has been quite significant over the years. Also, noticed was a declined in shelter belt from 5.91% in 1987 to 1.097% in 1995 and a shot up to 7.39% in 2006. About 37% of the respondent opined that the deforestation leads to the disappearance of trees while 33% pinioned that it leads to reduction on agricultural productivity. The major strategy adopted to combat desertification is tree planting as supported by 88% of the respondents. It found that desertification as major environmental problem of the study area has reduced drastically from 43.34% in 1976 to 1.29% in 2006. It was also revealed from this study that some organizations such as European Economic Community/Katsina State government EEC/KTSG, Katsina Afforestation Project Unit KTAPU and Local Government Councils are the major agencies that are responsible for mitigating desertification in the study area. Keywords: Desertification, Mitigation, Afforestation, Shelterbelt and Satellite image References Ariyo, J.A, Abdullahi, C.J. Stigter, O.Z Onyewotu and I. Musa (2005). Community Participation in Planning Desertification, Control Interventions in Northern Nigeria. Lessons from Kano State. A Paper Presented at the Conference on Prospects and Problems of Agricultural Development in Nigeria, Held in Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. June 29th – July 2nd, 2005. Auwal, U. (2006). An Appraisal of Desertification in Arid Zone of Bauchi State. Unpublished PGDEM thesis Department of Geography, Bayero University Kano. Babura, D.U. (2001). Desertifucation in Babura Local Government Area. Unpublished PGDEM Thesis. Department of Geography, Bayero University Kano. Bala, A. (2003). An Evaluation of Drought Incidence and Hazards in Northern Nigeria. A Paper Presented at a Seminar on the Conservation of the environment. Department of Geography Isa Kaita College of Education, Dutsinma, Katsina State 5th November. Bins, T. (1990). The Threatening Deserts: Ox Blackwell. Campbell, D.J (1986). The Prospects For desertification in Kajiado District Kenya, Geg. Federal Office of Statistics (1999). Annual Abstracts of Statistics: facts and Figures about Nigeria. Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (2006). A brief on Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (FGN ASSISTED) 1st February, 2006. Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (2006). Annual Reports on Afforestation Projects. Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (2009). Annual Reports on Afforestation Project. Katsina Afforestation Project Unit KTAPU. (2009). A brief on Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (FGN ASSITED) 5th February, 2009. Katsina Agricultural and Rural Development Authority KTARDA. (2006). Land Management\ Unit, Historical Background to soil conservation in Katsina State. Katsina Arid Zone Programme EEC/KTSG (1995). Soil Conservation Experience, A paper for KSACDP one day Soil conservation Strategy Workshop 14th December, 1995. Katsina Arid Zone Programme EEC/KTSG. (1995). Historical background of soil conservation efforts in Katsina State. Msafirri, F. (2009). Involving or not Involving Communities in strategies to combat Desertification and Drought in Kenya. Murtala S.K. (2003). An Analysis of the problems of desertification in Katsina local government area. An NCE project, Isa kaita College of Education Dutsin Ma, Katsina state. Nasiru, I.M. (2009). Combating Desertification and Drought in Nigeria. Daily Trust Monday, 25th. National Population Commission (2006). Federal Republic of Nigeria (2009), National Population Commission Official Gazette No2, Abuja 2nd February 2009 Vol 96. Njeru, J. (2005). Monitoring and Modelling crop growth, water use and production crop growth, water use and production under dry land environment, north west of mount Kenya. Nyong, A.O. and Kanoroglou, P.S (1999). The Influence of water resources and their locations on rural distribution in north eastern Nigeria. A journal of environmental sciences. Owen and Pickering (1997). Global environmental issues. Rutledge and New York. Sagua, V.O, Enabor, E.E, K.O P.R.O, Ojanuga A.V, Mortimore, M. and Kalu, A.E. (1987). Ecological Disasters in Nigeria. Drought and Desertification Federal Ministry of science and Technology Lagos. Sani, M. (1996). Evaluation of Desertification and its effects in Jibia local Government area of Katsina state. Unpublished PGDEM Thesis. Department of Geography Bayero University Kano. Shittu, K. (1999). An Assessment on the socio economic effects of desertification in Katsina state. An Unpublished BSC project Department of Geography Bayero University Kano. Stebbing, E.P. (1935). The Encroaching Sahara: The Threat to west Africa colonies. A geographical Journal. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1997). A new Response an age – old problem. United Nations Conversation on Desertification (1977). Desertification, it Causes and Consequences: Pergmon Press. United Nations, Department for Public Information (1997). The United Nations convention to combat desertification. Whates and Jones (1992). Land Degradation. Edward Arnold London. Copyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

U petom godištu "Jevrejskog Almanaha" iz 1929 godine dr Leopold Fischer objavio je treći deo iz građe o jevrejskoj dijaspori koju je prikupljao dugi niz godina iz mnogobrojnih knjiga, časopisa, rasprava i članaka. U prva dva dela opisao je jevrejsko stanovništvo u nekoliko zemalja Azije, njihov politički i društveni položaj, način života i istoriju njihovog naseljavanja. U ovom članku nastavlja sa opisom jevrejske dijaspore u zemljama Afrike. Najveći deo opisa posvećen je Egiptu u kome je nekada bila kolevka jevrejskog naroda. U kratkom istorijskom pregledu dr Fisher navodi da je posle izlaska jevrejskog naroda iz zemlje u kojoj su bili robovi, Egipat vekovima ostao bez Jevreja. Posle razorenja Jerusalema 586. godine mnogobrojni Jevreji na čelu sa prorokom Jeremijom, izbegli su u Egipat i tamo osnovali prve jevrejske opštine. Od tog vremena Jevreji se kontinuirano naseljavaju, nekada u manjem broju a nekada u većim talasima u zavisnosti od istorijskih okolnosti, kao što je bio izgon iz Španije. Jevreji koji žive u Egiptu nisu ujedinjeni ni kulturno ni jezički ni društveno i mogu se podeliti u dve grupe - na egipatske i na evropske Jevreje. Egipatski Jevreji čine nadmoćnu većinu Jevreja u zemlji. Oni se opet dele na dve grupe: arapske Jevreje koji govore naročitim narečjem arapskog jezika, i španske Jevreje koji govore španski. Obe grupe čine "Sefardim". Oni su u čvrsto povezani sa političkim, društvenim i privrednim životom Egipta, veoma su imućni i pripadaju elitnom društvu Egipta. Mnogo manja grupa evropskih Jevreja je raznolika. Sastavljena je od italijanskih, grčkih, francuskih i austrijskih Jevreji kao i od jedne male istočno-jevrejske grupa, koja se naziva "Aškenazim" i govori jidiš. Iako Jevreji Egipta govore zvaničnim arapskim jezikom, u krugu porodice govore na jevrejsko-arapskom, španskom, jidišu, ili na jeziku zemlje iz koje su došli. Kairo i Aleksandrija imaju mnogobrojne sinagoge a osim javnih postoje i privatne sinagoge. Dr Fisher ističe da su i neke poznate jevrejske ličnosti živele ili posećivale Egipat kao npr. Majmonides po kome je glavna sinagoga u orijentalnoj četvrti dobila naziv. Interesantan je opis običaja pojedinih grupa, njihove nošnje, obrazovanja i kulturnog života a posebno položaja žena koji je isto tako nepovoljan kao i u njihovom arapskom okruženju. Osim u Egiptu Jevreji su se naselili i u drugim zemljama Severne Afrike. Dr Fischer prikazuje iscrpan istorijat njihovog doseljavanja a posebno govori o "belim" Jevrejima koji žive dublje prema unutrašnjosti Afrike sve do ekvatora. Čak i u oazama čitave severnoafričke Sahare ima mnogo Jevreja koji su uspeli da ostanu homogeni u mnogo brojnijem okruženju berberskog stanovništva. ; In the fifth year of the "Jewish Almanac" from 1929, Dr. Leopold Fischer published the third part of the material on the Jewish diaspora, which he collected for many years from numerous books, magazines, discussions, and articles. In the first two parts, he described the Jewish population in several Asian countries, their political and social position, way of life, and the history of their settlement. In this article, he continues with a description of the Jewish diaspora in African countries. Most of the description is dedicated to Egypt, which was once the cradle of the Jewish people. In a brief historical review, Dr. Fischer states that after the Jewish people left the country where they were slaves, Egypt was left without Jews for centuries. After the destruction of Jerusalem in 586, many Jews, led by the prophet Jeremiah, fled to Egypt and founded the first Jewish communities there. Since that time, Jews have been continuously settling, sometimes in smaller numbers and sometimes in larger waves depending on historical circumstances, such as the expulsion from Spain. Jews living in Egypt are not united culturally, linguistically, or socially and can be divided into two groups - Egyptian and European Jews. Egyptian Jews make up the vast majority of Jews in the country and they are divided into two groups: Arab Jews who speak a special dialect of Arabic, and Spanish Jews who speak Spanish. Both groups make up "Sephardim". They are firmly connected with the political, social, and economic life of Egypt, are very wealthy, and belong to the elite society of Egypt. A much smaller group of European Jews is diverse. It is composed of Italian, Greek, French and Austrian Jews as well as a small East Jewish group, called "Ashkenazim" and speaks Yiddish. Although the Jews of Egypt speak the official Arabic language, in the family circle they speak Hebrew-Arabic, Spanish, Yiddish, or the language of the country they came from. Cairo and Alexandria have numerous synagogues and in addition to public synagogues, there are also private synagogues. Dr. Fisher points out that some famous Jewish personalities also lived or visited Egypt, such as Maimonides, after whom the main synagogue in the oriental quarter was named. It is interesting to describe the customs of certain groups, their costumes, education, and cultural life, and especially the position of women, which is just as unfavorable as in their Arab environment. Apart from Egypt, Jews also settled in other North African countries. Dr. Fischer presents an exhaustive history of their immigration and especially talks about "white" Jews who live deeper into the interior of Africa all the way to the equator. Even in the oases of the entire North African Sahara, there are many Jews who have managed to remain homogeneous in the much larger environment of the Berber population.

This book presents the depth of the new wave of agritourism apparent around the world. This book consists of four parts. The first section is an introduction to the economics of agritourism; it introduces the role of organization, management, logistics, safety, marketing, finance, economics and psychology and, within agritourism, discusses the role and importance of agritourism in the multifunctional development of farms and rural areas, showing the economic and social importance of agritourism. Furthermore, it highlights the problem of agritourist space. The second section focuses on the economics and organization of agritourism. This part presents a number of agritourism-specific concepts such as: the concept of an agritourist enterprise, economics and organization of agritourist farms, integration of agritourist entities, agritourism versus food processing, agritourist products and services, characteristics of tourists and the market for agritourist products and services. The third section is a specific case study dedicated to core agritourism, agritourist enterprises and related mobility issues. The cases come from 19 countries of the world, namely: Australia, Argentina, Belgium, New Zealand, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, UK, Uruguay, USA and Zanzibar (Tanzania). This section concludes with a consideration of the agritourist potential of five countries of the world. The last, fourth part of the book opens for reconsideration and for discussion of several significant topics that appeared to be keystones for further agritourism development. At the end of each chapter, case studies are presented, which are to encourage readers to continue their investigations, suggest ways to adapt their newly gained knowledge to local conditions and facilitate the application of this knowledge in business operations. This book is dedicated to the following readers: farmers engaged in this type of economic activity or considering it as their future career; people who support the development of agritourism; students of tourism, business studies, agriculture and forestry, social policy, anthropology or even medicine, as well as all those planning to work in rural areas; researchers interested in this problem; and for prospective agritourists planning to spend their holidays in the country.

Alex De Waal's new book, Mass Starvation: The History and Future of Famine, cannot be assessed as an enjoyable read; instead it is a book that will (and should) leave the reader unsettled, concerned and angry.". we have come full circle, back to where we were before the invention of "Famine", in which we understand famines as desperate societal crises, including hunger and other forms of distress, that threaten a way of life, created by the powerful, resisted and mediated by human skills and societal structures." (De Waal 2018 p52)The author presents a well-researched account of famines, over the last two centuries and uses his research and experience, to reflect on the future of famines. His presentation of famines begins with "the year without a summer" (De Waal pg. 54), the 1816 famine caused by crop failure, due to the eruption of a volcano, in Indonesia. This was the last famine, De Waal reflects, that was caused by an act of nature. He then moves onto act one of a 'tragedy in five acts", which refers to the Imperial Holocausts from 1870 until 1914. These are famines caused by colonial settlers, using hunger to subjugate indigenous populations. Although he begins his reflections in 1870, he notes correctly that such famines have occurred down through the ages. However reliable data does not exist in relation to numbers affected prior to this time. Act two brings the merging of the two world wars into one extended world war from 1915 – 1950. He presents this period as the worst for famine deaths in modern history, where forced starvation was used a means of extermination or tolerated for military gains. Act three, 1950-1985, reveals one of the worst famines in history, when Mao Zedong's 'Great Leap Forward' resulted in 25-30 million famine deaths between 1958 and 62. The smaller famines related to wars from 1960s onwards is set out in act four, occurring largely in war torn countries of Sub Saharan Africa.The book catalogues all recorded calamitous and great famines since 1870, estimating that over 103 million people have lost their lives through famines in this time span. Of these deaths, 77 million occurred during war or periods of political repression. He demonstrates that between 1870 and 1970 an average of about 1 million lives were lost every year due to famine. However, fewer deaths are being lost since then due to increasingly professional humanitarian responses and improvements in health care and prevention strategies, such as routine immunisation programmes—a fact that many aid agencies and donors would like global media to take more notice of. One may begin to feel relief at such progress being presented, only to have such hope dispelled by De Waal's increasing concern on the recent increased use of hunger as a political tool. De Waal (pg. 172) summarises the basic thesis of his book as ".better politics have led to fewer famines" and better general health services have reduced the deaths caused as a result of continuing famines. Over half of all famine deaths since 1870 were actually Chinese citizens. Setting out famines in this way challenges common lay perceptions of famine deaths occurring only in Sub Saharan Africa due to a simple, ongoing lack of food. De Waal's evidenced-based approach towards Malthusian population principles is refreshing, in a world where such perceptions continue to be cited by many academic scholars and political parties as a reason to justify limiting population size and curbing migration flows. De Waal presents evidence to show that rising population levels have not resulted World Nutrition 2018;9(1)71in more famine and deaths. However, he does not seek to paint a happy ending, he challenges the global complacency which allows hunger to co-exist in a world with enough food for all. De Waal waits until chapter ten to discuss act five, "the new atrocity famines". He seeks to answer the question: are we seeing "the resurgence of great famines?" (pg. 179). Chapter ten begins with the fact that in 2017 there was 70 million people in acute need of aid, an increase from 45 million in 2015. He goes on to state that there were twenty million people, in four countries (Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen), facing the risk of famine. The people in these countries are suffering from hunger due to political decisions and conflict, not a shortage of food--a failure of political leaders to implement international laws. In act four De Waal presents the good news that famines and the deaths they led to had dramatically reduced, being localised to SSA. However, the most dramatic food shortages, due to conflict, in this decade, have occurred in the Middle East. With countries like Syria denying food and aid to its citizens as a weapon of war, while 51% of the citizens in Yemen are in urgent need of assistance that is not reaching them. Due to the role of politics in present day famines, De Waal calls for forced starvation to be classed asan atrocity, in a similar way to genocide. His book presents compelling arguments, which will fuel many a midnight debate, between scholars and students alike. However, as an academic practitioner, I find his analysis to be a welcome trumpet call, in the present wilderness of false news. This book will be of interest to aid workers, nutritionists and activists who believe that social justice approaches to development need to take precedence over neo-liberal economic growth models. De Waal's book will become a new core reader on my list of essential books for students, as I strive to fuel the debate to support the right to food and health for all amongst the future leaders in the field of Global Public Health Nutrition.

Darfur and beyond : what is needed to prevent mass atrocities / by Lee Feinstein -- Zimbabwe : the limits of influence / by Princeton N. Lyman -- Avoiding conflict in the Horn of Africa : U.S. policy toward Ethiopia and Eritrea / by Terrence Lyons -- U.S. interest in democracy and human rights promotion : excerpted from Independent Task Force Report -- China ups the ante in Africa / by Princeton N. Lyman -- China, Africa, and oil / by Esther Pan -- U.S. interest in democracy and human rights promotion : excerpt from More than humanitarianism -- South Africa in retrospect : (paper by Princeton N. Lyman for presentation to the conference "Africa and prospects for hope," University of Oklahoma, International Programs Center, September 14, 2006) -- Toward an Angola strategy : prioritizing U.S.-Angola relations : an independent commission report by the Center for Preventive Action -- Nigeria : elections and continuing challenges / Robert I. Rotberg -- Somalia's terrorist infestation / by Eben Kaplan -- Zimbabwe : the limits of influence / Princeton N. Lyman -- Darfur and beyond : what is needed to prevent mass atrocities / Lee Feinstein -- Blowing the horn / by John Prendergrast and Thomas Colin-Jensen -- How to rebuild Africa / by Stephen Ellis -- Strengthening African leadership / by Robert I. Rotberg -- The challenge of global health / by Laurie Garrett -- Was the year for Africa, but we missed the point : excerpted from independent task force report

Collective values, behavioural norms and rules: building institutions for economic growth and poverty reduction / Ke-young Chu -- Institutional capital and poverty: a transition perspective / Syed Ahsan -- Why is so little spent on educating the poor? / Tony Addison and Aminur Rahman -- The fragility of empirical links between inequality, trade liberalization, growth and poverty / Jennifer Mbabazi, Oliver Morrissey and Chris Milner -- Convergence clubs in cross-country life expectancy dynamics / David Mayer-Foulkes -- Reaching the poor: fine-tuning poverty targeting using a poverty map of Mozambique / Orlando San Martin -- Poverty, growth and redistribution: a case-study of Iran / Ahmad Assadzadeh and Satya Paul -- How economic growth reduces poverty: a general equilibrium analysis for Indonesia / George Fane and Peter Warr -- Poverty, inequality and growth in Zambia during the 1990s / Neil McCulloch, Bob Baulch and Milasoa Cherel-Robson -- Gender and education as determinants of household poverty in Nigeria / Christiana Okojie.