The Country Opinion Survey in Bolivia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Bolivia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Bolivia on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Bolivia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Bolivia; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Bolivia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Bolivia.
The Country Opinion Survey in Mongolia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Mongolia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Mongolia on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Mongolia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Mongolia; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Mongolia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Mongolia.
The Country Opinion Survey in Tanzania assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Tanzania perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Tanzania on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Tanzania; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Tanzania; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Tanzania; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Tanzania.
The Country Opinion Survey in Turkey assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Turkey perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Turkey on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Turkey; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Turkey; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Turkey; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Turkey.
The Country Opinion Survey in Gabon assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Gabon perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Gabon on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Gabon; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Gabon; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Gabon; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Gabon.
The Country Opinion Survey in Lesotho assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Lesotho perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral and bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Lesotho on: 1) their views regarding the general environment in Lesotho; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Lesotho; 3) overall impressions of the WBGs effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Lesotho; and 4) their perceptions of the WBGs future role in Lesotho.
The Country Opinion Survey in Ukraine assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Ukraine perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Ukraine on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Ukraine; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Ukraine; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Ukraine; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Ukraine.
The atlas is a tool that is both accessible and indispensable for understanding rural change in Africa. This original tool relates data on demographics, urbanization and resource use with spatial and economic dynamics, both on a continental level and through several regional examples, to provide a novel inventory of rural restructuring in North and sub-Saharan Africa. Using indicators, maps and charts, the atlas reveals the dynamics at play within the rural world in Africa and territorial restructuring on the continent. In particular, it serves as a reminder of how population and urban growth processes and the development of communication links have substantially modified the nature of African rural areas, even if some regions are still isolated. The increased density of links between town and country is the sign of a new type of territoriality that should be recognized and serve as a framework for development policies, which are currently a hostage to their compartmentalized sectoral visions. Agricultural, environmental management health and education, urban development and infrastructure policies need to be restructured within territorial approaches, which are the only ones capable of responding to the challenges faced by the continent: creating jobs for the growing numbers of young people; diversifying economic activity ; rebalancing territories to prevent excessive growth of capital cities; preserving natural resources. The aim of the atlas is to fuel the debate about the main regional and continental development issues. It provides a reference situation for future work that could serve to fine-tune analyses on a regional and thematic level and identify the main changes. It will be supplemented and updated regularly. It is published jointly by CIRAD and NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa's Development, a technical body of the African Union), with financial support from the AFD, and fits in with NEPAD's Rural Futures programme. The programme plans to support territorial dynamics and structural change for sustainable development of the continent.
L'atlas constitue un outil inédit sous forme d'indicateurs, cartes et graphiques. Il révèle les dynamiques à l'oeuvre au sein du monde rural africain et les recompositions territoriales du continent. L'atlas présente un état des lieux des recompositions rurales en Afrique, à la fois l'Afrique du nord et l'Afrique subsaharienne. Il croise des données de démographie, du peuplement, de l'urbanisation et de l'utilisation des ressources avec les dynamiques spatiales et économiques, à la fois à l'échelle continentale et au travers de quelques exemples régionaux. Outil à la fois original et inédit, il a pour objectif d'alimenter le débat sur les grands enjeux du développement régional et continental. Publié conjointement par le Cirad et le Nepad (Nouveau partenariat pour le développement de l'Afrique, organe de l'Union africaine), avec le soutien financier de l'AFD, il s'inscrit dans le cadre du nouveau programme Rural Futures du Nepad. Celui-ci vise à renforcer les dynamiques territoriales et les changements structurels pour un développement durable du continent. L'atlas offre une situation de référence pour des travaux ultérieurs qui permettront d'affiner les analyses sur les plans régional et thématique et de repérer les principales évolutions. Il sera régulièrement augmenté et mis à jour.
Maduramicin is a coccidiostat authorized as feed additive in the European Union for chickens and turkeys for fattening but not for laying hens, considering the risk of residues in eggs. The unavoidable cross-contamination of non-target feed with coccidiostats is regulated by Commission Directive 2009/8/EC and resulting carry-over in food by Commission Regulation (EC) No. 124/2009. To verify the compliance of the maximum levels for maduramicin in feed (50 ++g/kg) and eggs (2 ++g/kg), the carry-over from feed into eggs was investigated. Diets containing 10, 30, and 50 ++g of maduramicin/kg of feed were fed to laying hens. Feed, egg white, and yolk were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Maduramicin residues were only detected in in egg yolk. Feeding the 10 ++g/kg maduramicin diet resulted in maduramicin concentrations up to 2.5 ++g/kg in whole eggs, already exceeding the maximum level. A carry-over rate of 8% maduramicin from feed into eggs was calculated.
A 'bottom up' regional Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE) model for Vietnam is constructed for 28 commodities and 8 regions (using a GSO input-output table for 2005). The model is used to analyze the recent dramatic increases in the world price of rice on the regional economy of Vietnam, and the Vietnamese policy response to limit exports. Although results show limited 'pro-poor' outcomes, the CGE model and a micro-simulation (using 2006 VHLSS - Vietnamese Household Living Standard Survey data) show that recent rice export quotas resulted in falls total rural savings as measured by the difference in total income less total production cost and consumption of rice. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section two provides the background and reviews existing studies in Vietnam that have tried to estimate the welfare impact of government policies in rice market. Section three describes the methods and data. The results from the CGE model and micro-simulation on household data are discussed in section four. Section five offer concluding remarks.
This paper studies the implementation of bankruptcy law in 19th century France. It uses two sources: first, the annual exhaustive statistical appraisal of bankruptcies published from 1840 on; second, individual bankruptcy files conserved at the Paris Merchant Court archives. We show that the changes in bankruptcy law cannot explain the changes in the number and size of bankruptcies, suggesting changes in the practice of the courts as well as in the behaviour of firms. Most importantly, the Parisian example suggests that the courts didn't treat all firms on the same basis, privileging the important ones. This gives new arguments against a purely legalistic and retrospective vision of the impact of bankruptcy law on economic activity, and in favour of an empirical study of its concrete implementation. ; Cet article étudie l'application de la législation sur les faillites en France au XIXème siècle. Il utilise deux sources : la statistique annuelle des faillites mise en place à partir de 1840 par le Ministère de la Justice et les dossiers individuels de faillite conservés par les archives du Tribunal de commerce de Paris. Il montre que l'évolution de la législation ne peut pas suffire à expliquer les comportements en matière de faillite, qui reflètent aussi des transformations économiques. Surtout, il démontre à partir de l'exemple parisien que les tribunaux ne traitent pas toujours à l'identique toutes les entreprises, accordant un traitement de faveur aux plus grandes d'entre elles. Ce travail donne ainsi de nouveaux arguments contre une vision légaliste et rétrospective de l'impact de la législation des faillites sur l'activité économique et en faveur d'une étude empirique de son application concrète.
This paper studies the implementation of bankruptcy law in 19th century France. It uses two sources: first, the annual exhaustive statistical appraisal of bankruptcies published from 1840 on; second, individual bankruptcy files conserved at the Paris Merchant Court archives. We show that the changes in bankruptcy law cannot explain the changes in the number and size of bankruptcies, suggesting changes in the practice of the courts as well as in the behaviour of firms. Most importantly, the Parisian example suggests that the courts didn't treat all firms on the same basis, privileging the important ones. This gives new arguments against a purely legalistic and retrospective vision of the impact of bankruptcy law on economic activity, and in favour of an empirical study of its concrete implementation. ; Cet article étudie l'application de la législation sur les faillites en France au XIXème siècle. Il utilise deux sources : la statistique annuelle des faillites mise en place à partir de 1840 par le Ministère de la Justice et les dossiers individuels de faillite conservés par les archives du Tribunal de commerce de Paris. Il montre que l'évolution de la législation ne peut pas suffire à expliquer les comportements en matière de faillite, qui reflètent aussi des transformations économiques. Surtout, il démontre à partir de l'exemple parisien que les tribunaux ne traitent pas toujours à l'identique toutes les entreprises, accordant un traitement de faveur aux plus grandes d'entre elles. Ce travail donne ainsi de nouveaux arguments contre une vision légaliste et rétrospective de l'impact de la législation des faillites sur l'activité économique et en faveur d'une étude empirique de son application concrète.
This paper studies the implementation of bankruptcy law in 19th century France. It uses two sources: first, the annual exhaustive statistical appraisal of bankruptcies published from 1840 on; second, individual bankruptcy files conserved at the Paris Merchant Court archives. We show that the changes in bankruptcy law cannot explain the changes in the number and size of bankruptcies, suggesting changes in the practice of the courts as well as in the behaviour of firms. Most importantly, the Parisian example suggests that the courts didn't treat all firms on the same basis, privileging the important ones. This gives new arguments against a purely legalistic and retrospective vision of the impact of bankruptcy law on economic activity, and in favour of an empirical study of its concrete implementation. ; Cet article étudie l'application de la législation sur les faillites en France au XIXème siècle. Il utilise deux sources : la statistique annuelle des faillites mise en place à partir de 1840 par le Ministère de la Justice et les dossiers individuels de faillite conservés par les archives du Tribunal de commerce de Paris. Il montre que l'évolution de la législation ne peut pas suffire à expliquer les comportements en matière de faillite, qui reflètent aussi des transformations économiques. Surtout, il démontre à partir de l'exemple parisien que les tribunaux ne traitent pas toujours à l'identique toutes les entreprises, accordant un traitement de faveur aux plus grandes d'entre elles. Ce travail donne ainsi de nouveaux arguments contre une vision légaliste et rétrospective de l'impact de la législation des faillites sur l'activité économique et en faveur d'une étude empirique de son application concrète.
