Suchergebnisse

Lean body mass, consisting mostly of skeletal muscle, is important for healthy aging. We performed a genome-wide association study for whole body (20 cohorts of European ancestry with n = 38,292) and appendicular (arms and legs) lean body mass (n = 28,330) measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or bioelectrical impedance analysis, adjusted for sex, age, height, and fat mass. Twenty-one single-nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with lean body mass either genome wide (p < 5 x 10(-8)) or suggestively genome wide (p < 2.3 x 10(-6)). Replication in 63,475 (47,227 of European ancestry) individuals from 33 cohorts for whole body lean body mass and in 45,090 (42,360 of European ancestry) subjects from 25 cohorts for appendicular lean body mass was successful for five single-nucleotide polymorphisms in/ near HSD17B11, VCAN, ADAMTSL3, IRS1, and FTO for total lean body mass and for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in/ near VCAN, ADAMTSL3, and IRS1 for appendicular lean body mass. Our findings provide new insight into the genetics of lean body mass. ; NIH [N01 AG 12100, U01 HL72515, U01 GM074518, R01 HL088119, R01 AR046838, U01 HL084756, N01-AG-12100, U24AG051129]; NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association); Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament); Mid-Atlantic Nutrition and Obesity Research Center of Maryland [P30 DK072488]; NIH/NIAMS [F32AR059469]; American Heart Association [10SDG2690004]; NHLBI [N01-HC-85079, N01-HC-85080, N01-HC-85081, N01-HC-85082, N01-HC-85083, N01-HC-85084, N01-HC-85085, N01-HC-85086, N01-HC-35129, N01 HC-15103, N01 HC-55222, N01-HC-75150, N01-HC-45133, N01-HC-85239, HL080295, HL087652, HL105756, HL103612, HL120393, HL130114]; NINDS; NIA [AG-023629, AG-15928, AG-20098, AG-027058, 1R01AG032098-01A1]; National Center for Research Resources [UL1RR033176]; CTSI [UL1TR000124]; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease grant [DK063491]; Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center; GlaxoSmithKline; Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Swiss National Science Foundation [33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401]; deCODE Genetics, ehf; Cancer Research United Kingdom; Medical Research Council; EU [LSHM-CT-2003-503041]; Wellcome Trust [WT098051, WT089062, WT098017]; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Erasmus MC; Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB); European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), ENGAGE Consortium [HEALTH-F4-2007-201413]; Wellcome Trust; Support for Science Funding programme; CamStrad; Danish Council for Independent Research [DFF-1333-00124, DFF-1331-00730B]; US National Institute for Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; National Institute on Aging [U24AG051129, R01 AR 41398, R01AR057118]; FP7-PEOPLE-Marie Curie Career Integration Grants (CIG); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study [N01-HC-25195]; Affymetrix, Inc. [N02-HL-6-4278]; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center; Genome Quebec; Genome Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); Swedish Research Council; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; Lundberg Foundation; Emil and Vera Cornell Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar Soderberg's Foundation; Petrus and Augusta Hedlunds Foundation; Vastra Gotaland Foundation; Goteborg Medical Society; German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology [01 AK 803 A-H, 01 IG 07015G]; National Institutes of Aging; National Institutes of Health [HHSN268200782096C, R01 AG 041517, M01 RR-00750]; Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine. Kora; Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF); State of Bavaria; German National Genome Research Network [NGFN-2, NGFNPlus: 01GS0823]; Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) as part of LMUinnovativ; British Heart Foundation; Kidney Research UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) programme grant; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) [050-060-810]; Erasmus Medical Center; Erasmus University, Rotterdam; Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw); Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports; European Commission (DG XII); Municipality of Rotterdam; National Institute on Aging grants [R01AG17917, R01AG15819, R01AG24480]; Illinois Department of Public Health; Rush Clinical Translational Science Consortium; Arthritis Research UK; Chronic Disease Research Foundation; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award; Israel Science Foundation [994/10]; NIA Intramural Research Program; Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [16SV5536K, 16SV5537, 16SV5538, 16SV5837, 01UW0808]; Max Planck Institute for Human Development (MPIB); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (MPIMG); Charite University Medicine; German Institute for Economic Research (DIW); University of Lubeck in Lubeck, Germany; Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) the Hague [6130.0031]; NZO (Dutch Dairy Association), Zoetermeer; Orthica, Almere; NCHA (Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing) Leiden/Rotterdam; Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation, the Hague [KB-15-004-003]; Wageningen University, Wageningen; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Healthway Health Promotion Foundation of Western Australia; Australasian Menopause Society; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council [254627, 303169, 572604]; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Career Development Fellowship; Karen Elise Jensen foundation; NIH from NHLBI [R01-HL-117078, R01-HL-087700, R01-HL-088215]; NIH from NIDDK [R01-DK-089256, R01-DK-075681]; Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics [213506, 129680]; Academy of Finland [251217, 136895, 141005, 139635, 129494, 269517]; Finnish foundation for Cardiovascular Research; Sigrid Juselius Foundation; Yrjo Jahnsson Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Research Society; Samfundet Folkhalsann; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Liv och Halsa; Finska Lakaresallskapet; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; University of Helsinki; European Science Foundation (EUROSTRESS); Ministry of Education; Ahokas Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Juho Vainio Foundation; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Association of Schools of Public Health [S043, S1734, S3486]; NIAMS Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Center grant [5-P60-AR30701]; NIAMS Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Center grant [5 P60 AR49465-03]; Research Program - Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [2001-347-6111-221, 2002-347-6111-221, 2009-E71007-00, 2010-E71004-00]; Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health; British Heart Foundation Grant [SP/04/002]; Academy of Finland; Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation; Finnish Cardiovascular Research Foundation; Strategic Research Funding from the University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; EVO grant from the Kuopio University Hospital [5263]; Swedish Research Council [2006-3832, K2009-53X-14691-07-3, K2010-77PK-21362-01-2, 2008-2202, 2005-8214]; Greta and Johan Kock Foundation; A. Pahlsson Foundation; A. Osterlund Foundation; Malmo University Hospital Research Foundation; Research and Development Council of Region Skane, Sweden; Swedish Medical Society; National Institutes of Health; National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS); NIH Roadmap for Medical Research [U01 AG027810, U01 AG042124, U01 AG042139, U01 AG042140, U01 AG042143, U01 AG042145, U01 AG042168, U01 AR066160, UL1 TR000128]; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) [RC2ARO58973]; FAS [2007-2125]; Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government [CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710]; Royal Society; MRC Human Genetics Unit; Arthritis Research UK [17539]; European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project [LSHG-CT-2006-018947]; ALF/LUA research grants from Uppsala university hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; European Union Grant [QLG1-CT-2001-01252]; AstraZeneca; SHIP, part of the Community Medicine Research Network of the University of Greifswald, Germany; Federal Ministry of Education and Research [01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403]; Ministry of Cultural Affairs; Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; network "Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)" - Federal Ministry of Education and Research [03IS2061A]; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany; National Institute on Aging (NIA) [R01 AG005407, R01 AR35582, R01 AR35583, R01 AR35584, R01 AG005394, R01 AG027574, R01 AG027576]; Wallenberg foundation; Medical Research Council (UK); Republic of Croatia Ministry of Science, Education and Sports [108-1080315-0302]; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services [N01WH22110, 24152, 32100-2, 32105-6, 32108-9, 32111-13, 32115, 32118-32119, 32122, 42107-26, 42129-32, 44221]; US National Institutes of Health grants [1-ZIA-HG000024, U01DK062370, R00DK099240]; American Diabetes Association Pathway to Stop Diabetes Grant [1-14-INI-07]; Academy of Finland Grants [271961, 272741, 258753]; Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, USA; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health [HL57453]; [HHSN268201200036C] ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. Acknowledgements: We especially thank all volunteers who participated in our study. This study made use of data generated by the 'Genome of the Netherlands' project, which is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant no. 184021007). The data were made available as a Rainbow Project of BBMRI-NL. Samples were contributed by LifeLines (http://lifelines.nl/lifelines-research/general), the Leiden Longevity Study (http://www.healthy-ageing.nl; http://www.langleven.net), the Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR: http://www.tweelingenregister.org), the Rotterdam studies (http://www.erasmus-epidemiology.nl/rotterdamstudy) and the Genetic Research in Isolated Populations programme (http://www.epib.nl/research/geneticepi/research.html#gip). The sequencing was carried out in collaboration with the Beijing Institute for Genomics (BGI). Cardiovascular Health Study: This CHS research was supported by NHLBI contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268200960009C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086; and NHLBI grants HL080295, HL087652, HL105756 and HL103612 with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided through AG023629 from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). A full list of CHS investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.chs-nhlbi.org/pi.htm. The CROATIA cohorts would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the recruitment teams in Vis, Korcula and Split (including those from the Institute of Anthropological Research in Zagreb and the Croatian Centre for Global Health at the University of Split), the administrative teams in Croatia and Edinburgh and the people of Vis, Korcula and Split. SNP genotyping was performed at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility in Edinburgh for CROATIA-Vis, by Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany for CROATIA-Korcula and by AROS Applied Biotechnology, Aarhus, Denmark for CROATIA-Split. They would also like to thank Jared O'Connell for performing the pre-phasing for all cohorts before imputation. The ERF study as a part of EuroSPAN (European Special Populations Research Network) was supported by European Commission FP-6 STRP grant number 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947) and also received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 by the European Commission under the programme 'Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources' of 5th Framework Programme (no. QLG2-CT-2002-01254). High-throughput analysis of the ERF data was supported by joint grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043). This research was financially supported by BBMRI-NL, a Research Infrastructure financed by the Dutch government (NWO 184.021.007). Statistical analyses for the ERF study were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480-05-003 PI: Posthuma) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. We are grateful to all study participants and their relatives, general practitioners and neurologists for their contributions and to P. Veraart for her help in genealogy, J. Vergeer for the supervision of the laboratory work and P. Snijders for his help in data collection. The FamHS is funded by a NHLBI grant 5R01HL08770003, and NIDDK grants 5R01DK06833603 and 5R01DK07568102. The Framingham Heart Study SHARe Project for GWAS scan was supported by the NHLBI Framingham Heart Study (Contract No. N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix Inc for genotyping services (Contract No. N02-HL-6-4278). DNA isolation and biochemistry were partly supported by NHLBI HL-54776. A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at the Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. We are grateful to Han Chen for conducting the 1000G imputation. The Family Heart Study was supported by the by grants R01-HL-087700 and R01-HL-088215 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). We would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the families who took part in the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study, the general practitioners and Scottish School of Primary Care for their help in recruiting them, and the whole Generation Scotland team, which includes academic researchers, IT staff, laboratory technicians, statisticians and research managers. SNP genotyping was performed at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility in Edinburgh. GS:SFHS is funded by the Scottish Executive Health Department, Chief Scientist Office, grant number CZD/16/6. SNP genotyping was funded by the Medical Research Council, United Kingdom. We wish to acknowledge the services of the LifeLines Cohort Study, the contributing research centres delivering data to LifeLines and all the study participants. MESA Whites and the MESA SHARe project are conducted and supported by contracts N01-HC-95159 through N01-HC-95169 and RR-024156 from the NHLBI. Funding for MESA SHARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI Contract N02.HL.6.4278. MESA Family is conducted and supported in collaboration with MESA investigators; support is provided by grants and contracts R01HL071051, R01HL071205, R01HL071250, R01HL071251, R01HL071252, R01HL071258 and R01HL071259. We thank the participants of the MESA study, the Coordinating Center, MESA investigators and study staff for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating MESA investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org. Netherland Twin Register (NTR) and Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): Funding was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and MagW/ZonMW grants Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192, Geestkracht programme of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (Zon-MW, grant number 10-000-1002), Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL, 184.021.007), VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); the European Science Foundation (ESF, EU/QLRT-2001-01254), the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013), ENGAGE (HEALTH-F4-2007-201413); the European Science Council (ERC Advanced, 230374); and the European Research Council (ERC-284167). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), the Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). PREVEND genetics is supported by the Dutch Kidney Foundation (Grant E033), the EU project grant GENECURE (FP-6 LSHM CT 2006 037697), the National Institutes of Health (grant 2R01LM010098), The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (NWO-Groot grant 175.010.2007.006, NWO VENI grant 916.761.70, ZonMw grant 90.700.441) and the Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute Netherlands (ICIN). The PROSPER study was supported by an investigator-initiated grant obtained from Bristol-Myers Squibb. J.W.J is an Established Clinical Investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant 2001 D 032). Genotyping was supported by the seventh framework programme of the European commission (grant 223004) and by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging grant 050-060-810). The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII) and the Municipality of Rotterdam. We are grateful to the study participants, the staff from the Rotterdam Study and the participating general practitioners and pharmacists. The generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the Rotterdam Study is supported by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research NWO Investments (nr. 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012). This study is funded by the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) project no. 050-060-810. We thank Pascal Arp, Mila Jhamai, Marijn Verkerk, Lizbeth Herrera and Marjolein Peters for their help in creating the GWAS database. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

This article considers the implementation of the right to higher education for learners with special needs in Lithuania. Although this right is guaranteed by various international documents and national legal acts, the main responsibility to ensure equality in higher education for all learners is embedded in the discretion of higher education institutions. The aim of this article is to analyse Lithuanian legal regulation regarding inclusion of students with special needs into higher education institutions and to evaluate Lithuanian university policies, as institutional documents, concerning students with special educational needs. A brief overview and comparison of all Lithuanian HEI policies illustrates the institutional approach towards educating students with SEN and the level of attentiveness to realization of their right to education. The research also considers pivotal challenges of ensuring inclusive education for those students as well as presents recommendations to address these challenges. ; Aušrinė Pasvenskienė: ausrine.pasvenskiene@vdu.lt ; Milda Žaliauskaitė: milda.zaliauskaite@vdu.lt ; Aušrinė Pasvenskienė – doktor, prodziekan i wykładowca na Uniwersytecie Witolda Wielkiego w Kownie (Litwa). Jej zainteresowania naukowe obejmują prawo edukacyjne, prawo i technologie, technologie cyfrowe i edukację, prawa człowieka w edukacji, edukację prawniczą. ; Aušrinė Pasvenskienė – Dr, lecturer at the Vytautas Magnus University, Vice-Dean, lecturer and researcher at Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Law (Kaunas, Lithuania). Her esearch interests include: education law, law and technologies, digital technologies and education, human rights in education, legal education. ; Milda Žaliauskaitė – doktorantka na Uniwersytecie Witolda Wielkiego w Kownie (Litwa). Posiada tytuł magistra prawa oraz magistra biznesu i zarządzania. Jej zainteresowania badawcze obejmują prawo prywatne, w szczególności prawo umów. ; Milda Žaliauskaitė – PhD student at the Vytautas Magnus University, holds master's degree in law and master's degree in business and management and is currently a PhD student in law at Vytautas Magnus University (Kaunas, Lithuania). Her research interests include private law, particularly contract law. ; Aušrinė Pasvenskienė - Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania ; Milda Žaliauskaitė - Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania ; Bessant J., 'Measuring up'? Assessment and Students with Disabilities in the Modern University, "International Journal of Inclusive Education" 2012, vol. 16, no. 3. ; Bunbury S., Disability in Higher Education – Do Reasonable Adjustments Contribute to an Inclusive Curriculum?, "International Journal of Inclusive Education" 2020, vol. 24, no. 9. ; CESCR General Comment No 13: The Right to Education (Art. 13), Office of the High Commisioner for Human Rights (1999), http://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838c22.html. ; Collins A., Fara A., Rentschler R., Bringing Everyone on the Same Journey: Revisiting Inclusion in Higher Education, "Studies in Higher Education" 2018, vol. 44, no. 8. ; Colón A.M.O., Montoro M.A., Ruiz M.J.C., Toward Inclusive Higher Education in a Global Context, "Sustainability (Switzerland)" 2018, vol. 10, no. 8. ; Conclusions of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, Meeting within the Council, on Inclusion in Diversity to Achieve a High Quality Education For All 2017/C 62/, Council of the European Union (2017), https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f16edd4b-fae8–11e6–8a35–01aa75ed71a1. ; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), United Nations (2006). ; Convention on the Rights of the Child, United Nations, General Assembly (1989). ; Description of the Determination of Groups of the Pupils with Special Educational Needs and Procedure of the Division of the Educational Needs into the Levels, V–1265/V–6 §, Minister for Education and Science and Minister for Social Security and Labour and Minister for Health (2011), https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.404013. ; Disability Resources, Services, Mykolas Romeris University (2020), https://www.mruni.eu/en/university/asm_spec_poreikiais/paslaugos/. ; Disability-Friendly University, Vytautas Magnus University (2020), https://www.vdu.lt/en/studies/why-vmu/a-disabled-friendly-university/. ; Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, Records of the General Conference, 11th Session, Resolutions, United Nations (1960). ; European Convention on Human Rights, As amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, supplemented by Protocols Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13 and 16 §, European Court of Human Rights. (1950). ; For Disabled, University of Kazimieras Simonavicius (2020), https://ksu.lt/neigaliesiems/. ; For Students with Disabilities, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (2020), https://www.vgtu.lt/studies/for-students-with-disabilities-/292655. ; For Students with Disability, Lithuanian Sport University (2020), https://www.lsu.lt/studentams/neigaliems-studentams/. ; For Students with Disability, Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos universitetas (2020). https://www.vgtu.lt/studentams/studentams-su-negalia/65918. ; Fuller M., Bradley A., Healey M., Incorporating Disabled Students within an Inclusive Higher Education Environment, "Disability and Society" 2004, vol. 19, no. 5. ; Gaad E., Almotairi M., Inclusion Of Student With Special Needs Within Higher Education In UAE: Issues and Challenges, "Journal of International Education Research" 2013, vol. 9, no. 4, https://www.clutejournals.com/index.php/JIER/article/download/8080/8133. ; General Concept of Education in Lithuania, The Ministry of Culture and Science of the Republic of Lithuania (1992), https://www.smm.lt/uploads/documents/General_concept_of_education_in_Lithuania_1992.pdf. ; Grigaitė U., Human Rights Conditions and Quality of Care in ' Independent Living Homes ' for Adults, Who Have Intellectual and/or Psychosocial Disabilities , in Vilnius: Analysis of Good Practice Examples, Systemic Challenges and Recommendations for the Future, 2017. https://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/quality_rights/QRs_Lithuania.pdf?ua=1. ; Hill S., Roger A., The Experience of Disabled and Non-Disabled Students on Professional Practice Placements in the United Kingdom, "Disability and Society" 2016, vol. 31, no. 9. ; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, General Assmebly United Nations (1976). ; Joint Report of the Council and the Commission on the implementation of the strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training (ET 2020), 2015/C 417 §, European Commission, and European Council (2015), http://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838c22.html. ; Kurth J., Mastergeorge A.M., Individual Education Plan Goals and Services for Adolescents with Autism: Impact of Age and Educational Setting, "Journal of Special Education" 2010, vol. 44. ; Langørgen E., Kermit P., Magnus E., Gatekeeping in Professional Higher Education in Norway: Ambivalence among Academic Staff and Placement Supervisors towards Students with Disabilities, "International Journal of Inclusive Education" 2020, vol. 24, no. 6. ; Law on Education of the Republic of Lithuania, I–1498 §, The Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania (1991), https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/df672e20b93311e5be9bf78e07ed6470?jfwid=rivwzvpvg. ; Law on Higher Education and Research, XI–242 §, Republic of Lithuania (2009), https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/548a2a30ead611e59b76f36d7fa634f8?jfwid=rp9xf47k7. ; Lister K., Coughlan T., Owen N., Disability' or 'Additional Study Needs'? Identifying Students' Language Preferences in Disability-Related Communications, "European Journal of Special Needs Education" 2020, no. 5. ; Matthews N., Teaching the 'invisible' Disabled Students in the Classroom: Disclosure, Inclusion and the Social Model of Disability, "Teaching in Higher Education" 2009, vol. 14, no. 3. ; Mullins L., Preyde M., The Lived Experience of Students with an Invisible Disability at a Canadian University, "Disability and Society" 2013, vol. 28, no. 2. ; Nacionalinis Švietimo Plėtotės Raportas, LR švietimo ir mokslo ministerija (2001), https://www.smm.lt/uploads/lawacts/docs/687_f36e428baa3be1af5722f6d880e03896.pdf. ; Neįmanomos Studijos Virsta Įmanomomis, 15min (2016), https://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/svietimas/neimanomos-studijos-virsta-imanomomis-233–653265. ; Open University for People with Disabilities, Vilnius University (2020), https://www.vu.lt/en/about-vu/university-life/open-university-for-people-with-disabilities. ; Peebles J., Mendaglio S., Preparing Teachers for Inclusive Classrooms: Introducing the Individual Direct Experience Approach, "LEARNing Landscapes" 2014, vol. 7, no. 2, https://learninglandscapes.ca/index.php/learnland/article/download/Preparing-Teachers-for-Inclusive-Classrooms-Introducing-the-Individual-Direct-Experience-Approach/663. ; Procedure on the study individualization for the individual needs of disability, Vilnius University (2019), https://www.vu.lt/site_files/Studiju_individualizavimo_pagal_individualiuosius_poreikius_kylancius_dėl_negalios_tvarkos_aprasas.pdf. ; Ruling regarding appliance of measures of financial aid for disabled that are studying in higher education schools, 900 §, Republic of Lithuania (2019), https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/legalAct.html?documentId=41bda100cfa911e9929af1b9eea48566. ; Ruling regrding granting, adminstration and returning of state loans and state support loans for students, 480 §, Government of the Republic of Lithuania (2009). https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.5D93FB6D76BC/asr. ; Sæbønes A.M., Bieler R.B., Baboo N., Banham L., Singal N., Howgego C., McClain-Nhlapo C.V., Riss-Hansen T.C., Dansie G.A, Towards a Disability Inclusive Education (Background Paper for the Oslo Summit on Education for Development), "Education for Development" 2015, https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/Oslo_Ed_Summit_DisabilityInclusive_Ed.pdf . ; Simon J.A., Legal Issues in Serving Students with Disabilities in Postsecondary Education, "New Directions for Student Services" 2011, no. 134. ; Special Needs Education in Europe – Provision in Post-Primary Education, European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education, "Thematic Publication" 2017, vol. 2, https://www.european-agency.org/sites/default/files/special-needs-education-in-europe-volume-2-provision-in-post-primary-education_Thematic-EN.pdf. ; Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities A/RES/48/9 § (1993). https://www.independentliving.org/standardrules/StandardRules.pdf. ; Starcic A.I.,, Educational Technology for the Inclusive Classroom, "Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology" 2010, vol. 9, no. 3, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ898012.pdf. ; Students with Special Needs, LCC International University, https://lcc.lt/academics/students-with-special-needs. ; Studies and Disability, Vilnius University (2020), https://www.vu.lt/en/studies/exchange-students/living-in-lithuania/studies-and-disability. ; Target Payments, National Study Fund of the Republic of Lithuania (2020), https://vsf.lrv.lt/lt/projektas/tikslines. ; The National Strategy for Education 2013–2022 (2013). https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.463390. ; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations (1948). ; VMU Map, Vytautas Magnus university (2020), https://www.vdu.lt/en/contacts/vmu-map/. ; Wise G., Dickinson C., Katan T., Gallegos M.C., Inclusive Higher Education Governance: Managing Stakeholders, Strategy, Structure and Function, "Studies in Higher Education" 2018 vol. 45, no. 2. ; 25 ; 4 ; 233 ; 255

Inhaltsangabe: Einleitung: Während der Vorbereitung auf die Weinbauprüfung im Rahmen der Diploma-Ausbildung der "WSET" (Wines and Spirits Education Trust) bin ich 2002 auf das Buch von Gladstone "Viticulture and Environment" gestoßen. In diesem Buch wird dargestellt, wie Weinbaugebiete anhand von Klimaparametern auf ihre Eignung zum Anbau spezifischer Rebsorten geprüft werden können. Dies erfolgt durch die Bestimmung der Wärmesumme, die der Rebe während der Vegetationsperiode für die physiologische Entwicklung zur Verfügung steht. Im umfangreichen Tabellenteil des Werks sind auch die Daten und die Bewertung der klimatischen Verhältnisse für den Weinbau in Wien angeführt. Die damals durchgeführte Überprüfung der Werte mit aktuellen Daten hatte ergeben, dass es zu einem Anstieg der Wärmesumme gekommen war. Zeitgleich erschien auch ein Zeitungsartikel, dass es durch die Klimaänderung zu einem Temperaturanstieg in Österreich gekommen war und die 90er Jahre die wärmsten waren, seit es Temperaturaufzeichnungen gibt. Das Thema hatte begonnen mich zu interessieren, und meine erste Arbeit war die Diplomarbeit für die WSET-Ausbildung mit dem Titel "Klimaänderung als Voraussetzung für das Österreichische Rotweinwunder". In dieser Abhandlung habe ich argumentiert, dass die Klimaänderung einen wesentlichen Beitrag zu den österreichischen Top-Rotweinqualitäten, die in der zweiten Hälfte der 90er Jahre entstanden sind, geleistet hat. Im Jahr 2004 habe ich mich entschlossen, die nun vorliegende Dissertation zu verfassen. Es war von Anfang an klar, dass ich dies auf meiner Alma Mater, der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien tun möchte und thematisch hat sich das Institut für Angewandte Regional- und Wirtschaftsgeographie angeboten. Die Geographie hat sich schon immer als Brückenfach verstanden; seit jeher war die Geographie sowohl eine Natur- als auch eine Sozialwissenschaft. Das hat sich auch dadurch bestätigt, dass Herr Professor Christian Staudacher sofort bereit war, die Arbeit zu betreuen. Ich möchte ihm ganz besonders danken für die Anregungen und Gespräche, die mir immer wieder neue Perspektiven eröffnet haben und auch dafür, dass ich mich durch seine Anleitungen in meinem Forschungsvorhaben immer unterstützt und nie eingeschränkt gefühlt habe. Mein Dank gilt auch den wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeitern am Institut für die Anregungen, kritische Hinterfragung der Konzepte und Diskussionen im Rahmen der Seminare. Als Zweitbegutachterin habe ich eine anerkannte Meteorologin gewinnen können, Frau Professor Helga Kromp-Kolb. Sie hat sichergestellt, dass auch der meteorologische Teil der Arbeit in der notwendigen Breite und Tiefe abgehandelt werden konnte. Auch ihr gilt mein Dank, für ihre Anregungen, die kritische Auseinandersetzung mit meinen Ausführungen und ihre Bereitschaft, eine interdisziplinäre Arbeit zu betreuen. Herrn Doktor Herbert Formayer danke ich für seine Unterstützung bei der Analyse der Wetterdaten. Das Klima der Erde hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Lebensbedingungen von Menschheit und belebter Natur. Die atmosphärische Konzentration von Kohlendioxid, Methan und Distickstoffoxid hat seit 1750 durch menschliche Aktivitäten merklich zugenommen, und die Werte der Zeit vor Beginn der Industrialisierung weit übertroffen. Die Erhöhung der Durchschnittstemperatur der erdnahen Atmosphäre und der Meere ist mittlerweile eindeutig nachweisbar, und ein weiterer Temperaturanstieg wird vorhergesagt. Selbst wenn die Konzentration der Treibhausgase und Aerosole auf dem Niveau von 2000 bleibt, wird eine weitere Erwärmung von ca. 0,1C pro Dekade erwartet. Die Klimaänderung wird die menschlichen Lebensverhältnisse und die Ökosysteme deutlich verändern. Das Ausmaß dieser Veränderung hängt davon ab, wie stark und wie schnell dieser Prozess voranschreitet, und welche Fähigkeiten die Gesellschaft und die Ökosysteme entwickeln, um sich an diesen anzupassen. Weinbau und Klima sind untrennbar miteinander verbunden, und die klimatischen Verhältnisse einer Region spiegeln sich in den weinbaulichen Praktiken (Erziehungsform, Ausrichtung der Weingärten, Bewässerungsanlagen, etc.) wider. Oft findet Weinbau in klimatischen Grenzregionen statt, und die besten Weinbaugebiete der Welt befinden sich innerhalb enger klimatischen Grenzen. Durch die Klimaänderung ergeben sich neue Herausforderungen -Risiken wie Chancen - für den Weinbau. In der aktuellen Paradigmendiskussion der Geographie spielt das Verhältnis von "objektiver Realität", sprich dem "Raum" und der Bedeutungszuweisung räumlicher Strukturen auf das Handeln eine grundlegende Rolle. Das ganze läuft unter dem Schlagwort "Raumdeterminismus" bzw. "Raumexorzismus". Es geht dabei um die Frage, ob und wie und ob überhaupt Physis, Materie, Raum, aber auch Bedeutungen, Regeln, Gesetze, Prominenzen usw. für das Handeln und für soziale Prozesse relevant sind und Wirkung haben bzw. diese sogar determinieren. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht für das Fach Geographie stellt die Arbeit einen empirischen Beitrag zur Paradigmendiskussion unter dem Stichwort "Natur-Gesellschaft-Beziehung" dar. Eine realistische Voraussage vom Ausmaß und Wirkung der Klimaänderung - global und regional - ist eine große Herausforderung für die Wissenschaft, die hohe gesellschaftliche Relevanz besitzt. Die Verbindung zwischen Klimaänderung und Umweltwandel ist auf der lokalen Skala noch sehr wenig untersucht worden. Umweltwandel führt dazu, dass die Menschen Anpassungen vornehmen, um umweltbedingte Störungen zu vermindern bzw. korrigieren oder die geänderten Bedingungen zum Vorteil ausnützen. In der Arbeit sollen die durch die Klimaänderung verursachten Anpassungsprozesse im Weinbau in der Region "Wachau" untersucht werden: Neben einer objektiven Bewertung der Klimaänderung durch die Analyse regionaler Klimadaten und den daraus entstehenden Herausforderungen im Weinbau soll in dieser Arbeit analysiert werden, wie die unmittelbar betroffenen Winzer die Klimaänderung wahrnehmen und beurteilen und welche Anpassungsmaßnahmen sie planen, um den Folgen der Klimaänderung zu begegnen. Veränderte klimatische Bedingungen haben nicht nur eine hohe Relevanz für die laufende Bewirtschaftung der Weingärten, sie reichen so weit in die Zukunft, dass es notwendig werden kann, die weinbaulichen Praktiken (z.B. Sortenstrategie, Erschließung neuer Weinbaulagen, etc.) zu ändern. Es ist wichtig zu erforschen, inwieweit die Klimaänderung bereits stattgefunden hat, welche Szenarien für die Zukunft möglich sind und wie weit oder nahe die Winzer von den tatsächlichen Gegebenheiten in der Planung und Durchführung ihrer Anpassungsmaßnahmen entfernt sind. Für das Abschätzen von zukünftigen Handlungen (Prognose) ist es entscheidend, die "Beeinflusser" (= Handelnden) selbst über ihr zukünftiges Handeln zu befragen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Befragung ergeben zwar keine Fakten im Sinne des tatsächlichen Eintritts, können aber ganz wesentlich zur Erhellung einer zukünftigen Entwicklung beitragen. Sollte sich herausstellen, dass die bereits umgesetzten oder geplanten Anpassungsmaßnahmen nicht ausreichen, um den Folgen einer Klimaänderung zu begegnen, dann besteht individueller und (gesellschafts-)politischer Handlungsbedarf, damit die Winzer durch entsprechende Maßnahmen (Trainings, Infokampagnen, Förderungen) in die Lage versetzt werden, sich der Herausforderung Klimaänderung zu stellen. Zur Untersuchung der Bewertung der Klimafolgen durch die Weinproduzenten und der Anpassungsmaßnahmen werden qualitative Methoden der Sozialforschung angewendet. Der Untersuchungsgegenstand ist noch nicht in der Tiefe erforscht worden, dass die sehr komplexen Zusammenhänge in unterscheidbare Variablen zerlegt und deren Wirkung darüber isoliert und geprüft werden können. Ausgehend von der Tatsache, dass die Klimaänderung auch in Österreich stattfindet, möchte ich mit meiner Dissertation anhand der Weinbauregion Wachau folgende Gruppen von Themenstellungen behandeln: Klimafolgenforschung: Wie vulnerabel (verwundbar) ist das "System" Weinbau gegenüber Veränderungen des Klimas? Wie können Toleranzgrenzen des "Systems" Weinbau, ab der die möglichen Folgen der Klimaänderung eine Gefahr für das System darstellen, definiert werden? Klimaforschung: Hat die Klimaänderung in der Wachau bereits stattgefunden? Welche klimatischen Verhältnisse sind in der Wachau in den nächsten Jahrzehnten zu erwarten? Weinbauökonomie: Welche Auswirkungen hat die Klimaänderung auf den Weinbau? Welche (weinbau-)technischen Anpassungsmaßnahmen sind geeignet, um die Folgen der Klimaänderung zu mindern bzw. auszunützen? Wahrnehmungs- und Handlungstheorie: Wie wird die Klimaänderung von den Winzern wahrgenommen und bewertet? Welche Anpassungsmaßnahmen planen die Winzer, bzw. können sie sich vorstellen umzusetzen? Change Mangement: Wie erfolgt der organisationale und individuelle Umgang mit Widersprüchen die sich aus den Änderungen der Umwelt ergeben?Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: Inhaltsverzeichnis3 1.EINLEITUNG14 1.1Forschungskonzept15 1.1.1Problemstellung15 1.1.2Forschungsziel16 1.1.3Forschungsfragen18 1.1.4Forschungshaltung19 1.2Methoden21 1.2.1Analyse vergangenes Klima und zukünftiges Klima in der Wachau21 1.2.2Einfluss des Klimas auf den Weinbau21 1.2.3Untersuchung der subjektiven Bewertung (= Einstellungen) der Klimaänderung22 1.2.4Individuelle Strategien im Umgang mit Veränderung22 1.3Auswahl der Interviewteilnehmer – Sampling22 1.3.1Fallkonstruktion im Sample, Fallgruppen- und Fallauswahl24 1.3.2Auswahl der Betriebe für die Durchführung der Interviews25 1.4Qualitätssicherung und Vermeidung von Bias27 1.4.1Qualitätssicherung27 1.4.2Vermeidung von Bias28 1.5Reichweite der Forschung28 1.6Vorwissen30 1.7Aufbau der Arbeit31 2.UNTERSUCHUNGSREGION: WEINBAUGEBIET WACHAU34 2.1Österreichs bekanntestes Weinanbaugebiet: Die Wachau34 2.2Das Klima der Wachau37 2.3Bodenverhältnisse in der Wachau40 2.4Rebsorten in der Wachau40 2.5Weinkategorien der Wachau41 2.6Vinea Wachau - die Qualitätsvereinigung42 2.7Betriebsstrukturen in der Wachau44 2.7.1Arbeitskräfteeinsatz47 2.7.2Ertrag48 3.KLIMAFOLGENFORSCHUNG49 3.1Anpassung an die Klimaänderung51 3.1.1Aspekte der Anpassung an die Klimaänderung52 3.2Impact Assessment und Vulnerabilität55 3.2.1Impact Assessment55 3.2.1.1Zusammenfassung - Impact Assessment59 3.2.2Vulnerabilität60 3.2.2.1Konzept der Vulnerabilität60 3.2.2.1.1Vulnerabilität als Risk-of-Exposure61 3.2.2.1.2Vulnerabilität als Social-Constructed-Phenomenon62 3.2.2.1.3Synthetische Ansätze64 3.3Methodische Konsequenzen67 4.WETTER - KLIMA – KLIMAÄNDERUNG69 4.1Temperaturschwankungen im 20. Jahrhundert72 4.2Das Klimasystem der Erde77 4.3Klimaantrieb79 4.3.1Astronomischer Klimaantrieb80 4.3.2Tektonischer Klimaantrieb82 4.3.3Anthropogener Klimaantrieb82 4.3.3.1Treibhauseffekt83 4.3.3.2Landnutzungsänderungen87 4.4Wechselwirkungen im Klimasystem88 4.5Klimamodelle91 4.6Unsicherheiten in Klimamodellen95 4.7Direkte Beobachtungen neuester Klimaänderungen100 4.8Klimaänderung in Österreich104 5.KLIMA UND WEINBAU106 5.1Weinbau109 5.1.1Natürliche Faktoren des Anbaugebietes109 5.1.1.1(Makro-)Klima und die individuellen klimatische Ausprägungen109 5.1.1.2"Licht Qualität"112 5.1.1.3Lage/Topographie (Mesoklima)112 5.1.1.4Weinbautechnik113 5.1.1.5Boden113 5.2Phänologie113 5.2.1Physiologische Entwicklungszeit115 5.3Modelle zur Bestimmung der Wärmesumme116 5.3.1Modell zur Bestimmung der Wärmesumme nach Gladstone116 5.3.1.1Zentrale Annahmen und Voraussetzungen im Modell von Gladstone117 5.3.1.2Zentrale Komponenten im Modell von Gladstone117 5.3.1.3Standardklimadaten als Grundlage für die Bewertung der Weinbaugebiete119 5.3.1.4Wärmesummen-Index nach Gladstone – Berechnung120 5.3.1.5Gruppierung der Rebsorten nach benötigten Growing-Degree-Days121 5.3.2Modell zur Bestimmung der Wärmesumme nach Huglin122 5.3.2.1Huglin Indizes für wichtige Rebsorten122 5.4Berechung der Wärmesumme - Modellanwendung aufdie Weinbauregion Wachau123 5.4.1Wärmesumme nach Gladstone - Erläuterung der Berechnung123 5.4.2Interpretation der Daten125 5.4.2.1Station Krems - Interpretation der Daten125 5.4.2.2Station Joching - Interpretation der Daten126 5.4.2.3Der westliche Teil der Wachau – Spitz126 5.4.3Huglin Index - Berechnung und Interpretation der Werte127 5.5Toleranzbereich des Systems127 5.6Ausgewählte Studienergebnisse - Klimaänderung und Weinbau130 5.7Zusammenfassung - Auswirkungen der Klimaänderung auf den Weinbau136 5.8Weinbauliche Anpassungsmaßnahmen an die Klimaänderung137 6.VERGANGENE UND ZUKÜNFTIGE KLIMATISCHE VERHÄLTNISSE IN DER WACHAU141 6.1Daten und Methoden zur Analyse des Klimas141 6.2Homogenitätsprüfung der Daten der Wetterstation Krems145 6.2.1Berechnung der Korrekturfaktoren149 6.2.2Tabelle der ermittelten Korrekturfaktoren153 6.3Analyse der Wetterdaten - "Vergangenes Klima"154 6.3.1Temperaturauswertungen154 6.3.1.1Ganzjahrestemperatur154 6.3.1.2Temperatur während der Vegetationsperiode (April - Oktober)155 6.3.1.3Temperatur im Quartal Q2 (April-Juni)157 6.3.1.4Huglin Index und Wärmesummenindex nach Gladstone158 6.3.2Phänologie160 6.3.2.1Beginn der Rebblüte160 6.3.3Besondere Tage161 6.3.4Niederschlag162 6.3.5Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse164 6.3.5.1Einschub - westliche Wachau (Joching, Spitz)166 6.4Zukünftiges Klima167 6.4.1Projekt reclip:more167 6.4.1.1Zuverlässigkeit der Modellergebnisse (Unsicherheit)169 6.4.1.2Ergebnisse des reclip:more Projektes170 6.4.2Klimaszenariofür die Wachau172 6.4.3Toleranzbereich des Systems - Analogie auf die zukünftigen Verhältnisse176 6.4.4Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse178 7.EINSTELLUNGEN ZUR UMWELT UND ANPASSUNGSMAßNAHMEN181 7.1Einstellungen183 7.1.1Erwerb von Einstellungen183 7.2Einstellungen und Verhalten/Handeln185 7.2.1Exkurs - Verhalten und Handeln186 7.2.2Einstellungen gegenüber Objekten und spezifischen Verhaltensweisen187 7.2.3Einstellungen gegenüber einem Verhalten "Theory of planned Behavior"188 7.2.3Methodische Konsequenzen190 8.ANPASSUNG AN VERÄNDERUNG192 8.1Einflussfaktoren auf landwirtschaftliche Entscheidungen193 8.1.1Externe Einflussfaktoren der Produktionsentscheidung195 8.1.1.1Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik (GAP) der Europäischen Union195 8.1.1.2Kapitalisierung und Technologisierung der Landwirtschaft199 8.1.2Interne Einflussfaktoren der Produktionsentscheidung202 8.1.2.1Motive und Ziele von Landwirten als Einflussfaktoren auf Entscheidungen206 8.1.2.2Rolle der Familie als Einflussfaktor auf Entscheidungen von Landwirten207 8.1.3Landwirtschaft als Ausdruck der Natur-Gesellschaft-Beziehung210 8.2Methodische Konsequenzen213 8.2.1Theoriegeleitete Differenzierung der Fragestellung und Entwicklung des Interviewleitfadens213 8.3Umgang mit Veränderung - Change Management219 8.3.1Organisationaler Umgang mit Widersprüchen219 8.3.2Widerstand gegen Wandel221 9.ERFASSUNG UND AUSWERTUNG DER EINFLUSSFAKTOREN AUF DAS ANPASSUNGSVERHALTEN DER WINZER224 9.1Erfassung der Einflussfaktoren - Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse224 9.1.1Technik der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse224 9.1.2Festlegung des Materials224 9.1.3Analyse der Erhebungssituation225 9.1.4Formale Charakteristik des Materials225 9.1.5Richtung der Analyse226 9.1.6Theoriegeleitete Differenzierung der Fragestellung226 9.1.7Hauptfragestellungen an das Analysematerial227 9.1.8Ablaufmodell der Analyse227 9.2Auswertung der Einflussfaktoren auf das Anpassungsverhalten230 9.2.1Betriebliche Einflüsse230 9.2.1.1Gute und schlechte Jahre230 9.2.1.2Gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen232 9.2.1.3Staatliche Regelungen und Gesetze232 9.2.1.4Wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen233 9.2.1.5Technologische Entwicklungen234 9.2.1.6Umwelteinflüsse234 9.2.1.7Zukünftige Chancen und Risiken236 9.2.1.8Zusammenfassung - Betriebliche Einflüsse237 9.2.2Klimaänderung - Wahrnehmung und Einstellungen238 9.2.2.1Wahrnehmung der Klimaänderung238 9.2.2.2Einfluss der Klimaänderung auf die Region/Betrieb239 9.2.2.3Wahrnehmung verschiedener Ausprägungen des Klimas240 9.2.2.4Wahrnehmung und Einstellungen gegenüber konkreten Ausprägungen der Klimaänderung in der Vergangenheit241 9.2.2.5Einstellungen gegenüber möglichen zukünftigen klimatischen Verhältnissen242 9.2.2.6Zuordnung der Aussagen zu den drei Einstellungskomponenten242 9.2.2.7Anpassungsmaßnahmen244 9.2.2.8Zusammenfassung -Wahrnehmung und Einstellungen246 9.2.3Einstellungen gegenüber potentiellen Anpassungsmaßnahmen an die Klimaänderung248 9.2.3.1Zusammenfassung -Einstellungen gegenüber Anpassungsmaßnahmen253 9.2.3.2Subjektive Verhaltenskontrolle253 9.2.3.3Subjektive Normen255 10.DAS "CHANGE MANAGEMENT" DER WINZER257 10.1Umgang mit Veränderung durch die Winzer259 10.2Widerstand gegen Veränderung durch die Winzer260 10.2.1Einstellungen gegenüber Veränderungen – Änderungsbereitschaft261 10.2.2Einstellung gegenüber Veränderungen – Änderungsfähigkeit265 11.HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNGEN269 ANHANG A - STRUKTURIERUNGSDIMENSIONEN INTERVIEW272 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS274Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 5.2.1, Physiologische Entwicklungszeit: Die physiologische Entwicklungszeit ergibt sich aus der Wärmesumme, die eine Pflanze benötigt, um ihre Entwicklung abzuschließen. Die Wärmesumme wird als Summe der "Growing Degree Days" GDD (Wärmegradtagen) angegeben. Folgende Parameter werden verwendet um den Temperatureffekt auf das Wachstum und die Entwicklung abzubilden: unterer Temperatur-Schwellenwert: die Entwicklung der Pflanze setzt ein bzw. stoppt, wenn die Temperatur unter den Schwellenwert fällt; oberer Temperatur-Schwellenwert: die Entwicklungsrate der Pflanze flacht ab; Ein Growing Degree Day (GDD) berechnet sich folgendermaßen: GDD=(tmax + tmin) /2 - tbase GDD = Growing Degree Days (Wärmegradtage = Wärmegrade pro Tag) tmax = tägliche Maximumtemperatur tmin = tägliche Minimumtemperatur (tmax + tmin) / 2 entspricht der Durchschnittstemperatur t tbase = Basistemperatur ab der das Wachstum der Rebe einsetzt tbase ist unterschiedlich für die verschiedenen Pflanzen und wird meist experimentell ermittelt. Für die Rebe wird tbase generell mit 10°C angenommen, d.h. ab dieser Temperatur setzt das Wachstum der Rebe ein, während bei niedrigeren Temperaturen das Wachstum eingestellt ist. Zum Beispiel würde über eine 5-Tages-Periode mit einem Maximum von 30C und einem Minimum von 15C jeder Tag zur Wärmesumme [(30 + 15) 2)] – 10 = 12,5 beitragen und die Wärmesumme 5 × 12,5 = 62,5 GDD betragen. Die Wärmesumme, welche eine Pflanze benötigt, um die Entwicklung abzuschließen, ist immer gleich. D.h., mit dem Klimaparameter Temperatur kann bestimmt werden, ob der Wärmebedarf einer bestimmten Pflanze (Rebe) unter den vorherrschenden (regionalen) klimatischen Verhältnissen erreicht wird. Kapitel 5.3, Modelle zur Bestimmung der Wärmesumme: Die Rebe ist eine ziemlich empfindliche Pflanze und sie stellt hohe Ansprüche an das Klima. Deshalb ist es kein Wunder, dass sie längst nicht überall auf der Erde wächst. Die Weinanbaugebiete liegen fast ausschließlich zwischen dem 30. und dem 50. Breitengrad Nord sowie dem 30. und 40. Breitengrad Süd. Außerhalb dieser Zonen ist es der Rebe entweder zu kalt oder zu warm. Innerhalb der genannten Zonen sind bzw. sollten verschiedene Traubensorten an die jeweiligen Standortverhältnisse optimal angepasst sein. Um den Einfluss des Klimas (und im speziellen der Temperatur) auf die Traubenreife bestimmen zu können, bedarf es eines Modells, das es ermöglicht, ein bestimmtes Anbaugebiet anhand klimatischer Daten zu bewerten und in weiterer Folge abzuleiten, ob die Voraussetzungen zur Produktion bestimmter Rebsorten gegeben sind. Kapitel 5.3.1, Modell zur Bestimmung der Wärmesumme nach Gladstone: Gladstone beschäftigt sich seit 1960 mit den Auswirkungen des Klimas auf die Physiologie von Pflanzen. Im Jahr 1992 hat er seine Erkenntnisse in dem viel beachteten Buch "Viticulture and Environment" publiziert. Dieses Buch ist 1994 mit einem Preis des "Office International de la Vigne et du Vin" (OIV) ausgezeichnet worden. Das von Gladstone entwickelte Modell ermöglicht es, anhand klimatischer Daten zu bestimmen, ob die thermischen Bedingungen zum Anbau bestimmter Rebsorten in einem Gebiet (Region und Einzellagen) erfüllt sind. Kapitel 5.3.1.1, Zentrale Annahmen und Voraussetzungen im Modell von Gladstone: Es ist möglich, die Traubenreife anhand von standardisierten Klimadaten zu bestimmen. Da sich die Rebsorten hinsichtlich des Reifezeitpunkts unterscheiden, ist es notwendig, diese in Gruppen nach benötigter Wärmesumme zu unterteilen (siehe Tab. 5.3). Kapitel 5.3.1.2, Zentrale Komponenten im Modell von Gladstone: Das Modell basiert auf den GDD (Growing Degree Days = Wärmegradtage), die für die Vegetationsperiode der Weinrebe (April – September/Oktober) berechnet werden (siehe Kap. 5.3.1.4). In Abb. 5.2 ist dargestellt, wie sich das physiologische Wachstum einer Rebe in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur verhält. Diverse Untersuchungen in kontrollierten Umgebungen haben gezeigt, dass die stärkste physiologische Entwicklung zwischen 10°C-19°C (unterer und oberer Temperatur-Schwellenwert) stattfindet und dann stark abnimmt. Dies hat zentrale Bedeutung im Modell von Gladstone und entscheidenden Einfluss auf seine Berechnungen.

OÖ. LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHER KALENDER 1908 Oö. landwirtschaftlicher Kalender (-) Oö. landwirtschaftlicher Kalender 1908 (1908) ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Abb.]: ( - ) Werbung ( - ) Titelseite ([3]) [Kalender]: 1908. (4) Das Jahr 1908. Bewegliche Feste. Die vier Quatember. Mondesviertel. Die 12 Zeichen des Tierkrieses. Von den Finsternissen. Vom Jahresregenten. (16) Genealogie des Allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses. (17) Stempel und Gebühren. (18) [3 Tabellen]: (1)I. (2)II. (3)III. (18) IV. Für Schriften und Urkunden. (19) Post- und Telegraphenwesen. (20) Briefpost. (20) Fahrpost. Postsparkasse. (22) Staatstelegraph. (22) Verzeichnis der wichtigsten Viehmärkte. (23) Oberösterreich. (23) Angrenzendes Niederösterreich. (24) Salzburg. (24) Obersteiermark. (25) Südliches Böhmen. (25) Angrenzendes Bayern. (26) Kleiner Wegweiser in Linz und Urfahr. (26) Politische Behörden. (30) K.k. Statthalterei. (30) Baudepartement. Rechnungsdepartement. (31) Departementseinteilung der k.k. Statthalterei. (31) K.k. Bezirkshauptmannschaften. (32) Exponierte Bauleitung f.d. Traunregulierung. K.k. Strombauleitungen. Delegierte d. hoh. k.k. Ackerbauministeriums f.d. Landespferdezuchtangelegenheiten Oberösterreichs. (33) Wählerliste des oberösterreichischen großen Grundbesitzes. (34) Reichsvertretung. (36) Abgeordnete des Reichsrates aus den Wahlkreisen. (36) Landesvertretung und Landesverwaltung. (36) Landeshauptmann. Landeshauptmannstellvertreter.Virilstimme. Abgeordnete des großen Grundbesitzes. (36) Abgeordnete der Städte u. Industrialorte. (36) Abgeordnete der Landgemeinden. (37) Landesausschuß. (37) Referatsverteilung. (37) Oberösterreichische Landes-Hypothekenanstalt. (38) Die oö. wechselseitige Landes-Brandschaden-Versicherungsanstalt. Zweigniederlassung der nö. Landes-Lebens- und Renten-, sowie Unfall- und Haftpflicht-Versicherungsanstalt für Oberösterreich. Landesanstalt für Rindviehversicherung und Pferdeversicherung. (39) Oö. Genossenschafts-Zentralkasse. Landes-Ackerbau- und Obstbauschule Ritzlhof. (40) Schüleraufnahme. Lehrkörper und Unterrichtsfächer. (40) Landeskulturrat im Erzherzogtume Österreich o.d. Enns. (41) K.k. Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft in Österreich o.d. Enns. (41) Präsident. Vizepräsident. (41) Mitglieder des Zentralausschusses. Gesellschaftskanzlei. (42) Landw. Bezirksvereine. (42) Ziele und Bedeutung der Gesellschaft. (44) Obstbausektion der k.k. o.ö. Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft in Linz. (45) Fachvereine, Genossenschaften. (45) Verein zur Hebung der Landespferdezucht in Oberösterreich. I. Oö. Geflügelzuchtverein. Oö. Landesbienenzüchterverein. Oö. Landesfischereiverein. Vöcklabrucker Bezirksfischereiverein. I. oö. Kaninchenzüchterverein in Linz. Verband der Simmentaler Rindviehzüchter d. Bez. Schärding. Pinzgauer Rinderzucht-Genossenschaft Haag.a.H. u. Umg. Rinderzuchtgenossenschaft d. Mariahofer, Vorderstoder u. Umg. Mantafoner Viehzuchtgenossenschaft. Verein zur Förderung der Obstkultur in Kimpling u. Umgebung. (45) Landw. Kasino in Freiling. Forstverein für Oberösterreich u. Salzburg. Oö. Schutzerein für Jagd und Fischerei in Linz. Oö. Landes-Tierschutzverein in Linz. trabrennverein in Linz. Hopfenbauverein. Verein d. Gärtner u. Gartenfreunde, Linz. Verein der Gärtner u. Gartenfreunde "Flora", Wels. I. oö. Teebutterverkaufsgenossenchaft, Schärding. Genossenschaft d. Kardenbauer, Katsdorf. Verein zur Unterstützung oö. Landwirte bei Errichtung von Blitzableitern, Linz. (46) Verleihung der Ehrenmedaille der k.k. Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft. (46) [Abb.]: Neue Mitglieds-Diplome der k.k. Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft. (48) Landwirtschaftliches. ([49]) [Gedicht]: Der schlafende Riese. ([49]) Haltung und Pflege des Hofhundes. (50) [Abb.]: Eine Hundehütte, wie sie sein soll. (50) Eindünsten ohne Luftabschluß. (51) Torfstreu im Schweinestall. (51) [Abb.]: Schweinestalleinrichtung, spez. für Torfstreuverwendung. (52) Pfleget die Karpfenzucht! (53) Das Bauernhaus in Österreich. (53) [2 Abb.]: (1)Nö. Bauernhof (Rossatz a.D.). (2)Bauernhaus in Steiermark (Adriach bei Frohnleiten). (53) [3 Abb.]: (1)Bauernhaus in Kärnten (Maltatal). (2)Wirtshaus in St. Agatha b. Goisern, OÖ. (3)Gehöftinneres in Ketzelsdorf (Mähren). (54) [2 Abb.]: (1)Fränkischer Hausstil, fränkische Bauart. (Spitza.D., NÖ.) (2)Fränkischer Stil, bayrische Art. (Karsten in Mörtelsdorf, Salzb.) (55) [3 Abb.]: (1)Fränkischer Stil, slawische Art. (Schmiede in Prischowitz, Böhmen.) (2)Sennhütte im Wattentale (Tirol). (3)Nö. Weinbauernhof (Weißenkirchen a.D.). (56) [3 Abb.]: (1)Romanisches Haus mit Weinpresse (Unter-Kobdil, Görz). (2),(3)Tirolische und salzb. Zierformen in Holz. (57) Einfluß des regelmäßigen Putzens auf den Ertrag der Milchkühe. (57) [Tabelle]: Die Tiere gaben in je zehn Tagen Milch Liter: geputzt: nicht geputzt: Mehrertrag, wenn geputzt: (58) Zur Neuanlage von Wiesen. (58) [Abb.]: Düngungsversuch bei Wiesenneuanlage. Stand des ungedüngten Hafers. (58) [Abb.]: Düngungsversuch bei Wiesenneuanlage. Stand des gedüngten Hafers. (59) [Abb.]: Düngungsversuch bei Wiesenneuanlage. Heuerträge von je 100 m². Ungedüngt. Kunstdünger. (60) Aufzucht der jungen Hühner. (60) Heget und schützet die nützlichen Vögel! (62) [Abb.]: (62) [Gedicht]: (62) Befestigung der Heu- und Getreidefuhren. (63) [Abb.]: Spannvorrichtung für Erntewägen. Erf.: Georg Allendörfer, Glashüttenhof, Post Mühlingen, Baden. (63) [Abb.]: Spannvorrichtung für Erntewägen im Gebrauch. (64) [Sprichwort]: "Der alte Bauernstand, des Landes Stolz und Kraft, Er kehret nimmer wieder, wenn einmal dahingerafft." (64) Verkaufet das Holz nur nach dem neuen Maße! (64) Enthüllung der Kleesamen. (65) [Abb.]: Kleereiber für Hand- und Kraftbetrieb. Drehmaschinen- und Motorenfabrik Herm. Gierke, Rathenow. (65) Zur Hebung der Zucht des norischen Pferdes. (65) [Abb.]: Pinzgauer Hengst "Blaß", gezüchtet in Niedernsill. (66) [Abb.]: Pinzgauer Stute "Amalie" mit Fohlen, gezüchtet in Embach. (67) [Sprichwort]: Beim Pferdehandel und Rinderverkauf Tu' die Augen oder den Beutel auf. (68) Hafer auf Neubruch. (69) [Abb.]: Haferdüngungsversuch auf Neubruch. Garbenerträge von je 100 m². Ungedüngt. Kunstdünger. (69) [Sprichwort]: Mist ist des Bauern List. (69) Unterscheidung der eßbaren von den giftigen Schwämmen. (70) Ein Hilfsgerät im Stalle, Keller, Molkerei u.s.w. und im Garten. (70) [Abb.]: "Fix"-Tünch-, Desinfektions- und Teermaschine. Generalvertreter: Rudolf Krása, Wien VII., Kircheng. 37. 130-200 K. (70) [6 Abb.]: (1),(2)"Fix" zum Abwaschen von Schweinen und Kreolin-Besprengung eines Ochsen. (3)Weißen eines Pferdestalles. (4)Desinfektion und Tünchen eines Stalles. (5)Desinfektion eines Geflügelstalles. (6)Tünchen im Hausinnern. (71) [6 Abb.]: (1)Anstrich im Gärkeller. (2)Tünchen eines Kellers. (3)Karbolineum-Anstrich eines Zaunes. (4)Teeren eines Daches. (5)Bespritzen eines Obstspaliers mit Kupferkalklösung. (6)Spritzen im Garten. (72) Die Befestigung der Obstbäume. (73) [3 Abb.]: Dietrichs U-Halter. Art der Befestigung. Wilh. Wegescheid, Oerlinghausen (Lippe-Detmold). (1)Seitenansicht. (2)Durchschnitt. (3)Vorderansicht. (73) [Gedicht]: Die junge Aufforstung. (73) Durchforstet eure Wälder! (74) Kennzeichnung der Zuchttiere durch Hautätzung. (74) [4 Abb.]: Ziffern, Buchstaben und "Muto"griff für die neue Ätzkennzeichnung mit "Rodin". (74) Entziehung von mineralischen Nährstoffen aus der Wirtschaft durch den Verkauf von Vieh. (75) [Abb.]: Entziehung mineralischer Nährstoffe aus dem Boden durch den Verkauf von 1 Kalb von 100 kg, 1 Schwein von 150 kg. (75) [Abb.]: Verlust des Bodens an mineral. Nährstoffen durch Verkauf von 1 Stück Großvieh von 500 kg. (76) [Tabelle]: Danach geht der Wirtschaft verloren durch: (76) [Abb.]: Ein verkauftes Stück Großvieh nimmt an mineralischen Nährstoffen aus der Wirtschaft soviel fort, als im Heu enthalten ist, und zwar: Kali auf einem Schubkarren, Phosphorsäure zwei Fuhren, Kalk 1 Fuhre. (77) Feuersichere Schindel- und Strohdachung. (78) Der Wind zur Wasserbeschaffung dienstbar. (79) [Abb.]: Wassertragen durch Menschen. (79) [3 Abb.]: (1)Wasserführen in Fässern. (2)Herkömmliche Wasserbeschaffung f.d. Gemüsegarten. (3)Wassersprenung mittelst Windkraft. (80) [Abb.]: Moderne Wasserbeschaffung mittelst Windmotor. 1. mähr. Wasserleitungs- und Pumpenbau-Anstalt Ant. Kunz, Mähr. Weißkirchen. (81) [Sprichwort]: (81) [Gedicht]: Obstbau. (82) Hauptmängel unserer bäuerlichen Schweinezucht. (82) [Sprichwort]: (83) Gegen die Unsitte des Verstümmelns (Kupieren) des Pferdeschweifes. (84) [4 Abb.]: (1)Pferd vor dem Stutzen. (2)Pferd nach dem Stutzen. (3)Knochenbau des Pferdes. (4)Abgeschlagener Pferdeschwanzknochen. (84) [2 Abb.]: Kupierte Pferde im Gebrauch. (85) Die rationelle Fütterung und Tränkung des Nutzgeflügels. (86) [4 Abb.]: (1)(2)Futtersparer. Schles. Blechwarenfabrik, Neumarkt. Mk. 5,50, 3,25. (3)Autom. Trinkgefäß. Schles. Blechwarenfabrik, Neumarkt. Mk. 4,25 u. 5,50. (4)Sauftränke für Geflügel. Heinr. Groß & Co. Auerbach, Hessen. Mk. 3,-- u. 3,60 (86) [Gedicht]: (87) Siegeslauf der gesunden Milch. (87) [2 Abb.]: Milchautomat "Labsal" für eisgekühlte oder heißte Milch. H.Oldenburg, Eisengießerei, Oldesloe, Holstein, 1000 Mk. (1)Becherautomat allein. (2)Straßenautomat mit Becherautomat vereinigt. (89) Unterkulturen im Obstgarten. (89) [Abb.]: Junger Obstgarten mit Kartoffelunterkultur. (90) Bekämpfung der Gespinstmotten. (91) [4 Abb.]: Apfelgespinstmotte. (1)Gespinste. (2)Gespinste mit Kokon der Puppen. (3)Raupe. (4)Schmetterling. (91) [2 Abb.]: (1)Raupenschere. (2)Raupenfackel. (92) Die beiden größten Feinde des Kleebaues. (93) [Abb.]: Kleeseide, Cuscuta, Pflanze mit Blütenbüschel, Blüte, Samen. Alles stark vergrößert. (93) [Abb.]: Kleeteufel, Orobanche, auf Kleewurzel schmarotzend. (94) Über die Behandlung von Maschinen. (95) Muster-Hühnerstall. (97) [Abb.]: Muster-Hühnerstall, Hermann Sieber, Rüdesheim a. Rh. 40 Hühner. 200 Mk. (98) "Weizen und Spreu." Für Haus, Hof und Familie. ([99]) Ein einfacher Feuchtigkeitsmesser. ([99]) Selbsteinbinden von Zeitungen und Büchern. ([99]) [Abb.]: Comba-Selbstbinder. 1. Ausziehen der Greifer. Comba-Verlag, Leipzig, Seeburgstraße 57/59. ([99]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Comba-Selbstbinder. 2. Einschieben über dem Rücken. (2)Comba-Selbstbinder. 3. Einsetzen und (3)4. Festschlagen der Greifer. (100) [Abb.]: Zeitschriftenbibliothek in Comba-Selbstbindern. (101) Unsere Voreltern. (101) Die Vertilgung der Ratten und Mäuse. (102) [2 Abb.]: (1). (2)Autom. Ratten- u. Mäusefallen "Capito". Genossenschaft "Landwirte" Milotitz, Mähren. K. 2 bezw. 18. (102) Zur besseren Verwertung des Wachses. (102) [2 Abb.]: (1)Wachs-, Fett- und Beerenpresse. Frz.Jos. Fischer, Großdorf-Egg. Vorarlbg. inkl. Preßsack K 28. (2)Wachs-, Beeren- und Fettpresse "Fischer", auseinandergenommen. (103) Verschiedene Mittel zur Vertreibung der Ameisen im Hause. (103) Zur Herstellung von Park- und Gartenwegen. (104) [Abb.]: Wegekanten-Schaufel. C. Grunert, Bergedorf bei Hamburg. Mk. 5.50. (104) Die berühmten Donaustrudel bei Grein und St. Nikola. (104) [Abb.]: Der berühmte Donaustrudel bei Grein. (105) [Abb.]: Der Donauwirbel bei St. Nikola. (106) Lustige Ecke. Für den Feierabend. ([107]) Die Brillenprobe. ([107]) Überlistet. (109) Eine Gerichtsszene. An was er denkt. Ein böser Hereinfall. Durch die Blume. (111) [Gedicht]: Dö Zahnreißmaschin'. (112) Zweideutig. Wahrscheinlich. "Segen" des Obstbaues. Im Heiratsbureau. Ein bissiges Haustier. Je nachdem. Abgeführt. (112) Übertrumpft. Andere Zeiten. Nicht nötig. Ein gemütlicher Reisender. Vorzug. Gelöster Zweifel. Gast. Zurückgegeben. W.W.W. Der Berliner. Eine merkwürdige Kuh. (113) Erklärt. Kindermund. Übertrumpft. Großer Unterschied. Das Handwerk hat keinen goldenen Boden. Mißglückte Ausrede. Abgetrumpft. Universalmittel. Abgeblitzt. Wohlgemeinter Vorschlag. Auch eine Rosenart. (114) Bei den Schießübungen. Der Vorsichtige. Verschnappt. Einem Schweizer Rekruten. Kindliche Auffassung. Welche Zweige der Erziehung. aus der Schule. Pariert. Feiner Unterschied. Ein Seitenhieb. Beim Schneider. Zur Fleischnot. Eine Scherzfrage. Gemütlich. Unsere Kinder. Menschlicher Verstand eines Hundes. (115) Wer Hiob war. Modernste Geflügelzucht. Angenehme Überraschung. Es ist widersinnig. Unangenehm. Raritäten. auch ein Wunsch. Geschäftsstil. Schlagfertig. Vergebliche Mühe. Merkwürdig. (116) Aus einem Ferienaufsatz. Kleines Mißverständnis. Doktor. Zerstreut. Eine Errungenschaft. Das Wetter. Verschiedene Wirkungen. Wenn man Glück hat. Vorstellungen eines Stadtkindes über das "Rind". Der gute Karl. Unterstützung der Kunst. Im Streit. Vorsicht. Belehrung. (117) Geschäftsleben. (118) Wirtschaftstabellen und Wirtschaftsnotizen. (119) 1. Des Landmanns monatliche Verrichtungen. (119) Januar. - Mai. (119) Juni. (119) Juli. - Dezember. (120) [2 Tabellen]: (1)2. Aussaat und Ernteverhältnisse. (2)3. Paarungs-, Trächtigkeits- und Brüteverhältnisse unserer Haustiere. (121) [2 Tabellen]: (1)4. Trächtigkeits-Anfang und -Ende. (2)5. Brünstigkeit. (122) [3 Tabellen]: (1)6. Altersbeurteilung des Pferdes. (2)7. Zähneausbruch und -wechsel bei Pferd, Rind, Schaf. (3)8. Pulsschläge, Atemzüge, Körperwärme gesunder Tiere. (123) 9. Verhältniszahlen für die Bienenwirtschaft. (124) Stärke und Gewicht der Schwärme. Eierlegen der Königin. (124) [4 Tabellen]: (1)Entwicklungszeit, Lebensdauer, Größe und Gewicht der Biene. (2)Jahrestracht und Honigbedarf zur Winterfütterung. (3)Stärke der Stöcke zur Schwarmzeit. Blüten- und Honigbedarf zum Wachsbau. (4)Zellenmenge, Temperatureinfluß auf Wachs und Bienen. (124) [Tabelle]: 10. Gewährsmängel und Gewährszeiten der Haustiere. (125) 11. Milchwirtschaftliche Verhältniszahlen. 12. Geschwindigkeiten, m pro Sekunde. (125) 13. Düngerproduktion. - Streu. (126) 14. Hilfeleistung bei Unglücks- und Erkrankungsfällen bis zur Ankunft des Arztes. (126) [2 Tabellen]: (1)15. Schonzeiten des Wildes und der Fische. (2)16. Schwendung land. Produkte b. 3/4 - 1jähr. Aufbewahrung. (128) 17. Taschenuhr als Kompaß. (128) [Tabelle]: 13. Kubiktafel für runde Hölzer. (129) 19. Neue und alte Maße und Gewichte. 20. Ausländisches Geld in österr. Kronenwährung. (130) 21. Lohnberechnung. (131) [Tabelle]: 22. Lohnberechnungstabelle bei einer Lohnhöhe von 50 - 200 K (§ 18 des Dienstbotengesetzes). (132) Inhalt. (134) [Tabelle]: Bare Einnahmen und Ausgaben. ( - ) [Tabelle]: Zusammenstellung der Bar-Einnahmen und -Ausgaben des Jahres. ( - ) [Tabelle]: Beleg- und Geburtsliste. ( - ) [Tabelle]: Probemelk-Tabelle. ( - ) [Tabelle]: Anbau- und Ernteregister. ( - ) [Tabelle]: Ausdruschregister. ( - ) Werbung ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

Background: In the midst of the coronavirus pandemic, the International Chiropractors Association (ICA) posted reports claiming that chiropractic care can impact the immune system. These claims clash with recommendations from the World Health Organization and World Federation of Chiropractic. We discuss the scientific validity of the claims made in these ICA reports. Main body: We reviewed the two reports posted by the ICA on their website on March 20 and March 28, 2020. We explored the method used to develop the claim that chiropractic adjustments impact the immune system and discuss the scientific merit of that claim. We provide a response to the ICA reports and explain why this claim lacks scientific credibility and is dangerous to the public. More than 150 researchers from 11 countries reviewed and endorsed our response. Conclusion: In their reports, the ICA provided no valid clinical scientific evidence that chiropractic care can impact the immune system. We call on regulatory authorities and professional leaders to take robust political and regulatory action against those claiming that chiropractic adjustments have a clinical impact on the immune system.

Full list of authors: Kankare, E.; Efstathiou, A.; Kotak, R ; Kool, E. C.; Kangas, T.; O'Neill, D.; Mattila, S.; Väisänen, P.; Ramphul, R.; Mogotsi, M.; Ryder, S. D.; Parker, S.; Reynolds, T.; Fraser, M.; Pastorello, A.; Cappellaro, E.; Mazzali, P. A.; Ochner, P.; Tomasella, L.; Turatto, M.; Kotilainen, J.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Pérez-Torres, M. A.; Randriamanakoto, Z.; Romero-Cañizales, C.; Berton, M.; Cartier, R.; Chen, T. -W.; Galbany, L.; Gromadzki, M.; Inserra, C.; Maguire, K.; Moran, S.; Müller-Bravo, T. E.; Nicholl, M.; Reguitti, A.; Young, D. R. ; The fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) occurring in the central regions of galaxies is not well constrained at present. This is partly because large-scale transient surveys operate at optical wavelengths, making it challenging to detect transient sources that occur in regions susceptible to high extinction factors. Here we present the discovery and follow-up observations of two CCSNe that occurred in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 3256. The first, SN 2018ec, was discovered using the ESO HAWK-I/GRAAL adaptive optics seeing enhancer, and was classified as a Type Ic with a host galaxy extinction of AV = 2.1-0.1+0.3 mag. The second, AT 2018cux, was discovered during the course of follow-up observations of SN 2018ec, and is consistent with a subluminous Type IIP classification with an AV = 2.1 ± 0.4 mag of host extinction. A third CCSN, PSN J10275082-4354034 in NGC 3256, was previously reported in 2014, and we recovered the source in late-time archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Based on template light curve fitting, we favour a Type IIn classification for it with modest host galaxy extinction of AV = 0.3-0.3+0.4 mag. We also extend our study with follow-up data of the recent Type IIb SN 2019lqo and Type Ib SN 2020fkb that occurred in the LIRG system Arp 299 with host extinctions of AV = 2.1-0.3+0.1 and AV = 0.4-0.2+0.1 mag, respectively. Motivated by the above, we inspected, for the first time, a sample of 29 CCSNe located within a projected distance of 2.5 kpc from the host galaxy nuclei in a sample of 16 LIRGs. We find, if star formation within these galaxies is modelled assuming a global starburst episode and normal IMF, that there is evidence of a correlation between the starburst age and the CCSN subtype. We infer that the two subgroups of 14 H-poor (Type IIb/Ib/Ic/Ibn) and 15 H-rich (Type II/IIn) CCSNe have different underlying progenitor age distributions, with the H-poor progenitors being younger at 3σ significance. However, we note that the currently available sample sizes of CCSNe and host LIRGs are small, and the statistical comparisons between subgroups do not take into account possible systematic or model errors related to the estimated starburst ages. © ESO 2021. ; EK is supported by the Turku Collegium of Science, Medicine and Technology. EK also acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; ST/P000312/1). ECK acknowledges support from the G.R.E.A.T. research environment and support from The Wenner-Gren Foundations. MF is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. EC, LT, AP, and MT are partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2017 with the project "Towards the SKA and CTA era: discovery, localization, and physics of transient objects". HK was funded by the Academy of Finland projects 324504 and 328898. TWC acknowledges the EU Funding under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 842471. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090. This work has been partially supported by the Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER). MG is supported by the Polish NCN MAESTRO grant 2014/14/A/ST9/00121. KM acknowledges support from EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. TMB was funded by the CONICYT PFCHA / DOCTORADOBECAS CHILE/2017-72180113. MN is supported by a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 67.D-0438, 60.A-9475, 199.D-0143, and 1103.D-0328. Some of the observations reported in this paper were obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) under programme 2018-1-DDT-003 (PI: Kankare). Polish participation in SALT is funded by grant No. MNiSW DIR/WK/2016/07. Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated by the Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOTSA. This work is partly based on the NUTS2 programme carried out at the NOT. NUTS2 is funded in part by the Instrument Center for Danish Astrophysics (IDA). The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This paper is also based on observations collected at the Copernico 1.82 m and Schmidt 67/92 Telescopes operated by INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova at Asiago, Italy. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil). Observations were carried out under programme GS-2017A-C-1. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the DOE and NSF (USA), MISE (Spain), STFC (UK), HEFCE (UK), NCSA (UIUC), KICP (U. Chicago), CCAPP (Ohio State), MIFPA (Texas A&M University), CNPQ, FAPERJ, FINEP (Brazil), MINECO (Spain), DFG (Germany) and the collaborating institutions in the Dark Energy Survey, which are Argonne Lab, UC Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, CIEMAT-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil Consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH Zürich, Fermilab, University of Illinois, ICE (IEEC-CSIC), IFAE Barcelona, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LMU München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, University of Michigan, NOAO, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, OzDES Membership Consortium, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID 2017A-0260; and PI: Soares-Santos), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Some of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work is based in part on archival data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. This research has made use of NED which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We have made use of the Weizmann Interactive Supernova Data Repository (Yaron & Gal-Yam 2012, https://wiserep.weizmann.ac.il). ; With funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (SEV-2017-0709). ; Peer reviewed

Funding Information: Acknowledgements. We thank the anonymous referee for useful comments. We thank Marco Fiaschi for carrying out some of the Asiago observations. EK is supported by the Turku Collegium of Science, Medicine and Technology. EK also acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; ST/P000312/1). ECK acknowledges support from the G.R.E.A.T. research environment and support from The Wenner-Gren Foundations. MF is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. EC, LT, AP, and MT are partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2017 with the project "Towards the SKA and CTA era: discovery, localization, and physics of transient objects". HK was funded by the Academy of Finland projects 324504 and 328898. TWC acknowledges the EU Funding under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 842471. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER). MG is supported by the Polish NCN MAESTRO grant 2014/14/A/ST9/00121. KM acknowledges support from EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. TMB was funded by the CONICYT PFCHA / DOCTORADOBECAS CHILE/2017-72180113. MN is supported by a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 67.D-0438, 60.A-9475, 199.D-0143, and 1103.D-0328. Some of the observations reported in this paper were obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) under programme 2018-1-DDT-003 (PI: Kankare). Polish participation in SALT is funded by grant No. MNiSW DIR/WK/2016/07. Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated by the Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, ofthe Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOTSA. This work is partly based on the NUTS2 programme carried out at the NOT. NUTS2 is funded in part by the Instrument Center for Danish Astrophysics (IDA). The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This paper is also based on observations collected at the Copernico 1.82 m and Schmidt 67/92 Telescopes operated by INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova at Asiago, Italy. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil). Observations were carried out under programme GS-2017A-C-1. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the DOE and NSF (USA), MISE (Spain), STFC (UK), HEFCE (UK), NCSA (UIUC), KICP (U. Chicago), CCAPP (Ohio State), MIFPA (Texas A&M University), CNPQ, FAPERJ, FINEP (Brazil), MINECO (Spain), DFG (Germany) and the collaborating institutions in the Dark Energy Survey, which are Argonne Lab, UC Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, CIEMAT-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil Consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH Zürich, Fermilab, University of Illinois, ICE (IEEC-CSIC), IFAE Barcelona, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LMU München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, University of Michigan, NOAO, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, OzDES Membership Consortium, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID 2017A-0260; and PI: Soares-Santos), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Some of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work is based in part on archival data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. This research has made use of NED which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We have made use of the Weizmann Interactive Supernova Data Repository (Yaron & Gal-Yam 2012, https://wiserep.weizmann.ac.il). Funding Information: 1 iraf is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Publisher Copyright: © ESO 2021. ; The fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) occurring in the central regions of galaxies is not well constrained at present. This is partly because large-scale transient surveys operate at optical wavelengths, making it challenging to detect transient sources that occur in regions susceptible to high extinction factors. Here we present the discovery and follow-up observations of two CCSNe that occurred in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 3256. The first, SN 2018ec, was discovered using the ESO HAWK-I/GRAAL adaptive optics seeing enhancer, and was classified as a Type Ic with a host galaxy extinction of AV = 2.1-0.1+0.3 mag. The second, AT 2018cux, was discovered during the course of follow-up observations of SN 2018ec, and is consistent with a subluminous Type IIP classification with an AV = 2.1 ± 0.4 mag of host extinction. A third CCSN, PSN J10275082-4354034 in NGC 3256, was previously reported in 2014, and we recovered the source in late-time archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Based on template light curve fitting, we favour a Type IIn classification for it with modest host galaxy extinction of AV = 0.3-0.3+0.4 mag. We also extend our study with follow-up data of the recent Type IIb SN 2019lqo and Type Ib SN 2020fkb that occurred in the LIRG system Arp 299 with host extinctions of AV = 2.1-0.3+0.1 and AV = 0.4-0.2+0.1 mag, respectively. Motivated by the above, we inspected, for the first time, a sample of 29 CCSNe located within a projected distance of 2.5 kpc from the host galaxy nuclei in a sample of 16 LIRGs. We find, if star formation within these galaxies is modelled assuming a global starburst episode and normal IMF, that there is evidence of a correlation between the starburst age and the CCSN subtype. We infer that the two subgroups of 14 H-poor (Type IIb/Ib/Ic/Ibn) and 15 H-rich (Type II/IIn) CCSNe have different underlying progenitor age distributions, with the H-poor progenitors being younger at 3σ significance. However, we note that the currently available sample sizes of CCSNe and host LIRGs are small, and the statistical comparisons between subgroups do not take into account possible systematic or model errors related to the estimated starburst ages. ; Peer reviewed

Acknowledgements A full list of acknowledgments appears in the Supplementary Note 4. Co-author A.J.M.d.C. recently passed away while this work was in process. This work was performed under the auspices of the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium. We acknowledge the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium for encouraging CHARGE studies to participate in this effort and for the contributions of CHARGE members to the analyses conducted for this research. Funding for this study was provided by the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; Academy of Finland (41071, 77299, 102318, 110413, 117787, 121584, 123885, 124243, 124282, 126925, 129378, 134309, 286284); Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Action on Hearing Loss (G51); Agence Nationale de la 359 Recherche; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; ALFEDIAM; ALK-Abelló A/S; Althingi; American Heart Association (13POST16500011); Amgen; Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies; Ardix Medical; Arthritis Research UK; Association Diabète Risque Vasculaire; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389927, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 552485, 552498); Avera Institute; Bayer Diagnostics; Becton Dickinson; BHF (RG/14/5/30893); Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center (DK46200), Bristol-Myers Squibb; British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/28456, RG2008/08, RG2008/014, SP/04/002); Medical Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes for Health Research (FRCN-CCT-83028); Cancer Research UK; Cardionics; Cavadis B.V., Center for Medical Systems Biology; Center of Excellence in Genomics; CFI; CIHR; City of Kuopio; CNAMTS; Cohortes Santé TGIR; Contrat de Projets État-Région; Croatian Science Foundation (8875); Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF-1333-00124, DFF-1331-00730B); County Council of Dalarna; Dalarna University; Danish Council for Strategic Research; Danish Diabetes Academy; Danish Medical Research Council; Department of Health, UK; Development Fund from the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland; Diabetes UK; Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation Fellowship; Donald W. Reynolds Foundation; Dr Robert Pfleger-Stiftung; Dutch Brain Foundation; Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation; Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute; Dutch Kidney Foundation (E033); Dutch Ministry of Justice; the DynaHEALTH action No. 633595, Economic Structure Enhancing Fund of the Dutch Government; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147, P48/08//A11/08); Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam; Erasmus MC and Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipality of Rotterdam; Estonian Government (IUT20-60, IUT24-6); Estonian Research Roadmap through the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (3.2.0304.11-0312); European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant and 323195:SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC); European Regional Development Fund; European Science Foundation (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); European Commission (018947, 018996, 201668, 223004, 230374, 279143, 284167, 305739, BBMRI-LPC-313010, HEALTH-2011.2.4.2-2-EU-MASCARA, HEALTH-2011-278913, HEALTH-2011-294713-EPLORE, HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F2-2013-601456, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550-HYPERGENES, HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE, IMI/115006, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, LSHG-CT-2006-01947, LSHM-CT-2004-005272, LSHM-CT-2006-037697, LSHM-CT-2007-037273, QLG1-CT-2002-00896, QLG2-CT-2002-01254); Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Fédération Française de Cardiologie; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Association; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Heart Association; Fondation Leducq; Food Standards Agency; Foundation for Strategic Research; French Ministry of Research; FRSQ; Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the NIH; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01ER1206, 01ER1507); GlaxoSmithKline; Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; Göteborg Medical Society; Health and Safety Executive; Healthcare NHS Trust; Healthway; Western Australia; Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden; Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health; Hjartavernd; Ingrid Thurings Foundation; INSERM; InterOmics (PB05 MIUR-CNR); INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (A28); Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN, 09.001); Italian Ministry of Health (ICS110.1/RF97.71); Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance (FaReBio di Qualità); Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands; J.D.E. and Catherine T, MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health; Juho Vainio Foundation; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International; KfH Stiftung Präventivmedizin e.V.; King's College London; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (X51001); La Fondation de France; Leenaards Foundation; Lilly; LMUinnovativ; Lundberg Foundation; Magnus Bergvall Foundation; MDEIE; Medical Research Council UK (G0000934, G0601966, G0700931, MC_U106179471, MC_UU_12019/1); MEKOS Laboratories; Merck Santé; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, The Netherlands; Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands; Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Netherlands; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport in the Republic of Croatia (108-1080315-0302); MRC centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology; MRC Human Genetics Unit; MRC-GlaxoSmithKline pilot programme (G0701863); MSD Stipend Diabetes; National Institute for Health Research; Netherlands Brain Foundation (F2013(1)-28); Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative (CVON2011-19); Netherlands Genomics Initiative (050-060-810); Netherlands Heart Foundation (2001 D 032, NHS2010B280); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (56-464-14192, 60-60600-97-118, 100-001-004, 261-98-710, 400-05-717, 480-04-004, 480-05-003, 481-08-013, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 911-11-025, 985-10-002, Addiction-31160008, BBMRI–NL 184.021.007, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004, GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MW 940-38-011, Middelgroot-911-09-032, NBIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024, Spinozapremie 175.010.2003.005, 175.010.2007.006); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; NHS Foundation Trust; National Institutes of Health (1RC2MH089951, 1Z01HG000024, 24152, 263MD9164, 263MD821336, 2R01LM010098, 32100-2, 32122, 32108, 5K99HL130580-02, AA07535, AA10248, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, AA17688, AG13196, CA047988, DA12854, DK56350, DK063491, DK078150, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616, ES10126, HG004790, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN271201100004C, HL043851, HL45670, HL080467, HL085144, HL087660, HL054457, HL119443, HL118305, HL071981, HL034594, HL126024, HL130114, KL2TR001109, MH66206, MH081802, N01AG12100, N01HC55015, N01HC55016, N01C55018, N01HC55019, N01HC55020, N01HC55021, N01HC55022, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC95159, N01HC95160, N01HC95161, N01HC95162, N01HC95163, N01HC95164, N01HC95165, N01HC95166, N01HC95167, N01HC95168, N01HC95169, N01HG65403, N01WH22110, N02HL6‐4278, N01-HC-25195, P01CA33619, R01HD057194, R01HD057194, R01AG023629, R01CA63, R01D004215701A, R01DK075787, R01DK062370, R01DK072193, R01DK075787, R01DK089256, R01HL53353, R01HL59367, R01HL086694, R01HL087641, R01HL087652, R01HL103612, R01HL105756, R01HL117078, R01HL120393, R03 AG046389, R37CA54281, RC2AG036495, RC4AG039029, RPPG040710371, RR20649, TW008288, TW05596, U01AG009740, U01CA98758, U01CA136792, U01DK062418, U01HG004402, U01HG004802, U01HG007376, U01HL080295, UL1RR025005, UL1TR000040, UL1TR000124, UL1TR001079, 2T32HL007055-36, T32GM074905, HG002651, HL084729, N01-HC-25195, UM1CA182913); NIH, National Institute on Aging (Intramural funding, NO1-AG-1-2109); Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces; Novartis Pharma; Novo Nordisk; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Nutricia Research Foundation (2016-T1); ONIVINS; Parnassia Bavo group; Pierre Fabre; Province of Groningen; Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Påhlssons Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; Research into Ageing; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; Roche; Royal Society; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Sanofi-Aventis; Scottish Government Health Directorates, Chief Scientist Office (CZD/16/6); Siemens Healthcare; Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Société Francophone du 358 Diabète; State of Bavaria; Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor; Stockholm County Council (560183, 592229); Strategic Cardiovascular and Diabetes Programmes of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council; Stroke Association; Swedish Diabetes Association; Swedish Diabetes Foundation (2013-024); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197, 20150711); Swedish Research Council (0593, 8691, 2012-1397, 2012-1727, and 2012-2215); Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Swiss National Science Foundation (3100AO-116323/1, 31003A-143914, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 51RTP0_151019); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Technology Foundation STW (11679); The Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community (G.0880.13, G.0881.13); The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River Region of Western Australia; Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation; Topcon; Tore Nilsson Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation; United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant 2011036), Umeå University; University Hospital of Regensburg; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Michigan; University of Utrecht; Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) (b2011036); Velux Foundation; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research; Västra Götaland Foundation; Wellcome Trust (068545, 076113, 079895, 084723, 088869, WT064890, WT086596, WT098017, WT090532, WT098051, 098381); Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; and Åke Wiberg Foundation. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the National Institutes of Health (NIH); or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Physical activity (PA) may modify the genetic effects that give rise to increased risk of obesity. To identify adiposity loci whose effects are modified by PA, we performed genome-wide interaction meta-analyses of BMI and BMI-adjusted waist circumference and waist-hip ratio from up to 200,452 adults of European (n = 180,423) or other ancestry (n = 20,029). We standardized PA by categorizing it into a dichotomous variable where, on average, 23% of participants were categorized as inactive and 77% as physically active. While we replicate the interaction with PA for the strongest known obesity-risk locus in the FTO gene, of which the effect is attenuated by ~30% in physically active individuals compared to inactive individuals, we do not identify additional loci that are sensitive to PA. In additional genome-wide meta-analyses adjusting for PA and interaction with PA, we identify 11 novel adiposity loci, suggesting that accounting for PA or other environmental factors that contribute to variation in adiposity may facilitate gene discovery. ; The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institutes of Health; or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Funding for this study was provided by the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; Academy of Finland (102318; 104781, 120315, 123885, 129619, 286284, 134309, 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378, 117787, 250207, 258753, 41071, 77299, 124243, 1114194, 24300796); Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Action on Hearing Loss (G51); Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); Age UK Research into Ageing Fund; Åke Wiberg Foundation; ALF/LUA Research Grant in Gothenburg; ALFEDIAM; ALK-Abello´ A/S (Hørsholm, Denmark); American Heart Association (13POST16500011, 10SDG269004); Ardix Medical; Arthritis Research UK; Association Diabète Risque Vasculaire; AstraZeneca; Australian Associated Brewers; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389927, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 552485, 552498); Avera Research Institute; Bayer Diagnostics; Becton Dickinson; Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI –NL, 184.021.007); Biocentrum Helsinki; Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center (DK46200); British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/28456, SP/04/002); Canada Foundation for Innovation; Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FRN-CCT-83028); Cancer Research UK; Cardionics; Center for Medical Systems Biology; Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics and SALVECenter of Excellence in Genomics (EXCEGEN); Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government; City of Kuopio; Cohortes Santé TGIR; Contrat de Projets État-Région; Croatian Science Foundation (8875); Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF–1333-00124, DFF–1331-007308); Danish Diabetes Academy; Danish Medical Research Council; Department of Psychology and Education of the VU University Amsterdam; Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland; Dutch Brain Foundation; Dutch Ministry of Justice; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Erasmus Medical Center; Erasmus University; Estonian Government (IUT20-60, IUT24-6); Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (3.2.0304.11-0312); European Commission (230374, 284167, 323195, 692145, FP7 EurHEALTHAgeing-277849, FP7 BBMRI-LPC 313010, nr 602633, HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, FP6 LSHM-CT-2004-005272, FP5 QLG2-CT-2002-01254, FP6 LSHG-CT-2006-01947, FP7 HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, FP7 279143, FP7 201668, FP7 305739, FP6 LSHG-CT-2006-018947, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, QLG1-CT-2001-01252); European Regional Development Fund; European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS project FP-006, ESF, EU/QLRT-2001-01254); Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 03ZIK012, 03IS2061A); Federal State of Mecklenburg - West Pomerania; Fédération Française de Cardiologie; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Association; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Heart Association; Food Standards Agency; Fondation de France; Fonds Santé; Genetic Association Information Network of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; German Diabetes Association; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01ER1206, 01ER1507); German Research Council (SFB-1052, SPP 1629 TO 718/2-1); GlaxoSmithKline; Göran Gustafssons Foundation; Göteborg Medical Society; Health and Safety Executive; Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden; Icelandic Heart Association; Icelandic Parliament; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust; INSERM, Réseaux en Santé Publique, Interactions entre les déterminants de la santé; Interreg IV Oberrhein Program (A28); Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance; Italian Ministry of Health (ICS110.1/RF97.71); John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation; Juho Vainio Foundation; King's College London; Kjell och Märta Beijers Foundation; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (X51001); Leiden University Medical Center; Lilly; LMUinnovativ; Lundbeck Foundation; Lundberg Foundation; Medical Research Council of Canada; MEKOS Laboratories (Denmark); Merck Santé; Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Obesity Research Center (P30 DK72488); Ministère de l'Économie, de l'Innovation et des Exportations; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports of the Netherlands; Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the Netherlands; MRC Human Genetics Unit; MRC-GlaxoSmithKline Pilot Programme Grant (G0701863); Municipality of Rotterdam; Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre (2008.024); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (050-060-810); Netherlands Genomics Initiative; Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (904-61-090, 985-10-002, 904-61-193, 480-04-004, 400-05-717, Addiction-31160008, Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192); Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (2010/31471/ZONMW); Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (10-000-1002, GB-MW 940-38-011, 100-001-004, 60-60600-97-118, 261-98-710, GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004, 175.010.2003.005, 175.010.2005.011, 481-08-013, 480-05-003, 911-03-012); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; NHS Foundation Trust; Novartis Pharmaceuticals; Novo Nordisk; Office National Interprofessionel des Vins; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Påhlssons Foundation; Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Pierre Fabre; Republic of Croatia Ministry of Science, Education and Sport (108-1080315-0302); Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region for Denmark; Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015, RIDE2); Roche; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Sanofi-Aventis; Scottish Executive Health Department (CZD/16/6); Siemens Healthcare; Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Société Francophone du Diabète; State of Bavaria; Stroke Association; Swedish Diabetes Association; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20140543); Swedish Research Council (2015-03657); Swedish Medical Research Council (K2007-66X-20270-01-3, 2011-2354); Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swiss National Science Foundation (33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; The Marcus Borgström Foundation; The Royal Society; The Wellcome Trust (084723/Z/08/Z, 088869/B/09/Z); Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation; Topcon; Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation; UK Department of Health; UK Diabetes Association; UK Medical Research Council (MC_U106179471, G0500539, G0600705, G0601966, G0700931, G1002319, K013351, MC_UU_12019/1); UK National Institute for Health Research BioResource Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre; UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre; UK National Institute for Health Research (RP-PG-0407-10371); Umeå University Career Development Award; United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation Grant (2011036); University Hospital Oulu (75617); University Medical Center Groningen; University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); National Institutes of Health (AG13196, CA047988, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSC271201100004C, HHSN268200900041C, HHSN268201300025C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300027C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268201300029C, HHSN268201500001I, HL36310, HG002651, HL034594, HL054457, HL054481, HL071981, HL084729, HL119443, HL126024, N01-AG12100, N01-AG12109, N01-HC25195, N01-HC55015, N01-HC55016, N01-HC55018, N01-HC55019, N01-HC55020, N01-HC55021, N01-HC55022, N01-HD95159, N01-HD95160, N01-HD95161, N01-HD95162, N01-HD95163, N01-HD95164, N01-HD95165, N01-HD95166, N01-HD95167, N01-HD95168, N01-HD95169, N01-HG65403, N02-HL64278, R01-HD057194, R01-HL087641, R01-HL59367, R01HL-086694, R01-HL088451, R24-HD050924, U01-HG-004402, HHSN268200625226C, UL1-RR025005, UL1-RR025005, UL1-TR-001079, UL1-TR-00040, AA07535, AA10248, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, AA17688, DA12854, MH081802, MH66206, R01-D004215701A, R01-DK075787, R01-DK089256, R01-DK8925601, R01-HL088451, R01-HL117078, R01-DK062370, R01-DK072193, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616, 1Z01-HG000024, HL087660, HL100245, R01DK089256, 2T32HL007055-36, U01-HL072515-06, U01-HL84756, NIA-U01AG009740, RC2-AG036495, RC4-AG039029, R03 AG046389, 263-MA-410953, 263-MD-9164, 263-MD-821336, U01-HG004802, R37CA54281, R01CA63, P01CA33619, U01-CA136792, U01-CA98758, RC2-MH089951, MH085520, R01-D0042157-01A, MH081802, 1RC2-MH089951, 1RC2-MH089995, 1RL1MH08326801, U01-HG007376, 5R01-HL08767902, 5R01MH63706:02, HG004790, N01-WH22110, U01-HG007033, UM1CA182913, 24152, 32100-2, 32105-6, 32108-9, 32111-13, 32115, 32118-32119, 32122, 42107-26, 42129-32, 44221); USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2007-35205-17883); Västra Götaland Foundation; Velux Foundation; Veterans Affairs (1 IK2 BX001823); Vleugels Foundation; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; Wellcome Trust (090532, 091551, 098051, 098381); Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; and Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed

This paper analyzes a set of environmental conditions that influence the development of Technology Based Enterprises (TBCs) in innovation-based and efficiency-based economies. The existing literature on this phenomenon is reviewed and data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is used. Exploratory factorial analysis is handled out with the application of the Varimax Orthogonal Rotation method. The study concludes that some of the factors identified are influential in certain economic environments for the consolidation of EBT's, particularly in innovative economies. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, technological base, efficient, innovative. URL:http://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/883 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.31164/bcoyu.24.2020.883 References: Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2013). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 757-774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9505-9 Alarcón, M. A., & Díaz, C. del C. (2016). La empresa de base tecnológica y su contribución a la economía mexicana en el periodo 2004-2009. Contaduría y Administración, 61(1), 106-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cya.2015.09.004 An, H. J., & Ahn, S. J. (2016). Emerging technologies—beyond the chasm: Assessing technological forecasting and its implication for innovation management in Korea. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102, 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.06.015 Aportela, I. (2015). La información como recurso estratégico en las empresas de base tecnológica. Revista General de Información y Documentación, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_RGID.2015.v25.n2.51238 Barrientos, E., Quiroz, L., & López, W. (2017). Factores influyentes para el emprendimiento en tecnologías de la información y comunicación para economías de Latinoamérica vs economías de Europa y Norte América. Gestión de la innovación para la competitividad, 1-17. Bertoni, F., Martt, J., & Reverte, C. (2017). The Impact of Government-Supported Participative Loans on Employment Growth in Entrepreneurial Ventures. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3088072 Binsawad, M., Sohaib, O., & Hawryszkiewycz, I. (2019). Factors impacting techology business incubator Performance. International Journal of Innovation Management, 23(01), 1950007. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919619500075 Borini, F., Ribeiro, F., & Miranda, M. (2017). The internationalisation of new technology-based firms from emerging markets. 23-41. Brüne, N., & Lutz, E. (2019). The effect of entrepreneurship education in schools on entrepreneurial outcomes: A systematic review. Management Review Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-019-00168-3 Brunet, I., & Alarcón, A. (2004). Teorías sobre la figura del emprendedor. Papers. Revista de Sociologia, 73, 81. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers/v73n0.1108 College, B., & Park, B. (2017). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report. 155. Colovic, A., & Lamotte, O. (2015). Technological Environment and Technology Entrepreneurship: A Cross-Country Analysis: Technological Environment and Technology Entrepreneurship. Creativity and Innovation Management, 24(4), 617-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12133 Cooper, S. (2006). Exploring the pre-entrepreneurial careers of high-technology entrepreneurs. International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning, 16(5), 341. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCEELL.2006.010957 Costantini, V., & Crespi, F. (2015). European enlargement policy, technological capabilities and sectoral export dynamics. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(1), 25-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-013-9307-x Cunningham, J. A., Lehmann, E. E., Menter, M., & Seitz, N. (2019). The impact of university focused technology transfer policies on regional innovation and entrepreneurship. The Journal of Technology Transfer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-019-09733-0 De los Ríos, S., Rodríguez, I., & Sáenz, R. (2015). Emprendedores y capital riesgo en España: El caso de Fond-ICO Global. Revista Icade. Revista de las Facultades de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, 0(94), 31. https://doi.org/10.14422/icade.i94.y2015.002 Díaz, E., Souto, J., & Tejeiro, M. (2013). Nuevas empresas de base tecnológica. Netbiblo, S. L. https://www.madrimasd.org/uploads/informacionidi/biblioteca/publicacion/doc/Nebts3.pdf Etemad, H. (2016). Special Thematic Issue on: International Interactions and Activities of University-Based Technology Entrepreneurship. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14(3), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-016-0189-5 García, A. M., García, M. G., & Olivares, A. (2018). Entrepreneurs' Resources, Technology Strategy, and New Technology-Based Firms' Performance. Journal of Small Business Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12411 Guercio, M., Martinez, L., & Vigier, H. (2017). Las limitaciones al financiamiento bancario de las Pymes de alta tecnología. Estudios Gerenciales, 33(142), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2017.02.001 Gutiérrez Olvera, S. (2018). Emprendimiento en las empresas familiares / Entrepreneurship in family businesses. RICEA Revista Iberoamericana de Contaduría, Economía y Administración, 4(7), 163. https://doi.org/10.23913/ricea.v4i7.119 Harbi, S. E., & Anderson, A. R. (2010). Institutions and the shaping of different forms of entrepreneurship. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39(3), 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.02.011 Hernández, I., Álvarez, R., Blanco, C., & Carvajal, A. (2014). El ascenso de la "mano invisible": Análisis para el surgimiento de un mercado formal de financiación para empresas de base tecnológica (ebt) en Colombia. FACE: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, 13(1), 5–32. Huang, Y., Audretsch, D. B., & Hewitt, M. (2013). Chinese technology transfer policy: The case of the national independent innovation demonstration zone of East Lake. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 38(6), 828-835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-012-9292-5 harbiKirwan, P., Sijde, P., & Groen, A. (2006). Assessing the needs of new technology based firms (NTBFs): An investigation among spin-off companies from six European Universities. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(2), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-8683-1 Kuratko, D. F., & Menter, M. (2017). The Role of Public Policy in Fostering Technology-Based Nascent Entrepreneurship. En J. A. Cunningham & C. O'Kane (Eds.), Technology-Based Nascent Entrepreneurship (pp. 19-52). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59594-2_2 Larsen, M., Vigier, H. P., Guercio, M. B., & Briozzo, A. E. (2014). Financiamiento mediante obligaciones negociables. El problema de ser PyME. Visión de futuro, 18(2). http://visiondefuturo.fce.unam.edu.ar/index.php/visiondefuturo/article/viewFile/26/18 Lasso, S., Mainardes, E., & Motoki, F. (2017). Why do entrepreneurs open tech startups? A comparative study between Brazilian and foreign enterprises. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0445-8 Lecluyse, L., Knockaert, M., & Spithoven, A. (2018). The contribution of science parks: A literature review and future research agenda. The Journal of Technology Transfer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-09712-x Lima, R. (2016). Economic Growth and Human Capital in the Post-Knowledge Era: A Focus on Positive Externalities and Spillover Effects of Knowledge in Italy and the Emergency of the Less Developed Areas. Journal of Industrial Integration and Management, 01(03), 1650010. https://doi.org/10.1142/S242486221650010X Lloret, S., Ferreres, A., Hernández, A., & Tomás, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: Una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361 Löfsten, H. (2016). Business and innovation resources: Determinants for the survival of new technology-based firms. Management Decision, 54(1), 88-106. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2015-0139 Maculan, A.-M., Hernández, C. N. J., & Domínguez, O. F. C. (2015). Aprendizaje en el proceso de incubación de empresas de base tecnológica. Económicas CUC, 36(1), 9-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17981/econcuc.36.1.2015.21 Malhotra, N. K. (2008). Investigación de mercados. Pearson Educación. McAdam, M., & Marlow, S. (2011). Sense and sensibility: The role of business incubator client advisors in assisting high-technology entrepreneurs to make sense of investment readiness status. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23(7-8), 449-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620903406749 Mian, S., Lamine, W., & Fayolle, A. (2016). Technology Business Incubation: An overview of the state of knowledge. Technovation, 50-51, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2016.02.005 Ramaciotti, L., Muscio, A., & Rizzo, U. (2017). The impact of hard and soft policy measures on new technology-based firms. Regional Studies, 51(4), 629-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1255319 Ramírez, M., & Fernández, M. (2018). Unravelling the effects of Science Parks on the innovation performance of NTBFs. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(2), 482-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9559-y Sempere, F., & Hervás, J. L. (2014). Innovación tecnológica y no tecnológica: Efectos complementarios en la performance empresarial. Economía Industrial, 2014, 71-76. https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/51948 Shane, S. (2012). Reflections on the 2010 AMD Decade Award: Delivering on the Promise of Entrepreneurship As a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0078 Torrecilla, J. A., Skotnicka, A. G., & Tous, D. (2017a). Dimensiones que afectan a los emprendedores tecnológicos: El auge de las nuevas empresas de base tecnológica. 1-10. http://www.revistaespacios.com/a18v39n11/a18v39n11p16.pdf Vereinte Nationen (Ed.). (2018). Frontier technologies for sustainable development. United Nations. Vicens, L., & Grullon, S. (2011). Innovación y emprendimiento. Un modelo basado en el desarrollo del emprendedor. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 1-31. https://publications.iadb.org/es/publicacion/15039/innovacion-y-emprendimiento-un-modelo-basado-en-el-desarrollo-del-emprendedor Xiao, L., & North, D. (2017). The graduation performance of technology business incubators in China's three tier cities: The role of incubator funding, technical support, and entrepreneurial mentoring. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(3), 615-634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9493-4 Zapata, G., López, S. F., Vivel, M., Neira, I., & Rodeiro, D. (2014). El emprendimiento de base tecnológica; características diferenciales. 2-21. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284545728_El_emprendimiento_de_base_tecnologica_caracteristicas_diferenciales Zapata, Á. R. P., & Morales, L. I. R. (2016). Innovación y emprendimiento en América Latina Desafíos y oportunidades de la región para sumarse a la sociedad del conocimiento: México. 23. Zapata, G., Fernández, S., & Neira, I. (2018). El emprendimiento tecnológico en Suramérica: Una aproximación a sus determinantes individuales. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 26(52), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.18504/pl2652-003-2018 Zea, M. P. C., Fonseca, M. P., Pérez, R. A., Bermeo, M. R., & Molina, X. C. (2016). Emprendimientos Informáticos: Una mirada desde la Universidad del Siglo XXI. Revista Didasc@ lia: Didáctica y Educación. ISSN 2224-2643, 7(3), 153–158. Zhang, H., & Sonobe, T. (2011). Business Incubators in China: An Inquiry into the Variables Associated with Incubatee Success. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 5(2011-7), 1. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2011-7 ; El presente trabajo analiza un conjunto de condiciones del entorno que influyen en el desarrollo de Emprendimientos de Base Tecnológica (EBT) en economías basadas en innovación y en economías basadas en eficiencia. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura existente respecto a este fenómeno y se utilizan los datos del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Se lleva a cabo análisis factorial exploratorio con la aplicación del método de Rotación Ortogonal Varimax. El estudio concluye que algunos de los factores identificados resultan influyentes en determinados entornos económicos para la consolidación de los EBT's, particularmente en las economías innovadoras. Palabras clave: Emprendimiento, base tecnológica, eficientes, innovadoras. URL:http://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/883 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.31164/bcoyu.24.2020.883 Referencias: Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2013). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 757-774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9505-9 Alarcón, M. A., & Díaz, C. del C. (2016). La empresa de base tecnológica y su contribución a la economía mexicana en el periodo 2004-2009. Contaduría y Administración, 61(1), 106-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cya.2015.09.004 An, H. J., & Ahn, S. J. (2016). Emerging technologies—beyond the chasm: Assessing technological forecasting and its implication for innovation management in Korea. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102, 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.06.015 Aportela, I. (2015). La información como recurso estratégico en las empresas de base tecnológica. Revista General de Información y Documentación, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_RGID.2015.v25.n2.51238 Barrientos, E., Quiroz, L., & López, W. (2017). Factores influyentes para el emprendimiento en tecnologías de la información y comunicación para economías de Latinoamérica vs economías de Europa y Norte América. Gestión de la innovación para la competitividad, 1-17. Bertoni, F., Martt, J., & Reverte, C. (2017). The Impact of Government-Supported Participative Loans on Employment Growth in Entrepreneurial Ventures. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3088072 Binsawad, M., Sohaib, O., & Hawryszkiewycz, I. (2019). Factors impacting techology business incubator Performance. International Journal of Innovation Management, 23(01), 1950007. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919619500075 Borini, F., Ribeiro, F., & Miranda, M. (2017). The internationalisation of new technology-based firms from emerging markets. 23-41. Brüne, N., & Lutz, E. (2019). The effect of entrepreneurship education in schools on entrepreneurial outcomes: A systematic review. Management Review Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-019-00168-3 Brunet, I., & Alarcón, A. (2004). Teorías sobre la figura del emprendedor. Papers. Revista de Sociologia, 73, 81. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers/v73n0.1108 College, B., & Park, B. (2017). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report. 155. Colovic, A., & Lamotte, O. (2015). Technological Environment and Technology Entrepreneurship: A Cross-Country Analysis: Technological Environment and Technology Entrepreneurship. Creativity and Innovation Management, 24(4), 617-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12133 Cooper, S. (2006). Exploring the pre-entrepreneurial careers of high-technology entrepreneurs. International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning, 16(5), 341. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCEELL.2006.010957 Costantini, V., & Crespi, F. (2015). European enlargement policy, technological capabilities and sectoral export dynamics. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(1), 25-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-013-9307-x Cunningham, J. A., Lehmann, E. E., Menter, M., & Seitz, N. (2019). The impact of university focused technology transfer policies on regional innovation and entrepreneurship. The Journal of Technology Transfer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-019-09733-0 De los Ríos, S., Rodríguez, I., & Sáenz, R. (2015). Emprendedores y capital riesgo en España: El caso de Fond-ICO Global. Revista Icade. Revista de las Facultades de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, 0(94), 31. https://doi.org/10.14422/icade.i94.y2015.002 Díaz, E., Souto, J., & Tejeiro, M. (2013). Nuevas empresas de base tecnológica. Netbiblo, S. L. https://www.madrimasd.org/uploads/informacionidi/biblioteca/publicacion/doc/Nebts3.pdf Etemad, H. (2016). Special Thematic Issue on: International Interactions and Activities of University-Based Technology Entrepreneurship. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14(3), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-016-0189-5 García, A. M., García, M. G., & Olivares, A. (2018). Entrepreneurs' Resources, Technology Strategy, and New Technology-Based Firms' Performance. Journal of Small Business Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12411 Guercio, M., Martinez, L., & Vigier, H. (2017). Las limitaciones al financiamiento bancario de las Pymes de alta tecnología. Estudios Gerenciales, 33(142), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2017.02.001 Gutiérrez Olvera, S. (2018). Emprendimiento en las empresas familiares / Entrepreneurship in family businesses. RICEA Revista Iberoamericana de Contaduría, Economía y Administración, 4(7), 163. https://doi.org/10.23913/ricea.v4i7.119 Harbi, S. E., & Anderson, A. R. (2010). Institutions and the shaping of different forms of entrepreneurship. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39(3), 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.02.011 Hernández, I., Álvarez, R., Blanco, C., & Carvajal, A. (2014). El ascenso de la "mano invisible": Análisis para el surgimiento de un mercado formal de financiación para empresas de base tecnológica (ebt) en Colombia. FACE: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, 13(1), 5–32. Huang, Y., Audretsch, D. B., & Hewitt, M. (2013). Chinese technology transfer policy: The case of the national independent innovation demonstration zone of East Lake. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 38(6), 828-835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-012-9292-5 harbiKirwan, P., Sijde, P., & Groen, A. (2006). Assessing the needs of new technology based firms (NTBFs): An investigation among spin-off companies from six European Universities. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(2), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-8683-1 Kuratko, D. F., & Menter, M. (2017). The Role of Public Policy in Fostering Technology-Based Nascent Entrepreneurship. En J. A. Cunningham & C. O'Kane (Eds.), Technology-Based Nascent Entrepreneurship (pp. 19-52). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59594-2_2 Larsen, M., Vigier, H. P., Guercio, M. B., & Briozzo, A. E. (2014). Financiamiento mediante obligaciones negociables. El problema de ser PyME. Visión de futuro, 18(2). http://visiondefuturo.fce.unam.edu.ar/index.php/visiondefuturo/article/viewFile/26/18 Lasso, S., Mainardes, E., & Motoki, F. (2017). Why do entrepreneurs open tech startups? A comparative study between Brazilian and foreign enterprises. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0445-8 Lecluyse, L., Knockaert, M., & Spithoven, A. (2018). The contribution of science parks: A literature review and future research agenda. The Journal of Technology Transfer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-09712-x Lima, R. (2016). Economic Growth and Human Capital in the Post-Knowledge Era: A Focus on Positive Externalities and Spillover Effects of Knowledge in Italy and the Emergency of the Less Developed Areas. Journal of Industrial Integration and Management, 01(03), 1650010. https://doi.org/10.1142/S242486221650010X Lloret, S., Ferreres, A., Hernández, A., & Tomás, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: Una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361 Löfsten, H. (2016). Business and innovation resources: Determinants for the survival of new technology-based firms. Management Decision, 54(1), 88-106. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2015-0139 Maculan, A.-M., Hernández, C. N. J., & Domínguez, O. F. C. (2015). Aprendizaje en el proceso de incubación de empresas de base tecnológica. Económicas CUC, 36(1), 9-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17981/econcuc.36.1.2015.21 Malhotra, N. K. (2008). Investigación de mercados. Pearson Educación. McAdam, M., & Marlow, S. (2011). Sense and sensibility: The role of business incubator client advisors in assisting high-technology entrepreneurs to make sense of investment readiness status. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23(7-8), 449-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620903406749 Mian, S., Lamine, W., & Fayolle, A. (2016). Technology Business Incubation: An overview of the state of knowledge. Technovation, 50-51, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2016.02.005 Ramaciotti, L., Muscio, A., & Rizzo, U. (2017). The impact of hard and soft policy measures on new technology-based firms. Regional Studies, 51(4), 629-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1255319 Ramírez, M., & Fernández, M. (2018). Unravelling the effects of Science Parks on the innovation performance of NTBFs. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(2), 482-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9559-y Sempere, F., & Hervás, J. L. (2014). Innovación tecnológica y no tecnológica: Efectos complementarios en la performance empresarial. Economía Industrial, 2014, 71-76. https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/51948 Shane, S. (2012). Reflections on the 2010 AMD Decade Award: Delivering on the Promise of Entrepreneurship As a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0078 Torrecilla, J. A., Skotnicka, A. G., & Tous, D. (2017a). Dimensiones que afectan a los emprendedores tecnológicos: El auge de las nuevas empresas de base tecnológica. 1-10. http://www.revistaespacios.com/a18v39n11/a18v39n11p16.pdf Vereinte Nationen (Ed.). (2018). Frontier technologies for sustainable development. United Nations. Vicens, L., & Grullon, S. (2011). Innovación y emprendimiento. Un modelo basado en el desarrollo del emprendedor. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 1-31. https://publications.iadb.org/es/publicacion/15039/innovacion-y-emprendimiento-un-modelo-basado-en-el-desarrollo-del-emprendedor Xiao, L., & North, D. (2017). The graduation performance of technology business incubators in China's three tier cities: The role of incubator funding, technical support, and entrepreneurial mentoring. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(3), 615-634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9493-4 Zapata, G., López, S. F., Vivel, M., Neira, I., & Rodeiro, D. (2014). El emprendimiento de base tecnológica; características diferenciales. 2-21. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284545728_El_emprendimiento_de_base_tecnologica_caracteristicas_diferenciales Zapata, Á. R. P., & Morales, L. I. R. (2016). Innovación y emprendimiento en América Latina Desafíos y oportunidades de la región para sumarse a la sociedad del conocimiento: México. 23. Zapata, G., Fernández, S., & Neira, I. (2018). El emprendimiento tecnológico en Suramérica: Una aproximación a sus determinantes individuales. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 26(52), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.18504/pl2652-003-2018 Zea, M. P. C., Fonseca, M. P., Pérez, R. A., Bermeo, M. R., & Molina, X. C. (2016). Emprendimientos Informáticos: Una mirada desde la Universidad del Siglo XXI. Revista Didasc@ lia: Didáctica y Educación. ISSN 2224-2643, 7(3), 153–158. Zhang, H., & Sonobe, T. (2011). Business Incubators in China: An Inquiry into the Variables Associated with Incubatee Success. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 5(2011-7), 1. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2011-7

Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution. ; A full list of acknowledgments appears in the Supplementary Note 4. Co-author A.J.M.d.C. recently passed away while this work was in process. This work was performed under the auspices of the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium. We acknowledge the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium for encouraging CHARGE studies to participate in this effort and for the contributions of CHARGE members to the analyses conducted for this research. Funding for this study was provided by the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; Academy of Finland (41071, 77299, 102318, 110413, 117787, 121584, 123885, 124243, 124282, 126925, 129378, 134309, 286284); Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Action on Hearing Loss (G51); Agence Nationale de la 359 Recherche; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; ALFEDIAM; ALK-Abelló A/S; Althingi; American Heart Association (13POST16500011); Amgen; Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies; Ardix Medical; Arthritis Research UK; Association Diabète Risque Vasculaire; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389927, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 552485, 552498); Avera Institute; Bayer Diagnostics; Becton Dickinson; BHF (RG/14/5/30893); Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center (DK46200), Bristol-Myers Squibb; British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/28456, RG2008/08, RG2008/014, SP/04/002); Medical Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes for Health Research (FRCN-CCT-83028); Cancer Research UK; Cardionics; Cavadis B.V., Center for Medical Systems Biology; Center of Excellence in Genomics; CFI; CIHR; City of Kuopio; CNAMTS; Cohortes Santé TGIR; Contrat de Projets État-Région; Croatian Science Foundation (8875); Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF-1333-00124, DFF-1331-00730B); County Council of Dalarna; Dalarna University; Danish Council for Strategic Research; Danish Diabetes Academy; Danish Medical Research Council; Department of Health, UK; Development Fund from the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland; Diabetes UK; Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation Fellowship; Donald W. Reynolds Foundation; Dr Robert Pfleger-Stiftung; Dutch Brain Foundation; Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation; Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute; Dutch Kidney Foundation (E033); Dutch Ministry of Justice; the DynaHEALTH action No. 633595, Economic Structure Enhancing Fund of the Dutch Government; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147, P48/08//A11/08); Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam; Erasmus MC and Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipality of Rotterdam; Estonian Government (IUT20-60, IUT24-6); Estonian Research Roadmap through the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (3.2.0304.11-0312); European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant and 323195:SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC); European Regional Development Fund; European Science Foundation (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); European Commission (018947, 018996, 201668, 223004, 230374, 279143, 284167, 305739, BBMRI-LPC-313010, HEALTH-2011.2.4.2-2-EU-MASCARA, HEALTH-2011-278913, HEALTH-2011-294713-EPLORE, HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F2-2013-601456, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550-HYPERGENES, HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE, IMI/115006, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, LSHG-CT-2006-01947, LSHM-CT-2004-005272, LSHM-CT-2006-037697, LSHM-CT-2007-037273, QLG1-CT-2002-00896, QLG2-CT-2002-01254); Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Fédération Française de Cardiologie; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Association; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Heart Association; Fondation Leducq; Food Standards Agency; Foundation for Strategic Research; French Ministry of Research; FRSQ; Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the NIH; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01ER1206, 01ER1507); GlaxoSmithKline; Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; Göteborg Medical Society; Health and Safety Executive; Healthcare NHS Trust; Healthway; Western Australia; Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden; Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health; Hjartavernd; Ingrid Thurings Foundation; INSERM; InterOmics (PB05 MIUR-CNR); INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (A28); Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN, 09.001); Italian Ministry of Health (ICS110.1/RF97.71); Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance (FaReBio di Qualità); Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands; J.D.E. and Catherine T, MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health; Juho Vainio Foundation; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International; KfH Stiftung Präventivmedizin e.V.; King's College London; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (X51001); La Fondation de France; Leenaards Foundation; Lilly; LMUinnovativ; Lundberg Foundation; Magnus Bergvall Foundation; MDEIE; Medical Research Council UK (G0000934, G0601966, G0700931, MC_U106179471, MC_UU_12019/1); MEKOS Laboratories; Merck Santé; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, The Netherlands; Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands; Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Netherlands; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport in the Republic of Croatia (108-1080315-0302); MRC centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology; MRC Human Genetics Unit; MRC-GlaxoSmithKline pilot programme (G0701863); MSD Stipend Diabetes; National Institute for Health Research; Netherlands Brain Foundation (F2013(1)-28); Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative (CVON2011-19); Netherlands Genomics Initiative (050-060-810); Netherlands Heart Foundation (2001 D 032, NHS2010B280); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (56-464-14192, 60-60600-97-118, 100-001-004, 261-98-710, 400-05-717, 480-04-004, 480-05-003, 481-08-013, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 911-11-025, 985-10-002, Addiction-31160008, BBMRI–NL 184.021.007, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004, GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MW 940-38-011, Middelgroot-911-09-032, NBIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024, Spinozapremie 175.010.2003.005, 175.010.2007.006); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; NHS Foundation Trust; National Institutes of Health (1RC2MH089951, 1Z01HG000024, 24152, 263MD9164, 263MD821336, 2R01LM010098, 32100-2, 32122, 32108, 5K99HL130580-02, AA07535, AA10248, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, AA17688, AG13196, CA047988, DA12854, DK56350, DK063491, DK078150, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616, ES10126, HG004790, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN271201100004C, HL043851, HL45670, HL080467, HL085144, HL087660, HL054457, HL119443, HL118305, HL071981, HL034594, HL126024, HL130114, KL2TR001109, MH66206, MH081802, N01AG12100, N01HC55015, N01HC55016, N01C55018, N01HC55019, N01HC55020, N01HC55021, N01HC55022, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC95159, N01HC95160, N01HC95161, N01HC95162, N01HC95163, N01HC95164, N01HC95165, N01HC95166, N01HC95167, N01HC95168, N01HC95169, N01HG65403, N01WH22110, N02HL6‐4278, N01-HC-25195, P01CA33619, R01HD057194, R01HD057194, R01AG023629, R01CA63, R01D004215701A, R01DK075787, R01DK062370, R01DK072193, R01DK075787, R01DK089256, R01HL53353, R01HL59367, R01HL086694, R01HL087641, R01HL087652, R01HL103612, R01HL105756, R01HL117078, R01HL120393, R03 AG046389, R37CA54281, RC2AG036495, RC4AG039029, RPPG040710371, RR20649, TW008288, TW05596, U01AG009740, U01CA98758, U01CA136792, U01DK062418, U01HG004402, U01HG004802, U01HG007376, U01HL080295, UL1RR025005, UL1TR000040, UL1TR000124, UL1TR001079, 2T32HL007055-36, T32GM074905, HG002651, HL084729, N01-HC-25195, UM1CA182913); NIH, National Institute on Aging (Intramural funding, NO1-AG-1-2109); Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces; Novartis Pharma; Novo Nordisk; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Nutricia Research Foundation (2016-T1); ONIVINS; Parnassia Bavo group; Pierre Fabre; Province of Groningen; Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Påhlssons Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; Research into Ageing; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; Roche; Royal Society; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Sanofi-Aventis; Scottish Government Health Directorates, Chief Scientist Office (CZD/16/6); Siemens Healthcare; Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Société Francophone du 358 Diabète; State of Bavaria; Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor; Stockholm County Council (560183, 592229); Strategic Cardiovascular and Diabetes Programmes of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council; Stroke Association; Swedish Diabetes Association; Swedish Diabetes Foundation (2013-024); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197, 20150711); Swedish Research Council (0593, 8691, 2012-1397, 2012-1727, and 2012-2215); Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Swiss National Science Foundation (3100AO-116323/1, 31003A-143914, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 51RTP0_151019); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Technology Foundation STW (11679); The Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community (G.0880.13, G.0881.13); The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River Region of Western Australia; Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation; Topcon; Tore Nilsson Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation; United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant 2011036), Umeå University; University Hospital of Regensburg; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Michigan; University of Utrecht; Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) (b2011036); Velux Foundation; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research; Västra Götaland Foundation; Wellcome Trust (068545, 076113, 079895, 084723, 088869, WT064890, WT086596, WT098017, WT090532, WT098051, 098381); Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; and Åke Wiberg Foundation. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the National Institutes of Health (NIH); or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ; Peer Reviewed

Acknowledgements. We thank the anonymous referee for useful comments. We thank Marco Fiaschi for carrying out some of the Asiago observations. EK is supported by the Turku Collegium of Science, Medicine and Technology. EK also acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; ST/P000312/1). ECK acknowledges support from the G.R.E.A.T. research environment and support from The Wenner-Gren Foundations. MF is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. EC, LT, AP, and MT are partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2017 with the project "Towards the SKA and CTA era: discovery, localization, and physics of transient objects". HK was funded by the Academy of Finland projects 324504 and 328898. TWC acknowledges the EU Funding under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 842471. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090. This work has been partially supported by the Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER). MG is supported by the Polish NCN MAESTRO grant 2014/14/A/ST9/00121. KM acknowledges support from EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. TMB was funded by the CONICYT PFCHA / DOCTORADOBECAS CHILE/2017-72180113. MN is supported by a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 67.D-0438, 60.A-9475, 199.D-0143, and 1103.D-0328. Some of the observations reported in this paper were obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) under programme 2018-1-DDT-003 (PI: Kankare). Polish participation in SALT is funded by grant No. MNiSW DIR/WK/2016/07. Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated by the Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOTSA. This work is partly based on the NUTS2 programme carried out at the NOT. NUTS2 is funded in part by the Instrument Center for Danish Astrophysics (IDA). The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This paper is also based on observations collected at the Copernico 1.82 m and Schmidt 67/92 Telescopes operated by INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova at Asiago, Italy. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil). Observations were carried out under programme GS-2017A-C-1. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the DOE and NSF (USA), MISE (Spain), STFC (UK), HEFCE (UK), NCSA (UIUC), KICP (U. Chicago), CCAPP (Ohio State), MIFPA (Texas A&M University), CNPQ, FAPERJ, FINEP (Brazil), MINECO (Spain), DFG (Germany) and the collaborating institutions in the Dark Energy Survey, which are Argonne Lab, UC Santa Cruz, University of Cambridge, CIEMAT-Madrid, University of Chicago, University College London, DES-Brazil Consortium, University of Edinburgh, ETH Zürich, Fermilab, University of Illinois, ICE (IEEC-CSIC), IFAE Barcelona, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, LMU München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, University of Michigan, NOAO, University of Nottingham, Ohio State University, OzDES Membership Consortium, University of Pennsylvania, University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Lab, Stanford University, University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID 2017A-0260; and PI: Soares-Santos), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Some of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. This work is based in part on archival data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. This research has made use of NED which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We have made use of the Weizmann Interactive Supernova Data Repository (Yaron & Gal-Yam 2012, https://wiserep.weizmann.ac.il). ; 1 iraf is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. ; The fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) occurring in the central regions of galaxies is not well constrained at present. This is partly because large-scale transient surveys operate at optical wavelengths, making it challenging to detect transient sources that occur in regions susceptible to high extinction factors. Here we present the discovery and follow-up observations of two CCSNe that occurred in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 3256. The first, SN 2018ec, was discovered using the ESO HAWK-I/GRAAL adaptive optics seeing enhancer, and was classified as a Type Ic with a host galaxy extinction of AV = 2.1−0.1+0.3 mag. The second, AT 2018cux, was discovered during the course of follow-up observations of SN 2018ec, and is consistent with a subluminous Type IIP classification with an AV = 2.1 ± 0.4 mag of host extinction. A third CCSN, PSN J10275082−4354034 in NGC 3256, was previously reported in 2014, and we recovered the source in late-time archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Based on template light curve fitting, we favour a Type IIn classification for it with modest host galaxy extinction of AV = 0.3−0.3+0.4 mag. We also extend our study with follow-up data of the recent Type IIb SN 2019lqo and Type Ib SN 2020fkb that occurred in the LIRG system Arp 299 with host extinctions of AV = 2.1−0.3+0.1 and AV = 0.4−0.2+0.1 mag, respectively. Motivated by the above, we inspected, for the first time, a sample of 29 CCSNe located within a projected distance of 2.5 kpc from the host galaxy nuclei in a sample of 16 LIRGs. We find, if star formation within these galaxies is modelled assuming a global starburst episode and normal IMF, that there is evidence of a correlation between the starburst age and the CCSN subtype. We infer that the two subgroups of 14 H-poor (Type IIb/Ib/Ic/Ibn) and 15 H-rich (Type II/IIn) CCSNe have different underlying progenitor age distributions, with the H-poor progenitors being younger at 3σ significance. However, we note that the currently available sample sizes of CCSNe and host LIRGs are small, and the statistical comparisons between subgroups do not take into account possible systematic or model errors related to the estimated starburst ages. ; DOCTORADOBECAS CHILE/2017-72180113 ; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University ; EU H2020 ERC 758638 ; IFAE Barcelona ; IPAC ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias ; KICP ; MIFPA ; Marie Skłodowska-Curie 839090,PGC2018-095317-B-C21 ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy ; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics ; NOAO ; National Central University of Taiwan ; National Optical Astronomy Observatories ; Science Foundation Ireland University ; Turku Collegium of Science, Medicine and Technology ; Weizmann Institute for Science ; National Science Foundation NSF ; U.S. Department of Energy USDOE ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration AST-1238877,NNX08AR22G NASA ; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation NAS5-26555 GBMF ; Merck Institute for Science Education MISE ; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign UIUC ; Stanford University SU ; Argonne National Laboratory ANL ; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2017A-0260 LBNL ; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee ; Ohio State University OSU ; California Institute of Technology CIT ; University of Chicago ; University of Michigan U-M ; University of Washington UW ; Johns Hopkins University JHU ; Texas A and M University TAMU ; University of Maryland UMD ; University of Hawai'i UH ; Los Alamos National Laboratory LANL ; University of Portsmouth ; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory SAO ; National Centre for Supercomputing Applications NCSA ; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020 ; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory SLAC ; National Research Council NRC ; Space Telescope Science Institute STScI ; Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University CCAPP ; Wenner-Gren Stiftelserna ; Science and Technology Facilities Council ST/P000312/1 STFC ; Royal Society ; Royal Astronomical Society MNiSW DIR/WK/2016/07 RAS ; University College London UCL ; European Commission 842471 EC ; University of Nottingham ; University of Sussex AST-1440341 ; University of Edinburgh ED ; Queen's University Belfast QUB ; Durham University ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG ; Suomen Akatemia 324504,328898 ; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica CONICYT ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva MINCyT ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad MINECO ; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação MCTI ; Liverpool John Moores University LJMU ; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft MPG ; Narodowe Centrum Nauki 2014/14/A/ST9/00121 NCN ; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro FAPERJ ; Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos FINEP ; European Regional Development Fund ERDF ; Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem ELTE

Full list of authors: Bonoli, S.; Marín-Franch, A.; Varela, J.; Vázquez Ramió, H.; Abramo, L. R.; Cenarro, A. J.; Dupke, R. A.; Vílchez, J. M.; Cristóbal-Hornillos, D.; González Delgado, R. M.; Hernández-Monteagudo, C.; López-Sanjuan, C.; Muniesa, D. J.; Civera, T.; Ederoclite, A.; Hernán-Caballero, A.; Marra, V.; Baqui, P. O.; Cortesi, A.; Cypriano, E. S.; Daflon, S.; de Amorim, A. L.; Díaz-García, L. A.; Diego, J. M.; Martínez-Solaeche, G.; Pérez, E.; Placco, V. M.; Prada, F.; Queiroz, C.; Alcaniz, J.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Cepa, J.; Maroto, A. L.; Roig, F.; Siffert, B. B.; Taylor, K.; Benitez, N.; Moles, M.; Sodré, L.; Carneiro, S.; Mendes de Oliveira, C.; Abdalla, E.; Angulo, R. E.; Aparicio Resco, M.; Balaguera-Antolínez, A.; Ballesteros, F. J.; Brito-Silva, D.; Broadhurst, T.; Carrasco, E. R.; Castro, T.; Cid Fernandes, R.; Coelho, P.; de Melo, R. B.; Doubrawa, L.; Fernandez-Soto, A.; Ferrari, F.; Finoguenov, A.; García-Benito, R.; Iglesias-Páramo, J.; Jiménez-Teja, Y.; Kitaura, F. S.; Laur, J.; Lopes, P. A. A.; Lucatelli, G.; Martínez, V. J.; Maturi, M.; Overzier, R. A.; Pigozzo, C.; Quartin, M.; Rodríguez-Martín, J. E.; Salzano, V.; Tamm, A.; Tempel, E.; Umetsu, K.; Valdivielso, L. ; von Marttens, R.; Zitrin, A.; Díaz-Martín, M. C.; López-Alegre, G.; López-Sainz, A.; Yanes-Díaz, A.; Rueda-Teruel, F.; Rueda-Teruel, S.; Abril Ibañez, J.; L Antón Bravo, J.; Bello Ferrer, R.; Bielsa, S.; Casino, J. M.; Castillo, J.; Chueca, S.; Cuesta, L.; Garzarán Calderaro, J.; Iglesias-Marzoa, R.; Íniguez, C.; Lamadrid Gutierrez, J. L.; Lopez-Martinez, F.; Lozano-Pérez, D.; Maícas Sacristán, N.; Molina-Ibáñez, E. L.; Moreno-Signes, A.; Rodríguez Llano, S.; Royo Navarro, M.; Tilve Rua, V.; Andrade, U.; Alfaro, E. J.; Akras, S.; Arnalte-Mur, P.; Ascaso, B.; Barbosa, C. E.; Beltrán Jiménez, J.; Benetti, M.; Bengaly, C. A. P.; Bernui, A.; Blanco-Pillado, J. J.; Borges Fernandes, M.; Bregman, J. N.; Bruzual, G.; Calderone, G.; Carvano, J. M.; Casarini, L.; Chaves-Montero, J.; Chies-Santos, A. L.; Coutinho de Carvalho, G.; Dimauro, P.; Duarte Puertas, S.; Figueruelo, D.; González-Serrano, J. I.; Guerrero, M. A.; Gurung-López, S.; Herranz, D.; Huertas-Company, M.; Irwin, J. A.; Izquierdo-Villalba, D.; Kanaan, A.; Kehrig, C.; Kirkpatrick, C. C.; Lim, J.; Lopes, A. R.; Lopes de Oliveira, R.; Marcos-Caballero, A.; Martínez-Delgado, D.; Martínez-González, E.; Martínez-Somonte, G.; Oliveira, N.; Orsi, A. A.; Penna-Lima, M.; Reis, R. R. R.; Spinoso, D.; Tsujikawa, S.; Vielva, P.; Vitorelli, A. Z.; Xia, J. Q.; Yuan, H. B.; Arroyo-Polonio, A.; Dantas, M. L. L.; Galarza, C. A.; Gonçalves, D. R.; Gonçalves, R. S.; Gonzalez, J. E.; Gonzalez, A. H.; Greisel, N.; Jiménez-Esteban, F.; Landim, R. G.; Lazzaro, D.; Magris, G.; Monteiro-Oliveira, R.; Pereira, C. B.; Rebouças, M. J.; Rodriguez-Espinosa, J. M.; Santos da Costa, S.; Telles, E. ; The Javalambre-Physics of the Accelerating Universe Astrophysical Survey (J-PAS) will scan thousands of square degrees of the northern sky with a unique set of 56 filters using the dedicated 2:55m Javalambre Survey Telescope (JST) at the Javalambre Astrophysical Observatory. Prior to the installation of the main camera (4:2 deg2 field-of-view with 1.2 Gpixels), the JST was equipped with the JPAS-Pathfinder, a one CCD camera with a 0:3 deg2 field-of-view and plate scale of 0.23 arcsec pixel?1. To demonstrate the scientific potential of J-PAS, the JPAS-Pathfinder camera was used to perform miniJPAS, a _1 deg2 survey of the AEGIS field (along the Extended Groth Strip). The field was observed with the 56 J-PAS filters, which include 54 narrow band (FWHM _ 145 ) and two broader filters extending to the UV and the near-infrared, complemented by the u; g; r; i SDSS broad band filters. In this miniJPAS survey overview paper, we present the miniJPAS data set (images and catalogs), as we highlight key aspects and applications of these unique spectro-photometric data and describe how to access the public data products. The data parameters reach depths of magAB ' 22?23:5 in the 54 narrow band filters and up to 24 in the broader filters (5_ in a 300 aperture). The miniJPAS primary catalog contains more than 64 000 sources detected in the r band and with matched photometry in all other bands. This catalog is 99% complete at r = 23:6 (r = 22:7) mag for point-like (extended) sources. We show that our photometric redshifts have an accuracy better than 1% for all sources up to r = 22:5, and a precision of _0:3% for a subset consisting of about half of the sample. On this basis, we outline several scientific applications of our data, including the study of spatially-resolved stellar populations of nearby galaxies, the analysis of the large scale structure up to z _ 0:9, and the detection of large numbers of clusters and groups. Sub-percent redshift precision can also be reached for quasars, allowing for the study of the large-scale structure to be pushed to z 2. The miniJPAS survey demonstrates the capability of the J-PAS filter system to accurately characterize a broad variety of sources and paves the way for the upcoming arrival of J-PAS, which will multiply this data by three orders of magnitude. © 2021 EDP Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Funding for OAJ, UPAD, and CEFCA has been provided by the Governments of Spain and Aragon through the Fondo de Inversiones de Teruel; the Aragon Government through the Research Groups E96, E103, and E16_17R; the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) with grant PGC2018-097585-B-C21; the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/FEDER, UE) under AYA2015-66211-C2-1-P, AYA2015-66211-C2-2, AYA2012-30789, and ICTS2009-14; and European FEDER funding (FCDD10-4E-867, FCDD13-4E-2685). This work has made used of CEFCA's Scientific High Performance Computing system which has been funded by the Governments of Spain and Aragon through the Fondo de Inversiones de Teruel, and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO-FEDER, grant AYA2012-30789). Funding for the J-PAS project has been provided also by the Brazilian agencies FINEP, FAPESP, FAPERJ and by the National Observatory of Brazil. Additional funding was also provided by the Tartu Observatory and by the Chinese Consortium from the Academy of Sciences SB acknowledges partial support from the project PGC2018-097585-B-C22. R.A.D. acknowledges support from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico -CNPq through BP grant 308105/2018-4, and the Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos -FINEP grants REF. 1217/13 -01.13.0279.00 and REF 0859/10 -01.10.0663.00 and also FAPERJ PRONEX grant E-26/110.566/2010 for hardware funding support for the J-PAS project through the National Observatory of Brazil and Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas. LRA acknowledges financial support from CNPq (306696/2018-5) and FAPESP (2015/17199-0). VMthanks CNPq (Brazil) and FAPES (Brazil) for partial financial support and the H2020 project No 888258. L.A.D.G. and K.U. acknowledge support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (grant MOST 106-2628-M-001-003-MY3) and from the Academia Sinica (grant AS-IA-107-M01). J.M.D. and D.H acknowledge the support of project PGC2018-101814-B-100. MQ thanks CNPq (Brazil) and FAPERJ (Brazil) for financial support. PC acknowledges financial support from FAPESP (2018/05392-8) and CNPq (310041/2018-0). AAC acknowledges support from FAPERJ (E26/203.186/2016), CNPq (304971/2016-2 and 401669/2016-5), and the Universidad de Alicante (contract UATALENTO1802). C.Q. acknowledges support from FAPESP (2015/11442-0 and 2019/067661). V.M.P. is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by AURA under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. P.B acknowledges support from CAPES -Finance Code 001. IAA researchers acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). Authors acknowledge support from the Generalitat Valenciana project of excellence Prometeo/2020/085. RGD, GMS, JRM, RGB, EP acknowledge financial support from the project AyA2016-77846-P. TC is supported by the INFN INDARK PD51 and PRIN-MIUR 2015W7KAWC. MAR and ALM acknowledge support from the MINECO project FIS2016-78859P(AEI/FEDER, UE). ET, AT and JL acknowledge the support by ETAg grants IUT40-2 and by EU through the ERDF CoE grant TK133 and MOBTP86. CK, JMV, JIP acknowledge financial support from project AYA2016-79724C4-4P. PAAL thanks the support of CNPq (309398/2018-5). LC thanks CNPq for partial support. Y.J-T acknowledges financial support from the FAPERJ (E26/202.835/2016), and from the Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 898633. DMD acknowledges financial support from the SFB 881 of the DFG and from the MINECO grant AYA2016-81065-C2-2. FP acknowledges support of the project PGC2018-101931-B-I00. JC acknowledges support of the project E AYA2017-88007-C3-1-P, and co-financed by the FEDER. JIGs acknowledges support of projects of reference AYA2017-88007-C3-3-P, and PGC2018-099705-B-I00 and co-financed by the FEDER. EMG and PV would like to acknowledge financial support from the project ESP2017-83921C2-1-R. GMS acknowleges financial support from a predoctoral contract, ref. PRE2018-085523 (MCIU/AEI/FSE, UE). S.C. is partially supported by CNPq. R.G.L. acknowledges CAPES (process 88881.162206/2017-01) and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for the financial support. JSA acknowledges support from FAPERJ (E26/203.024/2017), CNP (310790/2014-0 and 400471/2014-0) and FINEP (1217/13 -01.13.0279.00 and Ref. 0859/10 -01.10.0663.00). RvM acknowledges support from CNPq. AFS, PAM, VJM and FJB acknowledge support from project AYA2016-81065-C2-2. PAM acknowledges support from the "Subprograma Atraccio de Talent -Contractes Postdoctorals de la Universitat de Valencia". ESC acknowledges support from CNPq (308539/20184) and FAPESP (2019/19687-2). CMdO acknowledges support from CNPq (grant 312333/2014-5) and FAPESP (grant 2009/54202-8). LSJ acknowledges support from CNPq (grant 304819/2017-4) and FAPESP (grant 2012/008004). JMC acknowledges support from CNPq (grant 310727/2016-2). C.H.-M. and N. Greisel also acknowledge the support of the European Union via the Career Integration Grant CIG-PCIG9-GA-2011-294183. JJBP and AMC would like to acknowledge the support from the grant PGC2018-094626-B-C21 and the Basque Government grant IT-979-16. AMC acknowledges the postdoctoral contract from the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU "Especializacioon de personal investigador doctor" program. MLLD acknowledges CAPES -Finance Code 001; and CNPq (142294/2018-7). GB acknowledges financial support from the UNAM through grant DGAPA/PAPIIT IG100319, from CONACyT through grant CB2015-252364, and from FAPESP projects 2017/02375-2 and 2018/05392-8. M.J. Reboucas acknowledges the support of FAPERJ under a CNE E-26/202.864/2017 grant, and CNPq. Support by CNPq (305409/2016-6) and FAPERJ (E-26/202.841/2017) is acknowledged by DL. AB acknowledges a CNPq fellowship. C.A.G.acknowledges support from CAPES. EA acknowledges support from FAPESP (2011/18729-1). AC acknowledges support from PNPD/CAPES. ABA and FSK acknowledge the Severo Ochoa program SEV-2015-0548. FSK also thanks the AYA2017-89891-P and the RYC2015-18693 grants. DF acknowledges support from the Atraccion del Talento Cientifico en Salamanca programme and the project PGC2018-096038B-I00. ; Peer reviewed

Contemporary Ukrainian state and society pass through complicated and contradictory period of transformation of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations. The youth, as subject and object of policy, social and cultural relations, mirrors the features of Ukrainian political system's evolution and cultural evolution in its vital activity. The youth is an important part of Ukrainian society, the medium of its intellectual potential, a main factor of socio-economic progress. Process of state building largely depends on capability of youth to be an active creative power.Nevertheless, it should be noted, that significant part of youth has no reliable political and socio-cultural reference points, civic consciousness isn't formed, spiritual and moral ideals are lost, increasingly the youth regards with negative to socially useful activities and becomes most separated from society and state than previous generations.Meantime effective socialization of youth is a necessary condition for a constant development of Ukrainian political system, largely depictures the future of the country. Perspective of society's further development primarily depend on the features of formation of the political culture of youth, its political values, socio-political orientation, political choice, attitude to power.In this regard, necessity of studying processes, what spread across youth subculture, political analysis of youth subcultural differentiation, production technologies and mechanisms for prevention deviant behaviour and crises among young people, appears.The socio-economic and spiritual development of Ukraine is impossible without concentration on resolving the problems of the youth as future of our country, a guarantor of social and economic progress, because an immutable truth is that further development mostly depend on providing young generations with decent conditions for life. In despite of declared realization of this truth, a majority of countries in the world starts new millennium with a significant burden of unsolved problems of youth, most of them, for a example, imparity of youth, unemployment, marginalization of young people, propagation of illegal social practices and asocial manifestations among young people, youth health problems and some marital and family problems etc., now shows tendency to intensification.Under conditions of deep economic and demographic crisis, crisis of culture and ideology, of post-Soviet countries, including Ukraine, youth problems in different areas of life become more specific, they entail hard and prolonged consequences, therefore, they need be analyzed deeply and regulated, realistic and balanced youth policy must be developed.The term "youth" is treated diversely in many branches of science - philosophy, sociology, political science, pedagogy, psychology etc. Its generalized version is suggested in encyclopedias and determines the youth as a separate socio-demographic group that differs in a complex of age characteristics, features of social status, that are determined by social system, culture, regularity of socialization, education in terms of a particular society.The youth, within the meaning of current age ranges of youth in Ukraine (according to national legislation an age range of youth is 15 - 34 years), makes up the significant part of the population of Ukraine. Now the youth contingent in Ukraine is demographically heterogeneous, because the youth unites in itself groups of rather a broad age range – from teenagers (15-17 years), post teenagers (18-19 years old) to much more experienced in age and socially persons and adults, that are over 30 years old (30-34 years).It should be considered that the youth is socially heterogeneous. Yong workers, villagers, students, political leaders, representatives of the business community, migrants, young specialists, marginal people with different degree of success adapt to market economy, frequently orient themselves on contradictory political and spiritual values.The position of youth political culture, as well as society generally, is largely fragmented. The separate groups of the youth differ from each other in the interest to policy, level of inclusion in the political life, orientations on different ideological and political currents of modern Ukraine. All this differences haven't characterized as acute antagonism and haven't led to excessive politicization yet.The young people significantly differ from older generations, because they almost got rid of illusions that somebody can solve their own problems. They are individualistic and pragmatic, relate to the modern authority rather neutrally and don't connect any positive changes with it.The young generation perceives the policy and the authority as entity that cause neither admiration, nor especially acute negative emotions. First of all, it proves in removal of a large number of the youth from political life. In some measure apathy of youth, first of all, appears because the reforms that take place in Ukraine impact on the youth most painfully, and because of absence of understanding policy towards youth as an independent socio-demographic group, also because the youth, on the one hand, doesn't see necessity to change something cardinally in environment, but, on the other hand, doesn't consider political activity as something important, it finds most perspective methods and forms of self-fulfillment. As a result – total alienation of the youth from the authority, that can be transformed into active rejection at any time.Today state only declares principles of political culture of participation and public culture. During period of formation of the youth generation it is necessary to examine the situation, to explore the depth and sharpness of social problems, to establish monitoring of youth life.Modern problems such as crisis of relationship of generations, impairment of vital parameters, formation of specific youth subculture and counterculture etc., demonstrate that all structures of socialization together – family, environment and even education, become not enough to solve the problems of society when new generations come on and it is not enough to solve the problems of youth, that takes on its historical subjectivity.Liberal views of youth are often formed under the influence of education, cultural environment, family socialization, but are not the result of a «rational» choice. State youth policy, as an innovative Institute, has it own particularities and the main one of them is that it is specialized and was built on innovative forms of activity. These forms are associated with deep process of knowledge and management. They need political will and great resources to be realized. The payment for that are guaranteed results of activity, without what society can't exist and develop no longer.As a result of new situation, what appeared because political activity in labor and educational groups had been prohibited, the policy moved on from industrial and academic areas to the sphere of free time of youth and led new youth organizations on the competition with traditional structures of free time. The youth structures could gain neither recognition, nor authority on broad stratums of the rising generation.The perspective of further development of society connects, first of all, with features of the formation of political culture of youth, its political values, a socio-political orientation, political choice and attitude towards the authority.The formation of consciousness of the category of population is strategically important for the state, because working politically active forces will be replaced exactly by today's youth. Now it is hard to manipulate the young people, they are very sensitive and note everything that takes place in society. May be, some part of them go to policy in order to make money, but for the most of them is important to realize their own opinions.The current political situation in Ukraine makes the youth think about a lot of questions: how can I, young man, decide something and affect the situation in the country (the region); how much does my vote weigh in elections etc. One of the most important factors that can push these people into active public deeds is confidence of an opportunity that something can be changed by their choice and decision.The modern politicians come to understanding that the slogans are ineffective and the youth can't be conquered with appeals on TV. The new generation is more independent than previous one and, the most important of this, that it has a choice. The votes of youth will not be cast without any reason – someone must work with it. The experience of last decades proves that only when countries pay much attention on work with youth they will success in policy and economy. A sustainable progress is demonstrated by societies that have looked over the system of traditional opinions about new generation and it importance for political and socio-economical development (for example, Germany, Sweden).In Ukraine a program of state and public actions in this sphere and mechanisms of solving these problems is determined by modern national policy. The especial attention should be paid to solving problems of youth self-realization and formation of young citizens.There is 367 003 persons (30,67 percent of all population of the region) of young people from 14 to 35 years old in Mykolaiv, including citizens - 251 712 persons and villagers - 115 291 persons. The youth needs permanent protection and help of state. However to give support to the youth doesn't mean to solve all its problems. First of all, it means to give the youth an opportunity to solve problems by itself.The Regional Program "The Youth of Mykolaiv Region" on 2011-2015 years becomes a strategic document. The conception determines directions of relationship's development between the state and the youth at the regional level. The most optimal way and method of solution are:to develop the scientifically argumentative strategy of implementation of public policy towards the youth of region;to popularize efficiency, availability and creation of extensive network of youth social infrastructure, a directing on activity that will satisfy needs and create the necessary conditions for effective socialization of young people;to promote youth occupation by introduction the system of career-guidance, creation the conditions for secondary employment, provision with fist job, stimulation to make business, outspread of youth information field concerning existing professions and demand for them; to promote youth employment and youth entrepreneurship by expansion of employment, professional training of youth, giving an opportunity to realize youth projects;to involve the youth in realization of social programs and projects of state youth policy that are directed on solving problems according to Program;to create a complex system of social protection for representatives in special categories of youth community, to render social assistance and support for the youth that is in crisis;to create conditions for providing social assistance and modeling healthy lifestyle among all groups of youth in Mykolaiv;to encourage the creative self-realization and total evolution of youth, to support the youth initiatives and activities at different spheres of life, to implement incentives in order to improve the cultural level of youth;to implement the mechanism how to inform youth community by mass media and Internet-resource;to implement measures to create conditions for youth loans;to promote the youth integration towards world and European community, the exchange of experience and joint activities of the youth at the regional and the national levels;to promote spiritual and physical development of young people in Mykolaiv region, a high patriotic consciousness, a national pride, a formation and development of motivation that is directed to preparation for doing public and constitutional duty in order to protect the national interests of Ukraine.Now it is possible to use young people in realization of youth police by enlisting them in youth and children public organizations. These organizations are one of the most important social institutes that promote a formation of civil society. The public organizations have exclusive opportunities for political socialization of youth, because they are not only a key-note subject of youth policy that affects its formation and realization, but also are good staff reserve for the public authorities and local government. The social movement is the force that can't be ignored and should not be ignored.So, it is important to create legal and other conditions for cooperation of the authority, youth public organizations and active representatives of this part of population. The principal revolution in youth attitude to policy will take place only when it feels itself a real member of process of transformation and development in Ukrainian society. ; Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей формирования политической куль-туры молодежи, ее политических ценностей, социально-политических ориентиров в период трансформации украинского общества, анализируется роль государства в формировании и реализации современной молодежной политики. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню особливостей формування політичної культури молоді, її політичних цінностей, соціально-політичних орієнтирів у період трансформації українського суспільства, проаналізовано роль держави у формуванні та реалізації сучасної молодіжної політики.