Suchergebnisse

During the last decade Baltic countries experienced a full economic cycle – slow recovery, fast growth and sharp deterioration of whole economy. On the growth period the portfolio of mortgage loans and real estate market developed extremely rapidly, thus, since 2007 - 2008 there was discussions about the overheating of economies and bubbles of the real estate prices in the Baltic countries. However, the majority of the citizens were still taking advantage of easy accessible mortgage loans for the acquisition of desired real estate even prices were going upwards. Unfortunately, doubts about overheating of the separate parts of economies were reasonable and economies of the Baltic countries contracted the most among all EU. Therefore, with a full picture of economic cycle the analysis of portfolio of mortgage loans is being developed. Identification of the main factors that are determining growth of the portfolio of mortgage loans is important for developing a strategy to avoid possible economic crises in the future or to ease the negative effects of economic downturn. The aim of the paper – to find out the most important macroeconomic factors that are determining the dynamic of mortgage portfolio in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The object of the paper – the mortgage portfolio of the three Baltic countries and macroeconomic factors of the mortgage portfolio. To reach the aim of the paper such tasks were developed: 1) Examine the theory and the models that are analyzing the mortgage portfolio. 2) Determine the macroeconomic factors of the mortgage portfolio. 3) Study dynamics of the mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. 4) Build up a most suitable model for analyzing the factors of the mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. 5) Find out the most influential factors of mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. The paper consists of 52 pages, 22 graphs and 12 tables. The research was based on 52 references. The paper is split into 3 main parts. In the first part of paper the main economic factors of mortgage portfolio are indentified, and various authors and theoretical models are analyzed. Such factors as fluctuation of the inflation, negative growths of GDP, the growth of real interest rates, swings in real estate market, over leverage of the government and private individuals, should be closely monitored in order to maintain a sustainable development of the mortgage portfolio. In the second part of the paper, the current situation of the Baltic countries during period 1999 – 2009 is analyzed. The focus is on the rapid development of the mortgage portfolio during the credit boom times. Also, a sudden stop of the growth of loan portfolio and a rapid increase of the provisioning levels for non-performing loans are being discussed. The main causes of the artificial and unsustainable growth of mortgage portfolio are described. Afterwards, the model for factors of mortgage portfolio of the Baltic counties is build up. In the third part, the research of the Baltic countries mortgage portfolio is done based on correlation and regression analysis of the macroeconomic factors. Results of the research confirmed that real GDP is the main factor determining the development of mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. Analysis of the real estate market prices and real GDP growth showed that growth of economy is more sustainable when the main driver of mortgage portfolio is real GDP growth, but not growth of the real estate prices. Also, the results showed that changes of real interest rates did not have any significant correlation with mortgage portfolio. However mortgage portfolio showed significant negative correlation with nominal national interbank interest rates - Vilibor, Rigibor and Talibor. When average income was analyzed – it showed no significant relation to the mortgage market – and that could be one of the main reasons of the unsustainable growth of the mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries.

Maģistra darba tēma ir "Administratīvo tiesību problēmas neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības dienestā". Darba temata aktualitāti pamatā nosaka apstāklis, ka NMP dienests ir salīdzinoši jauna, bet ļoti liela (personāla, finanšu un materiāltehnisko resursu ziņā) un ārkārtīgi nozīmīga tiešās valsts pārvaldes iestāde (sabiedrībai nodrošināto funkciju ziņā). Sakārtojoties ikdienas neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības sniegšanas praktiskajiem jautājumiem, ir būtiski identificēt un analizēt tās tiesiskās problēmas, kas skar NMP dienestu kā tiešās valsts pārvaldes iestādi administratīvā procesa ietvaros. Darba mērķis ir identificēt un analizēt būtiskākās administratīvi tiesiskās problēmas NMP dienestā. Lai sasniegtu darba mērķi, darbā izvirzīti tādi uzdevumi, kā raksturot un salīdzināt neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības sistēmas dažādās ES dalībvalstīs, tai skaitā LR, aplūkot NMP dienesta funkcijas, uzdevumus un organizatorisko struktūru, analizēt un vērtēt neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības reformas norisi LR, pētīt neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības sniegšanu kā iestādes faktisko rīcību, kā arī apzināt un analizēt administratīvi tiesiskām problēmām saistībā ar neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības reformu, NMP dienestu un administratīvo procesu tajā. Darbā aplūkotas administratīvi tiesiskās problēmas saistībā ar NMP dienestu un tā darbību. Kā būtiskākās no tām var minēt tiesiskā regulējuma un prakses trūkumu attiecībā uz valsts pārvaldes uzdevuma – pirmsslimnīcas neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības sniegšanas - deleģējuma izbeigšanu pašvaldību ārstniecības iestādēm un uzdevuma nodošanu NMP dienestam, kā arī apgrūtinātu atsevišķu APL normu piemērošana praksē, kas saistīta ar neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības kā faktiskās rīcības specifiku. Darba apjoms ir 87 lapas. Darbs sastāv no apzīmējumu saraksta, ievada, četras nodaļām, deviņām apakšnodaļām, kopsavilkuma. Darba noslēgumā izdarīti situāciju raksturojošus secinājumus un sniegt priekšlikumus neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības normatīvā regulējuma pilnveidošanai. Izmantotās literatūras un avotu sarakstā ir 78 darba izstrāde izmantotās literatūras vienības un avoti. Darbu papildina seši pielikumi ar 16 attēliem, 1 tabulu un 1 veidlapas paraugu. ; The theme of Master's work is "The administrative legal problemas existing in the State emergency medical service". The topicality is based on the circumstance that the State emergency medical service (further- SEMS) is relatively new, but quite big (within the framework of the personnel, financial and technical) and impressively important authority of the direct government (within the terms of provided functions). By arranging the daily practical questions for providing the emergency medical service it is essential to identify and analyze those legal problems related to the SEMS as a public authority of the direct government withing the framework of legal administrative process. The aim of the Master's work is to identify and analize the most essential administrative legal problems in the SEMS. For the achieving of it, the author has put forward the following tasks: to characterize and compare the systems of the emergency medical service within several EU countries, i.e., Latvia, to look at the SEMS functions, tasks and organization structure, to analyze and evaluate the accomplishment of the reform of the emergency medical service in Latvia, to research the rendering of the emergency medical services as the actual action of the authority and to analyze the problems arisen from the institutional reform of the emergency medical services as well, the administrative process of the SEMS. There are analyzed the legal problems related to the SEMS and its activities in the Master's work. As the most important of them is the lack of legal regulation and practice in the relation of the accomplishment the task of state governement task – the duty of the prehospital aid assistance what was recently transferred from the local municipalities to the SEMS. There are some problems mentioned arisen from the implementation of the Administrative Procedure Law norms what relate to the emergency medical services as the specific character of the actual actions. The amount of the work is 87 pages. The Master's work consists of a term list, introduction, four chapters, nine subchapters, the summary. The several proposals have been developed for the changes in the current legal regulation of the emergency medical service. There are used 78 units and sources of literature in the list of used literature. The 6 appendixes, 16 pictures, 1 table and 1 blank of form are appended to the Master's work.

Public sector reforms have an impact on every taxpayer because the overall reform objectives are to save state resources and to improve people's quality of life. It is important to improve the qualification of the civil servants to implement changes, in other reforms can not produce the desired results. The training of the civil servants is an issue for many authors, but the civil servants training characteristics of accounting and other similar reforms are not addressed. The work raises the problem that although the law provides for the civil servants qualification, it is unclear how this legislation with the reform in a given situation applies single institution. The hypothesis is – the training system of the civil servants is no panacea, and should be adapted to each reform. Object of the work is the training of the civil servants for the Public Sector Accounting Reform. The aim of the work – to examine the training of civil servants features of Public Sector Accounting Reform. In order to raise the goal the following tasks: to analyze the qualification of the civil servants legislation; to know about the essence and characteristics of the Public Sector Accounting Reform; to examine how the civil servants have been caused by the qualification that the implementation of reform and to suggest how to improve the qualification of the civil servants for similar reforms. The following methods were used in this work: collection, systematization, generalization, comparison, evaluation and methods of analysis of the scientific literature and of the legislation, as well as a questionnaire survey. The work consists of three parts divided into subparts and headings. The first part is found training concept, and it addresses training requirements for individual stages of the set of theoretical possibilities of the civil servants training and professional education reforms and the identification of civil servants training difficulties. The second part disclosures the objectives, milestones, expected results, the implementation of measures for the Public Sector Accounting Reform. The third part is used for civil servants training research methodology and for the disclosure the training problems of the civil servants for the said reform. Based on literature, law and analysis of research results the conclusions and recommendations are formulated. The training system of the civil servants is not perfect: there is no qualification stages of feedback, there is no guarantee that the reform of the public servant's performance rating will be raised and brought a timely manner. Thus, the introduction to the work hypothesis is confirmed – the training system of the civil servants is not universal, and should be adapted to individual public sector reforms. The training of the civil servants in pursuance to implement the Public Sector Accounting Reform has taken place not according to the laws. Other problems raising the training of the civil servants to carry out this reform: the lack of interest in public officials, legislative options granted to the under-utilization, poor training and planning process, organization and implementation of low-quality training tools. To implement the similar reforms it is appropriate to consider the following recommendations: to correct or supplement the legislation by way of the feedback of the training process, to set some exceptions in the training process of the civil servants in pursuance to implement reforms. Reforms should be coordinated with those responsible for the reform institution, the public servants should be informed about the future developments involving them in decision-making in the reform and the reform measures should be adapted in time. The list of references is presented in the end of the Work and a table of the training of the civil servants and their peculiarities as well as the questionnaire survey results summary are presented in the annex.

Public sector reforms have an impact on every taxpayer because the overall reform objectives are to save state resources and to improve people's quality of life. It is important to improve the qualification of the civil servants to implement changes, in other reforms can not produce the desired results. The training of the civil servants is an issue for many authors, but the civil servants training characteristics of accounting and other similar reforms are not addressed. The work raises the problem that although the law provides for the civil servants qualification, it is unclear how this legislation with the reform in a given situation applies single institution. The hypothesis is – the training system of the civil servants is no panacea, and should be adapted to each reform. Object of the work is the training of the civil servants for the Public Sector Accounting Reform. The aim of the work – to examine the training of civil servants features of Public Sector Accounting Reform. In order to raise the goal the following tasks: to analyze the qualification of the civil servants legislation; to know about the essence and characteristics of the Public Sector Accounting Reform; to examine how the civil servants have been caused by the qualification that the implementation of reform and to suggest how to improve the qualification of the civil servants for similar reforms. The following methods were used in this work: collection, systematization, generalization, comparison, evaluation and methods of analysis of the scientific literature and of the legislation, as well as a questionnaire survey. The work consists of three parts divided into subparts and headings. The first part is found training concept, and it addresses training requirements for individual stages of the set of theoretical possibilities of the civil servants training and professional education reforms and the identification of civil servants training difficulties. The second part disclosures the objectives, milestones, expected results, the implementation of measures for the Public Sector Accounting Reform. The third part is used for civil servants training research methodology and for the disclosure the training problems of the civil servants for the said reform. Based on literature, law and analysis of research results the conclusions and recommendations are formulated. The training system of the civil servants is not perfect: there is no qualification stages of feedback, there is no guarantee that the reform of the public servant's performance rating will be raised and brought a timely manner. Thus, the introduction to the work hypothesis is confirmed – the training system of the civil servants is not universal, and should be adapted to individual public sector reforms. The training of the civil servants in pursuance to implement the Public Sector Accounting Reform has taken place not according to the laws. Other problems raising the training of the civil servants to carry out this reform: the lack of interest in public officials, legislative options granted to the under-utilization, poor training and planning process, organization and implementation of low-quality training tools. To implement the similar reforms it is appropriate to consider the following recommendations: to correct or supplement the legislation by way of the feedback of the training process, to set some exceptions in the training process of the civil servants in pursuance to implement reforms. Reforms should be coordinated with those responsible for the reform institution, the public servants should be informed about the future developments involving them in decision-making in the reform and the reform measures should be adapted in time. The list of references is presented in the end of the Work and a table of the training of the civil servants and their peculiarities as well as the questionnaire survey results summary are presented in the annex.

Since its creation, European Union (hereinafter: 'the EU') has experienced various enlargements. In 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the EU. Greece became a Member in 1981 and was followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986. Austria, Finland and Sweden accessed the EU in 1995. In 2004, ten Central and Eastern European Countries (hereinafter: 'the CEECs') became EU members. Finally, another two CEECs, i.e. Bulgaria and Romania, joined the EU on 1 January 2007. What impact did previous enlargements have on national systems of private law? It is an important question since there are ongoing accession negotiations with Croatia and Turkey and also other countries (Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania Serbia and Montenegro, Ukraine and Moldova) are interested in adhering to the EU. Not only these countries but also Russia has developed specific relationships with the EU which affect its private law system. Learning from previous experience may help structuring better pattern of Europeanization. But the broader question is whether the process of 'Europeanization' of private law in CEECs can be considered concluded with membership or 'regional policies' are needed to contextualize the implementation of EU law and to govern its spillovers. ; Table of Contents I. Introduction (Fabrizio Cafaggi and Lukasz Gorywoda) . 1 1. Staging of the Project . 4 2. The Scope of the Project . 4 3. Domains of the Project . 5 4. Institutional Approach.7 5. Diachronic and Synchronic Approach .8 6. Patterns of Europeanization of Private Law.9 6.1. Legal factors and diversity of obligations.10 6.2 Market-driven factors inducing adoption of EU-like legislation.15 6.3 Socio-economic and institutional factors.15 7. Patterns of Legal Europeanization of Private Law.16 8. Different Modes of Adoption of EU Legislation and General Principles.18 8.1 Europeanization of private law through legislation . 18 8.2 Modes of adoption through administrative agencies .18 8.3 Modes of adoption through judiciary.18 8.4 Modes of Europeanization: the role of private organizations.18 9. Differences in Sectors .18 10. Conclusions .18 II. Institutional Framework (Marise Cremona and Karolina Podstawa) . .20 1. The New Member States of Central and Eastern Europe. 20 1.1 Enlargement and pre-accession strategy. 20 1.2 'Europe' Association Agreements . 21 2. Candidates and Potential Candidates . 23 3. Western Balkans.24 3.1 Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAAs) .24 3.2 Potential candidate/candidate status and pre-accession.25 4. Turkey .27 4.1 The Association Agreement with Turkey.27 4.2 Turkey as a candidate State.29 5. The European Neighbourhood Policy.30 5.1 Partnership and Cooperation Agreements .30 5.2 The ENP framework .31 6. Russia .33 III. Consumer Law (Hans-W. Micklitz) .35 1. Four Reasons for Research.35 2. Continuity and Discontinuity .39 3. Modes of Implementation of Consumer Law .41 3.1 Legislative implementation.41 3.2 Via separate laws and/or via amendments of the civil law.42 3.3 Role and function of intermediaries in the implementation process. 42 4. Enforcement .43 4.1 Internal socio-economic and cultural factors .43 4.2 External factors .45 IV. Europeanization of Competition Law (Kati Cseres and Rozeta Karova) . 47 1. Introduction .47 2. Continuity v. Discontinuity.49 3. Modes of Implementation of the Acquis.52 3.1 Legislative implementation.52 3.2 Judicial implementation of the European competition case-law .58 4. Enforcement .59 4.1 Internal socio-economic factors .59 4.2 External factors .61 4.3 Private enforcement .64 5. Institutions .66 V. Securities Law (Olha O. Cherednychenko) .70 1. Introduction .70 2. Continuity vs. Discontinuity .73 3. Modes of Implementation .75 3.1 Implementation through legislature and executive .75 3.2 Implementation through judiciary and alternative dispute resolution boards. 77 4. Enforcement .78 4.1 Public enforcement .78 4.2 Private enforcement .79 5. Institutions .80 VI. Preliminary Conclusions (H.-W. Micklitz).82

ÖZETBu tezin amacı, Karedeniz Sinerjisi'nin, Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası'nın Karadeniz Bölgesi'ne yönelik eksikliklerini tamamlamak ve bu politikanın Kardeniz Bölgesi'nde başarısız olmasını önlemek amacıyla geliştirilen bir strateji olduğunu kanıtlamaktır. Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası, Avrupa Birliği'nin doğusundaki ve Akdeniz Bölgesi'ndeki komşularını aynı politika çerçevesinde ele aldığı için, bu bölgelere özgü problemlerle müdahale etmekte ve onlara cözüm sunmaktada etkili olamamıştır. Ancak, Karadeniz Bölgesi Avrupa güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından büyük bir role sahiptir. Ayrıca, bölgenin, Rusya'dan bağımsız alternatif enerji kaynakları sunması ve enerjinin Avrupa'ya taşınmasındaki önemi, Avrupa Birliği'nin bölgeye yönelik etkili bir politika oluşturulması arayışına girmesine neden olmuştur ve bunun sonucu olarak Karadeniz Sinerjisi ortaya çıkmıştır. Karadeniz Sinerjisi'nin bölge ülkelerinin ihtiyaç ve beklentilerine etkin bir şekilde cevap verebileceği düşünülmüştür. Bu sayede, Avrupa Birliği, hem Karadeniz Bölgesi ülkelerinin Birliğin kuralları, normları ve standartlarıyla uyumlu olarak hareket etmelerini garantilemek istemiştir hem de kendisine etkili bir dış politika aktörü imajı kazandırmayı hedeflemiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda şu tespitlere ulaşılmıştır: İlk olarak, Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası, Karadeniz Bölgesi'ndeki problemlere ve güvenlik tehditlerine müdahale etmekte başarısız olmuştur ve bu nedenle bölgedeki ülkeleri hayal kırıklığına uğratmıştır. İkinci olarak, Karadeniz Bölgesi, stratejik konumu nedeni ile, Avrupa Birliği dış politikasında çok önemli bir yere sahiptir ve Birlik bölge ülkeleri ile arasındaki ilişkilerden daha somut getirileriler alabilmek için yeni bir yapılanmaya ihtiyaç duymuştur. Son olarak, Karadeniz Sinerjisi Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası'nın eksiklerini ve Karadeniz bölgesine yönelik zayıflıklarını göz önünde bulundurarak oluşturulmuştur ancak yine de beklentileri karşılayıp karşılayamayacağı şüphelidir. ABSTRACTIn this thesis, it is argued that the Black Sea Synergy (BSS) is developed in order to eliminate the deficiencies and therefore prevent the failure of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). Because the ENP deals with both the eastern and Mediterranean neighbours of the European Union (EU) within the same policy framework, it cannot effectively address their specific regional problems. However, the strategic importance of the Black Sea Region (BSR) in providing European security and especially its significant role in supply and transportation of non-Russian energy sources pushed the EU to develop the BSS that could enable it to overcome many regional security threats and benefit from various opportunities. Moreover, the BSS is also believed to respond the demands and expectations of the BSR countries more efficiently. So, through the launch of the policy, the EU aimed to ensure that the countries of the BSR would keep on complying with the EU norms, standards and further their reform processes. By this way, the Union could also improve its image as an influential foreign policy actor. The study concludes that, first; the ENP could not address the specific problems and security threats in the BSR and it created disappointment on the part of the BSR countries. Second, because the BSR has occupied an important place in the EU's foreign policy agenda, due to its strategic importance; the EU needed to provide a new incentive in its relations with the BSR countries in order to obtain tangible results from this relationship. Third, although the BSS was established through taking into consideration the shortcomings of the ENP, it is doubtful whether it could become successful in fulfilling its declared promises. TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VINTRODUCTION 1 I. THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY 131.1. A Historiacal Overview of the EU/EC's Approach to its Neighbourhood 131.2. Underlying Reasons of the ENP 161.3. Emerging Agenda of the ENP 181.4. Objectives and Basic Tenets of the ENP 211.4. Instruments and Methods of the ENP 251.5.1. Country Reports 261.5.2. Action Plans 261.5.3. Progress Reports 271.5.4. European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument 281.6. Strengthening the ENP 291.7. Constraints to the ENP 32II. THE BLACK SEA REGION AND THE EU INVOLVEMENT 362.1 The Black Sea Region 362.1.1. Challenges 372.1.2. Opportunities 392.2. Established Cooperation Structures in the Region 412.2.1. Black Sea Economic Cooperation 422.2.2. Other Cooperation Structures 462.3. EU Involvement in the Region 492.3.1. Early EU Initiatives 502.3.2. Current EU Presence in the Region 54III. BLACK SEA SYNERGY 573.1. Rationale for the Synergy 573.2. Development of the Synergy and Key Features 623.3. Objectives and Main Cooperation Areas 663.4. Cooperation with the Regional Organizations 713.5. Report on the First Year Implementation of the Black Sea Synergy 74CONCLUSION 79REFERENCES 83

Se trata de una investigación sociológica muy ambiciosa. En su día fue muy influyente porque marcó un nuevo estilo de hacer sociología empírica. Se realizó por un equipo independiente sin ninguna vinculación con otras instituciones. Prácticamente todos los colaboradores del equipo en 1970 eran estudiantes y, una generación después, muchos habían llegado a catedráticos de Sociología. El método integraba, por primera vez en España (con solo el antecedente del primer FOESSA, en 1966), los datos de encuesta con los llamados "datos secundarios" (estadísticas, documentos, etc.). La línea de investigación era muy descriptiva. Quizá no podía ser de otra forma, vista la falta de estudios básicos sobre la estructura social española. El análisis de encuesta se hizo por ordenador (entonces no existían los ordenadores personales) y el estadístico con una calculadora de mesa, que hoy podría ser una pieza de museo. El sistema de trabajo fue intensísimo, con una dedicación fuera de lo común. Cada capítulo recibió varias versiones, lo que supuso un esfuerzo considerable. Recuérdese que todavía no se había superado la máquina de escribir. Una novedad de esta investigación fue que se dirigió más allá del mundo académico, a un público variado en el que estaban profesores de enseñanza media, opositores a cuerpos de funcionarios o periodistas, entre otros grupos. Un suceso inesperado rodeó de un cierto aurea de respetabilidad el trabajo de los investigadores. El capítulo 5 (Vida política) fue arrancado por la censura del volumen impreso. El volumen se distribuyó de esa forma mutilada. Años después una parte de ese capítulo se tradujo al inglés y se incluyó en un volumen compilado por Stanley Payne. La noticia de la censura del capítulo 5 hizo que circularan numerosas copias a multicopista del original. En el año 2000 publiqué el capítulo como apéndice en mi libro El final del franquismo. Testimonio personal. Una de las hipótesis centrales del estudio fue que los intensos cambios económicos de los años 60 iban a traer una necesaria alteración política en la dirección de una democracia. Así fue. ; This was a very ambitious sociological investigation. In those days it was very influential because it marked a new style to make empirical sociology. It was made by an independent team without any link with other institutions. Practically all the collaborators of the team in 1970 were students and, a generation later, many had become Sociology professors. The method integrated, for the first time in Spain (with only the antecedent of the first FOESSA, in 1966), survey data with the so-called "secondary data" (statistics, documents, etc.). The line of research was very descriptive. Perhaps it could not be another form, considering the lack of basic studies on Spanish social structure. Survey analysis was accomplished with computer (then personal computers did not exist) and the statistical one with a table calculator, that today could be a museum piece. The work system was very intensive, with an uncommon dedication. Each chapter had several versions, which supposed a considerable effort. Remember that the typewriter had not been surpassed yet. A new aspect of this investigation was that it went beyond the academic world, to a diverse public in which there were High School teachers, students in their training period to become civil servants or journalists, among other groups. An unexpected event surrounded by a certain golden respectability the work of the investigators. Chapter 5 (Political Life) was taken by the censorship off the printed volume. The volume was distributed with that mutilated form. Years later a part of that chapter was translated into English and included in a volume compiled by Stanley Payne. The news of the censorship of chapter 5 caused that numerous copies of the original one circulated. In 2000 I published the chapter as appendix in my book The end of Francoism. Personal testimony. One of the central hypotheses of the study was that the intense economic changes of the sixties were going to bring a necessary political alteration in the direction of a democracy. Thus it was.

Relevance of the theme: self-injury realization considerably aggravates the somatic, social and psychical condition of the convicted and arrested persons; health and life are devalued. Furthermore, the imprisonment system incurs considerable financial loss. Self-injury consist the largest part of the total traumatism in the imprisonment institutions (48 per cent). There is a need to explore the problems of the self-injured convicted and arrested persons at the imprisonment institutions; to find the causes of such behaviour in order to determine the prevention possibilities by the further researches of this phenomenon. According to the Law on Nursing Practice of the Republic of Lithuania [1] issued in 2001, one of the functions of nursing is to ensure the physical, mental and social care of the healthy and ill persons. Originality of the theme: until now, in the theory and practice of nursing in our country there was no sufficient attention to the mental and social care of the convicted and arrested persons who are a part of the society. There are also no subjective researches or publications on the convicted and arrested persons' self-injury motives. Goal of the thesis: to analyse the motives of self-injury of the convicted and arrested persons. Tasks of the thesis: To analyse the medical statistic data and other documents related to the self-injury in order to assess the dynamics of the phenomenon and to find the factors having the most considerable influence on self-injury of convicted and arrested persons; to research the consultations which are provided to the self-injured persons. Hypothesis: social isolation involves the most frequent motives of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons. Subject of the research: self-injured convicted and arrested persons. 210 respondents from 12 imprisonment institutions took part in the research. Research methods: Analysis of medical statistical data and other medical documents; questionnaire survey (cross-section research). 210 convicted and arrested persons were surveyed. 21 of them needed stationary treatment because of self-injury and were hospitalized at the Hospital of imprisonment institutions (LAVL); and 189 persons were from 11 national imprisonment institutions. Questionnaire survey was carried out in July – August of 2007. The program Microsoft Excel was applied for diagrams and tables' formation as well as program packet SPSS 13.0 for Windows was applied for analysis of research data. Conclusions: 1) Self-injury consist the largest part of the total traumatism in the imprisonment institutions (48 per cents); when new legislation had came into effect, the total number of self-injuries decreased, but the leaders remained the same: Lukiškės TI-K (241, 16,2 % and 185, 34,0 %), Alytus PN (162, 10,9 % and 115, 21,1 %), Pravieniškės 2 PN-AK (188, 12,6 % and 62, 11,3 %); 2) the most influential factors of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons: number of convictions (correlation analysis showed that increase of the number of convictions increases the number of self-injury by 0,822 times); education (secondary – 35,1 per cent, basic – 22,1 per cent, elementary – 19,7 per cent, higher – 0 per cent of respondents); longing for family and friends (45,2 per cent); to little appointments with family and friends (24,3 per cent); improper life conditions (42,4 per cent); odds with employees (32,9 per cent); lack of occupation (work – 31,9 per cent; study – 31,6 per cent); 3) the most frequent motives of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons are the following: attempted suicide (25,7 per cent); rejection by family (21,9 per cent); debts (20,0 per cent); 4) only 56,94 per cent of self-injured were consulted by specialist. Of them: 30,6 per cent who attempted suicide and 12,4 per cent attempted self-injure. This fact shows that the self-injury prevention basis is weak; 5) the hypothesis of the thesis was confirmed.

To evaluate customers' satisfaction by local governments, Bishoftu Town Administration (BTA) was considered as a case study. Problems identified include, lack of integration of duties, the absence of good governance and there is a huge gap between supply and demand for land. The land acquisition, and development process is very long and the city administration has no capacity to provide full flegged infrastructure proactively for the users. Absence of land development finance,, lack of skilled and motivated manpower, and the absence of private ownership of land. The general objective of this research is to evaluate customers' satisfaction in land delivery services and the factors affecting it to come up with some solutions. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from secondary and primary sources. The study period was from December 2007- May 2008 and a total of 216 customers who want land for different purposes were randomly selected as a study subjects. Moreover, the total numbers of employees of BTA who are engaged in land delivery services were also taken as a study sample. Structured and unstructured questionnaires of two kinds were used as an instrument for data collection. Interview questions were also prepared to collect data from an official. The data was analyzed through statistical software and percentages, tables, bar charts and pie charts were used for this purpose. The research reveals that there are a number of problems such as lack of motivation and the corresponding employee attitude towards customer's service, the absence of proper information dissemination, and incompatibility of services with the value of customer and. Policy making did not include participation of customers. Concerning land, serious problems with land use in Ethiopia is land Policy and the corresponding land ownership increasing fees and the time to get land beyond imagination lack of full information about the land policy of the country. Compensation for farmers is made by customers and there will not be infrastructure at the time of receiving land there is a problem of applying good governance. Access to necessary resources that are used to carry out jobs is a problem for that matter there is lack of the required number of man power, technical instruments including computers for information technology and vehicles used to facilitate customer's service. Demand and supply of land are far away from each other. This is the problem of many urban centers in Ethiopia. Preparation acquisition and development of land for the customers and the need for basic infrastructure complicated the problem and reduced the capacity of satisfying effective demand. There is no easy access to land this is supported by the fact that customers have been waiting to receive land most of them for 2-3 years some for over 4 years even though surprisingly few get land within 6 months time Therefore over all customers were not satisfied with land delivery service they are getting from Bishoftu Town Administration. The following recommendations were forwarded. From the findings of this research employees were not given proper emphasis both filling the vacant positions and developing the existing employees were absent, therefore, there should be filling the vacant positions and training and developing and controlling employees on work environment need to be done. Citizen participation in policy making is helpful not only for customers but also for the administration. It facilitates the sense of ownership to the policy and simplifies implementation process .Therefore, BTA is recommended to make the participation of residents in planning activities. There should also be single and one standard criterion that must be followed to provide land for the purpose of treating residents equally Accountability of officials, responsibility of staffs, equity and transparency in providing services should not remain on the post and should be implemented in real and must be witnessed by customers. All resources necessary to carryout the required task so as to satisfy customers must be present. Official interviewed and data collected from employees of BTA reveal that there are serious constraints of resources such as vehicles and technical instruments. Therefore, it is recommended that these resources are available to the unit

Maģistra darba mērķis ir, atklājot Latvijas līzinga tirgum raksturīgas tendences, kā arī izdarot secinājumus par Latvijas līzinga tirgus problēmām un perspektīvām, izstrādāt priekšlikumus līzinga pakalpojuma efektīvākai izmantošanai Latvijā. Lai labāk saprastu līzinga darījumu būtību, maģistra darba pirmajā daļā tiek izklāstīta līzinga darījuma norises kārtība, analizēta līzinga darījumu veidu daudzveidība, precizēta termina "līzings" pielietošana, jo neskatoties uz salīdzinoši ilgo līzinga pastāvēšanas vēsturi, līdz šim brīdim tam nav dots precīzs formulējums, kas arī Latvijā izraisa grūtības darījuma noslēgšanā. Lai novērtētu Latvijas līzinga tirgus darbību, tā attīstības pakāpi un noteiktu Latvijas līzinga tirgus tālākās attīstības virzienus, maģistra darba otrā daļa tiek veltīta Latvijas līzinga tirgus attīstības tendenču izskatīšanai, tiek analizēti šīs nozares priekšrocības un trūkumi, salīdzinot ar citām nozarēm. Arī tiek analizēta Latvijas līzinga tirgus vieta kopējā Eiropas līzinga tirgū un citu valstu pieredzes izmantošanas iespējas. Otrajā daļā tiek apskatīti šķēršļi, kas traucē līzinga subjektu darbību Latvijas līzinga tirgū. Šo šķēršļu pārvarēšanai tiek piedāvāts sakārtot valsts likumdošanu, kas regulē līzinga attiecības, izstrādāt papildus līzinga ņēmēja motivācijas mehānismus, kā arī pastiprināt līzinga ņēmēju tiesību aizsardzību. Maģistra darba trešā daļa tiek veltīta risku analīzei, kas saistīti ar līzinga operāciju norisi, jo, pēc autores domām, risku kontrole līzinga operācijās ir viens no noteicošajiem faktoriem tālākai Latvijas līzinga tirgus efektīvākai attīstībai. Neskatoties uz Latvijas līzinga tirgū esošiem trūkumiem un Latvijas ekonomikas attīstības tempu samazināšanos, autore uzskata, ka šī nozare turpinās attīstīties, taču jānodrošina Latvijas līzinga tirgus efektīvāku attīstību, vairāk orientētu uz pakalpojumu kvalitāti un daudzveidību, stingri kontrolējot iespējamos riskus. Esošajā situācijā Latvijā līzinga darījuma dalībnieki nevar pilnībā izmantot un novērtēt visas iespējas, ko dod līzinga darījums. Latvijas līzinga tirgus efektīvākai funkcionēšanai ir jāsakārto valsts likumdošana, jāpārdomā līzinga darījumu aplikšanu ar nodokļiem, stingrāk jākontrolē līzinga tirgus, lai novērstu krāpšanas iespējas. Maģistra darbs sastāv no 90 lappusēm, 9 tabulām un 12 attēliem. - ; The aim of this work is to uncover tendencies specific to the Latvian leasing market, make conclusions about current problems, future perspectives and develop suggestions for more effective leasing usage on the Latvian market. For better understanding of the leasing's essence, in the first part of the work, the order of arranging a leasing deal is stated, various forms of leasing relationships are analyzed, usage of the term "leasing" is defined. Despite leasing relationships exist for quite a long period of time, there is no exact definition of the given term which leads to difficulties when arranging a leasing deal. Second part of this work is dedicated to the analysis of efficiency and degree of development of Latvian leasing market and also to designation ways of further development. Branch's tendencies are analyzed: leasing as a financial instrument is compared to other possible solutions, advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Also the state of branch on the general European background and an opportunity of other countries experience implementation are studied. Obstacles a leasee might come across making a leasing deal are covered in the second part. To overcome these difficulties it is proposed to put in order the state's legislation in the field of leasing relationships regulation, develop an additional mechanism of leasees' motivation and strengthen leasees' rights protection. The third part of the presented work is devoted to leasing deal financial risks analysis. It is the author's opinion that risk management is the major contributing factor to further effective development of the branch. Despite existing problems and a decrease in economic development author believes that the branch which is in scope of the given work will continue its growth and development although it would be more quality and variety oriented with financial risks carefully managed. For more effective functioning of leasers it is necessary to arrange the legislation, develop a mechanism of tax assessment of leasing and introduce stricter control of leasing deals to prevent a possible fraud. This graduate work consists of 90 pages including 9 tables and 12 images

Maģistra darbā "Stratēģiskās plānošanas sistēma un tās pilnveidošana uzņēmuma "Baltais Logs"" teorētiski un praktiski analizēta uzņēmuma stratēģiskās plānošanas sistēma un stratēģiskā plāna svarīgums. Darbs sastāv no ievada, četrām nodaļām, secinājumiem un priekšlikumiem. Darba ideja ir pamatot uzņēmuma stratēģiskā plāna sastādīšanā iesaistīto struktūrvienību un plānošanas sistēmas pielietošanu. Maģistra darbs sastāv no četrām nodaļām. Pirmajā nodaļā ir pētīta stratēģiskās plānošanas loma mūsdienu konkurences apstākļos. Tika izskatīta: stratēģiskās plānošanas nozīme un ar to saistītas problēmas un uzņēmuma neveiksmes, izanalizēta pārmaiņu ārēja vide, ka arī kļūdas, ko pieļauj uzņēmuma vadība un augstā līmeņa vadītāji stratēģiskās plānošanas organizācijā, ka arī tiek novērtēta stratēģiskas plānošanas demokrātija uzņēmuma korporatīvā kultūrā un līdzsvaroto radītāju sistēmas pielietošana uzņēmuma veiksmīgai darbībai. Šī nodaļa pārsvarā veltīta teorētiska materiāla pētīšanai. Otrajā nodaļā tiek analizēta uzņēmuma produkts un pakalpojumi, produkta raksturīpašību apraksts, darbības īpatnības, uzņēmuma misija, mērķi, vīzija un stratēģija, apskatīts tehnoloģiskais ražošanas process. Šajā nodaļā galvenais akcents tiek vērst uz to, kā ar savu saimniekošanu uzņēmums nonāk līdz stratēģiskās plānošanas procesa. Trešajā nodaļā tiek aprakstīts uzņēmuma "Baltais Logs" esošais stratēģiskais plāns, tā izstrādāšana un tajā pieļautās kļūdas. Tiek izmantota uzņēmuma "Baltais Logs" partnera uzņēmuma ERTON TECHNOLOGY LATVIA ārējas un iekšējas vides analīze pamatojoties uz stratēģisko plānu. Tiek veikta darbinieku aptauja un dots vērtējums par esošās stratēģiskās plānošanas un stratēģiskā plāna satura nozīmi uzņēmuma darbiniekiem. Ceturtajā nodaļā tiek raksturota kontroles sistēma, kas nodrošina uzņēmumam "Baltais Logs" organizācijas pamatus. Tiek aprakstīts kontroles process, kas sastāv no trim posmiem, kontroles sistēmas uzdevumi, ka arī faktori, no kuriem ir atkarīga kontroles sistēmas realizācija. Tiek izvērtēti līdzsvaroto rādītāju sistēmas elementi un stratēģiskā karte. Izvirzīti plāna realizācijas pasākumi, kas palīdz kontrolēt uzņēmuma stāvokli. Tiek ierosināta uzņēmuma kontroles komiteja un aprakstīts tas darbības process un galvenās funkcijas. Maģistra darba apjoms ir 131 lappuses, darbā ir ietvertas 7 tabulas, 38 attēli, 1 formula un 13 pielikumi. ; In the master's work "System of strategic planning and it's improvement in "Baltais Logs" company " has been analyzed on theoretical and practical side system of strategic planning and it's importance in this company. The work consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusion and suggestions. The idea of this work is to fortify exploitation of strategic planning and structural unit which is involved in this process. The master's work consists of four chapters: The first chapter tells us about strategic planning importance in nowadays competitive conditions. The chapter mostly dedicated to research strategic planning problems, the most importance company's mistakes planning their business, external settings changes and company's failure by organized their strategic plan targets. This chapter also tells about using strategic planning democracy in corporative culture and balanced scoring system which can explain company's success. This chapter provided to explain of theoretical materials with the authoress conclusion and suggestions. The product of company, these services, target market, competitors, company structure, mission, vision, objectives, the purposes and strategy have been analyzed in the second chapter, which also shows technology process. This chapter's importance part tells about how the company going into the strategic planning process. In the third part is described company's existing strategic plan and allowed mistakes in that development. As also was used the external setting strategic analyzes by ERTON TECHNOLOGY LATVIA. Authoress was also realized the research which described company's staffs knowledge about strategic plan and its importance in company's current of all working time. The fourth chapter tells about company's new strategic plan organisation and it's fulfilment. Also this chapter tells about control system, which provide company's organisation base. This chapter mostly is described company's control process, which consists of three sections, control system targets; objectives and control system realisation which is depend of some factors. This chapter also shows the broached committee, its activity and general functions. The total volume of the master's work is131 pages, included 38 pictures, 7 tables, 1 formulas and 13 appendices.

Relevance of the theme: self-injury realization considerably aggravates the somatic, social and psychical condition of the convicted and arrested persons; health and life are devalued. Furthermore, the imprisonment system incurs considerable financial loss. Self-injury consist the largest part of the total traumatism in the imprisonment institutions (48 per cent). There is a need to explore the problems of the self-injured convicted and arrested persons at the imprisonment institutions; to find the causes of such behaviour in order to determine the prevention possibilities by the further researches of this phenomenon. According to the Law on Nursing Practice of the Republic of Lithuania [1] issued in 2001, one of the functions of nursing is to ensure the physical, mental and social care of the healthy and ill persons. Originality of the theme: until now, in the theory and practice of nursing in our country there was no sufficient attention to the mental and social care of the convicted and arrested persons who are a part of the society. There are also no subjective researches or publications on the convicted and arrested persons' self-injury motives. Goal of the thesis: to analyse the motives of self-injury of the convicted and arrested persons. Tasks of the thesis: To analyse the medical statistic data and other documents related to the self-injury in order to assess the dynamics of the phenomenon and to find the factors having the most considerable influence on self-injury of convicted and arrested persons; to research the consultations which are provided to the self-injured persons. Hypothesis: social isolation involves the most frequent motives of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons. Subject of the research: self-injured convicted and arrested persons. 210 respondents from 12 imprisonment institutions took part in the research. Research methods: Analysis of medical statistical data and other medical documents; questionnaire survey (cross-section research). 210 convicted and arrested persons were surveyed. 21 of them needed stationary treatment because of self-injury and were hospitalized at the Hospital of imprisonment institutions (LAVL); and 189 persons were from 11 national imprisonment institutions. Questionnaire survey was carried out in July – August of 2007. The program Microsoft Excel was applied for diagrams and tables' formation as well as program packet SPSS 13.0 for Windows was applied for analysis of research data. Conclusions: 1) Self-injury consist the largest part of the total traumatism in the imprisonment institutions (48 per cents); when new legislation had came into effect, the total number of self-injuries decreased, but the leaders remained the same: Lukiškės TI-K (241, 16,2 % and 185, 34,0 %), Alytus PN (162, 10,9 % and 115, 21,1 %), Pravieniškės 2 PN-AK (188, 12,6 % and 62, 11,3 %); 2) the most influential factors of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons: number of convictions (correlation analysis showed that increase of the number of convictions increases the number of self-injury by 0,822 times); education (secondary – 35,1 per cent, basic – 22,1 per cent, elementary – 19,7 per cent, higher – 0 per cent of respondents); longing for family and friends (45,2 per cent); to little appointments with family and friends (24,3 per cent); improper life conditions (42,4 per cent); odds with employees (32,9 per cent); lack of occupation (work – 31,9 per cent; study – 31,6 per cent); 3) the most frequent motives of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons are the following: attempted suicide (25,7 per cent); rejection by family (21,9 per cent); debts (20,0 per cent); 4) only 56,94 per cent of self-injured were consulted by specialist. Of them: 30,6 per cent who attempted suicide and 12,4 per cent attempted self-injure. This fact shows that the self-injury prevention basis is weak; 5) the hypothesis of the thesis was confirmed.

Maģistra darbā "Stratēģiskās plānošanas sistēma un tās pilnveidošana uzņēmuma "Baltais Logs"" teorētiski un praktiski analizēta uzņēmuma stratēģiskās plānošanas sistēma un stratēģiskā plāna svarīgums. Darbs sastāv no ievada, četrām nodaļām, secinājumiem un priekšlikumiem. Darba ideja ir pamatot uzņēmuma stratēģiskā plāna sastādīšanā iesaistīto struktūrvienību un plānošanas sistēmas pielietošanu. Maģistra darbs sastāv no četrām nodaļām. Pirmajā nodaļā ir pētīta stratēģiskās plānošanas loma mūsdienu konkurences apstākļos. Tika izskatīta: stratēģiskās plānošanas nozīme un ar to saistītas problēmas un uzņēmuma neveiksmes, izanalizēta pārmaiņu ārēja vide, ka arī kļūdas, ko pieļauj uzņēmuma vadība un augstā līmeņa vadītāji stratēģiskās plānošanas organizācijā, ka arī tiek novērtēta stratēģiskas plānošanas demokrātija uzņēmuma korporatīvā kultūrā un līdzsvaroto radītāju sistēmas pielietošana uzņēmuma veiksmīgai darbībai. Šī nodaļa pārsvarā veltīta teorētiska materiāla pētīšanai. Otrajā nodaļā tiek analizēta uzņēmuma produkts un pakalpojumi, produkta raksturīpašību apraksts, darbības īpatnības, uzņēmuma misija, mērķi, vīzija un stratēģija, apskatīts tehnoloģiskais ražošanas process. Šajā nodaļā galvenais akcents tiek vērst uz to, kā ar savu saimniekošanu uzņēmums nonāk līdz stratēģiskās plānošanas procesa. Trešajā nodaļā tiek aprakstīts uzņēmuma "Baltais Logs" esošais stratēģiskais plāns, tā izstrādāšana un tajā pieļautās kļūdas. Tiek izmantota uzņēmuma "Baltais Logs" partnera uzņēmuma ERTON TECHNOLOGY LATVIA ārējas un iekšējas vides analīze pamatojoties uz stratēģisko plānu. Tiek veikta darbinieku aptauja un dots vērtējums par esošās stratēģiskās plānošanas un stratēģiskā plāna satura nozīmi uzņēmuma darbiniekiem. Ceturtajā nodaļā tiek raksturota kontroles sistēma, kas nodrošina uzņēmumam "Baltais Logs" organizācijas pamatus. Tiek aprakstīts kontroles process, kas sastāv no trim posmiem, kontroles sistēmas uzdevumi, ka arī faktori, no kuriem ir atkarīga kontroles sistēmas realizācija. Tiek izvērtēti līdzsvaroto rādītāju sistēmas elementi un stratēģiskā karte. Izvirzīti plāna realizācijas pasākumi, kas palīdz kontrolēt uzņēmuma stāvokli. Tiek ierosināta uzņēmuma kontroles komiteja un aprakstīts tas darbības process un galvenās funkcijas. Maģistra darba apjoms ir 131 lappuses, darbā ir ietvertas 7 tabulas, 38 attēli, 1 formula un 13 pielikumi. ; In the master's work "System of strategic planning and it's improvement in "Baltais Logs" company " has been analyzed on theoretical and practical side system of strategic planning and it's importance in this company. The work consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusion and suggestions. The idea of this work is to fortify exploitation of strategic planning and structural unit which is involved in this process. The master's work consists of four chapters: The first chapter tells us about strategic planning importance in nowadays competitive conditions. The chapter mostly dedicated to research strategic planning problems, the most importance company's mistakes planning their business, external settings changes and company's failure by organized their strategic plan targets. This chapter also tells about using strategic planning democracy in corporative culture and balanced scoring system which can explain company's success. This chapter provided to explain of theoretical materials with the authoress conclusion and suggestions. The product of company, these services, target market, competitors, company structure, mission, vision, objectives, the purposes and strategy have been analyzed in the second chapter, which also shows technology process. This chapter's importance part tells about how the company going into the strategic planning process. In the third part is described company's existing strategic plan and allowed mistakes in that development. As also was used the external setting strategic analyzes by ERTON TECHNOLOGY LATVIA. Authoress was also realized the research which described company's staffs knowledge about strategic plan and its importance in company's current of all working time. The fourth chapter tells about company's new strategic plan organisation and it's fulfilment. Also this chapter tells about control system, which provide company's organisation base. This chapter mostly is described company's control process, which consists of three sections, control system targets; objectives and control system realisation which is depend of some factors. This chapter also shows the broached committee, its activity and general functions. The total volume of the master's work is131 pages, included 38 pictures, 7 tables, 1 formulas and 13 appendices.

Latvijā kopš 2001.gada ir vērojams ārkārtīgi straujš izsniegto kredītu atlikuma pieaugums. Pamatā pieaugums radies pateicoties banku agresīvajai hipotekārajai kredītpolitikai. Ņemot vērā samērā vieglo hipotekāro kredītu resursu pieejamību, ir radies un vēl joprojām pastāv palielināts dzīvojamo platību pieprasījums, ko nenosedz tirgus piedāvājums, tādējādi radot deficītu. Tā rezultātā nekustamā īpašumā tirgū jau ilgstoši ir vērojams ievērojami dinamisks cenu kāpums. Pie šādiem apstākļiem pastāv pamatotas aizdomas, ka nekustāma īpašuma tirgū cenas ir pārmērīgi augstas un neatbilstošas normāliem tirgus apstākļiem, kas raksturojas ar sabalansētu piedāvājumu un pieprasījumu. Situāciju saasina apstāklis, ka Latvijā 2006.gada beigās pēc FKTK datiem 51,8% no banku aizdevumiem ir tieši (hipotēku kredīti, aizdevumi nekustamā īpašuma un būvniecības nozarēm) vai netiešie (aizdevumi citam nozarēm nodrošināti ar nekustāmo īpašumu) saistīti ar nekustamā īpašuma tirgu un attiecīgi padarot banku kredītrisku īpaši jūtīgu pret nekustamā īpašuma tirgus svārstībām. Situācija, kas šobrīd izveidojusies nekustamā īpašuma tirgū, rada pamatotas aizdomas, ka mainoties jebkuram no labvēlīgajiem apstākļiem, kas šobrīd valda hipotekārās kreditēšanas tirgū, var izraisīties krīze nekustamā īpašuma tirgū, kas pakārtoti var apdraudēt banku sistēmas stabilitāti valstī. Vadoties no tā, kļūst aktuāla hipotekārās kreditēšanas pētīšana un analīze ar mērķi noskaidrot kāda veida problēmas un kādā apmērā pastāv. Pirmajā nodaļā ir apskatīti kredītu un kreditēšanas teorētiskie aspekti. Otrā nodaļa ir veltīta hipotekārās kreditēšanas analīzei. Trešajā nodaļā sakārtoti pētījumu rezultāti par hipotekārā kredīta tirgus attīstības tendencēm Latvijā, kā arī analizēti hipotekāro kredītu tirgu ietekmējošie faktori, izmantojot statistikas datus. Nobeigumā formulēti galvenie atzinumi, secinājumi, problēmas un priekšlikumi problēmu risināšanai. Maģistra darba apjoms ir 102 lappuses un tajā ir iekļauti 21 attēls un 2 tabulas. ; There has been observed very quick growth of credit balance in Latvia since 2001. Basically this growth appears owing to aggressive mortgage credit politics of banks. Against this background relatively easy accessibility of mortgage credits, the demand of living-space is appeared and still exists and the offer of market is not able to cover it and it makes deficit. As a result, the dynamic rise of prices is observed for a long time in the market of the fixed property. There is a reasonable suspicion that the prices in the market of the fixed property are too high and they mismatch to normal circumstances of the market which is characterized by integrated demand and offer. The situation is exacerbated by circumstance that according to the data of the Financial and Capital market Commission 51.8 % of the bank loans in Latvia at the end of 2006 are direct (mortgage credits, loans for fixed property and construction branches) or indirect (loans for other branches which are provided by fixed property) which are concerned with the market of fixed property and made the credit risk of banks specially susceptible to the fluctuations of the market of the fixed property but the rate of delivery of mortgage credits are grown up. The situation in the market of the fixed property makes reasonable suspicions that in case of changing anyone of favorable conditions, it can generate the crisis in the market of fixed property what can endanger stability of the banks in the state dependently . Turning out of it the research and analysis of mortgage crediting become actual with the aim to clarify what kind of problems are there and what size are them. The credits and theoretical aspects of crediting are seen in the first chapter. The second chapter is consecrated to analysis of mortgage credits. The research results of tendencies in development of the market of mortgage credits in Latvia are arranged and affected facts of the market of mortgage credits using the data of statistics are analyzed in the third chapter. The resolutions, conclusions, problems and suggestions for solving problems are formulated in the conclusion. The volume of the master paper is 102 pages and it includes 21 picture and 2 tables.

Izmaiņas sabiedrībā, tirgū un ekonomikā ir novedušas pie integrēto mārketinga komunikāciju aktīvas izmantošanas nepieciešamības. Tirgus dalībnieku integrācija, kā integrēto komunikāciju raksturojums, kura ir sasniedzama, izmantojot dubulto komunikāciju principu mārketinga komunikācijās, apvienojot mērķauditorijas var būtiski palielināt uzņēmējdarbības efektivitāti. Ņemot vērā mārketinga komunikāciju iedarbības uz bērnu apziņu un uzvedību, apgūšanas lielo praktisko un teorētisko nozīmi un aktualitāti, tika izstrādāts maģistra darbs ar mērķi izpētīt bērnu kā patērētāju uzvedības īpatnības, mārketinga komunikāciju ar bērniem kā mērķauditoriju īpatnības, kā arī izstrādāt priekšlikumus mārketinga komunikāciju ar bērniem stratēģijas un satura pilnveidošanai. Darbā autore pēta bērnu kā patērētāju uzvedību un mārketinga komunikāciju ar bērniem kā mērķauditoriju īpatnības mūsdienās. Darba gaitā tiek apskatīti iemesli bērnu kā atsevišķa tirgus segmenta veidošanai, tiek analizēti faktori šī segmenta pievilcībai no mārketinga viedokļa, kā arī tiek analizēta bērnu ietekme uz tirgu kopumā. Autore izskata faktorus, kuri ietekmē bērnu uzvedību, akcentējot mērķauditorijas personisko un psiholoģisko raksturlielumu mijiedarbības nepieciešamību ar mārketinga komunikācijām. Darbā tiek vērsta uzmanība uz nepieciešamību izmantot dubulto komunikāciju principu, apvienojot mērķauditorijas un īstenojot integrēto pieeju mārketinga komunikācijām uzņēmumu darbībā ekonomikas globalizācijas apstākļos. Autore piedāvā mārketinga komunikāciju veidu hierarhiju pēc iedarbības uz bērnu mērķauditoriju, par prioritāti izvirzot reklāmu un akcentējot uzmanību uz televīziju un Internetu kā efektīvākiem reklāmas izplatīšanas līdzekliem. Darbā tiek apskatīti mārketinga komunikāciju ar bērnu mērķauditoriju ētikas un likumdošanas standarti, tiek uzsvērta to ievērošanas nozīmība. Darbā pamatota autores vadībā bērnu mērķauditorijas veiktā pētījuma metodika un uzrādīti tā rezultāti. Pētījuma rezultātā tiek atklāta bērnu attieksme pret Internetu, dažādiem reklāmas veidiem un aktivitātēm, bērnu mērķauditorijas uzticība Interneta informācijai atkarībā no vecuma, bērnu prasības reklāmas saturam un stratēģijai, Interneta pieejamības bērniem pakāpe, kā arī mārketinga komunikāciju iespējas Internetā. Atklātas negatīvas tendences līdz ar vecumu pieaugt negatīvai attieksmei pret reklāmu un samazināties uzticībai reklāmai. Rezultātā konstatēta mārketinga komunikāciju ar bērniem satura, stratēģiju un formas atbilstības nepieciešamība bērnu vecumam un ar to saistītām vērtībām, kā arī psiholoģijas īpatnībām. Maģistra darbs ir uzrakstīts uz 101 lpp, tājā ir 8 tabulas, 23 attēli un 1 pielikums. Atslēgvārdi: mārketinga komunikācijas, dubulto komunikāciju princips, reklāma, sinergijas efekts, bērnu mērķauditorija, Internets, vietne, Interneta aktivitātes ; Author is researching childs behaviour as a consumer and contemporary marketing comunications features with children as a targetgroup. During research process reasons are found why it is important to segregate children as separate market segment, also is analized attraction factor in marketing point of view and impact, whic is made by children on the market as a whole. Author researches factors, which impact conduct of children, highlighting a co-operation of the target groups personal and psychological indexes necessity with marketing communications. In attention is a letter sent on a necessity to utilize principle of the double communications, uniting target groups and carrying out marketing of the integrated approaches communications in the action of enterprises in economy globalization circumstances. An author offers the hierarchy of kinds of marketing communications after influence on target group of children, for priority pulling out advertising and highlighting attention on television and Internet as more effective advertising distribution tools. At work are examined marketing communication with target group of children's ethics and legislation standards, their notice importance is highlighted. At work the method of the target group of children's executed research is grounded in author guidance and his results are presented. In relation of children's is a research result opened against the Internet, various advertising kinds and activities, target group of children's loyalty Internet information depending on age, contain the requirement of children's advertisings and strategy, Internet availability children the stage, as also in the possibility of marketing communications Internet. Negative tendencies are opened till with age to mature negative relation against advertising and to diminish loyalty advertising. In a result established marketing communication with children maintenance, strategy and form accordance necessity age of children's and with their linked costs, as also psychology features. Master's degree at work are hundred one page, eight tables, twenty three images, one appendix. Key phrases: marketing communications, principle, advertising, synergy effect, target group of children, Internet, site, Internet activities in double communications.