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The book mainly introduces readers to the development and current status of water quality criteria (WQC) in China and other countries or areas, and proposes a minimum toxicity data requirement (MTDR; i.e., six species from three phyla) as the principle metric for deriving WQC in China. Further, ten model species from 4 different phyla are recommended as domestic test species, and the methodologies for deriving aquatic life criteria, sediment criteria, ecocriteria and nutrient criteria in China are also described in detail. In order to demonstrate the methods, several representative chemical pollutants and aquatic environments are highlighted as examples. The book provides important references for future WQC-related research in China, which will make it of great interest to researchers and graduate students in the fields of environmental science, ecology and aquatic science etc.

The purposes of metaevaluation go beyond the traditional functions of accountability and enhancement. It helps guide strategic organizational change and legitimizes evaluation systems. Metaevaluation results can also be used to create checklists so that the persons responsible for any evaluation can revise, monitor, and control them by themselves. In this paper, the self-evaluation stage of an evaluation process in higher education is metaevaluated. The qualitative method applied analyses to the concerns and complaints that emerged during the work sessions. The results are structured around two key elements: the input (information and self-evaluation guideline) and the throughput (the committee and the process, including the meetings and dynamics of work). The information and self-evaluation guidelines are intended to be responsive, comprehensible, and reliable. The self-evaluation committee and process should be effective, efficient, and responsible with the task. The results are discussed with regard to theoretical proposals for evaluation quality that emphasize criteria such as responsiveness and technical quality of the evaluation.

Any measurement is always afflicted with some degree of uncertainty. A correct understanding of the different types of uncertainty, their naming, and their definition is of crucial importance for an appropriate use of measuring instruments. However, in perioperative and intensive care medicine, the metrological requirements for measuring instruments are poorly defined and often used spuriously. The correct use of metrological terms is also of crucial importance in validation studies. The European Union published a new directive on medical devices, mentioning that in the case of devices with a measuring function, the notified body is involved in all aspects relating to the conformity of the device with the metrological requirements. It is therefore the task of the scientific societies to establish the standards in their area of expertise. Adopting the same understandings and definitions among clinicians and scientists is obviously the first step. In this metrologic review (part 1), we list and explain the most important terms defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures regarding quantities and units, properties of measurements, devices for measurement, properties of measuring devices, and measurement standards, with specific examples from perioperative and intensive care medicine.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Development of Water Quality Criteria for Toxic Organic Pollutants -- Abstract -- 1.1 Development of Aquatic Life Criteria for Nitrobenzene in China -- 1.1.1 Nitrobenzene -- 1.1.1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.1.1.3 Results -- 1.1.1.4 Discussion -- 1.1.1.5 Conclusions -- 1.2 Study of Water Quality Criteria for Two Kinds of PAHs -- 1.2.1 Phenanthrene -- 1.2.1.1 Introduction -- 1.2.1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.2.1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.2.1.4 Conclusions -- 1.2.2 Benzo[a]pyrene -- 1.2.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.2.2.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.2.2.4 Conclusions -- 1.3 Study of Water Quality Criteria for Emerging Pollutants -- 1.3.1 Triclosan (TCS) -- 1.3.1.1 Introduction -- 1.3.1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.3.1.3 Results -- 1.3.1.4 Discussion -- 1.3.1.5 Conclusions -- 1.3.2 Study on the Water Quality Criteria of PFOS in China -- 1.3.2.1 Introduction -- 1.3.2.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.3.2.3 Results -- 1.3.2.4 Discussion -- 1.3.2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Development of Emergency Water Quality Standard for Typical Heavy Metals with Chinese Resident Ecotoxicity Data -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Collection of Published Acute Ecotoxicity Data of Six Heavy Metals -- 2.2.2 Evaluation of the Suitability of Four SSD Methods -- 2.2.3 Establishment of Methodology of Tiered Emergency WQSs -- 2.2.4 Data Analysis and Development of Emergency WQSs of Six Heavy Metals -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Freshwater Species Sensitivity of the Six Heavy Metals -- 2.3.2 The Suitability of the Four SSD Methods Assumed to Be Used to Develop the Methodology -- 2.3.3 Establishment of the Methodology of Tiered Emergency WQSs -- 2.3.4 Derivation of the Tiered Emergency WQS for Heavy Metals.

Any measurement is always afflicted with some degree of uncertainty. A correct understanding of the different types of uncertainty, their naming, and their definition is of crucial importance for an appropriate use of measuring instruments. However, in perioperative and intensive care medicine, the metrological requirements for measuring instruments are poorly defined and often used spuriously. The correct use of metrological terms is also of crucial importance in validation studies. The European Union published a new directive on medical devices, mentioning that in the case of devices with a measuring function, the notified body is involved in all aspects relating to the conformity of the device with the metrological requirements. It is therefore the task of the scientific societies to establish the standards in their area of expertise. Adopting the same understandings and definitions among clinicians and scientists is obviously the first step. In this metrologic review (part 1), we list and explain the most important terms defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures regarding quantities and units, properties of measurements, devices for measurement, properties of measuring devices, and measurement standards, with specific examples from perioperative and intensive care medicine.

Any measurement is always afflicted with some degree of uncertainty. A correct understanding of the different types of uncertainty, their naming, and their definition is of crucial importance for an appropriate use of measuring instruments. However, in perioperative and intensive care medicine, the metrological requirements for measuring instruments are poorly defined and often used spuriously. The correct use of metrological terms is also of crucial importance in validation studies. The European Union published a new directive on medical devices, mentioning that in the case of devices with a measuring function, the notified body is involved in all aspects relating to the conformity of the device with the metrological requirements. It is therefore the task of the scientific societies to establish the standards in their area of expertise. Adopting the same understandings and definitions among clinicians and scientists is obviously the first step. In this metrologic review (part 1), we list and explain the most important terms defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures regarding quantities and units, properties of measurements, devices for measurement, properties of measuring devices, and measurement standards, with specific examples from perioperative and intensive care medicine.