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AbstractA suite of 'place‐based' Commonwealth policy frameworks to address geographically concentrated socio‐economic disadvantage foreground local knowledge and devolve some decisions to multi‐government and local agent governance bodies. We analyse these policies with reference to Dewey's theory of democratic experimentalism, focussing on how publics are constituted in place and enrolled in processes of deliberation and problematisation, and on how policy success is framed. We categorise 'place‐based' policies into three groups. Statutory collaboration policies enable coordinated intergovernmental investment in regional economic regeneration and enact broad publics through a concern with economic growth. Collective impact policies commission for social service integration and figure the users and providers of social services as their publics. Indigenous partnership policies are concerned with 'self‐reliance', economic participation, and empowerment among Indigenous people. We find that only the policies in the latter type clearly provide their publics with epistemic or decision‐making power. Further research on the implementation of collective impact policies would be necessary to determine their participatory scope, and statutory collaboration policies provide little opportunity for input from their publics. Our aim is to highlight the democratic significance of who is included in place‐based deliberations and what is deemed to be valuable.

Abstract
This article provides a critical commentary on Irish activation policy. It is framed with reference to the point made in Pathways to Work 2016–2020 that a key purpose of activation is 'to help ensure a supply of labour at competitive rates'. It looks at how a tougher work-first activation regime can be situated within the wider landscape of reform and retrenchment in the social protection system following the 2008 financial crisis. Broadly utilising Pierson's concepts of programmatic and systemic retrenchment, it situates the roll-out of activation within shifts toward greater reliance on means-tested benefits for the unemployed, and toward work first, with varying degrees of compulsion, for other working-age adults in the social protection system. Suggesting that this results in a hierarchy of 'welfare sacrifice' for the sake of the competitiveness of the Irish economy, it also looks briefly at how some of these 'sacrifices' are experienced by different groups both in and out of the labour market. The article concludes by noting that the Covid-19 pandemic has temporarily transformed state–market relations such as these; however, whether this offers the opportunity to forge a more supportive turn in activation policy post-pandemic remains an open question.

State and federal policies regarding substance use in pregnancy, specifically whether a notification to child protective services is required, continue to evolve. To inform practice, policy, and future research, we sought to synthesize and critically evaluate the existing literature regarding the association of prenatal substance exposure with child maltreatment. We conducted a comprehensive electronic search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, CHINAL, Social Work Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, and Social Services Abstracts. We identified 30 studies that examined the association of exposure to any/multiple substances, cocaine, alcohol, opioids, marijuana, and amphetamine/methamphetamine with child maltreatment. Overall, results indicated that substance exposed infants have an increased likelihood of child protective services involvement, maternal self-reported risk of maltreatment behaviors, hospitalizations and clinic visits for suspected maltreatment, and adolescent retrospective self-report of maltreatment compared to unexposed infants. While study results suggest an association of prenatal substance exposure with child maltreatment, there are several methodological considerations that have implications for results and interpretation, including definitions of prenatal substance exposure and maltreatment, study populations used, and potential unmeasured confounding. As each may bias study results, careful interpretation and further research are warranted to appropriately inform programs and policy.

Abstract
Children and families are undergoing unprecedented stress as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, in part, due to the disruption of daily life arising from mandated social distancing protocols. As such, the purpose of the present report is to raise awareness surrounding resilience-challenging and resilience-promoting factors for refugee children and families during the COVID-19 crisis. Issues surrounding family life, parenting, and potential for family conflict are described. Also, cultural and linguistic factors are discussed, which may limit access to information about the pandemic and, accordingly, uptake of public health recommendations. Throughout our analysis, a trauma-informed framework is utilized, whereby potential for pandemic-related disruption in triggering previous traumatic stress is considered. Furthermore, using a developmental resilience framework and building upon the inherent strengths of families and children, suggestions for developing evidence-based programming and policy are reviewed. Responses should be: (1) multilevel, (2) trauma informed, (3) family focused, (4) culturally and linguistically sensitive, and (5) access oriented. The present analysis can serve as a timely guide for informing program design and policy in the context of public health, social services, mental health, health care, resettlement services, and other refugee-serving organizations.

M & A fund is one category of private equity investment fund. In the past 25 years, private equity fund has grown into a considerable asset section. Since 2008, China's economy has experienced the pounding pain of structural transformation multiplied with other challenges, e.g. international economy's lack of growth momentum, increased trade friction, aging population and so on. The trade friction between China and the United States has further exacerbated. Against this backdrop, from September 2018, there was a significant shift in the domestic central government's economic policy, particularly the capital market policy, has undergone major changes with the repressed capital market elevated to an unprecedented strategic level. M & A, as a crucial means to optimize the social resources allocation and enhance the efficiency of social capital utility, has been given great expectations by the government. This study mainly discusses the role of M & A fund in China's economic transformation, and a medium-term development road-map of M & A fund under the new capital market policies today. After thorough research, data statistics and analysis, a potentially feasible M & A fund domestic development strategy is proposed to meet the needs of current economy and development.

The article analyzes the most significant conclusions of the 8th Congress held in North Korea by the ruling Workers' Party between January 5 and 12, 2021 and other political events held during the first half of 2021 and how this may influence the future policy of North Korea, the position of its top leader Kim Jong-un and whether an evolution of the present situation towards new approaches in the political, economic, military and social fields, as well as in the international policy linked to the development of the nuclear weapon, is feasible. ; El artículo analiza las conclusiones más significativas del 8.º Congreso celebrado en Corea del Norte por el gobernante Partido del Trabajo, entre el 5 y 12 de enero de 2021 y otros actos políticos efectuados durante el primer semestre de 2021 y como ello puede influir en la política futura de Corea del Norte, la posición de su máximo dirigente Kim Jong-un y si es factible una evolución de la situación presente hacia nuevos planteamientos en el ámbito político, económico, militar y social, así como en la política internacional vinculada al desarrollo del arma nuclear.

AbstractHow does social identity shape Protestant attitudes about guns in the United States? Numerous studies show that religion shapes attitudes about guns, but the role of Protestantism in forming those attitudes is undertheorized and undertested. We draw from the extensive literature on religion-as-identity and the burgeoning literature of gun-ownership-as-identity to test the theory about the role of Protestant religion in cultivating a gun identity. We argue that for many Protestants, gun ownership has taken on the characteristics of a distinctive social identity, but that there are clear differences between different types of Protestants—notably, evangelicals and mainliners—that render the expansive category of "Protestant" largely irrelevant as an explanatory variable. While that finding might seem straightforward to scholars of religion and politics, the broad categorical approach—that is, treating "Protestant" as explanatory—has proven surprisingly durable in studies of gun ownership and attitudes about gun control. The analysis uses a recent Pew survey with batteries of questions about gun identity, gun policy, and religion. While this research note does not fully testwhythis relationship between Protestantism and gun identity exists, we do show that the relationship not only exists but also affects gun policy attitudes.

AbstractMeta‐organization is a recent concept that draws attention of management academics. It allows to renew the private‐public partnership approach. There is still little research on meta‐organizations as contributing to sustainable development (Berkowitz and Bor, 2018) as well as to their resources, including mechanisms supporting resilience (Berkowitz, 2018). This paper focuses on the absorptive or resilience capacity of a meta‐organization in the field of sustainable food. Food governance on territories has become a major issue over the past few years. The issue is recently taken in charge by collectives bringing together public and private partners, generally civil society, around food perceived as a common. The study is qualitative and based on the case of a local food policy council in France. Refering to resilience theory (Weick, 1993) and adopting a grounded theory methodology, we identify the characteristics of meta‐organizational resilience. We then discuss the relationship between the resilience of a meta‐organization and social transformation and contribute to the knowledge of policy‐shaper meta‐organizations. Finally, in this case we show how the social and solidarity economy (SSE) and the public authorities meet around a food common, making meta‐organization an expression of institutional diversity in the deployment of the commons.

The turn of the millennium brought an increased interest in issues of multiculturalism, which became a focal point for debates about culture, especially in liberal democracies. The question is particularly important in that most people today live in heterocultural societies. The authors thus do not approach multiculturalism as the simple coexistence in society of members of various ethnic groups but rather as a theoretical basis for the scholarly analysis of the state and of society, which implement policies in regard to internal cultural (ethnic) diversity. Multiculturalism thus defines a social space in which people who adhere to different axiological, normative, religious or moral systems, and who are aware of these differences, live together. At the same time, state policy aims to include all of them in a social order which is being modified under the influence of cultural diversity. Multiculturalism can be presented on the one hand as an idea that is not apprehended directly but is known through concepts, and on the other hand, as an entity identified by the senses. The authors illustrate the transition from an idea to a state policy in regard to a multitude of ethnic cultures by reference to Australia and the Federal Republic of Germany.

Climate-related security risks are increasingly compounding existing political, social and economic challenges worldwide, with natural resources like water posing risks for geopolitical tensions and violent conflict. This policy paper presents a regional analysis of environment, peace and security linkages in the Horn of Africa, with a specific focus on water security and governance. It provides entry points for the international community to address the multifaceted risk landscape in the region. The Horn of Africa is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change such as droughts and floods. The transboundary water resources of the Nile and Juba–Shabelle river basins are of core relevance for the Horn of Africa because of the interaction and confluence of several political, social, economic and environmental processes. The tensions surrounding transboundary water resources retain the potential for geopolitical tensions and violent conflict within and among countries in the region. Posing challenges to peace and development in every continent, water security and governance can no longer be left unaddressed by the international community. This policy paper identifies political constraints and possible entry points for the international community to address the multidimensional challenge of water security and governance in the Horn of Africa.

This paper reviews the research landscape on internal displacement in Asia by looking at the growing trends therein in order to assess the state of current scholarship. It begins by mapping trends in conflict-induced, disaster-induced and urban internal displacement and highlighting the importance and absence of reliable numerical data. Then it elaborates on the research concerning (i) the legal and policy framework relating internally displaced persons (IDPs) in this region; (ii) issues in the wider social sciences and humanities and (iii) in the area of health and medicine. While a policy vacuum and geographical diversity heighten the absence of legal accountability, the enquiry into the causes and outcomes of internal displacement in research in the social sciences and humanities highlights the need to focus on the participatory role and agency of the IDPs themselves. The gender dimension and the differentiated impact of internal displacement on women is accentuated and spotlight is also thrown at literature addressing the intersectionality of health and gender when research on the physical and mental health conditions of the IDPs is explored. This paper points towards areas of future research and the countries it broadly covers are India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Myanmar, Nepal, Japan and Indonesia.

Abstract The EU rural development policy has addressed challenges related to climate change in agriculture by introducing public voluntary schemes, which financially support the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices. Several factors, most of which are non-financial ones, drive adoption and continuation of these schemes by farmers. Despite the importance of these factors, only a few studies explore their role in the European context. This paper contributes to filling this gap from a twofold perspective. First, it investigates the role of the farming factors, technology accessibility, environmental features, policy design and social expertise at the territorial level on early adoption. Second, it sheds light on farmers' attitudes and motivations and on social pressure on their decision to continue or discontinue the practices, by surveying a sample of early adopters. Three schemes for the Veneto region rural development programme are considered: no tillage, fertiliser reduction, and water and fertiliser reduction. The results highlight that non-financial factors should be considered in order to design more effective schemes to prompt farmers to adopt and continue such practices over the long run. The paper also stresses the need to complement financial support with proactive information-based instruments.

2020 Summer. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez holds a unique and captivating spot in the political arena in 2020. At the forefront of the nonbinding resolution, the Green New Deal (GND), her position on Twitter with over 6.7 million followers has given her the power to influence and interact with her constituents, other politicians, supporters, and critics on Twitter and has given her the opportunity to advocate for and uphold key policy issues related to environmental justice within the Green New Deal. She can also shape policy decisions as the Green New Deal moves forward. Ecofeminism, as both a social and philosophical movement, argues that women must be at the forefront of politics in order to improve the lives of others and the environment. Employing Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis (CTDA) to understand digital phenomena, artifacts, and ideology on social networking platforms, this study explores how and why Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez as a twenty-first century opinion-leader generates support for the Green New Deal, and how she uses ecofeminism as a principle that guides her Green New Deal advocacy on Twitter. This thesis offers an overview of the study, its theoretical frames, methodology, findings, and discussion.

Indonesian state based on Pancasila, any rule of law (criminal) and their enforcement should always contains/is inspired by the values of Pancasila. The policy of enforcing criminal law means upholding justice, and the justice for the Indonesian people is equity based on Pancasila. The direction and policies for the development of national law (criminal law) in realizing the ideals of legal development based on justice should always be based on religious values, customs and socio-cultural values of Indonesian society which crystallized in the Pancasila philosophy. Therefore, the essence of criminal law policy is that efforts to achieve social welfare should always be inspired by and based on the basic values of the Pancasila philosophy as Grundnorm / Staatsfundamentalnorm (fundamental norms of the state) of the Indonesian nation. Pancasila is the values, principles, soul and spirit of the Indonesian people. Pancasila is the basic norm (grundnorm), and at the same time the basic values (grundwerten), which are the spirit of Indonesian law. Law is always rooted in "a peculiar form of social life", therefore a legal system is a uniqueness, an institution rooted in the cosmology, values and traditions of the nation concerned.