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A background information questionnaire, the Comrey Personality Scales, & 2 versions of the Navy Environment Scale (adapted from the Insel & Moos real & ideal Work Environment Scale) were administered to navy enlisted men (N = 2,987) & women (N = 340) during occupational training in 5 navy "A" schools. In 1975, after a one-year follow-up period, comparable Navy Environment Scales were mailed to enlistees. One- & two-way analyses of variance were performed to determine if there were differences in perceptions, performance, & background & personality characteristics between men & women by occupation & duty station (sea or shore duty). Results indicated that women tended to be more satisfied than men with their job assignments & being in the navy. Few significant differences between men & women were obtained on 10 social climate dimensions collected within the school settings; men & women on shore duty, however, had significantly more favorable perceptions on these measures than ship-assigned men. The percentages of school graduates & two-year effective enlistees were greater for women than men. Correlates of two-year effectiveness included such variables as expulsions, education, arrests, & social conformity vs rebelliousness; many of these differentiated women from men in that women had higher levels of education, higher means on social conformity, & were less likely to have been expelled or arrested. For the final phase of this longitudinal study, these variables will be used as predictors of successful completion of the four-year enlistment. 2 Tables. AA.

"As nurses, `Jenny Wrens', and above all as wives and mothers, women have quietly kept the Royal Navy afloat throughout history. From its earliest years, women maintained homes and families while men battled at sea, providing vital support behind the scenes. Later they also ran maritime businesses and worked as civilians in naval offices and dockyards. From 1884, women were able to serve as nurses in the Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service and, from 1917, they became members of the Women's Royal Naval Service. The outbreak of both world wars gave women special opportunities and saw the role of women as Wrens, nursing sisters, VADs and medics change and develop. In more recent times, the development of equal rights legislation has fundamentally changed naval life: women are now truly in the navy and do `men's jobs' at sea. Using previously-unpublished first-hand material, this is the first book to reflect all the diverse roles that women have played in Royal Navy services. Jo Stanley situates women's naval activities within a worldwide context of women who worked, travelled and explored new options. This book provides vital new perspectives on both women's military history and the wider history of women who desired to work on or near the sea."--

Comparative studies on the experiences of female representatives of different countries in WWII remain relevant today. They not only deepen our understanding of the life of women at war, but also allow us to explore the power regimes of different states at one stage or another. After all, the government organized the activities of various groups of the population aimed at winning the war. Women were no exception in this respect, regardless of whether they worked in the rear or defended their homeland with weapons in hand. For centuries, the navy for the most part represented a purely masculine environment, and the presence of a woman on a ship was considered a bad omen. However, the scale of hostilities during the world wars and, as a consequence, the need for a constant supply of personnel to the armed forces made their adjustments – states began to gradually recruit women to serve in the navy. The article compares the experiences of Great Britain and the USSR in attracting women to serve in the navy during WWII. The countries were chosen not by chance, as they represent democracy and totalitarianism, respectively, and studying their practice of involving women in the navy can deepen our knowledge of these regimes. After analysing the experience of women's service in the navy in 1939-1945, the author concludes that their recruitment to the navy in Great Britain took place through a special organization – the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS). Its personnel were trained mostly separately from men and then sent to military units of the navy. The USSR did not create separate women's organizations for this purpose; women served in the same bodies as men. The main purpose of mobilizing women to the navy in both the USSR and Great Britain was initially to replace men in positions on land to release the latter for service at sea. However, in both countries there were cases when women also served at sea. The range of positions available to them in the navy expanded during the war, and in the USSR reached its apogee in the form of admission of women to combat positions. In Great Britain, women in the navy did not officially perform combat roles, and there was a ban on them from using lethal weapons. ; Порівняльні студії, присвячені досвідам представниць різних країн у Другій світовій війні залишаються актуальними у наш час. Адже не лише поглиблюють наші уявлення про побут жінок на війні, але й дають змогу повніше дослідити владні режими різних держав на тому чи іншому етапі розвитку. Адже саме влада організовувала діяльність різних груп населення, зокрема жінок, спрямовану на перемогу у війні. Не стали у цьому аспекті винятком і жінки, незалежно від того, чи вони працювали в тилу, чи зі зброєю в руках захищали свою батьківщину. Флот впродовж віків здебільшого репрезентував суто маскулінне середовище, а присутність жінки на кораблі вважалася поганою ознакою. Проте масштабність бойових дій під час світових воєн і, як наслідок, потреба у постійному надходженні кадрів до збройних сил її учасників внесли свої корективи – держави почали поступово залучати їх до служби у військово-морських силах (ВМС). У статті здійснено порівняння досвідів Великої Британії та СРСР щодо залучення жінок до служби у ВМС в роки Другої світової війни. Країни обрані невипадково, адже репрезентують демократію та тоталітаризм відповідно, і вивчення їхньої практики залучення жінок до ВМС може також поглибити знання про ці режими. Проаналізувавши досвід служби жінок у ВМС у 1939-1945рр., авторка доходить висновку, що набір їх на флот у Великій Британії відбувався через спеціальну організацію – Жіночу королівську військово-морську службу (ЖКВМС). Її персонал готували здебільшого окремо від чоловіків-військовослужбовців і потім спрямовували до військових підрозділів ВМС. СРСР окремих жіночих організацій для цього не створював, жінки вважалися військовослужбовицями тих же підрозділів, що і чоловіки. Основною метою мобілізацій жінок до ВМС як в СРСР, так і у Великій Британії на перших порах було заміщення ними чоловіків на посадах на суші для вивільнення останніх для служби на морі. Однак в обох країнах траплялися випадки, коли жінки також служили на морі. Коло посад, доступних для них у ВМС, розширювалося впродовж війни, і в СРСР досягло апогею у вигляді допуску до бойових посад. У Великій Британії офіційно жінки у ВМС бойових ролей не виконували, крім того, існувала заборона для них на застосування летальної зброї.

This study examined the effectiveness of a stepped approachfor increasing response rates to a mailed follow-up smoking survey among newly enlisted women in the navy. The effect of the stepped approach on response rates and on the characteristics of respondents was evaluated. Also, costs were estimated for each of the steps to determine their relative benefits. Results showed that the stepped approach was effective in more than doubling the survey response rate among smokers. Reluctant respondents did not differ from on-time respondents in terms of demo- graphics or baseline smoking, although nonrespondents were less educated and heavier smok ers than on-time and reluctant respondents. Strategies documented here could well apply to sur vey efforts with other hard-to-reach populations.

We report on a study that investigated sexual harassment within the South African Navy. We firstly used a survey to examine the prevalence of sexual harassment in the shore-based fleet, just prior to the gender integration of naval ships, and found evidence of widespread sexual harassment. Secondly, we used interviews and focus groups to examine the experiences of sexual harassment on ships one year after gender integration, and found a relative absence of sexual harassment. A number of contributing factors are considered (e.g. methodological issues, organisational factors, contextual constructions of masculinity), before informal mechanisms of behaviour regulation (e.g. the enactment of informal discipline, and sailors' use of metaphors) are introduced as mechanisms to understand the differences between the survey and interview findings. We argue that using divergent methodological approaches would lead to a more nuanced understanding of the experiences around sexual harassment on navy ships.