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Kaposi sarcoma (KS) can present with a wide range of clinical features ranging from minimal cutaneous disease to a rapidly progressing neoplasm. Bone lesions are most often discovered accidently in the context of radiological investigations done for the screening of KS‐visceral involvement [1]. Little is known on clinical outcome and response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and/or chemotherapy of these lytic osseous lesions. We report four cases with bone involvement in the context of systemic KS and aim at describing the long‐term clinical outcome in two of these patients. Cases of AIDS‐associated KS with disseminated bone lesions were collected in the HIV Unit, University Hospital Geneva, Switzerland. Patients were compared on clinical, biological and radiological features and therapeutic responses. Between 2002 and 2012, four HIV1‐infected patients with T1 stage of KS presented disseminated osseous lesions (Table 1). Mean age was 43 years (range 39 ‐ 47 years), mean time of follow up until our analysis was 48.5 months (SD 53.8), and mean CD4 count at KS diagnosis was 190.5 c/mL (SD 202.8). All patients showed hypodense bone lesions predominating the axial skeleton (figure 1), but no radiological imaging was performed to search for peripheral bone lesions.No patient reported pain or experienced pathological fractures. In one patient a dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) showed a bone mineral density within normal range after 10 years of KS diagnosis with disseminated bone lesions. No radiological change was observed in that patient despite stable KS disease after 13 cycles of liposomal doxorubicin and ART (figure 1). We describe a well‐documented long‐term follow up of disseminated osseous AIDS‐associated KS disease. In our four cases, lytic bone lesions were asymptomatic and were not associated with bone fragility. We even could confirm the KS nature of the lesions by bone biopsy in patient B (3 months after KS diagnosis), as the differential diagnosis is wide, and include bacillary angiomatosis, cancers or metastasis. Chemotherapy and antiretroviral treatment did not affect bone lesions using CT scan despite a good response on other KS‐affected sites. Prognostic factors are well established in AIDS‐associated KS [2]; however disseminated bone disease does not seem to have an impact on disease evolution. A larger sample size is needed to confirm this hypothesis.Patient with 10yr follow up, lumbar vertebre after 6 (2002) and 13 (2012) sycles of chemotherapy with Liposomal Doxorubicin.image

Baseline characteristics for all four patients with AIDS‐related KS and osseous lesions. Staging classification is based on Known SE et al. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1201–7 and includes the following parameters: T for Tumor (T0 = KS confined to skin and minimal oral disease, T1 = all other manifestations), I for Immune system (I0 = CD4 cells >200/ µL and I1 = CD4 cells <200 µL) and S for systemic illness (S0 = no history of opportunistic infections, S1 = history of opportunistic infections and thrush)

















Patient
Sex
Age
Ethnicity
Kaposi stage (TIS)
Follow‐up time since KS diagnosis
Visceral involvement
Bone lesion (imaging)
HHV8 viremia at KS diagnosis (full blood c/mL)
Chemotherapy (first line, number of cycles, time period)
Last HIV‐RNA (c/µL)
ART including PI (y/n)
Special comment




A
M
47 (1965)
CAU
1/1/1
10 years
yes
Axial skeleton, disseminated, hypodense (CT scan)
n.a.
Liposomal Doxorubicin (13, 1999–2004)
< 20
yes
DXA‐scan BMD within normal range


B
M
45 (1969)
SSA
1/1/1
8 months
Yes
Axial skeleton, disseminated, hypodense (CT scan)
2200
Paclitaxel (4, 2012–ongoing)
45
yes
KS confirmation by bone biopsy


C
M
41 (1971)
SSA
1/0/1
5 years
Yes
Axial skeleton, disseminated, hypodense (CT scan)
Not done
none
94
no



D
M
39 (1973)
SSA
1/1/1
6 months
Yes
Axial skeleton, single lesions, hypodense (CT scan)
62200
Paclitaxel (3, 2012–ongoing)
< 20
yes (but stop May 2012)






(Abbreviations: SSA = Sub Saharan Africa; CAU = Caucasian; n.a.=not available DXA = Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry; BMD = bone mineral density)

Maģistra darba tēma ir noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu un terorisma finansēšanas sistēmas analīze komercbankā "X". Darba mērķis ir analizēt noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas iekšējās kontroles sistēmas komercbankā "X", atklāt iespējamās nepilnības šajā sistēmā un izstrādāt priekšlikumus šīs sistēmas pilnveidošanai un attīstībai. Darbs sastāv no trijām nodaļām, kuras sevī iekļauj gan teorētisko, gan praktisko informāciju par pētāmo problēmu. Darba pirmajā nodaļā tiks apskatīts noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu teorētiskais pamatojums, kas ir nepieciešams, lai izprastu darba otrajā nodaļā analizēto noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas sistēmu komercbankā "X". Darba trešajā nodaļā tiek papildus analizēti dažādi šīs sistēmas aspekti, lai varētu izdarīt pilnvērtīgus secinājumus un priekšlikumus tās pilnveidei. Maģistra darbā iekļautas 98 lapaspuses,6 tabulas, 28 attēli, 3 pielikumi, izmantoti 42 literatūras avoti. Maģistra darbā ir secināts, ka Bankas noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas iekšējās kontroles sistēma atbilst tai izvirzītajām prasībām gan no Latvijas Republikas normatīvo dokumentu puses, gan atbilstoši starptautiskajām labas prakses prasībām, tās kopējā kvalitāte var tik vērtēta, kā apmierinoša. Bankas iekšējās kontroles sistēmas dokumenti ir atbilstoši noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas riska stingrai pārvaldīšanai un papildus uzlabojumi tajos nav nepieciešami. Maģistra darbā ir izvirzīts priekšlikums, ka komercbankas "X" vadībai būtu jāatvēl papildus līdzekļi noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas iekšējās kontroles sistēmas pārvaldīšanas uzlabošanai, un tieši, Bankā izstrādāto normatīvo dokumentu stingras ievērošanas nodrošināšanai praktiskajā ikdienas darbā, kā arī tās turpmākai attīstībai, pakāpeniski ieguldot resursus sistēmas uzlabošanā un pilnveidošanā. To varētu panākt, pārdalot Bankas rīcībā esošos līdzekļus un nosakot prioritātes. Tas nodrošinātu efektīvāku noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas sistēmas funkcionēšanu. Šī maģistra darba ietvaros veiktais pētījums, var tik izmantots Komercbankas "X" noziedzīgie iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas un terorisma finansēšanas novēršanas sistēmas uzlabošanai un attīstībai. Atslēgas vārdi: Noziedzīgie iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācija, noziedzīgie iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācija novēršanas iekšējās kontroles sistēma, Noziedzīgi iegūtu līdzekļu legalizācijas risks, komercbanka "X", LR likumu un MK noteikumi, Patiesā labuma guvējs un klientu padziļināta izpēte. ; The subject of the Master's thesis is "Analysis of control system of the money laundering and terrorist financing prevention in a commercial bank "X". The objective is to analyze the money laundering and terrorist financing prevention system in commercial bank "X", identify gaps in the system and develop proposals for the improvement and development. The work consists of three chapters, who include both theoretical and practical information about the research problem. The first chapter deals with the theoretical issues of illegally acquired money. In the second chapter the money laundering and terrorist financing prevention system for commercial bank "X", has been analyzed. The third chapter consists of a more specific addition analyze of various aspects of this system, in the end conclusions and suggestions for its improvement has been proposed. Master's work includes 98 pages, 6 tables 28 files ,3 Annex, used 42 sources. Master thesis concludes that the Bank's money laundering and terrorist financing prevention internal controls system meets with the requirements of the Latvian Republic and normative documents and has been kept in accordance with international good practice, its total quality can be assessed as satisfactory. In Master thesis has been made proposal that in commercial bank "X" additional funds should be allocated to improve money laundering and terrorist financing prevention internal control systems, especially to integrate bank regulatory documents in practical daily work, Continued development by investing resources in improving the framework and development needs to be done. This could be achieved through the reallocation of the available resources and setting priorities. This will ensure more effective money laundering and terrorist financing prevention system functioning. This master thesis within the framework of a study can be used for commercial banks "X" to improve and develop the money laundering and terrorist financing prevention system. Keywords: Money-laundering, money laundering prevention internal controls system, money laundering risk, commercial bank "X", Latvian Republic Law and the rules of Cabinet of Ministers, beneficial owner, and customer due diligence.

A. Forest et al. -- 78 pages, 18 figures, 6 tables ; A better understanding of how environmental changes affect organic matter fluxes in Arctic marine ecosystems is sorely needed. Here, we combine mooring times-series, ship-based measurements and remote-sensing to assess the variability and forcing factors of vertical fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) across the Mackenzie Shelf in 2009. We developed a geospatial model of these fluxes to proceed to an integrative analysis of their biophysical determinants in summer. Flux data were obtained with sediment traps and via a regional empirical algorithm applied to particle size-distributions (17 classes from 0.08–4.2 mm) measured by an Underwater Vision Profiler 5. Redundancy analyses and forward selection of abiotic/biotic parameters, linear trends, and spatial structures (i.e. principal coordinates of neighbor matrices, PCNM), were conducted to partition the variation of POC flux size-classes. Flux variability was explained at 69.5 % by the addition of a linear temporal trend, 7 significant PCNM and 9 biophysical variables. The interaction of all these factors explained 27.8 % of the variability. The first PCNM canonical axis (44.4 % of spatial variance) reflected a shelf-basin gradient controlled by bottom depth and ice concentration (p < 0.01), but a complex assemblage of fine-to-broad scale patterns was also identified. Among biophysical parameters, bacterial production and northeasterly wind (upwelling-favorable) were the two strongest explanatory variables (r2 cum. = 0.37), suggesting that bacteria were associated with sinking material, which was itself partly linked to upwelling-induced productivity. The second most important spatial structure corresponded actually to the two areas where shelf break upwelling is known to occur under easterlies. Copepod biomass was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with vertical POC fluxes, implying that metazoans played a significant role in the regulation of export fluxes. The low fractal dimension of settling particles (1.26) and the high contribution (~94 %) of fast-sinking small aggregates (<1 mm; 20–30 m d−1) to the mass fluxes suggested that settling material across the region was overall fluffy, porous, and likely resulting from the aggregation of marine detritus, gel-like substances and ballast minerals. Our study demonstrates that vertical POC fluxes in Arctic shelf systems are spatially complex, sensitive to environmental forcings, and determined by both physicochemical mechanisms and food web functioning. In conclusion, we hypothesize that the incorporation of terrestrial matter into the Beaufort Sea food web could be catalyzed by bacteria via the incorporation of dissolved terrestrial carbon liberated through the photo-cleavage and/or hydrolysis of land-derived POC interweaved with marine aggregates ; This work would not have been possible without the professional and enthusiastic assistance of the officers and crew members of the CCGS Amundsen. We express gratitude to L. Prieur and C. Marec for their help in the deployment of the CTD-rosette and for the onboard processing of UVP5 data. We thank J. Martin, J. Gagnon, A. Mignot and M. Gosselin for sharing the chlorophyll data in order to post-calibrate the fluorometer. 5 We thank P. Guillot for the validation of physical data. We thank M. Fortier, K. L´evesque and J. Ehn for the organization of the fieldwork, workshops and for support at sea. This study was conducted as part of the Malina Scientific Program funded by ANR (Agence nationale de la recherche), INSU-CNRS (Institut national des sciences de l'univers – Centre national de la recherche scientifique), CNES (Centre national d'e´tudes spatiales) and ESA (European Space Agency). Additional support from ArcticNet (a Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada) and from the ArcticNet-Imperial Oil Research Collaboration was welcomed and appreciated. The IAEA is grateful to the Government of the Principality of Monaco for the support provided to its Environment Laboratories. This work is a joint contribution to the Malina Project and to the research 15 programs of Que´bec-Oce´an, ArcticNet, the Takuvik Joint U. Laval/CNRS Laboratory, the Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) Initiative, to the Canada Research Chair on the Response of Marine Arctic Ecosystems to ClimateWarming, and to the Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) in Remote Sensing of Canada's New Arctic Frontier ; Peer reviewed

Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures (AITF) and other parties have been investigating reclamation research, development and deployment capabilities and capacities in the province for several months. The concept of a 'Reclamation Centre' was first discussed through a Challenge Paper distributed in August 2011 to a variety of participants in the reclamation community. The original key challenge was to engage the reclamation community in a dialogue to determine the benefits of forming a 'Reclamation Centre' in the Edmonton area. We obtained feedback from researchers, practitioners, regulators and other individuals and organizations who are interested in reclamation. The response from the participants clearly articulated that there was no need for additional reclamation research capabilities in central Alberta (e.g., greenhouses, buildings and other infrastructure). However, there was a need for a central point for collection and distribution of knowledge, information and data related to reclamation activities. A Knowledge Exchange Workshop was held in Red Deer on February 29th, 2012. It focused on centralization, collection, distribution and synthesis of knowledge, information and data related to reclamation. The workshop was used to answer a series of questions identified by the steering committee around knowledge exchange and the aspects of \"What" (what kind of information, data, knowledge to share, etc.); "Why" (why would the community benefit from shared information, etc.) and "How" (type of format used to share the information, etc.). The intention was to have multiple stakeholder groups represented by the participants and to distribute them evenly throughout the room during the discussion to stimulate insightful, constructive and comprehensive conversation. The desired outcomes were: 1. To gain an understanding of what the reclamation community needs (wants) in terms of information, knowledge and/or data; 2. To gain an understanding of why the reclamation community wants this information and how they intend to use it; 3. To obtain suggestions on how to best achieve this and ways to move forward. It became obvious from the table discussions that to be successful, this initiative requires involvement from the entire reclamation community. This includes service/consulting organizations, oil and gas, mineable and in-situ oil sands, sand, gravel and other mining industries, academia, government, and applicable associations such as CLRA, ESAA, AIA, PTAC, etc. All of these industries and organizations have a role to play in collaboration within the reclamation community. Overall the participants found the question of why access to information, knowledge and/or data would be helpful and who would utilize it, easier to address than specifically 'what' needed to be shared and how to share it. However, evidence of the potential benefits of a knowledge exchange initiative for the reclamation community is compelling enough to warrant further exploration of the concept. Overall the conclusions from the discussion indicated the reclamation community was interested in multiple types of information and knowledge that could be shared through different mechanisms. The information required was a hierarchy of quality, from peer reviewed literature and knowledge to broadly defined grey literature and most importantly anecdotal practitioner experiences. A main desire is to have greater access to information, but also to the people who generated the information. There were several challenges associated with this type of an initiative related to how the information would physically be shared and how to encourage more effective collaboration in the broader reclamation community. The participants concluded the information should be shared through a variety of mechanisms. Although challenges were identified, the most important obstacles to overcome are to clearly identify the benefits for multiple users, determining a funding mechanism and how to get started. The issues associated with information and computing technologies (ICT) and large databases, intellectual property, QA/QC in data quality, privacy, links to other organizations, etc. could be resolved during the process. Although there was agreement that the concept of exchanging information, knowledge and/or data within the entire reclamation community was feasible, it was determined that the scope and intent of the initiative must be clearly articulated to answer key questions such as who will do the work, what will it cost and who will participate. It was suggested to start the initiative small and grow it appropriately with well-developed and clearly defined goals.

Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures (AITF) and other parties have been investigating reclamation research, development and deployment capabilities and capacities in the province for several months. The concept of a 'Reclamation Centre' was first discussed through a Challenge Paper distributed in August 2011 to a variety of participants in the reclamation community. The original key challenge was to engage the reclamation community in a dialogue to determine the benefits of forming a 'Reclamation Centre' in the Edmonton area. We obtained feedback from researchers, practitioners, regulators and other individuals and organizations who are interested in reclamation. The response from the participants clearly articulated that there was no need for additional reclamation research capabilities in central Alberta (e.g., greenhouses, buildings and other infrastructure). However, there was a need for a central point for collection and distribution of knowledge, information and data related to reclamation activities. A Knowledge Exchange Workshop was held in Red Deer on February 29th, 2012. It focused on centralization, collection, distribution and synthesis of knowledge, information and data related to reclamation. The workshop was used to answer a series of questions identified by the steering committee around knowledge exchange and the aspects of \"What" (what kind of information, data, knowledge to share, etc.); "Why" (why would the community benefit from shared information, etc.) and "How" (type of format used to share the information, etc.). The intention was to have multiple stakeholder groups represented by the participants and to distribute them evenly throughout the room during the discussion to stimulate insightful, constructive and comprehensive conversation. The desired outcomes were: 1. To gain an understanding of what the reclamation community needs (wants) in terms of information, knowledge and/or data; 2. To gain an understanding of why the reclamation community wants this information and how they intend to use it; 3. To obtain suggestions on how to best achieve this and ways to move forward. It became obvious from the table discussions that to be successful, this initiative requires involvement from the entire reclamation community. This includes service/consulting organizations, oil and gas, mineable and in-situ oil sands, sand, gravel and other mining industries, academia, government, and applicable associations such as CLRA, ESAA, AIA, PTAC, etc. All of these industries and organizations have a role to play in collaboration within the reclamation community. Overall the participants found the question of why access to information, knowledge and/or data would be helpful and who would utilize it, easier to address than specifically 'what' needed to be shared and how to share it. However, evidence of the potential benefits of a knowledge exchange initiative for the reclamation community is compelling enough to warrant further exploration of the concept. Overall the conclusions from the discussion indicated the reclamation community was interested in multiple types of information and knowledge that could be shared through different mechanisms. The information required was a hierarchy of quality, from peer reviewed literature and knowledge to broadly defined grey literature and most importantly anecdotal practitioner experiences. A main desire is to have greater access to information, but also to the people who generated the information. There were several challenges associated with this type of an initiative related to how the information would physically be shared and how to encourage more effective collaboration in the broader reclamation community. The participants concluded the information should be shared through a variety of mechanisms. Although challenges were identified, the most important obstacles to overcome are to clearly identify the benefits for multiple users, determining a funding mechanism and how to get started. The issues associated with information and computing technologies (ICT) and large databases, intellectual property, QA/QC in data quality, privacy, links to other organizations, etc. could be resolved during the process. Although there was agreement that the concept of exchanging information, knowledge and/or data within the entire reclamation community was feasible, it was determined that the scope and intent of the initiative must be clearly articulated to answer key questions such as who will do the work, what will it cost and who will participate. It was suggested to start the initiative small and grow it appropriately with well-developed and clearly defined goals.

Despite declarations of war from several Latin American nations, The Brazilian Expeditionary Force was the only representative from the region to contribute to Allied combat operations on the European continent. The first contingent of men sailed from Rio de Janeiro on July 2, 1944, one year later, after more than two hundred days in continuous contact with enemy forces in northern Italy, the febianos (Footnote 1) returned to Brazil as national heroes. Brazil's wartime alliance with the United States was a calculated risk. Brazilian President/Dictator Getulio Dornelles Vargas and his advisors believed the alliance would guarantee Brazil the economic assistance it needed to industrialize its economy and provide the weapons necessary to transform the weak Brazilian military. The FEB was one of many instruments Vargas utilized to enhance Brazil's international position. As Letícia Pinheiro, a professor at the Institute of International Relations of the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) explained, "The FEB was the core of a political project to strengthen the Armed Forces and provide Brazil with a globally prominent position as an ally of the United States." (Footnote 2) Vargas and his Foreign Minister Oswaldo Euclydes de Sousa Aranha were aware of recent Brazilian history. They knew that although Brazil declared war on the central powers in 1917, it did not send troops to Europe. In the 1920s consequently, Brazilian efforts to secure greater international prestige never blossomed; in 1926, a frustrated Brazil withdrew from the League of Nations. On Monday May 21, 1928, Time Magazine reported on its withdrawal stating: The Secretariat of the League of Nations reluctantly made public, last week, a note dated one month previous in which the Brazilian Government of Premier Octavio Mangabeira reaffirmed Brazil's intention to withdraw from League membership in June 1928. In serving the original notice of withdrawal, two years ago, Brazil was joined by Spain because both nations felt that they should be accorded permanent seats on the Council of the League of Nations, at the time when Germany was admitted to the League and given a permanent Council seat (TIME, June 21, 1926). (Footnote 3) Brazilian leaders that rose to power in the 1930s must have felt that World War II provided Brazil unique opportunities to achieve the status it had failed in attain two decades earlier. They believed that if Brazil offered a "sacrifice of blood" it would acquire increased international respect and a prominent seat at the peace table. This thesis studies Brazilian participation in World War II, through an examination of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force. It argues that although the FEB was a military force, its mission was fundamentally political; the ever-changing political climate in Brazil repeatedly influenced the mission of the expeditionary force. What was that mission? As Leticia Pinheiro argued, its mission was to, "strengthen the Armed Forces and provide Brazil with a globally prominent position as an ally of the United States." (Footnote 4) How was the FEB to accomplish this objective and was it successful? For the FEB, success was contingent upon its ability to organize, train, deploy, engage enemy forces, and attain victories on the battlefield while strengthening Brazil's image on the international stage. This paper uses a chronological narrative to analyze its mission and show that the bold foreign policy objectives of Vargas and domestic political unrest directly affected the organization, combat mission, and the decision to demobilize the expeditionary force rapidly. (Footnote 1: This is the most common nickname for members of the Expeditionary Force. Footnote 2: Carlos Haag, "For whom did the snake smoke? Studies show the importance of Brazil's participation in the Second World War," Pesquisa (online), November 2010. http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/?art=2867&bd=1&pg=1&lg=en (accessed May 1, 2011). Footnote 3: "The League of Nations: Brazil Out," Time Magazine, May 21, 1928. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731754,00.html (accessed May 2, 2011). Footnote 4: Haag, "For Whom did the Snake Smoke".)

During the last decade Baltic countries experienced a full economic cycle – slow recovery, fast growth and sharp deterioration of whole economy. On the growth period the portfolio of mortgage loans and real estate market developed extremely rapidly, thus, since 2007 - 2008 there was discussions about the overheating of economies and bubbles of the real estate prices in the Baltic countries. However, the majority of the citizens were still taking advantage of easy accessible mortgage loans for the acquisition of desired real estate even prices were going upwards. Unfortunately, doubts about overheating of the separate parts of economies were reasonable and economies of the Baltic countries contracted the most among all EU. Therefore, with a full picture of economic cycle the analysis of portfolio of mortgage loans is being developed. Identification of the main factors that are determining growth of the portfolio of mortgage loans is important for developing a strategy to avoid possible economic crises in the future or to ease the negative effects of economic downturn. The aim of the paper – to find out the most important macroeconomic factors that are determining the dynamic of mortgage portfolio in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The object of the paper – the mortgage portfolio of the three Baltic countries and macroeconomic factors of the mortgage portfolio. To reach the aim of the paper such tasks were developed: 1) Examine the theory and the models that are analyzing the mortgage portfolio. 2) Determine the macroeconomic factors of the mortgage portfolio. 3) Study dynamics of the mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. 4) Build up a most suitable model for analyzing the factors of the mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. 5) Find out the most influential factors of mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. The paper consists of 52 pages, 22 graphs and 12 tables. The research was based on 52 references. The paper is split into 3 main parts. In the first part of paper the main economic factors of mortgage portfolio are indentified, and various authors and theoretical models are analyzed. Such factors as fluctuation of the inflation, negative growths of GDP, the growth of real interest rates, swings in real estate market, over leverage of the government and private individuals, should be closely monitored in order to maintain a sustainable development of the mortgage portfolio. In the second part of the paper, the current situation of the Baltic countries during period 1999 – 2009 is analyzed. The focus is on the rapid development of the mortgage portfolio during the credit boom times. Also, a sudden stop of the growth of loan portfolio and a rapid increase of the provisioning levels for non-performing loans are being discussed. The main causes of the artificial and unsustainable growth of mortgage portfolio are described. Afterwards, the model for factors of mortgage portfolio of the Baltic counties is build up. In the third part, the research of the Baltic countries mortgage portfolio is done based on correlation and regression analysis of the macroeconomic factors. Results of the research confirmed that real GDP is the main factor determining the development of mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. Analysis of the real estate market prices and real GDP growth showed that growth of economy is more sustainable when the main driver of mortgage portfolio is real GDP growth, but not growth of the real estate prices. Also, the results showed that changes of real interest rates did not have any significant correlation with mortgage portfolio. However mortgage portfolio showed significant negative correlation with nominal national interbank interest rates - Vilibor, Rigibor and Talibor. When average income was analyzed – it showed no significant relation to the mortgage market – and that could be one of the main reasons of the unsustainable growth of the mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries.

During the last decade Baltic countries experienced a full economic cycle – slow recovery, fast growth and sharp deterioration of whole economy. On the growth period the portfolio of mortgage loans and real estate market developed extremely rapidly, thus, since 2007 - 2008 there was discussions about the overheating of economies and bubbles of the real estate prices in the Baltic countries. However, the majority of the citizens were still taking advantage of easy accessible mortgage loans for the acquisition of desired real estate even prices were going upwards. Unfortunately, doubts about overheating of the separate parts of economies were reasonable and economies of the Baltic countries contracted the most among all EU. Therefore, with a full picture of economic cycle the analysis of portfolio of mortgage loans is being developed. Identification of the main factors that are determining growth of the portfolio of mortgage loans is important for developing a strategy to avoid possible economic crises in the future or to ease the negative effects of economic downturn. The aim of the paper – to find out the most important macroeconomic factors that are determining the dynamic of mortgage portfolio in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The object of the paper – the mortgage portfolio of the three Baltic countries and macroeconomic factors of the mortgage portfolio. To reach the aim of the paper such tasks were developed: 1) Examine the theory and the models that are analyzing the mortgage portfolio. 2) Determine the macroeconomic factors of the mortgage portfolio. 3) Study dynamics of the mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. 4) Build up a most suitable model for analyzing the factors of the mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. 5) Find out the most influential factors of mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. The paper consists of 52 pages, 22 graphs and 12 tables. The research was based on 52 references. The paper is split into 3 main parts. In the first part of paper the main economic factors of mortgage portfolio are indentified, and various authors and theoretical models are analyzed. Such factors as fluctuation of the inflation, negative growths of GDP, the growth of real interest rates, swings in real estate market, over leverage of the government and private individuals, should be closely monitored in order to maintain a sustainable development of the mortgage portfolio. In the second part of the paper, the current situation of the Baltic countries during period 1999 – 2009 is analyzed. The focus is on the rapid development of the mortgage portfolio during the credit boom times. Also, a sudden stop of the growth of loan portfolio and a rapid increase of the provisioning levels for non-performing loans are being discussed. The main causes of the artificial and unsustainable growth of mortgage portfolio are described. Afterwards, the model for factors of mortgage portfolio of the Baltic counties is build up. In the third part, the research of the Baltic countries mortgage portfolio is done based on correlation and regression analysis of the macroeconomic factors. Results of the research confirmed that real GDP is the main factor determining the development of mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries. Analysis of the real estate market prices and real GDP growth showed that growth of economy is more sustainable when the main driver of mortgage portfolio is real GDP growth, but not growth of the real estate prices. Also, the results showed that changes of real interest rates did not have any significant correlation with mortgage portfolio. However mortgage portfolio showed significant negative correlation with nominal national interbank interest rates - Vilibor, Rigibor and Talibor. When average income was analyzed – it showed no significant relation to the mortgage market – and that could be one of the main reasons of the unsustainable growth of the mortgage portfolio in the Baltic countries.

Maģistra darba tēma ir "Administratīvo tiesību problēmas neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības dienestā". Darba temata aktualitāti pamatā nosaka apstāklis, ka NMP dienests ir salīdzinoši jauna, bet ļoti liela (personāla, finanšu un materiāltehnisko resursu ziņā) un ārkārtīgi nozīmīga tiešās valsts pārvaldes iestāde (sabiedrībai nodrošināto funkciju ziņā). Sakārtojoties ikdienas neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības sniegšanas praktiskajiem jautājumiem, ir būtiski identificēt un analizēt tās tiesiskās problēmas, kas skar NMP dienestu kā tiešās valsts pārvaldes iestādi administratīvā procesa ietvaros. Darba mērķis ir identificēt un analizēt būtiskākās administratīvi tiesiskās problēmas NMP dienestā. Lai sasniegtu darba mērķi, darbā izvirzīti tādi uzdevumi, kā raksturot un salīdzināt neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības sistēmas dažādās ES dalībvalstīs, tai skaitā LR, aplūkot NMP dienesta funkcijas, uzdevumus un organizatorisko struktūru, analizēt un vērtēt neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības reformas norisi LR, pētīt neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības sniegšanu kā iestādes faktisko rīcību, kā arī apzināt un analizēt administratīvi tiesiskām problēmām saistībā ar neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības reformu, NMP dienestu un administratīvo procesu tajā. Darbā aplūkotas administratīvi tiesiskās problēmas saistībā ar NMP dienestu un tā darbību. Kā būtiskākās no tām var minēt tiesiskā regulējuma un prakses trūkumu attiecībā uz valsts pārvaldes uzdevuma – pirmsslimnīcas neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības sniegšanas - deleģējuma izbeigšanu pašvaldību ārstniecības iestādēm un uzdevuma nodošanu NMP dienestam, kā arī apgrūtinātu atsevišķu APL normu piemērošana praksē, kas saistīta ar neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības kā faktiskās rīcības specifiku. Darba apjoms ir 87 lapas. Darbs sastāv no apzīmējumu saraksta, ievada, četras nodaļām, deviņām apakšnodaļām, kopsavilkuma. Darba noslēgumā izdarīti situāciju raksturojošus secinājumus un sniegt priekšlikumus neatliekamās medicīniskās palīdzības normatīvā regulējuma pilnveidošanai. Izmantotās literatūras un avotu sarakstā ir 78 darba izstrāde izmantotās literatūras vienības un avoti. Darbu papildina seši pielikumi ar 16 attēliem, 1 tabulu un 1 veidlapas paraugu. ; The theme of Master's work is "The administrative legal problemas existing in the State emergency medical service". The topicality is based on the circumstance that the State emergency medical service (further- SEMS) is relatively new, but quite big (within the framework of the personnel, financial and technical) and impressively important authority of the direct government (within the terms of provided functions). By arranging the daily practical questions for providing the emergency medical service it is essential to identify and analyze those legal problems related to the SEMS as a public authority of the direct government withing the framework of legal administrative process. The aim of the Master's work is to identify and analize the most essential administrative legal problems in the SEMS. For the achieving of it, the author has put forward the following tasks: to characterize and compare the systems of the emergency medical service within several EU countries, i.e., Latvia, to look at the SEMS functions, tasks and organization structure, to analyze and evaluate the accomplishment of the reform of the emergency medical service in Latvia, to research the rendering of the emergency medical services as the actual action of the authority and to analyze the problems arisen from the institutional reform of the emergency medical services as well, the administrative process of the SEMS. There are analyzed the legal problems related to the SEMS and its activities in the Master's work. As the most important of them is the lack of legal regulation and practice in the relation of the accomplishment the task of state governement task – the duty of the prehospital aid assistance what was recently transferred from the local municipalities to the SEMS. There are some problems mentioned arisen from the implementation of the Administrative Procedure Law norms what relate to the emergency medical services as the specific character of the actual actions. The amount of the work is 87 pages. The Master's work consists of a term list, introduction, four chapters, nine subchapters, the summary. The several proposals have been developed for the changes in the current legal regulation of the emergency medical service. There are used 78 units and sources of literature in the list of used literature. The 6 appendixes, 16 pictures, 1 table and 1 blank of form are appended to the Master's work.

Public sector reforms have an impact on every taxpayer because the overall reform objectives are to save state resources and to improve people's quality of life. It is important to improve the qualification of the civil servants to implement changes, in other reforms can not produce the desired results. The training of the civil servants is an issue for many authors, but the civil servants training characteristics of accounting and other similar reforms are not addressed. The work raises the problem that although the law provides for the civil servants qualification, it is unclear how this legislation with the reform in a given situation applies single institution. The hypothesis is – the training system of the civil servants is no panacea, and should be adapted to each reform. Object of the work is the training of the civil servants for the Public Sector Accounting Reform. The aim of the work – to examine the training of civil servants features of Public Sector Accounting Reform. In order to raise the goal the following tasks: to analyze the qualification of the civil servants legislation; to know about the essence and characteristics of the Public Sector Accounting Reform; to examine how the civil servants have been caused by the qualification that the implementation of reform and to suggest how to improve the qualification of the civil servants for similar reforms. The following methods were used in this work: collection, systematization, generalization, comparison, evaluation and methods of analysis of the scientific literature and of the legislation, as well as a questionnaire survey. The work consists of three parts divided into subparts and headings. The first part is found training concept, and it addresses training requirements for individual stages of the set of theoretical possibilities of the civil servants training and professional education reforms and the identification of civil servants training difficulties. The second part disclosures the objectives, milestones, expected results, the implementation of measures for the Public Sector Accounting Reform. The third part is used for civil servants training research methodology and for the disclosure the training problems of the civil servants for the said reform. Based on literature, law and analysis of research results the conclusions and recommendations are formulated. The training system of the civil servants is not perfect: there is no qualification stages of feedback, there is no guarantee that the reform of the public servant's performance rating will be raised and brought a timely manner. Thus, the introduction to the work hypothesis is confirmed – the training system of the civil servants is not universal, and should be adapted to individual public sector reforms. The training of the civil servants in pursuance to implement the Public Sector Accounting Reform has taken place not according to the laws. Other problems raising the training of the civil servants to carry out this reform: the lack of interest in public officials, legislative options granted to the under-utilization, poor training and planning process, organization and implementation of low-quality training tools. To implement the similar reforms it is appropriate to consider the following recommendations: to correct or supplement the legislation by way of the feedback of the training process, to set some exceptions in the training process of the civil servants in pursuance to implement reforms. Reforms should be coordinated with those responsible for the reform institution, the public servants should be informed about the future developments involving them in decision-making in the reform and the reform measures should be adapted in time. The list of references is presented in the end of the Work and a table of the training of the civil servants and their peculiarities as well as the questionnaire survey results summary are presented in the annex.

Public sector reforms have an impact on every taxpayer because the overall reform objectives are to save state resources and to improve people's quality of life. It is important to improve the qualification of the civil servants to implement changes, in other reforms can not produce the desired results. The training of the civil servants is an issue for many authors, but the civil servants training characteristics of accounting and other similar reforms are not addressed. The work raises the problem that although the law provides for the civil servants qualification, it is unclear how this legislation with the reform in a given situation applies single institution. The hypothesis is – the training system of the civil servants is no panacea, and should be adapted to each reform. Object of the work is the training of the civil servants for the Public Sector Accounting Reform. The aim of the work – to examine the training of civil servants features of Public Sector Accounting Reform. In order to raise the goal the following tasks: to analyze the qualification of the civil servants legislation; to know about the essence and characteristics of the Public Sector Accounting Reform; to examine how the civil servants have been caused by the qualification that the implementation of reform and to suggest how to improve the qualification of the civil servants for similar reforms. The following methods were used in this work: collection, systematization, generalization, comparison, evaluation and methods of analysis of the scientific literature and of the legislation, as well as a questionnaire survey. The work consists of three parts divided into subparts and headings. The first part is found training concept, and it addresses training requirements for individual stages of the set of theoretical possibilities of the civil servants training and professional education reforms and the identification of civil servants training difficulties. The second part disclosures the objectives, milestones, expected results, the implementation of measures for the Public Sector Accounting Reform. The third part is used for civil servants training research methodology and for the disclosure the training problems of the civil servants for the said reform. Based on literature, law and analysis of research results the conclusions and recommendations are formulated. The training system of the civil servants is not perfect: there is no qualification stages of feedback, there is no guarantee that the reform of the public servant's performance rating will be raised and brought a timely manner. Thus, the introduction to the work hypothesis is confirmed – the training system of the civil servants is not universal, and should be adapted to individual public sector reforms. The training of the civil servants in pursuance to implement the Public Sector Accounting Reform has taken place not according to the laws. Other problems raising the training of the civil servants to carry out this reform: the lack of interest in public officials, legislative options granted to the under-utilization, poor training and planning process, organization and implementation of low-quality training tools. To implement the similar reforms it is appropriate to consider the following recommendations: to correct or supplement the legislation by way of the feedback of the training process, to set some exceptions in the training process of the civil servants in pursuance to implement reforms. Reforms should be coordinated with those responsible for the reform institution, the public servants should be informed about the future developments involving them in decision-making in the reform and the reform measures should be adapted in time. The list of references is presented in the end of the Work and a table of the training of the civil servants and their peculiarities as well as the questionnaire survey results summary are presented in the annex.

Since its creation, European Union (hereinafter: 'the EU') has experienced various enlargements. In 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the EU. Greece became a Member in 1981 and was followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986. Austria, Finland and Sweden accessed the EU in 1995. In 2004, ten Central and Eastern European Countries (hereinafter: 'the CEECs') became EU members. Finally, another two CEECs, i.e. Bulgaria and Romania, joined the EU on 1 January 2007. What impact did previous enlargements have on national systems of private law? It is an important question since there are ongoing accession negotiations with Croatia and Turkey and also other countries (Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania Serbia and Montenegro, Ukraine and Moldova) are interested in adhering to the EU. Not only these countries but also Russia has developed specific relationships with the EU which affect its private law system. Learning from previous experience may help structuring better pattern of Europeanization. But the broader question is whether the process of 'Europeanization' of private law in CEECs can be considered concluded with membership or 'regional policies' are needed to contextualize the implementation of EU law and to govern its spillovers. ; Table of Contents I. Introduction (Fabrizio Cafaggi and Lukasz Gorywoda) . 1 1. Staging of the Project . 4 2. The Scope of the Project . 4 3. Domains of the Project . 5 4. Institutional Approach.7 5. Diachronic and Synchronic Approach .8 6. Patterns of Europeanization of Private Law.9 6.1. Legal factors and diversity of obligations.10 6.2 Market-driven factors inducing adoption of EU-like legislation.15 6.3 Socio-economic and institutional factors.15 7. Patterns of Legal Europeanization of Private Law.16 8. Different Modes of Adoption of EU Legislation and General Principles.18 8.1 Europeanization of private law through legislation . 18 8.2 Modes of adoption through administrative agencies .18 8.3 Modes of adoption through judiciary.18 8.4 Modes of Europeanization: the role of private organizations.18 9. Differences in Sectors .18 10. Conclusions .18 II. Institutional Framework (Marise Cremona and Karolina Podstawa) . .20 1. The New Member States of Central and Eastern Europe. 20 1.1 Enlargement and pre-accession strategy. 20 1.2 'Europe' Association Agreements . 21 2. Candidates and Potential Candidates . 23 3. Western Balkans.24 3.1 Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAAs) .24 3.2 Potential candidate/candidate status and pre-accession.25 4. Turkey .27 4.1 The Association Agreement with Turkey.27 4.2 Turkey as a candidate State.29 5. The European Neighbourhood Policy.30 5.1 Partnership and Cooperation Agreements .30 5.2 The ENP framework .31 6. Russia .33 III. Consumer Law (Hans-W. Micklitz) .35 1. Four Reasons for Research.35 2. Continuity and Discontinuity .39 3. Modes of Implementation of Consumer Law .41 3.1 Legislative implementation.41 3.2 Via separate laws and/or via amendments of the civil law.42 3.3 Role and function of intermediaries in the implementation process. 42 4. Enforcement .43 4.1 Internal socio-economic and cultural factors .43 4.2 External factors .45 IV. Europeanization of Competition Law (Kati Cseres and Rozeta Karova) . 47 1. Introduction .47 2. Continuity v. Discontinuity.49 3. Modes of Implementation of the Acquis.52 3.1 Legislative implementation.52 3.2 Judicial implementation of the European competition case-law .58 4. Enforcement .59 4.1 Internal socio-economic factors .59 4.2 External factors .61 4.3 Private enforcement .64 5. Institutions .66 V. Securities Law (Olha O. Cherednychenko) .70 1. Introduction .70 2. Continuity vs. Discontinuity .73 3. Modes of Implementation .75 3.1 Implementation through legislature and executive .75 3.2 Implementation through judiciary and alternative dispute resolution boards. 77 4. Enforcement .78 4.1 Public enforcement .78 4.2 Private enforcement .79 5. Institutions .80 VI. Preliminary Conclusions (H.-W. Micklitz).82

ÖZETBu tezin amacı, Karedeniz Sinerjisi'nin, Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası'nın Karadeniz Bölgesi'ne yönelik eksikliklerini tamamlamak ve bu politikanın Kardeniz Bölgesi'nde başarısız olmasını önlemek amacıyla geliştirilen bir strateji olduğunu kanıtlamaktır. Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası, Avrupa Birliği'nin doğusundaki ve Akdeniz Bölgesi'ndeki komşularını aynı politika çerçevesinde ele aldığı için, bu bölgelere özgü problemlerle müdahale etmekte ve onlara cözüm sunmaktada etkili olamamıştır. Ancak, Karadeniz Bölgesi Avrupa güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından büyük bir role sahiptir. Ayrıca, bölgenin, Rusya'dan bağımsız alternatif enerji kaynakları sunması ve enerjinin Avrupa'ya taşınmasındaki önemi, Avrupa Birliği'nin bölgeye yönelik etkili bir politika oluşturulması arayışına girmesine neden olmuştur ve bunun sonucu olarak Karadeniz Sinerjisi ortaya çıkmıştır. Karadeniz Sinerjisi'nin bölge ülkelerinin ihtiyaç ve beklentilerine etkin bir şekilde cevap verebileceği düşünülmüştür. Bu sayede, Avrupa Birliği, hem Karadeniz Bölgesi ülkelerinin Birliğin kuralları, normları ve standartlarıyla uyumlu olarak hareket etmelerini garantilemek istemiştir hem de kendisine etkili bir dış politika aktörü imajı kazandırmayı hedeflemiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda şu tespitlere ulaşılmıştır: İlk olarak, Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası, Karadeniz Bölgesi'ndeki problemlere ve güvenlik tehditlerine müdahale etmekte başarısız olmuştur ve bu nedenle bölgedeki ülkeleri hayal kırıklığına uğratmıştır. İkinci olarak, Karadeniz Bölgesi, stratejik konumu nedeni ile, Avrupa Birliği dış politikasında çok önemli bir yere sahiptir ve Birlik bölge ülkeleri ile arasındaki ilişkilerden daha somut getirileriler alabilmek için yeni bir yapılanmaya ihtiyaç duymuştur. Son olarak, Karadeniz Sinerjisi Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası'nın eksiklerini ve Karadeniz bölgesine yönelik zayıflıklarını göz önünde bulundurarak oluşturulmuştur ancak yine de beklentileri karşılayıp karşılayamayacağı şüphelidir. ABSTRACTIn this thesis, it is argued that the Black Sea Synergy (BSS) is developed in order to eliminate the deficiencies and therefore prevent the failure of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). Because the ENP deals with both the eastern and Mediterranean neighbours of the European Union (EU) within the same policy framework, it cannot effectively address their specific regional problems. However, the strategic importance of the Black Sea Region (BSR) in providing European security and especially its significant role in supply and transportation of non-Russian energy sources pushed the EU to develop the BSS that could enable it to overcome many regional security threats and benefit from various opportunities. Moreover, the BSS is also believed to respond the demands and expectations of the BSR countries more efficiently. So, through the launch of the policy, the EU aimed to ensure that the countries of the BSR would keep on complying with the EU norms, standards and further their reform processes. By this way, the Union could also improve its image as an influential foreign policy actor. The study concludes that, first; the ENP could not address the specific problems and security threats in the BSR and it created disappointment on the part of the BSR countries. Second, because the BSR has occupied an important place in the EU's foreign policy agenda, due to its strategic importance; the EU needed to provide a new incentive in its relations with the BSR countries in order to obtain tangible results from this relationship. Third, although the BSS was established through taking into consideration the shortcomings of the ENP, it is doubtful whether it could become successful in fulfilling its declared promises. TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VINTRODUCTION 1 I. THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY 131.1. A Historiacal Overview of the EU/EC's Approach to its Neighbourhood 131.2. Underlying Reasons of the ENP 161.3. Emerging Agenda of the ENP 181.4. Objectives and Basic Tenets of the ENP 211.4. Instruments and Methods of the ENP 251.5.1. Country Reports 261.5.2. Action Plans 261.5.3. Progress Reports 271.5.4. European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument 281.6. Strengthening the ENP 291.7. Constraints to the ENP 32II. THE BLACK SEA REGION AND THE EU INVOLVEMENT 362.1 The Black Sea Region 362.1.1. Challenges 372.1.2. Opportunities 392.2. Established Cooperation Structures in the Region 412.2.1. Black Sea Economic Cooperation 422.2.2. Other Cooperation Structures 462.3. EU Involvement in the Region 492.3.1. Early EU Initiatives 502.3.2. Current EU Presence in the Region 54III. BLACK SEA SYNERGY 573.1. Rationale for the Synergy 573.2. Development of the Synergy and Key Features 623.3. Objectives and Main Cooperation Areas 663.4. Cooperation with the Regional Organizations 713.5. Report on the First Year Implementation of the Black Sea Synergy 74CONCLUSION 79REFERENCES 83

Se trata de una investigación sociológica muy ambiciosa. En su día fue muy influyente porque marcó un nuevo estilo de hacer sociología empírica. Se realizó por un equipo independiente sin ninguna vinculación con otras instituciones. Prácticamente todos los colaboradores del equipo en 1970 eran estudiantes y, una generación después, muchos habían llegado a catedráticos de Sociología. El método integraba, por primera vez en España (con solo el antecedente del primer FOESSA, en 1966), los datos de encuesta con los llamados "datos secundarios" (estadísticas, documentos, etc.). La línea de investigación era muy descriptiva. Quizá no podía ser de otra forma, vista la falta de estudios básicos sobre la estructura social española. El análisis de encuesta se hizo por ordenador (entonces no existían los ordenadores personales) y el estadístico con una calculadora de mesa, que hoy podría ser una pieza de museo. El sistema de trabajo fue intensísimo, con una dedicación fuera de lo común. Cada capítulo recibió varias versiones, lo que supuso un esfuerzo considerable. Recuérdese que todavía no se había superado la máquina de escribir. Una novedad de esta investigación fue que se dirigió más allá del mundo académico, a un público variado en el que estaban profesores de enseñanza media, opositores a cuerpos de funcionarios o periodistas, entre otros grupos. Un suceso inesperado rodeó de un cierto aurea de respetabilidad el trabajo de los investigadores. El capítulo 5 (Vida política) fue arrancado por la censura del volumen impreso. El volumen se distribuyó de esa forma mutilada. Años después una parte de ese capítulo se tradujo al inglés y se incluyó en un volumen compilado por Stanley Payne. La noticia de la censura del capítulo 5 hizo que circularan numerosas copias a multicopista del original. En el año 2000 publiqué el capítulo como apéndice en mi libro El final del franquismo. Testimonio personal. Una de las hipótesis centrales del estudio fue que los intensos cambios económicos de los años 60 iban a traer una necesaria alteración política en la dirección de una democracia. Así fue. ; This was a very ambitious sociological investigation. In those days it was very influential because it marked a new style to make empirical sociology. It was made by an independent team without any link with other institutions. Practically all the collaborators of the team in 1970 were students and, a generation later, many had become Sociology professors. The method integrated, for the first time in Spain (with only the antecedent of the first FOESSA, in 1966), survey data with the so-called "secondary data" (statistics, documents, etc.). The line of research was very descriptive. Perhaps it could not be another form, considering the lack of basic studies on Spanish social structure. Survey analysis was accomplished with computer (then personal computers did not exist) and the statistical one with a table calculator, that today could be a museum piece. The work system was very intensive, with an uncommon dedication. Each chapter had several versions, which supposed a considerable effort. Remember that the typewriter had not been surpassed yet. A new aspect of this investigation was that it went beyond the academic world, to a diverse public in which there were High School teachers, students in their training period to become civil servants or journalists, among other groups. An unexpected event surrounded by a certain golden respectability the work of the investigators. Chapter 5 (Political Life) was taken by the censorship off the printed volume. The volume was distributed with that mutilated form. Years later a part of that chapter was translated into English and included in a volume compiled by Stanley Payne. The news of the censorship of chapter 5 caused that numerous copies of the original one circulated. In 2000 I published the chapter as appendix in my book The end of Francoism. Personal testimony. One of the central hypotheses of the study was that the intense economic changes of the sixties were going to bring a necessary political alteration in the direction of a democracy. Thus it was.

Relevance of the theme: self-injury realization considerably aggravates the somatic, social and psychical condition of the convicted and arrested persons; health and life are devalued. Furthermore, the imprisonment system incurs considerable financial loss. Self-injury consist the largest part of the total traumatism in the imprisonment institutions (48 per cent). There is a need to explore the problems of the self-injured convicted and arrested persons at the imprisonment institutions; to find the causes of such behaviour in order to determine the prevention possibilities by the further researches of this phenomenon. According to the Law on Nursing Practice of the Republic of Lithuania [1] issued in 2001, one of the functions of nursing is to ensure the physical, mental and social care of the healthy and ill persons. Originality of the theme: until now, in the theory and practice of nursing in our country there was no sufficient attention to the mental and social care of the convicted and arrested persons who are a part of the society. There are also no subjective researches or publications on the convicted and arrested persons' self-injury motives. Goal of the thesis: to analyse the motives of self-injury of the convicted and arrested persons. Tasks of the thesis: To analyse the medical statistic data and other documents related to the self-injury in order to assess the dynamics of the phenomenon and to find the factors having the most considerable influence on self-injury of convicted and arrested persons; to research the consultations which are provided to the self-injured persons. Hypothesis: social isolation involves the most frequent motives of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons. Subject of the research: self-injured convicted and arrested persons. 210 respondents from 12 imprisonment institutions took part in the research. Research methods: Analysis of medical statistical data and other medical documents; questionnaire survey (cross-section research). 210 convicted and arrested persons were surveyed. 21 of them needed stationary treatment because of self-injury and were hospitalized at the Hospital of imprisonment institutions (LAVL); and 189 persons were from 11 national imprisonment institutions. Questionnaire survey was carried out in July – August of 2007. The program Microsoft Excel was applied for diagrams and tables' formation as well as program packet SPSS 13.0 for Windows was applied for analysis of research data. Conclusions: 1) Self-injury consist the largest part of the total traumatism in the imprisonment institutions (48 per cents); when new legislation had came into effect, the total number of self-injuries decreased, but the leaders remained the same: Lukiškės TI-K (241, 16,2 % and 185, 34,0 %), Alytus PN (162, 10,9 % and 115, 21,1 %), Pravieniškės 2 PN-AK (188, 12,6 % and 62, 11,3 %); 2) the most influential factors of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons: number of convictions (correlation analysis showed that increase of the number of convictions increases the number of self-injury by 0,822 times); education (secondary – 35,1 per cent, basic – 22,1 per cent, elementary – 19,7 per cent, higher – 0 per cent of respondents); longing for family and friends (45,2 per cent); to little appointments with family and friends (24,3 per cent); improper life conditions (42,4 per cent); odds with employees (32,9 per cent); lack of occupation (work – 31,9 per cent; study – 31,6 per cent); 3) the most frequent motives of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons are the following: attempted suicide (25,7 per cent); rejection by family (21,9 per cent); debts (20,0 per cent); 4) only 56,94 per cent of self-injured were consulted by specialist. Of them: 30,6 per cent who attempted suicide and 12,4 per cent attempted self-injure. This fact shows that the self-injury prevention basis is weak; 5) the hypothesis of the thesis was confirmed.