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The results of the history of the study of archaeological monuments of the Pazyryk culture at the initial stages of research in Altai are presented. It is noted the importance of the tasks set in the generalization of the obtained experience in the analysis of the scientific research of predecessors studying the Pazyryk culture. The professional activity of archaeologists S.I. Rudenko, M.P. Gryaznov, S.V. Kiselev and others had a special importance in this period. In the absence of written sources, archaeological artifacts are the basis for historical reconstructions of ancient societies, which is why archaeological excavations to obtain mass material were necessary to solve a number of problems. Researches of the First Pazyryk barrow became a real sensation in the world scientific community and opened a page of studying of ancient monuments of Altai for many years. The historical achievements in the discovery of the Pazyryk group of barrows and other archaeological objects of this culture, which still have a significant scientific and informative potential, are highlighted.

The author of this article analyzes methods of the nostalgia motivation in the Soviet song of 1930s and 1980s. Such task is set and solved for the first time. It is noted that appeal to nostalgia has traditionally been used as an evidence of love for the homeland. It is proved that such an argument was not used in propaganda until the end of the 1930s, because only a Soviet citizen could become the lyrical hero of the song, and there were no generally understandable reasons for his long stay abroad. It was noted that by the second half of the 1940s, the long stay of a Soviet citizen abroad was motivated by his military past. However, in ten years that motivation had already exhausted itself and a search for the others began. It is established that fundamentally new ones were never offered, and references to emigrant nostalgia were minimized by censorship. The tradition of polemical comprehension of the Soviet propaganda attitudes is also considered in the article. Examples relating to the so-called amateur or bard song and pop culture of the turn of the 1980s 1990s are analyzed.

This book investigates how varying practices of gender shaped people's lives and experiences across the societies of ancient Greece and Rome. Exploring how gender was linked with other socio-political characteristics such as wealth, status, age and life-stage, as well as with individual choices, in the very different world of classical antiquity is fascinating in its own right. But later perceptions of ancient literature and art have profoundly influenced the development of gendered ideologies and hierarchies in the West, and influenced the study of gender itself. Questioning how best to untangle and interpret difficult sources is a key aim. This book exploits a wide range of archaeological, material cultural, visual, spatial, demographic, epigraphical and literary evidence to consider households, families, life-cycles and the engendering of time, legal and political institutions, beliefs about bodies, sex and sexuality, gender and space, the economic implications of engendered practices, and gender in religion and magic

Career patterns are influenced as much by the individual as by the organization. They are often based on ones own definition of career success; his work values, motives and attitudes; his career stage and adult life stage development as they dynamically interrlate; family concerns (including the influence of the spouse); and the various options which are largely dependent on career politics. The author outlines the above theoretical concepts and suggests interview questions and questionnaire items to study these constructs. A bibliography is included. (Author) ; Organizational Effectiveness Research Programs Office of Naval Research (Code 452) ; http://archive.org/details/theoryresearchin00derr

AbstractWe put forward a new approach to studying issue definition within the context of policy diffusion. Most studies of policy diffusion—which is the process by which policymaking in one government affects policymaking in other governments—have focused on policy adoptions. We shift the focus to an important but neglected aspect of this process: the issue‐definition stage. We use topic models to estimate how policies are framed during this stage and how these frames are predicted by prior policy adoptions. Focusing on smoking restriction in U.S. states, our analysis draws upon an original data set of over 52,000 paragraphs from newspapers covering 49 states between 1996 and 2013. We find that frames regarding the policy's concrete implications are predicted by prior adoptions in other states, whereas frames regarding its normative justifications are not. Our approach and findings open the way for a new perspective to studying policy diffusion in many different areas.

Contemporary Approaches Studying Customer Experience in Tourism Research develops approaches and related methods to understand, analyze, and evaluate the tourist consumption experience under its different forms and stages (before, during and after the experience), offering a broader view by integrating the tourist/customer experience in its development while also considering the role of tourism stakeholders. Embracing the extremities of Customer Experience (CX) and studying its multiple sides through innovative methodological and conceptual frameworks, the volume also provides an in-depth literature review of CX and discusses vital related concepts as the case of consumer value. Contemporary Approaches Studying Customer Experience in Tourism Research also explores the adoption and the implementation of approaches to managing and marketing customer experiences across varied tourism contexts, with an emphasis on revisited interpretive, behavioral, and organizational approaches, highlighting the power of combining qualitative techniques to draw the complexity of the consumption experience. Also laid out are new analytical frameworks related to studying memorable tourist experiences in both digital and offline tourism journeys have attributed a broader consideration of the consumption experience in tourism research.

Problem's setting. This article reviews an issue of development of running stamina of high school students. While reading it, you will get the answers to next questions: how exactly does developing process of this quality work out on PE lessons? Does school curriculum encourage pupils in this case? How many high school students are interested in endurance running? Which influence does this training express on pupils' health? Why does problem of development of running stamina of high school students disturb us over and over again? How many pupils attend afterschool classes of endurance running? How does health condition of trained students differs from those who do other kinds of physical exercises? Which perspective is present at countrified schools of region? Purpose. Which special features does new school curriculum reveal for pupils and will it stimulate the development of endurance, especially running stamina, health improvement and efficiency of high school students of Chernihiv region and the whole Ukraine indeed? Which perspectives of endurance running of pupils of city and region? How do we see further improvement of running stamina of high school students? Methodology. Is it possible for us to get to ready pupils for military service with well enough efficiency and great well-being, which means, in other words, good health condition? Which opportunity do high school students have to make their physical stats better, i.e. improve health with help of track classes? What is a situation with a development of running endurance in Chernihiv region and corcretely in Chernihiv today. Scientific novelty. Considerable cutting off of track and field athletics program caused reduction of number of hours for every kind of athletics, which caused decrease of physical activity of high school students as well. In addition, it's a reason for major reduction of highschoolers' efficiency not only on P. E. lessons. Amout of young man, who engage in running for endurance, is also decrease after significant reduction of ...

The article is devoted to the publication of obtained materials from a site in the Itkul archaeological district that includes a settlement called Gorodishche 1. The site is located on the southern shore of Lake Bol'shoi Itkul, on the border of the Zonalnyi and Troitskii districts. The land plot of the settlement has a complex layout and is limited by a moat. At the site, an area of 64 square metres was excavated, as a result, a dwelling pit and a small part of the moat were investigated. The dwelling was a semi-hut of a semi-rectangular form with an open hearth. The area of the dwelling was about 28 square metres. The location of the materials in the dwelling pit shows the special features of the layout. The place of entrance was identified. The economic zone was distinguished by the location of the hearth and the accumulation of ceramics around it; it was located at the farthest wall from the entrance. There were not many finds in the cultural layer. The finds were represented by clusters of ceramics. The vessels were round-bottomed, of lowered proportions, decorated with ornament in the upper part. The most common elements of the ornament were pits. There was also a comb duck ornament. Just one element was used in the ornamental composition. The features of the ceramic complex allowed the authors to refer the studied site to the Fominskaya stage of the Kulaiskaya culture and date it within the 2nd-4th centuries. The material is published for the first time.

В статье представлен анализ теоретического наследия основных научных трудов по миграции населения зарубежных ученых: Е. Г. Равенштайна, Э. Ли, Дж. Харисса и М. Тодаро, У. Томаса и Ф. Знанецкого («Польский крестьянин в Европе и Америке»), Р. Парка, Э. Берджесса, Р. Маккензи («Город: предложения по изучению человеческого поведения в городской сфере»), Дж. К. Гэлбрейта; и отечественных: Ж. А. Зайончковской («Новоселы в городах»), Т. И. Заславской («Миграция сельского населения: цели, задачи и методы регулирования»), В. И. Переведенцева («Методы изучения миграции населения»), Л. Л. Рыбаковского («Региональный анализ миграций»), Б. С. Хорева («Проблемы изучения миграции населения») и др. Рассмотрены этапы изучения миграции населения, в рамках которых раскрыта специфика миграционных процессов в обществе XХ– начала XXI в., установлены особенности современного этапа. Проанализирована деятельность отечественных научных центров по изучению данной проблематики: 1) коллектива социологов под руководством Т. И. Заславской; 2) Центра по изучению проблем народонаселения МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова; 3) Центра по изучению миграции Института социологических исследований АН СССР; 4) Лаборатории анализа и прогнозирования миграции Института народнохозяйственного прогнозирования РАН; 5) Научного коллектива Института международных экономических и политических . ; The article presents the analysis of theoretical heritage of the main scientific works on population shift by foreign scientists: Е. Ravenstein, Е. Lee, J. Harris, М. Todaro, W. Thomas and F. Znaniecki (The Polish Peasant in Europe and America), R. Park, E. Berdzhess, R. McKenzie (The City: Suggestions for the Study of Human Nature in the Urban Environment), J. K. Galbrait; and national scientists: Zh. A. Zayonchkovskaya (New Settlers in Cities), T. I. Zaslavskaya (Migration of Rural People: Purposes, Tasks and Methods of Regulation), V. I. Perevedentsev (Migration Studying Methods), L. L. Rybakovsky (Regional Analysis of Migration), B. S. Khorev (Migration Studying Problems) etc. The authors consider the main stages of population shift studying within which the specifics of migratory processes in the society of the ХХ – early ХХI centuries are revealed and the features of the present stage are outlined. The activities of national scientific centers studying this problem are analyzed: 1) The team of sociologists headed by T. I. Zaslavskaya; 2) The Center for Population Studies of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 3) The Center for Migration Studies of the Institute of Sociological Researches of the USSR Academy of Sciences; 4) The Laboratory of Migration Analysis and Forecast of the Institute of Economic Forecast of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 5) Scientific personnel of the Institute of International Economic and Political Research.

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Informática ; A former North American President once said that the ballot is stronger than the bullet. In fact, the most civilized and organized way for a people express their opinion is by voting. However, there are people with bad intentions that affect voting and elections, being normal situations of coercion, collusion, fraud or forgery that disturb and cause alterations in the outcome of a vote. Thus, it becomes necessary to find ways to protect the voters, through vote secrecy and transparency, so that in end of a voting, democracy and justice prevail. Since the secret ballot papers until the electronic voting machines, passing through punched cards, technology in voting systems is evolving to ensure a greater security in elections, as well as greater efficiency, lower costs and other characteristics wanted in this type of systems. Nowadays, remote electronic voting is seen as the ultimate goal to achieve. The difficulty of developing such system is to ensure that it meets all the security requirements without infringing each other and without compromising the usability of the system itself. Thus, cryptography becomes an essential tool for obtaining security and integrity on electronic voting systems. This master thesis focuses on the world of electronic voting, in particular, the remote electronic voting. The objective is to find a system of this kind, with real world applications, to be studied and analyzed in a security point of view. Hence, we made a research on voting and, more deeply, a research on electronic voting schemes, in order to learn how to conceive it, which include the different stages that compose an election, types of voting and the entities involved, and what requirements to fulfill, both the security and functional. Because cryptography is used in most schemes, a detailed study was also performed on the primitives most common in protocols of electronic voting. However, there are not many schemes that pass from theory to practice. Fortunately, we ...

Explanations of science denial rooted in individual cognition tend to focus on general trait-like factors such as cognitive style, conspiracist ideation or delusional ideation. However, we argue that this focus typically glosses over the concrete, mechanistic elements of belief formation, such as hypothesis generation, data gathering, or hypothesis evaluation. We show, empirically, that such elements predict variance in science denial not accounted for by cognitive style, even after accounting for social factors such as political ideology. We conclude that a cognitive account of science denial would benefit from the study of complex (i.e., open-ended, multi-stage) problem solving that incorporates these mechanistic elements.

The article analyzes legal aspects of institutes of corporate governance. Different draft laws "On Joint-Stock Companies" are considered which reflected interests of separate groups of participants of market relations. Stages of property redistribution are outlined. The advantages of the model of the open joint-stock company are formulated. Special attention is paid to the demand for legal institutes of corporate governance as well as to the process of accepting the Federal Law "On Entering Amendments to the Federal Law "On Joint-Stock Companies"" which was enacted in 2002. The article contains proposals directed at improvement of corporate legislation.

Due to the scope of comfortable human habitation and easy access to the rich natural resources Bengal Delta attracted many people groups of different ethnic and religious backgrounds since prehistoric period. Like many other ancient migratory groups, a large number of Central and West Asian people groups also settled down and established new political rules in medieval Bengal. Although they brought new cultures and religious trends, because the common trend in the Delta, medieval Bengal experienced momentous cultural adoptions and admixtures, providing the scope of multi-ethnic and multi-religious societies living side by side for centuries and eventually helped formation of the final stage of Bengali Civilization. However, the legacy was systematically diminished through the propaganda history produced by Anglocentric colonial scholarship. The excessive success of the colonial 'divide and rule' policy further destroyed socio-cultural harmony in the region and ultimately ended up creating severe social fractions, cultural complexities, and ethno-religious conflicts. So much so that Bengali Hindus started to see Bengali Muslims to be some unwelcomed foreigners while the Bengali Muslims continue blaming the Brahmanical tradition to be a devil migratory force that vanquished the long lasting Buddhist tradition. Consequently the socio-cultural divisions reached at its worst condition possible and often encouraging religious extremism today. In this context, this study proposes that intensive studies of the medieval socio-cultural traditions following a well-planned academic framework beyond the Anglocentric tradition can help wane the veritable pain of social divisions and religious detestations Bengal experiencing today.

The aim of this article is to argue that there is a need to locate theoretical paradigms on masculinity within a nonlinear perspective, and this has implications for the conceptualization of the research agenda. Over the last forty years, discussions and research on masculinity have been arranged in time-related stages where each stage is marked by a change in theoretical underpinnings. These conceptual shifts uphold a distinction between "old" and "new" paradigms, where in consequence, the former or the latter (depending on personal beliefs) becomes devalued to some degree. This article suggests that in the context of masculinity studies, one cannot impede or deny the usefulness and value of the previous theoretical paradigms. Similarly, new paradigms should not be seen as less significant. The approach based on "nonlinearity of theoretical paradigms" acknowledges the coexistence of paradigms, which are seen as equally relevant to contemporary contexts. Moreover, this discussion on nonlinearity implies that research on masculinity, in its search for comprehensiveness, could apply a concept of theoretical paradigm as a modus operandi for each undertaken study.