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In social psychology, much research has been conducted with regard to small groups, focusing on a few recurrent themes. Questions of group structure and group composition, however, have been widely neglected in social psychology research, although their importance is being recognized (Barrick, Stewart, Neubert, & Mount, 1998; Moreland, Levine, & Wingert, 1996). The following study focuses on explaining the emergence of a task role distribution in self-organizing work groups. A theory of task role distribution in work groups is being proposed capable of predicting the distribution of task roles in a team based on group members' skills and preferences. The basic assumption behind the theory is that teams will strive to organize themselves in a functional way, taking into account both external demands (tasks that are assigned to the team) and internal demands (needs and preferences of the team members). A case study has been conducted on a self-organizing team of 15 student software developers working on a project task over a period of three weeks. The theory has been applied to the student project team. For the majority of team members the task role each team member was going to be assigned was predicted correctly by the theory.

Although, it is occupying quantitavely a marginal place among the domestic herbivorous (0.4% only of the world domestic herbivorous), the large camelids (dromedary and Bactrian) are present in almost all the arid lands of the old world (except in Southern Africa), being wide spreading over 35 million km². They are overall remarkable valorizators of these spaces by their productive potential and by their role in the agro-ecosystemic balance of the arid lands, especially with the current climatic changes. Elsewhere, they are known for their physiological peculiarities linked to their adaptation ability to harsh conditions of the desert and of its margin. In consequence, they represent a fabulous biological model for the scientists from different disciplines. Their place in the "modern world" has to be re-evaluated by considering these trends and these particularities.

Introduction The traditional part which contractors have played in the past in the physical distribution process has been:

Resumé Notre démocratie procédurale et élective donne à chacun un rôle. Mais les décideurs doivent clarifier leur dialogue avec les experts et les citoyens.

Preferences and needs of purchasers must be thoroughly defined and analysed when a supplier is establishing criteria upon which to evaluate distribution service within cost constraints. Historically, time and time‐related standards have served as primary, and often only measures of customer service. This temporal emphasis is understandable, given the characteristics of delivery schedules, inventory management, and goods handling systems; however, time‐based standards should not preclude consideration of other service measures. Research has indicated that the backorder may be a useful alternative or supplementary measure of customer service. Morgan concluded that the backorder is "an inverse measure of service achievement". Perreault and Russ found that 25 % of the purchasing managers they surveyed cancelled more than one‐fourth of all orders which were backordered. Others have suggested that the backorder is a useful service criterion. In those cases where finished goods inventory is not ordinarily present in the system between the production line and the customer it becomes an extremely useful potential measure of performance.

Philip Kotler identified the term "marketing" with two different but related processes; the first dealing with "the search for and stimulation of buyers" and the second with "the physical distribution of goods". The reason for superior international marketing performance by certain companies may be the result of a small number of correct strategic decisions, or of being in the right industry at the right time and being able to meet market demands. Continual high international marketing performance, however, is more likely to be the result of exceptional management control to overcome the problems of both the search and stimulation of overseas markets and the growing commitment successfully to feed those markets with the goods through a planned physical distribution pattern. International physical distribution management is not merely a marketing support system, but it is an integral part of the marketing mix which helps create and develop the international marketing process. Even though physical distribution does not portray the glamour associated with international marketing, it should not be forgotten as a part of the marketing mix. However, in the future, international marketing success may depend more and more upon the efficiency and practices employed to ensure economic physical distribution of goods especially as competition intensifies from developed and developing nations.

Many different types of goods are transported to and delivered in cities, resulting in some urban freight challenges, such as increased vehicle movements within the city, collection of waste and one-way traffic flows towards the city. The growing urbanisation is expected to generate extra transport movements too. The European Transport White Paper states that national governments should try to implement policies to optimise freight transport in and around the city (European Commission, 2011). One option to do this is by using more sustainable transport modes. In that context, this research examines the potential role of rail in urban freight distribution, which was once important. Firstly, several existing cases of urban freight rail are discussed and compared. This results in the identification of success and failure factors. Secondly, a typology of cities and freight is set up. Thirdly, a conceptual cost model to estimate the potential of rail transport in urban freight distribution is proposed. The approach of this research consists of literature review and an expert meeting amongst academic and industry experts. The findings show that some relevant cases of urban freight rail exist in which different cities are involved. Knowledge of the different city and freight characteristics as well as the main success and failure factors is crucial. An appropriate methodology for assessing the potential of rail for urban freight distribution is a combination of stated and revealed preference and a social cost-benefit analysis.

ACT Public Distribution System in India has been one of the most crucial elements in food policy and food security system in the country. Public Distribution System in has close links with food security for the vulnerable segment of population. It is so because Public Distribution System is considered as a principal instrument in the hands of the government for providing safety net to the poor and the downtrodden. Public Distribution System is the largest distribution network of its kind in the world. It emerged out as rationing measure in the backdrop of Bengal famine as well as a war-time measure during Second World War. The Government of India in an effort to ensure fair supply of food items to all citizens of India instituted Fair Price Shops (FPS) under Public Distribution System (PDS). Essential commodities such as Rice, Wheat, Sugar, Kerosene, etc., are supplied to the targeted underprivileged sections as per the eligibility and at fixed by the Government of India. In spite of the best efforts by Government officials at various levels, there are a few bottlenecks and inconveniences to the targeted citizens in availing the services provided. Over the years, Public Distribution System has expanded enormously as poverty alleviation and food security measure to become a permanent feature of Indian Economy. The Andhra Pradesh state incorporated various modifications from time to time to make its implementation more relevant for the masses and to increase its effectiveness. This paper analyzes that whether Public Distribution System is able to achieve its objective of providing food security to the people. The present paper discusses a brief review of welfare schemes and also makes a study of existing Public Distribution System in Andhra Pradesh. An attempt has been made in this study to ascertain the problems prevailing in Public Distribution System and to recommend suggestions to make Public Distribution System is more effective

Public Distribution System in India has been one of the most crucial elements in food policy and food security system in the country. Public Distribution System in has close links with food security for the vulnerable segment of population. It is so because Public Distribution System is considered as a principal instrument in the hands of the government for providing safety net to the poor and the downtrodden. Public Distribution System is the largest distribution network of its kind in the world. It emerged out as rationing measure in the backdrop of Bengal famine as well as a war-time measure during Second World War.The Government of India in an effort to ensure fair supply of food items to all citizens of India instituted Fair Price Shops (FPS) under Public Distribution System (PDS). Essential commodities such as Rice, Wheat, Sugar, Kerosene, etc., are supplied to the targeted underprivileged sections as per the eligibility and at fixed by the Government of India. In spite of the best efforts by Government officials at various levels, there are a few bottlenecks and inconveniences to the targeted citizens in availing the services provided. Over the years, Public Distribution System has expanded enormously as poverty alleviation and food security measure to become a permanent feature of Indian Economy.The Andhra Pradesh state incorporated various modifications from time to time to make its implementation more relevant for the masses and to increase its effectiveness. This paper analyzes that whether Public Distribution System is able to achieve its objective of providing food security to the people. The present paper discusses a brief review of welfare schemes and also makes a study of existing Public Distribution System in Andhra Pradesh. An attempt has been made in this study to ascertain the problems prevailing in Public Distribution System and to recommend suggestions to make Public Distribution System is more effective.

In recent years, the problem of transporting small shipments of general freight by motor carrier within an urban centre has surfaced to be, in the words of a Traffic World editorial, "the most important US transportation problem of the 1960s". The chairman of the Transportation Association of America's Transport Technology Committee recently concluded, "Our metropolitan areas are being strangled by the inefficient movement of goods—the lifeblood of any city."